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Wageless Life, Politics, and Illusion Among the Guaraní of the Argentine Chaco

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Wageless Life, Politics, and Illusion Among the Guaraní of the Argentine Chaco The London School of Economics and Political Science The Afterlife of Abundance: Wageless life, politics, and illusion among the Guaraní of the Argentine Chaco Agustin Diz A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, September 2016. 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 88,131 words. 2 ABSTRACT In Argentina, indigenous populations have been marginalised from the nation-state’s projects of enfranchisement even though their labour has often been in high demand. The Guaraní of the Argentine Gran Chaco are a case in point. Once highly involved in the extractive frontier economy of the region, they have had very little access to broader political projects of belonging. Over the last few years, however, this historical trend has been reversed. On the one hand, Guaraní settlements currently constitute a surplus population whose labour is no longer demanded by the regional economy. On the other, state-sponsored cash transfer programmes secure the subsistence of Guaraní families while multicultural legislation has sought to enfranchise them in new ways. At the local level, these simultaneous processes of inclusion and exclusion have created a series of tensions and contradictions that mark everyday life. To investigate these processes, this thesis explores the various motivations, opportunities, and challenges that characterise the political and economic life of Guaraní settlements. It considers the gendered impacts of unemployment and welfare dependency at the settlement level and analyses the ways in which autonomy and dependency play out in local politics. This leads to an ethnographic exploration of factional conflict and to an appreciation of how people negotiate legal projects of institutionalisation. It is shown that practices of egalitarianism, hierarchy, autonomy, and representation are intertwined with ideas about gender, work, and plurality. The thesis argues that a concern with abundance lies at the heart of Guaraní life. Two subjunctive moments – an annual harvest celebration and the game of football – are explored as particular instances in which the Guaraní appear to attain such desirable states of abundance; at the same time, it is argued that these moments create a space of ‘illusion’ wherein the gendered ties of dependency and control that underpin abundance are fundamentally misrecognised. The thesis elaborates a theory of Amerindian political economy in which wageless life and abundance partially displace more classic themes of labour and scarcity. In doing so it provides new understandings of how collectivities are fashioned among subaltern populations, while highlighting how inclusion and exclusion are achieved and experienced in the everyday. 3 Table of Contents Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 6 List of figures and illustrations ........................................................................................................ 8 Prologue: AN UNSUCCESSFUL HUNT ............................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 WAGELESS LIFE, POLITICS AND ABUNDANCE IN THE ARGENTINE CHACO ................... 13 Towards an anthropology of the Gran Chaco ................................................................................................. 15 Abundance .............................................................................................................................................................. 18 The politics of surplus populations .................................................................................................................... 21 Shaping the body politic - conflict and institutionalisation ............................................................................ 24 Wageless life ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 Illusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Methodological and Ethical Considerations ..................................................................................................... 31 Outline of the thesis .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GUARANÍ OF THE GRAN CHACO ......................................... 39 An early slaving economy .................................................................................................................................... 39 Political mediation on an extractive frontier ..................................................................................................... 42 From ‘Tolderío’ to ‘Misión’ ..................................................................................................................................... 46 Work and belonging in the twentieth century .................................................................................................. 51 Unemployment and the end of the missions .................................................................................................... 55 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 57 Chapter 3 ARETE GUASU: THE MAIZE HARVEST CELEBRATION .................................................... 59 Feasting in lowland South America .................................................................................................................... 61 ‘This is the arete!’ .................................................................................................................................................... 62 The arete guasu and the political economy of control ....................................................................................... 66 Tensions and ambiguities ..................................................................................................................................... 69 Subjunctive abundance ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4 MOBILISING THE UNEMPLOYED ................................................................................... 77 Agriculture and ‘easy money’ ............................................................................................................................... 79 Work, wages, and belonging ................................................................................................................................ 83 The challenge of unemployment ........................................................................................................................ 86 Mobilising around unemployment ..................................................................................................................... 89 4 Demanding abundance ......................................................................................................................................... 92 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter 5 DIVISIONISMO: CONFLICT AND CONCEALMENT IN AGUARARENTA ............................ 97 The arrival of ‘La Empresa’ and Hernández’s fall ............................................................................................. 98 A new generation ................................................................................................................................................. 102 Pedro’s discontents – divisionismo in motion .................................................................................................... 104 Ser unidos: collective potency and its limits ...................................................................................................... 108 Power and concealment ..................................................................................................................................... 111 Divisionismo reconsidered ...................................................................................................................................
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