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The Politics of Tatar Nationalism and Russian Federalism: 1992-1999

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The Politics of Tatar Nationalism and Russian Federalism: 1992-1999 THE POLITICS OF TATAR NATIONALISM AND RUSSIAN FEDERALISM: 1992-1999 Oktay Firat Tanrisever Ph.D. Thesis School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London 2 0 0 2 ProQuest Number: U643511 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U643511 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Thesis Abstract The topic of this thesis is Tatarstan’s post-Soviet leadership, analysed through its politics of Tatar nationalism and Russian federalism between 1992 and 1999. The main question of the thesis is how Tatarstan’s leadership has succeeded in maintaining political power and gaining economic wealth without provoking a backlash both from Moscow and the local Russian population. The thesis argues that Tatarstan’s leadership succeeded in maintaining political power and gaining economic wealth through promoting neither the civic nationalism of participating citizens in Tatarstan nor the ethnic nationalism of the Tatar nation bound together by common culture and history, but pragmatic nomenklatura nationalism which demands national autonomy for the Tatars as the only formula for Tatarstan’s leadership to secure regional stability against ethnic nationalisms of the Tatars and the Russians in Tatarstan and the adverse regional effects of the federal policies. The thesis considers the weaknesses of the Russian federal centre and Tatarstan’s civil society as the main factors enabling Tatarstan’s leadership to pursue a politics of survival through manipulating Tatar nationalism and Russian federalism. The thesis begins with an introduction setting out the approach and the argument. The first main chapter examines the historical evolution of Russia’s relations with the Tatar elites both in the Tsarist and the Soviet periods. Chapter Two analyses the President of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev’s discourse of Tatar nationalism, and demonstrates how Shaimiev’s policies served to Tatarise the leading positions in Tatarstan without a backlash from the Russians. Chapter Three deals with Shaimiev’s politics of Tatar nationalism vis-à-vis Moscow before and after the conclusion of the power-sharing treaty between Moscow and Tatarstan in 1994. Chapter Four explores society and culture in Tatarstan to account for the weaknesses of Tatar and Russian ethnic nationalisms. The fifth chapter evaluates the stability of Tatarstan’s arrangements with Moscow in terms of the trends at the intergovernmental and interethnic levels. The thesis concludes by showing how Tatar nationalism under Shaimiev has accommodated itself with Russian federalism. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 6 List of Maps 7 List of Abbreviations 8 Acknowledgements 9 Acknowledgement of Published Work 10 Note on Transliteration 10 Introduction 11 Why Tatarstan? 12 Nationalism and Its Variants 14 A Critique of the Literature 22 The Main Argument 29 Note on the Method 36 The Outline of the Thesis 39 1. Moscow and the Tatar Elites: A Historical Analysis 44 The Origins of Russo-Tatar Relations 45 Jadidism and the Growth of Tatar National Awareness 51 The Formation of the TASSR 54 The First Wave of Tatar National Communism 58 Stalin’s Response: Purge of the Tatar Elites 62 The Second Wave of Tatar National Communism 64 Brezhnev’s Response: Accommodation of the Tatar Eûtes 67 Perestroika and the Tatar Eûtes 70 The Parade of Sovereignties: the TASSR ChaUenges the RSFSR 74 Post-Coup Poûtics: Checheno-Ingushetiia and Tatarstan Compared 80 Conclusions 84 2. Shaimiev’s Politics of Tatar Nationalism: A Strategy of Political Survival 87 Mintimer Shaimiev and the Post-Soviet Politics of Survival 89 Shaimiev’s Discourse of Tatar Nationaûsm: Civic, Ethnic or Pragmatic? 94 Shaimiev’s Poûcy of Multinationaûsm and the Revival of Tatar Culture 99 The Expansion of Employment Opportunities for the Tatars 106 The Politics of Economic Reform and Prikhvatizatsiia 109 The Absence of Russian Backlash I: Patronage Poûtics 114 The Absence of Russian Backlash H: Elections without Choices 121 Comparisons with Bashkortostan, Chuvashiia and Kazakhstan 126 Conclusions 131 3. Kazan and Moscow: The Clash of Two Kremlins 134 Renegotiating the Imperial Relationship between Two Kremlins 136 Tatar Referendum and Constitution 140 The Russian Constitution and the Road to the Power-Sharing Treaty 144 The 1994 Russian-Tatar Power-Sharing Treaty 149 Reactions to the Treaty 153 Comparisons with Bashkortostan, Sakha and Sverdlovsk 157 Tatarstan’s Support for El’tsin in Exchange for Greater Autonomy (1994-1996) 162 Deterioration of Economic Relations and Shaimiev’s Politics of Nationalism (1997-1998) 169 Economic Crisis and the Tatar Factor in Russian Politics (1998-1999) 174 Conclusions 178 4. Society and Culture in Tatarstan: The Weakness of Ethnic Nationalist Movements 180 Historical Experience: The Tatars and the Russians under Russian Imperial and Soviet Rule 182 Russian ‘Democrats’ vs. Tatar ‘Ethnic Nationalists’ in Late Soviet Tatariia 188 The Weakness of Ethnic Nationalist Movements in Post-Soviet Tatarstan 193 Comparisons with the Nationalist Movements in the Former Soviet Republics 198 The Weakness of the Support for Ethnic Nationalism in Opinion Polls and Its Causes 201 The Tatar Perceptions of Themselves and the Russians in Tatarstan 206 The Russian Perceptions of Themselves and the Tatars in Tatarstan 210 Religious T olerance 213 Bihnguahsm 216 Interethnic Marriages 217 A Tale of Two Cities 219 State-Dependent Economy 221 Underdevelopment of Civil Society 223 Conclusions 225 5. The ‘Tatarstan Model’ of Russian Federalism: A Magic Formula for Containing Nationalist Movements? 227 The ‘Tatarstan Model’ and the Development of Asymmetrical Federalism in Russia 229 Why is Russia not Disintegrating? 237 Comparisons with Democratic Federations: The United States, Canada, Germany, Spain and Belgium 242 The Stability of Intergovernmental Relations between Moscow and Kazan 248 Moscow, Federal Reforms and Centripetal Dynamics 250 Kazan, Federal Reforms and Centrifugal Dynamics 252 Democratic Federalism as a Missing Variable in the Relations between Moscow and Kazan 254 The Stability of Interethnic Relations between Russians and Tatars 256 Russian Nationalism, Russian Messianism and Non-Russian Minorities 258 Tatar Nationalism, Tatar Jadidism and Westernisation 263 Pragmatic Accommodation of Tatar Nationalism through Russian Federalism 266 Conclusions 269 Conclusion 272 5 Bibliography 286 Note on Sources 286 Primary Sources 286 Secondary Sources 293 Appendices 321 Appendix I. Full texts of the Key Documents on the Status of Tatarstan in the Russian Federation 321 1.1. Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan 321 1.2. The Power-Sharing Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan ‘On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan’ 322 Appendix H. Keynote Policy Statements of Russian President Boris N. El’tsin and Tatarstan President Mintimer Sh. Shaimiev on Russian Federalism 327 2.1. The Text of Russian President Boris N. El tsin’s Annual Message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation ‘Federalism and Local Self-Government’, Moscow, 16 February 1995 327 2.2, The Text of Tatarstan President Mintimer Sh. Shaimiev’s Keynote Address ‘The Future of the Russian Federation: A Look [sic] from Tatarstan’, Harvard University (USA), 6 October 1994 330 Appendix HI. Tables of Election and Referendum Results 334 Appendix IV. Tables of Statistics and Sociological Surveys 341 List of Tables in Appendices Appendix III. Tables of Election and Referendum Results 334 Table A 3.1. Election and Referendum Turnouts in Tatarstan, 1991-1999 334 Table A3.2. Referendum on the Preservation of the Soviet Union, 17 March 1991 334 Table A3.3. Russian Presidential Elections, 12 June 1991 335 Table A3.4. Tatarstan Presidential Elections, 12 June 1991 335 Table A3.5. Referendum on the Status of Tatarstan, 21 March 1992 335 Table A3.6. Referendum on EPtsin’s Performance, 25 April 1993 336 Table A3.7. Russian Constitutional Referendum 12 December 1993 336 Table A3.8. Russian State Duma Elections (Party Lists), 12 December 1993 337 Table A3.9. Russian State Duma Elections in Tatarstan (Single Mandate Districts), 12 December 1993 337 Table A3.10. Russian Parliamentary Elections in Tatarstan (Single Mandate Districts), 13 March 1994 337 Table A3.11. Russian State Duma Elections (Party Lists), 17 December 1995 338 Table A3.12. Russian State Duma Elections in Tatarstan (Single Mandate Districts), 17 December 1995 338 Table A3.13. Tatarstan Presidential Elections, 24 March 1996 339 Table A3.14. Russian Presidential Elections, 16 June 1996 339 Table A3.15. Russian Presidential Elections, 3 July 1996 339 Table A3.16. Russian State Duma Elections (Party Lists), 19 December 1999 340 Table A3.17. Russian State Duma Elections in Tatarstan (Single Mandate Districts), 19 December 1999 340 Appendix IV. Tables of Statistics and Sociological Surveys 341 Table A4.1. The Ethnic Composition of the Republics of Russia, 1989 341 Table A4.2. The Ethnic Composition of Tatarstan, 1989 341 Table A4.3. The Geographical Distribution of Tatars, 1989 342 Table A4.4. The Ethnic Origins of Enterprise Managers in the Autonomous Republics of the RSFSR, 1989 343 Table A4.5. The Ethnic Composition of Urban Workforce in Tatarstan, 1992 343 Table A4.6. Change in the Ethnic Composition of Tatarstan’s Political Elites between 1993 and 1996 344 Table A4.7. Change in the Ethnic Composition of Tatarstan’s Economic and Cultural Elites between 1993 and 1996 345 Table A4.8.
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