Gambaran Tokoh Walisongo Dalam Babad Tanah Jawi

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Gambaran Tokoh Walisongo Dalam Babad Tanah Jawi Sabda Volume 15, Nomor 2, Desember 2019 ISSN 1410–7910E-ISSN 2549-1628 GAMBARAN TOKOH WALISONGO DALAM BABAD TANAH JAWI Ahwan Fanani Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo [email protected] Ashabul Kahfi Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo [email protected] Abstract Walisongo figures are well-known as preachers of Islam in Java. They lived in 15th until 16th Century. Their story is popular through oral tradition as well as Javanese literature, one of which is Babad Tanah Jawi. The record of Walisongo in Babad Tanah Jawi cannot be separated from the function of Babad literature as legitimate source for Mataram Power. This article seeks to reveal the description of several Walisongo figures in Babad Tanah Jawi. The article employs literature study as starting point and focuses on intrinsic reading of Babad Tanah Jawi text. Walisongo figures are commonly depicted as protagonists in Babad Tanah Jawi, but Sunan Kudus is portrated quite antagonistic due to his support to Arya Penangsang whose position is as enemy of Sultan Pajang, in which Mataram’s kings claimed to be the heirs of Pajang. Walisongo figures, especially Sunan Kalijaga, provide moral and spiritual legitimation to Mataram Dynasty. Walisongo figures repreresent Islamic support to Mataram Dysnasty as Islamic Kings who gain legitimation from supranatural power, instead of people democratic voices. Key words: Walisongo (Nine Islamic Guardians), Javanese history, Islam and Kingdom, Historical Literature 1. Pendahuluan seperti tentang Sunan Ampel atau Sunan Walisongo adalah tokoh penyebar Kalijaga. Islam yang populer di masyarakat, namun Namun, Walisongo hanya sedikit sumber-sumber sejarahnya sering atau tidak disinggung oleh klasik Barat. menjadi perdebatan. Kisah mengenai Suma Oriental karya Tome Pires (1944) Walisongo dapat ditemukan di tidak memuat kisah mengenai Walisongo, masyarakat dan dalam nashkah-naskah sedangkan The History of Java karya Jawa klasik. Ada berbagai naskah yang Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817) hanya mengandung cerita tentang Walisongo, sedikit menyinggungnya. Beberapa seperti Babad Ngampel Denta, Babad tulisan awal mengenai Walisongo Seh Malaya, Babad Bedahing Majapahit, mencoba untuk mengumpulkan serpihan Babad Tingkir, hingga Babad Tanah fakta dan fiksi mengenai Walisongo, Jawi. Sumber-sumber lokal mengenai sebagaimana dilakukan oleh Amen Walisongo cukup banyak tersedia dengan Budiman (1982) dalam bukunya variasi Kisah Walisongo, Wali Delapan Walisanga Antara Legenda dan Fakta atau mengenai kisah orang per tokoh Sejarah dan oleh Dadan Wildan (2002) GAMBARAN TOKOH WALISONGO DALAM BABAD TANAH JAWI 158 Sabda Volume 15, Nomor 2, Desember 2019 ISSN 1410–7910E-ISSN 2549-1628 dalam bukunya Sunan Gunung Jati, tahun 1580. Bersama dengan Pigeaud, De Antara Fiksi dan Fakta. Namun, karya Graaf (2003) menyusun Kerajaan Islam mengenai Walisongo belakangan Pertama di Jawa yang didasarkan atas menekankan historisitas Walisongo, sumber lokal, termasuk Babad dan Serat seperti karya Agus Sunyoto (2018). Kandha. Dalam literatur Jawa, terdapat jenis Namun, ada pula yang masih ragu karya yang berisi kisah mengenai tokoh, dengan sumber-sumber lokal, seperti peristiwa, dan tempat yang disebut Brandes, yang melihat adanya dengan Babad. Karya Babad awalnya pencampuran gambaran fiksi pada masa berkaitan dengan pembukaan tanah dan lampau dengan peristiwa nyata di wilayah atau sejarah tokoh tertentu. kemudian hari. Ricklefs berpandangan Karya Babad yang terkenal adalah Babad bahwa naskah-naskah Asia merupakan Tanah Jawi yang berkisah mengenai asal karya sastra semata (Ricklefs, 1979: 73). mula penguasa Jawa hingga masa Namun, sumber-sumber lokal tidak Mataram Islam. Babad Tanah Jawi dapat diabaikan untuk mendapatkan adalah karya sastra sejarah yang ditulis gambaran mengenai masa lalu Jawa. dalam bentuk puisi. Usaha penulisannya Perdebatan mengenai mana elemen fakta dalam bentuk prosa dilakukan oleh dan mana elemen fiksi dalam karya Ngabehi Kertapraja, yang diterbitkan Babad bisa dijembatani dengan pertama oleh J.J. Meinsma, dan menempatkan Babad Tanah Jawi sebagai dialihaksarakan oleh W.L. Olthof. Versi karya sastra yang mengandung informasi prosa itu direvisi kembali oleh J.J. Ras sejarah. Babad Tanah Jawi adalah induk (1987). Babad Tanah Jawi yang banyak dari sumber-sumber lokal yang beredar di pasaran saat ini adalah versi menceritakan secara detail tumbuh dan hasil alihaksara Olthof menceritakan layunya kekuasaan di Jawa. Babad kisah Tanah Jawa sejak Nabi Adam memang tidak menyajikan fakta dan sampai Tahun 1647 Masehi (Olthof, peristiwa dalam sudut pandang reportase, 2009). melainkan dengan sudut pandang Babad Tanah Jawi sangat sentral kesadaran sejarah yang mitis. Namun kedudukannya sebagai sumber sejarah kesadaran tersebut tidak lahir dari ruang lokal mengenai dinamika politik Jawa, kosong, melainkan dalam suatu konteks meskipun banyak bias cerita yang muncul sejarah dan kebudayaan. di dalamnya. Babad Tanah Jawi Muatan Babad Tanah Jawi mengisahkan dinamika politik Jawa dari mengenai Walisongo merupakan sejak akhir era Majapahit hingga masa informasi berharga tentang bagaimana Mataram Islam. Meskipun bermuatan sumber lokal melihat masa lalu tokoh melegitimasi kekuasaan, Babad Tanah Islam dalam pentas sosial-politik. Jika Jawi menyediakan informasi berharga sebagian sejarawan meragukan validitas mengenai kehidupan politik Jawa pada Babad, namun dalam sudut pandang masa lampau. Beberapa sejarawan sastra, karya babad memiliki nilai memberikan tempat tersendiri bagi Babad penting. Sebagian sejarawan bahkan Tanah Jawi dan sumber-sumber lokal mempergunakan babad sebagai sumber untuk penulisan sejarah, seperti H.J. De informasi mumpuni ketimbang sumber- Graaf dan Th. Pigeaud. De Graaf dalam sumber kolonial (Margana, 2004: 10). Awal Kebangkitan Mataram (1985) Tulisan ini merupakan upaya mengakui arti penting Babad Tanah Jawi mengungkap lebih lanjut mengenai posisi untuk penulisan sejarah Jawa, meski ia Babad Tanah Jawi dalam membeberkan meragukan kebenaran cerita sebelum kisah mengenai Walisongo. Tulisan ini GAMBARAN TOKOH WALISONGO DALAM BABAD TANAH JAWI 159 Sabda Volume 15, Nomor 2, Desember 2019 ISSN 1410–7910E-ISSN 2549-1628 tidak dimaksudkan sebagai upaya untuk Rochyatmo (dalam Sedyawati, eds. 2001: mengungkap fakta Walisongo, melainkan 275), babad berisi tiga unsur, yaitu: unsur sebagai upaya untuk melihat bagaimana fakta sejarah, unsur fiktif, dan unsur lain. Babad Tanah Jawi, sebagai karya sastra Umumnya babad pada periode sejarah, menampilkan figur Walisongo sebelum sastra Jawa modern masih ditulis dan amanat apa yang ingin disampaikan dalam bentuk tembang macapat. Babad kepada pembaca melalui figur dikategorikan sebagai salah satu jenis Walisongo. Tulisan ini menekankan sastra, yaitu karya sastra Jawa yang berisi kepada kajian sejarah teks dan kajian tentang cerita sejarah. Oleh karena itu, unsur intrinsik teks, khususnya babad disebut cerita sejarah karena perwatakan dan amanat, terhadap Babad mengandung unsur fakta, seperti tokoh, Tanah Jawi versi Olthof. latar belakang peristiwa, dan latar tempat (Pardi, 1996: 9). 2. Seputar Babad Tanah Jawi Berg berpendapat bahwa babad Menurut Zoetmulder; Babad secara bukanlah karya dokumentasi atas fakta kebahasaan berarti tempat yang baru masa lalu sehingga tidak bisa dijadikan dibuka atau dibersihkan seperti sebagai data sejarah karena banyaknya membersihkan (membabad) sebidang hal-hal irrasional yang tidak mungkin hutan. Babad juga berarti dimulainya ada dalam ruang kosmik manusia. Ia sebuah lakon atau kisah (Zoetmulder dan mengambil posisi skeptis dengan Robson, 2011). Babad mengacu pada memandang bahwa babad hanya berisi nama tokoh cerita, nama tempat atau mitos (Sedyawati, 1997: 170). Namun, daerah dan nama peristiwa. Babad Berg alpa bahwa mitos juga merupakan Ajisaka, Babad Surapati, Babad Manggir produk budaya yang menggambarkan adalah sekian judul babad yang alam keyakinan atau kesadaran sejarah berdasarkan nama tokoh cerita; pada masanya. Pada bagian awal Babad sedangkan Babad Giyanti, Babad Tanah Jawi, terdapat percampuran unsur Demak, dan Babad Cirebon berkaitan Islam dan Hindu, yaitu mengenai sejarah dengan nama tempat atau daerah. Ada berkembangnya manusia. Babad Tanah pula karya babad yang ditulis dalam Jawi memasukkan Nabi Adam sebagai konteks peristiwa penting tertentu, Babad manusia pertama, yang mempunyai anak Pacina dan Babad Bedhahing para tokoh pewayangan dan para dewa, Ngayogyakarta (Rochyatmo dalam seperti Maha Dewa, Brahma, Wisnu Sedyawati, eds, 2001: 275). hingga Dewi Sri (Olthof, 2009: 1). Babad diperkirakan muncul pada Babad dikategorikan sebagai sastra pemerintahan Kartasura. Urutan cerita sejarah atau sastra bergenre sejarah atau dalam babad biasanya terdiri atas sejarah yang disastrakan. Penyebutan pengantar, bagian pendahuluan, isi, dan “sastra sejarah” itu mengisyaratkan penutup. Bagian pengantar memuat judul, kesesuaian konsep antara “sastra,” jati diri penulis, tempat penulisan, sebagai satu hasil kreatifitas penciptanya permintaan maaf penulis dan maksud dan diatur oleh hukum sastra dengan penulisan. Bagian pendahuluan berisi “sejarah,” sebagai perkembangan peristiwa yang melatarbelakangi cerita kejadian-kejadian sepanjang masa yang serta silsilah nenek moyang dari tokoh telah lampau yang memiliki karakteristik dalam cerita tersebut. Bagian isi memuat kegiatan manusia di masa lampau inti atau pokok-pokok cerita, dan bagian (Kuntowijoyo, 2004). Jadi, Babad Tanah penutup berisi keterangan tentang waktu Jawi sebagai sastra sejarah merupakan
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