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Narrating Ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality in Ayu Utami's Novels: Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu a Thesis Presented To

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Narrating Ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality in Ayu Utami's Novels: Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu a Thesis Presented To Narrating ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality in Ayu Utami’s novels: Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Widyasari Listyowulan June 2010 © 2010 Widyasari Listyowulan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Narrating ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality in Ayu Utami’s novels: Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu by WIDYASARI LISTYOWULAN has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Richard B. McGinn Associate Professor Emeritus of Linguistics Drew O. McDaniel Director, Southeast Asian Studies Daniel Weiner Executive Director, Center for International Studies 3 Abstract LISTYOWULAN WIDYASARI., M.A., June 2010, Southeast Asian Studies Narrating ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality in Ayu Utami’s novels: Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu (160 pp.) Director of Thesis: Richard B. McGinn Since 1998, Ayu Utami has become prominent as one of the female authors who have successfully voiced their perspectives on social issues that were once considered taboo. Her three novels, Saman, Larung, and Bilangan Fu, Utami’s have praised both nationally and internationally. As a writer and social critic, she particularly focuses on three Indonesian social cancers, those related to power, sexuality, and religion. Utami’s characters personify the tragic flaw of modern people who are trapped between the need to struggle for their own personal beliefs and the different pressures placed on them by the nation, traditional concepts and modernism, patriarchal society and women’s desires for greater freedom. Through her male characters (namely Saman, Larung, Yuda, and Parang Jati), Utami portrays how modern men face the clash between their beliefs about religion and the government. At another level, the plots also criticize the way in which Indonesia’s socio-cultural conditions always disadvantage the poor and women Her novels also include interactions between these male protagonists and female characters, both modern female characters (Shakuntala, Yasmin, Laila, and Cokorda), as well as traditional female minor characters (Ibu, Upi and Simbah). .Through these interactions, the novels also act 4 as a critique to the modern concept of religion in Indonesia and as an affirmation of the traditional values that Indonesia has had for centuries. This thesis shows how Utami as a modern female writer has been able to integrate into her works her rich thinking about religion, power, and gender. Towards this end, she has been able to include in her works her knowledge of Catholicism in Indonesia, her extensive observation of Javanese and Balinese local traditions, old legends, her understanding on Indonesian political incidents before 1998, and her personal spirituality. In conclusion, this thesis suggests that Utami offers her audience to re-think the need to separate religion from the state, the necessity to re-explore traditional religions, including their old legends and rituals, and the urgence to re-evaluate the 1965-1998 Indonesian history as a way of ameliorating the lives of contemporary Indonesians. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Richard B. McGinn Associate Professor Emeritus of Linguistics 5 Acknowledgments I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah S.W.T for every blessing, love, and mercy. It is because of His blessing that I can finish my study. I also would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Richard McGinn, the chair of my committee for his support and wonderful thoughts. Dr. Harry Aveling, has patiently read and, re-read during the long process of producing this thesis - I am deeply indebted for his guidance, correction, direction, and constant supervision during the writing process. How can I adequately thank Dr. Gene Ammarell who gladly gave me his personal notes on Robert Redfield that he had kept for more than 15 years. My deepest gratitude goes to all the professors of the Southeast Asian Studies Department, for the lessons and valuable knowledge they offered during my study time that allowed me to gain teaching experience at Ohio University: they deserve my heartfelt thanks. I would like to express my gratitude to my mother, Ibu R.Ay Adiningrum Sekarnegari Soedjito, for loving me unconditionally, forgiving me for not being able to be around, giving me strength, believing in me, and showing me how to be strong. Warm thanks to R. Ario Wibowo for being such an amazing brother, for protecting me and helping me to come this far. I would also like to thank to my father. I extend heartfelt thanks; To Dr. Emilia Alonzo Marks, my mentor and my best friend, Mrs. Sherryl Longhofer, my wonderful ‘American mother’, and to Mrs. Rosseane Cherry. I feel fortunate for the opportunity to have met them in my life, the women who have made me feel at home away from home. 6 Many thanks to all my friends in Southeast Asian Studies and the Linguistics Department, my teaching colleagues and my wonderful Indonesian Language students. I am indebted to them for the encouragement and time they gave me during my stay in Athens. Thank you for the wonderful moments you have brought to my life. 7 Table of Contents Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Traditional religious elements and social criticisms in modern Indonesian literary works ................................................................................................ 8 The author and her novels ......................................................................................... 10 Reason for this study ................................................................................................. 14 Chapter Two: Review of related studies ....................................................................... 17 Ayu Utami’s novels and their criticism .................................................................... 18 Power and sex ........................................................................................................... 26 The discourse of religion in Utami’s novels ............................................................. 28 Religion in Java and Bali .......................................................................................... 31 Characterization ........................................................................................................ 38 Religious themes in Indonesian and Malaysian literary works ................................ 40 Chapter Three: Ayu Utami’s novels and ideas of Religion, Power, and Sexuality ..... 43 Saman ........................................................................................................................ 43 Larung ....................................................................................................................... 44 Bilangan Fu ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter Four: The modern female characters: Monotheistic religion as a burden and female sexuality as a form of modern personal power ................................................. 49 Confronting woman’s kodrat through Shakuntala’s character. ................................ 49 Yasmin Moningka: The ambiguity of the concept “a good woman is religious and a good housewife” ....................................................................................................... 60 Laila Gagarina: A naïve woman who seeks freedom .............................................. 67 Confronting the hypocrisy of “a good woman” through Cokorda’s character ......... 72 Chapter Five: The modern male and the traditional female characters: The dispute between traditional and orthodox religions in relation to conflicts with state power ... 78 Saman and his traditional minded mother ................................................................ 78 Larung and his grandmother ................................................................................... 100 Yuda and Parang Jati .............................................................................................. 125 Chapter Six: Conclusion - Narrating the dispute between traditional and orthodox religions, power, and sexuality in the lives of Ayu Utami’s characters ..................... 147 References ................................................................................................................... 153 8 Chapter One: Traditional religious elements and social criticisms in modern Indonesian literary works The end of the New Order has become the watershed for a new beginning for many Indonesians -- politicians, activists, and educators as well as authors. The new era has also brought a mushrooming publication of novels, short stories, poems. All the topics that once were considered off-limits have become very popular in Indonesian media and literature. However, some scholars question the values transferred by these publications and question the right of some young authors’ publications that seem to pass judgment on the existing nation.1 Nevertheless, who could argue that the fall of Suharto has not had an immense influence on the lives of those who experienced the military suppression of voices of an individual’s perspective?
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