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3. the Pragmatic Tradition

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3. the Pragmatic Tradition MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies 3. The Pragmatic Tradition Walter Gropius, Konrad Wachsmann Published on: Apr 23, 2021 License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies 3. The Pragmatic Tradition Industry as an Initiating Force: The Steel House Responding to the assessed needs of the housing market in the mid-twenties, German industry—and not only the building construction industry—began, somewhat tentatively, to turn its attention to the field of industrialized building. The use of sophisticated steel structures, following American models, had not only been seen for some time in industrial and commercial buildings but by 1926 had also been introduced into residential buildings by the Luckhardt brothers and Anker in a private house, and by Mebes and Emmerich in the same year in a large apartment development at Berlin-Britz.1 Now, consideration began to be given to the mass production of houses, using unorthodox materials and methods. “The shortage of dwellings in Germany is undoubtedly hastening the development of steel house construction there,” advised the U.S. Department of Commerce, basing itself on a report, in 1928, from its consul in Cologne. This shortage, estimated at 800,000 dwellings, was “not without its effect in promoting the popularity of quickly erected, easily financed, durable, and hygienic quarters such as are just now becoming available to the public through the medium of steel houses.”2 In addition to this perceived demand there was on the part of the steel industry and its associated branches an anxiety to exploit more fully a productive capacity that had begun to exceed marketing possibilities. “A big slump in the steel trade in 1927 left Vereinigte Stahl-werke, the German steel trust, with considerable excess capacity and the desire to seek new outlets,”3 noted Burnham Kelly, adding that even major industrialists like Hugo Stinnes (a founding member of the trust) and Hugo Junker became interested in the potential of steel building methods.4 Ambition and necessity combined to give a special impetus to the development of a new industry which, despite its innumerable permutations, was collectively called Stahlhausbau. Steel houses produced by this industry were classified5 in four classes: Stahltafelbau, a framed and sheathed construction, where the frame may not be steel but covered with steel plates; Stahllamellenbau, a structure of selfsupporting steel panels that act as both structure and cladding; Stahlskelettsbau, a steel skeleton frame with an infill walling system that utilizes a variety of possible materials, including conventional masonry construction; and Stahlrahmenbau, a steel supporting structure preassembled into framed panels to simplify erection procedures. It is evident that not all of these methods are complete prefabrication systems; industrialization in some apply to the framing, in others to the cladding, and most involved a greater or lesser 2 MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies 3. The Pragmatic Tradition degree of site work, apart from assembly and erection procedures. But they were all far in advance of conventional housebuilding methods, and considerable savings in both cost and time of construction were hopefully anticipated. These inherent advantages, it was argued, would help to counter the resistance to the new products natural in a conservative society. As the American consul in Cologne reported: “The manufacturers of steel houses have launched considerable propaganda in their support in the Cologne district, hoping by these means to overcome the existing prejudice against their use and at the same time to increase their sale. This propaganda is most widespread, appearing in the local press in the form of favorable comment, through advertising, and also by means of free, illustrated lectures and discussions.” These methods, we may interpolate here, were precisely those advocated by Gropius in the 1910 memorandum. The report continued: “To date, the most effective arguments presented are those based on the simplicity of this method of construction, its practicability, low price, hygienic character, durability, and the rapidity with which these steel houses can be erected.” He then added wryly: “The prejudice against the steel house is traditional in the Cologne area and is based principally upon aesthetic grounds. The houses which are being erected are, admittedly, useful but cannot be called beautiful, which fact the producers seem to have taken into account in that they base their sales arguments rather on the practicability than the beauty of these structures.”6 In this new development precedents were sought and encouragement derived from experiments in other countries. The industry of Britain and America was still much admired and respected in Germany, and their achievements were looked on as a model for emulation. Therefore the extensive American experience with steel, in the structural skeleton generally and to a limited degree in the development of steel houses,7 was regarded with interest. However, the more important influence was undoubtedly the British postwar experiment in factory-produced steel houses, especially of the Atholl, Braithwaite (Telford), and Weir types. These British developments, whose achievements were widely publicized but whose problems were not as widely known, were regarded as a great success in Germany. They looked with admiration at the range of types, at the eminence of their sponsors, and the thousands of houses reported to have been constructed. Most of all they looked to the Weir house, and its features were comprehensively described in German-language professional and construction-industry literature.8 3 MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies 3. The Pragmatic Tradition The first German steel house of this postwar period, manufactured by the Wöhr Bros. Ironworks at Unterkochen, was generally acknowledged to have been derived from the Weir house.9 It was produced in April 1926 as a five-roomed house of Stahltafelbau construction whose basis was a wood frame covered with 3-mm steel plates well insulated with Torfoleum. Later models used an alternative structure of steel framing. This more homogeneous system was also used by Braune and Roth of Leipzig, whose “Sonne” model steel house came shortly after the Wöhr house. Completed on 26 August 1926 it had taken a mere three weeks to erect, and eventually several one- and two-family house types were produced, all in a system similar to the Wöhr house, or its British prototype. Braune and Roth came to steel house manufacture from a background in the manufacture of steel strong rooms and safes; and their patented system of house construction was used by another Leipzig firm of strong room manufacturers, Carl Kästner and Co., who also began, at that time, to produce steel houses. It was Kästner who put together the Muche-Paulick steel house at Dessau, which we discussed in the preceding chapter. These pioneer efforts in the new steel house business originated not with architects nor even with traditional building contractors but with firms with the special equipment—the presses and mills—for processing steel and the knowledge and experience to adapt it to new purposes. Another such firm was the Hamburg machine tool manufacturer and shipbuilder, the Deutsche Schiffs-und Maschinebau-Aktiengesellschaft, and with its entry into the field of prefabrication, the wheel of history turned full circle, for nearly a century before some of the first iron prefabs had been made by the shipbuilders Fairbairn and Grantham.10 By far the most substantial industrial concern to engage itself in prefabrication was the newly established giant steel trust, the Vereinigte Stahlwerke, which set up a subsidiary company, the Stahlhaus-Baugesellschaft m.b.H., of Duisburg, “for the sole purpose of manufacturing steel houses.”11 These houses were of the Stahllamellenbau type, similar in some respects to the Telford house of Braithwaite; that is, they were constructed of load-bearing, self-supporting steel panels. An experimental house of this type was erected at Kaiserburg, in Duisburg, in 1927, and was followed shortly after by groups of houses in Duisburg and Munich. The system was developed for Stahlhaus- Baugesellschaft by the architect Heinrich Blecken, who was Vereinigte Stahlwerke’s director of construction, and had been described in all its technical details by him as early as 1926 in an article in the Deutsche Bauzeitung, after the system had been patented.12 When, some three years later, Blecken once again wrote of the steel house, 4 MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies 3. The Pragmatic Tradition in a comprehensive survey of Skelettsbau and Lamellenbau, he could point to many examples erected, including a complete steel house Siedlung in the Ruhr.13 One of the most important of the German steel house systems originated in neighboring Austria. This was the Böhler system, originally developed by the Viennese architect, Alfred Schmid.14 He first reported on the new system in the journal of the association of architects and engineers in Austria in 1927,15 but as he pointed out, the experiments he was describing had by then been proceeding for one and a half years, which would place them among the first pioneers. He acknowledges the contribution made by others to the development of industrialized building: the American experience in steel building, the Bauhaus experiments, and of course the Weir house, a major article on which had appeared in the previous issue of the same journal.16 He views the industrialization of the building process with enthusiasm and with optimism. Its product is the “house of the future,” and its day is not far off. The reasons he cites are familiar because they have become the undisputed assumptions of the new industry. The factory-made house must succeed, because of its economical cost, its speed and ease of erection, and its independence of the constraints of both the traditional labor force and the vagaries of the weather.
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