SAMIKSA

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Psychoanalysis at the Millennium — A Unitary Theory LEO RANGELL

When Words Don't Come — Silence in PsychoanaSytic Communication DANIEL WIDLOCHER

Psychoanalytic Education : Past, Present and Future ARNOLD M. COOPER • Mind and Brain : Attempting to Bridge our Understanding of Conscious and Unconscious Processes FRED M. LEVIN • Psychoanalysis After Freud A Response to Frederick Crews and Other Critics GLEN O. GABBARD, SHELDON M. GOODMAN, AND ARNOLD D. RICHARDS

The Influence of Narcissism on Erotic Love ALIRIO DANTAS JR.

The Tree of Life SERGE LEBOVICI * Hanns Sachs, The "Analyst's Analyst" SANFORO GIFFORD

Freedom from the Known SARALA KAPOOR

Book Reviews

VOLUME 52 1998 ANNUAL SAMIKSA CONTENTS

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Journal of Psychoanalysis at the Millennium Samiksa is published annually. The annual subscription payable in advance is Rs.150/ The Indian A Unitary Theory - (Rupees One Hundred and Fifty) for inland subscribers and U.S.$ 40.00 (Forty) for Psychoanalytical by Leo Rangell overseas subscribers. Subscription should be sent to Indian Psychoanalytical Society, Society 14, Parsibagan Lane, Calcutta-700 009, India. Drafts should be made payable to "Indian When Words Don't Come — Silence Psychoanalytical Society". in Psychoanalytic Communication Volume 52, 1998 by Daniel Widlocher 13 MANUSCRIPTS Psychoanalytic Education : Past, Manuscripts of articles should be sent directly to the Editor and must be in English. Present and Future All editorial communications should be addressed to the Editor, Samlksn, Indian by Arnold M. Cooper 27 Psychoanalytical Society, 14, Parsibagan Lane, Calcutta-700 009, India. Editor Contributors are requested to submit four clear copies — must be printed on bond Hironmoy Ghosal Mind and Brain ; Attempting to Bridge our Understanding of Conscious and paper with at least 1 '/2 inch margin on all four sides. All parts must be "double spaced" including references, footnotes and extracts. Footnotes are to be numbered Unconscious Processes sequentially and should appear at the foot of the page where they are cited; footnote by Fred M. Levin 39 Asst. Editors numbers should be typed one space above the line without punctuation or parentheses. Psychoanalysis After Freud — A response Initial footnotes referring to the title of the paper, or the author do not carry a number. M.K. Dastur Jhuma Basak to Frederick Crews and Other Critics Author's address and affiliation should appear following the reference list at the end Bani Pain by Glen O. Gabbard, Sheldon of the paper. M. Goodman, and Arnold D. Richards 49 Full reference to all works cited in the text should be given in the list of references at the end of the paper. Reference list must be printed double spaced. Author's should The Influence of Narcissism on Erotic Love be listed alphabetically and their works chronologically by date of publication (when Editorial Hoard. by Alirio Dantas Jr 61 several of the author's works are referred to). When an author has published several Rafael Moses The Tree of Life works in the same year, the date is followed by a, b, c, etc. Authors' names are not Dhirendranath Nandi by Serge Lebovici 69 repeated in the reference list; they are indicated by a line. References should only Saradindu Bancrji include works cited in the text. Hironmoy Ghosal Hanns Sachs, The "Analyst's Analyst" Sailesh Kapadia For books — give tittle, place of publication, name of publisher and year of publication by Sanford Gifford 83 Sarosh Forbes of the edition cited (if different from the original publication date). When referring to Mallika Akbar Freedom from the Known the writings of Sigmund Freud, cite only the Standard Edition, e.g. S.E. M.KL. Dastur by Sarala Kapoor 89 j For articles — give title, abbreviated name of the journal, volume number, and inclusive page numbers. Book Reviews 99 Reviewers : References in the text should be given by quoting the journal, volume number, and 14, Parsibagan Lane Moinak Biswas, Jhuma Basak inclusive page numbers. Calcutta - 700 009 References in the text should be given by quoting the Authors' name followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. It should be arranged in alphabetical order following standard rule, e.g. PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM A UNITARY THEORY Leo Rangell

"in this paper, I present a unitary theory of psychoanalysis in the place of the present pluralistic theoretical culture. While alternative theoretical systems to the basic theory discovered and expanded by Freud have been present since the begin- nings of psychoanalysis, its modem urgent forms look root in the mid-sixties, and received quasi-official sanction and status with the positig of the question, "One Psychoanalysis or Many?" in the Presidential Address of the IPA in 1988, to which the answer automatically given was "many". I proposed to the same question the answer of "one", a unified, composite theory of psychoanalysis which is to be distinguished from non-psxchoanalylic theories of human behaviour. The reasoning and contents behind such an approach are described. "

it is a privilege and a challenge to be asked to world today, trends travel with electronic write a topical piece on psychoanalysis for speed. As you therefore know, psychoanalysts this new phase of the Journal Samiksa. I re- are at the present phase of our thinking in a gret very much that the region of the world it period of theoretical pluralism, a point of view represents is one I will have to address with- or rather an attitude toward our scientific sta- out first-hand knowledge of its look and feel. tus which, after gradually evolving over the India is one of the places I did not have the past three decades, was officially articulated opportunity to visit during the years of my and affectively sanctioned at a discreet mo- Presidency of the International Psychoanalytic ment in the scientific life of international Association three decades ago, nor in my sci- psychoanalysis. I am referring to a "happen- entific activities since then. 1 will therefore be ing" when the question "One psychoanalysis communicating, at least for the time being, or many?" was posed in his Presidential Ad- from afar, and from visual, printed and his- dress by Dr. Robert Wallerstein (1988) at the torical images. International Psychoanalytic Congress in Montreal in 1987. His own promptly supplied What 1 wish to convey to the psychoana- answer of "many", which was received in a lysts of your part of the world, on the invitation mood of expectancy and celebration, has since of the Editor to write around the subject of then been taken for granted as almost beyond "whither psychoanalysis", which I find con- debate. Confronting the plethora of psycho- genial, is my view of this moment of our analytic theories which by that time were held history. As an overview, I will reflect upon by large numbers and divided the analytic what I think does or should He ahead, as the world, Wallerstcin declared lhat no theory had field we represent approaches the millennium the right to claim scientific superordinacy over and its own centenary. any other. His method ol ordering the empiri- Since distance is shrinking and there is cal data of theoretical divisions was to state scarcely any information time throughout the that abstract theories divide us, while clinical

I.co Rangail. M.D., Honorary President, International Psychoanalytic Association. Past President. International and American Psychoanalytic Associations. Clinical Professor, U.C.L.A. and U.C. San Francisco.

1 SAMIKSA LEO RANGELL PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM - A UNITARY THEORY theory, which guides practice, is the common neuroses but there is only one way to under- lions to be made first upon one's self, by in- transference, then countertransference later, ground which binds us. stand them" (p. 554). That way, to trospection and intuition, one's attention being each came in due time. psychoanalysts, is the psychoanalytic way. drawn and curiosity elicited, about one's Since this scientific assertion was presented There was no reason for this succession of dreams, or sexuality and surrounding phenom- from a position of highest authority, the psy- In. the interest of brevity and the develop- discoveries which was cumulative and coher- ena, or about private or idiosyncratic symptoms choanalytic body has confidently considered ment of my theme, I will present a macroscopic ent not to continue as a model. Freud's felt to be ego-alien (without yet knowing these itself to be in an era of pluralism and eclecti- overview, of the forest rather than the trees, progression, from clinical work and wider terms). cism as the way to scientific harmony and an aerial view as it were, of the history of the social observations, as well as his self-analy- cohesion. Almost all Institutes today contain century of psychoanalytic theory, its vicissi- A second method of theory progression is sis, was added to and expanded, as well as advocates of varied theories of psychoanaly- tudes and its present position. In our usual less rational or scientific, and is fuelled more modified and given new directions, by him- sis, and appeal to potential candidates with debates, mostly trees or even branches arc by group processes than by individual self and many of his early co-pioneers, building the promise to represent all theories equally typically concentrated upon while whole for- motivations and inner reflection. Here we simultaneously on parallel clinical experiences. in their training. In the spirit of democracy, ests can be missed. Also obscured and not have influences by group identifications, hori- But Freud did not do nearly as well with the students will then gravitate to whichever seen are the relations between forests, here zontal or vertical, relations to one's peers or the dissemination of his discoveries as he did theoretical system they feel the most personal between alternative systems of psychoanalytic upward to a group leader who sets the ambi- in achieving them. While clinical observations, kinship. theory. ence of the group. In our field, I (1982a) have written of the role of "transference to theory" with their challenges and limitations, could be 1 wish to summarize a view I hold at vari- What I consider the fragmentation of theory, leading to various theoretical trends commonly relatively controlled, group interactions were ance with this conclusion and philosophy. In a name 1 apply in lieu of pluralism, is not an held. In the service of connectedness and always outside of observational control condi- what is now a distinctly minority opinion, I academic subject but a very practical issue. In object relations, theories are espoused to link tions. Freud's success with clinical patients feel that two answers, not one, were possible my opinion, such splintering and its confus- one to a desired model, or group, or group were of a different order than to his surround- to the question originally posed by Wallerstein, ing, divisive effects, are more responsible for within a group; or conversely, to differentiate ing group milieu. Within his gradually not the one automatic conclusion the recep- the modern decline in the status and popular- one's self, toward the establishment of self- expanding collegia! band, he was confronted tive audience favoured and seemed to take for ity of psychoanalysis than ccologic or external boundaries, theories can be promulgated from the start (as early as in his exchanges granted. 1 believe there is, or can or should aetiologies. The breakthrough 100 years ago "against someone''. Candidates, or analysts, with Fliess) with a continuous series of inter- be, one psychoanalytic theory, which would was mainly an intellectual one. This has since may need to prove "1 am my own man", or, to ruptions and deflections. I do not mean be dilferentiated from non-psychoanalytic theo- been eroded in the name of progress and ad quote one analyst, who had just shifted theo- disagreements, which are expected and some ries of human mentation. This theory which is vance. An inspirational quality, once strong retical positions, "I am with him", referring to of which probably helped him, for which there psychoanalysis will contain all elements con- and growing, has all but vanished. Wackier a charismatic, narcissistic leader, with whom is room all along the way throughout future sidered necessary and sufficient in the (1967), studying the sweep of human civiliza- he had shifted his views several times, or for history, but by the very irrationalities which combined alternative theories. 1 do not believe tion, states that history is an alternation of other affective, non-scientific reasons. These psychoanalysis is directed to expose and un- that since Freud discovered or fashioned psy- excesses, and that "Progress has as many vic- observations are from personal empirical ex- derstand. choanalysis 100 years ago, several or multiple tims as beneficiaries". parallel theories of other psychoanalyses have periences, derived from direct participation As background to this continuous series of been constructed. Pieces have been added, or To begin the description and genesis of my over the entire second half of the psychoana- divisions, which began in the early formative subtracted, or modified, but there has been no point of view, I will start with some aspects of lytic century. Many examples can be adduced, stages, a number of fallacies were instituted comparable intellectual scientific breakthrough. the developmental history of our science, and can probably be brought to mind by and became built-in, which were automatically In Kuhn's (1970) terms there has not been, in which should be syntonic with the approach readers. repeated in successive theoretical phases. In my opinion, a new paradigm, competitive with, to conflict of psvchonnnlvsis geruTallv, There each instance these took root in large numbers iTeud binII ins cumulative tneory seriatim: alternative to or of the same order of com- are two methods of scientific advance. One K and were never solved or overcome in their drives, the unconscious, the topographic view, pleteness with parsimony as the psychoanalysis empirical, experiential, in which observations negative irrational effects on future theoriz- I he dynamic, genetic, structural and adaptive introduced at the turn of the century by Freud are made, from which theories are deduced, ing. I will mention only a few of these and views, the multiple metapsychoiogical points which has continued to develop. While each which are then tried and applied, and further their influence on the subsequent development of view, unconscious conflict, etc., were each individual analysis is different from every observations made and explanations sought. of psychoanalytic theory. offered in their turn. The ego was added to other, there is one science of psychoanalysis, In the field of psychoanalysis, as an impetus the id (lc)23), the superego gained its place in not "many''. As Fenichel (1945) said mid-way for candidates or others to embark upon this The first such crucial node took place very "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" (1920), in the century, "There arc many ways to treat scientific sequence, it is typical for observa- early, during the history-making Freud-Fliess

2 3 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA _E0 RANGELL PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM - A UNITARY THEORY correspondence, when Freud (1897, in the This leads into a second related pathogenic highest to the lowest points. Rank progressed within the profession, and in the intellectual Freud-Fliess letters) "changed" from the se- fallacy, equally operative throughout the his- from one of the most trusted to one of the world, while concomitant training and prac- duction theory to his view of the role of tory of psychoanalysis in producing division most rebellious and disappointing. Wilhelrn tise also flourished. Under a banner of wide unconscious fantasy in the aetiology of the and needless discord. This is the mechanism Reich was another whose standing moved from acceptance, psychoanalysis was ascendent in patients lie was treating and studying. 1 use of pars pro toto, a form of thinking which most contributory to offensive. Freud's rela- medical schools. Departments of Psychiatry, quotes because it is unclear and in fact not selects a part and substitutes it for the whole. tions to Breuer, Fliess, Stekcl, even to Jones, and academic fields, in addition to there being important whether Freud immediately saw it A partial explanation, or several of these, are later to be his biographer, showed fluctuations a copious flow of patients leading to clinical clearly, whether he replaced the role of seduc- considered to be the entire explanatory sys- and ambivalence to varied degrees and in satisfaction and scientific expansion. tion or added the role of fantasy to it. It is my tem. A correlate of this faulty operative variable forms, the story with each of them The upward curve peaked in the 60's. The opinion from all that followed that after a brief concept is to simultaneously discard other having different contents. All of these had an harbinger of what was to come next in psy- vacillation, Freud certainly settled into the elements previously discovered and necessary effect and influence on evolving theories, and choanalytic theoretical life first occurred in belief that both applied. He even stated later tq the whole. The common metaphor for this led to a variety of group splintering. Adler the lively, scholarly atmosphere of the (1917) that it did not matter. Nevertheless, is to throw out the baby with the bathwater. In was of course another important example. Menningcr Clinic in Topeka. The first salvo crucial for the future group development of the instance pointed to, fantasy was made into Among the evolving differences. Rank and was a publication by a group of the brightest the field, the nature-nurture controversy was the only explanation, while seduction, previ- Jung espoused formulations below Freud's students under their inspirational teacher of born and never ceased. The increasingly-wide ously accurately identified, was erroneously Oedipus complex, to earlier and move amor- classical psychoanalysis. David Rapaport, receptive audience was forever split, and re- eliminated. phous determinants, while Ferene/i. and in a questioning the validity of the major tenets of mained inconsistent and confused on this point sense Adler, preferred other concepts lateral Freud himself noted this mechanism in his Freudian theory, and posing the question 'Two from then on. From Masson (1984), for whom to or above the Oedipal. The former were the time. In a letter to Jones in 1927 (Freud/Jones, theories or One?" (G. Klein, 1973). Advocat- Freud covered up his seduction findings to forerunners of Klein, the preoedipal, and the 1993), comparing Klein's work to Jung's, ing two separate theories of psychoanalysis, cater to the medical establishment, to others focus on infancy, the latter of Alexander, Kohut Freud wrote, "All our apostates always grasped this group felt there was a "clinical theory", for whom Freud invented fantasies, or even and later correclivists and interactionalists. projected his own to patients (and the world), part of the truth and wanted to declare it as experience-near, observable and incontestable, the whole truth" (p.635). He had earlier said the subject not only remained cloudy but was Following the first wave of detections, a ai'iu an "auMi'ui. i tneory , whicii was the same about Adler. This same fallacious permitted to confuse other polarities and di- series of contributions or bodies of work, in a experience-distant, speculative, and open to thinking, continuously used, has been pointed chotomies which exist in the wider mental continuous flow from early on into modern major disagreement and revision. out by many authors thereafter, including landscape. times, led to new schools and alternative theo- Hartmann, Rapaport, Fenichel and myself. limpirically, an article by Robert Wackier ries rather than additions to developing theory. Since conflict is the central focus of the (1962) had addressed this subject, pointing out It has also been characteristic ol the method These generally did not derive from rational a hierarchy of theories, from clinical to ab- subject of psychoanalysis, this confusion and of theoretical progression that knowledge and reasons or a logical sequence, from a new built-in illogicality affects a large swath of stract, each containing at all stages more of insights gained are often not applied to re- breakthrough of secondary process thinking, one and less of the other (again a complemen- thinking. In a latest recent public article, much lated situations, at least not without a but appealed to group formation and affective attention was paid to a finding or assertion by tary series). It is characteristic, however, ol significant lag. Freud's (1905) insight of the streams, which in each case won large sup- many or most of the alternative claims made, a journalist, that it is not parents who have a complementary series, for example, which he port. Following the original separations among major effect on childrens' behaviour, along that they remain impervious to logical, per- applied to the dichotomy of genetic vs. expe- the first wave of pioneers, from the 20's suasive rebuttals offered to the arguments with genes, but their friends. I happen to think riential in producing sexual perversions, and through the 5()\s. Karen Horney, Harry Stack these are important loo. and have written "On made. I have pointed out, for example, along can fruitfully be applied to many other duali- Sullivan, Melanie Klein, Fairbairn, Franz Al- the same Hue of thinking as Waelder, that trans- Friendship" (1963), which remains a solitary ties, has typically failed to be utilized in other exander, each led competitive "schools1 which paper in our literature on this most important ference, which is a clinical concept, is also an conflictful, dichotomous pairs. These distort- during these phases, separated oil successively abstract construction, while structure or dy- object-relationship. But this is another exam- ing mechanisms have been prominent to from what was known as "the mainstream". ple where replacement occurs rather than namics, more abstract concepts, rest on a varying degrees in all of the competing and clinical base. addition, leading to omission and distortion divisive theoretical systems alluded to. Following these, in the 5()"s and 60's, dur- instead of cumulative insights. New findings ing I he buoyant post-war times, there was a Moving rapidly over the landscape of theo- were not added, but old ones subtracted. Par- Jung was the first major dissident and a period of "the golden years", during which retical developments which followed, further ents are no longer involved, only peers! Partial pathognomonic historic example of a bipolar the stilt-main trunk of psychoanalytic theory revisions came in quick succession, Kohut be- truth is substituted for the whole truth. relationship with Freud, reaching from the and treatment enjoyed the dominant position ginning in 1969 and- into the 70's,

SAMIKSA SAMIKSA LEO RANGELL PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM - A UNITARY THEORY

finds a home within this total composite theory. defining spectrum is necessary for an accurate intersubjectivity in the 80's and beyond, and psychoanalytic exchange. While each author's Fitting snugly under its embracing umbrella and complete behavioural orientation. I have in the 90's, a massive revolt against the "ob- emphasis is on a slightly different aspect of are drives and defenses, id, ego and superego, seen long-term outcomes of certain patients jective" stance of the analyst, his having any the relationship between the analytic pair, in self and object, the intrapsychic and interper- who had been subjects of analysis but without special knowledge to convey, and opposition this combined view countertransference is sonal, the complete mental developmental life synthesis. They were left in sorry states. I re- to the analyst having any "authority" vis-a-vis more on a par with transference, the analyst's experiences, the internal and external world. member a candidate who was analyzed in a the patient. Along with the general decline of affects, even his neurosis, plays an equal part Aiming toward completeness with parsimony, training analysis but never synthesized, or put intellect and insight came a movement toward with the patient's, no special knowledge or this theory comprises a unitary theory of psy- together again. I saw him progress from an enactment, the use of action over words as related authority can be properly claimed or choanalysis" (Rangell, 1997, p.27). integrated and successful individual, with en- means of communication, on the parts of both utilized by the analyst, and alongside of these, capsulated neurotic traits, to a decompensated patient and analyst. enactments on both sides of the couch (or My preferred view of the cumulative pro- person in a chronic anxiety state, which spilled chair) are on a par with verbal communication gression of psychoanalytic theory has been my I cannot here go into the sociologic and over into social situations and limited his or- as revealing contents of the thoughts and be- theoretical credo during my entire career, ex- scientific backgrounds from which each change dinary adaptedness for the remainder of his haviours of each participant. tending over half of the psychoanalytic century, and emphasis emerged. Only an amalgam of life until his death. and long antedated the present conflicting both streams of aetiology, of rational deduc- While it may be felt that this panoramic ambience. Concomitant with the burgeoning tion and affective group processes, can overview of theory development, by focusing The structural view is for me not tenuous of the various diverging methods, I had been accurately describe the complex soil from on the large picture with fewer individual or occasional. In my way of thinking about it, steadily advancing my parallel view, of the which each successive group belief and pref- details, may not do justice to the fine points it is operative in life, across the board. The uniqueness and specificity of the psychoana- erence sprung. I experienced the birth and of a specific system or contribution, I believe ego is not a controversial concept (it is in lytic method, within it the intrinsic asymmetry growth of the proposed innovative systems in that what it highlights is more apt to expose some regions or analytic groups). The ego, of the analytic exchange, its unilateral goals many cases quite directly, first-hand in most gross fallacies than would a more microscopic superego, and id are built-in to common vo- in the service of the patient, and the defined of them, and only a layer or two removed focus on finer points. The latter, by an empha- cabulary, in all languages. To counter a roles of the patient and analyst toward achiev- from their origins in others. In each instance sis on more minute details, leads to obscuring frequent objection, often used as a straw-man ing these. This total theory, evolving by there was a particular combination and qual- the major trends. Many of the more detailed in theoretical debates, psychic structures are successive cumulative accretion, does not dis- ity of leaders and followers, and specific contents of each school of thought are in fact not physical or organic. They are metaphors, card elements that are indispensible, contents of ideas which served to bind the acceptable to be included in a logical, larger but useful, as is the "pull of gravity". continually adds new advances that are valid, various groups together. formulation, which, however, avoids the dis- tortion of gross omissions. Thus, objects are and retains all new insights and discoveries While disagreeing in a general sense with In the last decade cyr so, there ensued the included with drives in the inclusive theory, that are enduring. the validity of competitive systems, I do not modern phase of increasingly popular alterna- while drives may be excluded in the more underestimate the original contributions of Such a unitary theory is not monolithic, as tive theories leading into the present pluralistic restricted object-relations theory, making for many of the authors whose names are asso- feared by some. Within it there are many prin- ambience. Mostly, these are under the rubric incompleteness of the explanatory reach. ciated with new proposed "schools". The of intersubjectivity, emphasizing the mutual- ciples of multiplicity, such as Freud's (1900) concept of transitional objects, or of the hold- ity of the analytic relationship, whether from An alternative progression and theoretical theory of overdetermination, his multiple ing nature of the therapeutic environment, by the writings of Stolorow (1987), the social development has been the steady, cumulative metapsychologic points of view converging Winnicott, the insights of Melanie Klein into constructivism of Gill (1994) and Hoffman progress by accretion which I have consist- upon any single psychological phenomenon, the affect of envy, or some new and important (1992), or related views of Renik (1993), ently advocated, culminating in my proposed both of these centripetal forces, or Waelder's dynamics of early mental life, are distinct Jacobs (1991), McLaughlin (1995), Chused "total composite psychoanalytic theory". This (1930) principle of multiple functions, this one additions to psychoanalytic psychology. These (1991), Natterson (1991), Friedman and unitary theory has been summarized in an is- in a centrifugal direction. could well have been added to total theory, Natterson (1995), Spezzano (1995) and oth- sue of the Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis To clarify a misunderstanding, I am not an deepening our collective knowledge. But the ers. These streams, converging upon the idea (1997), and in other writings (Rangell, 1988, ego-psychologist. This is another common, further development of such part theories into of greater equality and democracy in analysis, 1990). In this total theory, the major trunk of loosely-applied misrepresentation, part of a separate groups alternative to the main body bring the role of the patient closer to the level the theoretical tree is rooted, while the periph- general falsely-held reductionism. There is no of thought have led to an unnecessary and of the analyst, in relation to the knowledge ery is open to new growths along its entire ego psychology, or id psychology alone. I am divisive psychoanalytic population. I would circumference. "Every viable contribution and activities of each, and the roles of uncon- an id-ego-superego-internal and external world- note the fact that such separatist movements made by the sum of all alternative theories scious mentation on both sides of the psychoanalyst-psychosynthesist. The whole did not take place by those who appreciated

7 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA LEO RANGELL PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM - A UNITARY THEORY the writings of equally prolific and influential cal phenomena. Why dispense with one or the of oedipal conflicts, with a multitude of out- group ambience. Ernest Jones (1920), in an authors, such as Wackier, Mahler. Greenacre, other, if all together round out every observed comes, one has but to peruse the front page of editorial in the first issue of the new Interna- Leo Stone, nor others more contemporary. psychological experience? I find each of these any newspaper, or turn to any clinical case. tional Journal of Psychoanalysis, wrote that contributed concepts clinically useful. there were two forms of opposition to psy- What is lost in the sum-total of alternative In each alternative theory, it is not what, is choanalysis. The first, a direct opposition, Did British theoretical developments over theories, with their new emphases and new that, is the divisive element, but what is denying the new truths as false, is the least decades, from Klein to the "Independents", elimination of the old, are the likes of omitted or underplayed in the alternative theo- dangerous. The second form, the "more for- Winnicotl, Balint, Bowlby, or the Tavistock castration anxiety, sexual and aggressive retical system. The human mind, and the midable one is to acquiesce in the new ideas group, with their enlargement of preoedipal preoedipal conflicts, a range of polymorphous psychoanalytic lhenry which purports lo en- on condition that their value is discounted, the dynamics and of attachment behaviour, replace perverse symptomatology and charactcrology, compass and explain it, consists of logical consequences not drawn from them, the complex oedipal dynamics discovered resulting from compromises of sexuality and innumerable complex parts, independent and and their meaning diluted". This attitude, I before them? Did Klein and Winnicott replace aggression with various attempted defenses. interactive. Through the entire series of of- submit, is still endemic today, although in the the oedipal father with the preoedipal mother Substituted for these dynamics is an emphasis fered innovations, from the earliest to the opposite direction. It is the persistence of the in human psychology, as at times suggested in on deficiencies, which arc not resolvable by modern ones, new observations, discoveries, old ideas which, while acknowledged, is op- "Modern Freudians" (1998)? The central role insight, conflicts with external but not internal or conclusions replace concepts which can be erationally denied. While arguments against of the mother was always there, and is of forces (where both are involved), and threats considered enduring rather than being added disruptive and deflecting theories arc agreed course an integral part of the whole life se- and dangers to the ego from external objects to them in an enhancing way. Thus, objects with, or at least not opposed, the divisive quence. As 1 always have read psychoanalytic but not from drives. replace (hives rather than lo better define the beliefs and actions continue without Setup. place of objects in perspective to the drives, theoretical development, preoedipality played The treatment of panic reactions is a re- New discoveries do not automatically invali- for which they serve the function of expres- an equal role with all of Freud's oedipal con- cent clinical example of the necessity for total date the old. I remember, at a public meeting, sion. Or interpersonal is substituted for tributions. The complementary relationships theory. The latest concentration on psycho- Siegfried Bernfeld being asked a question, that intrapsychic: preoedipal is not added to but between the various levels were never absent. pharmacological agents for this condition is a since sibling rivalry is seen as such a prob- used in the place of oedipal; findings in in- Or empirically, from a century of shared regressive scientific path which excises from lem, should families be limited to one child. fancy, instead of being added to a continuum, practises and clinical experiences, is die Oedi- our accumulated knowledge the lole of acute Mis response was that children seem to have are highlighted at the expense of later devel- pus complex only for some patients? Is it anxiety, with its spectrum of danger situations, problems with parents too, but parents remain opmental periods. While often the originator geographically-bound only to some regions, from within and from without. The entire clini- necessary. of the new school can be found to have in- or relevant to some time periods and not oth- cal span comprising this disabling disorder, deed left room for a more total and inclusive A century of psychoanalysis is coming to ers'.' Various studies, as Margaret Mead's from psychological to neurophysiological, is development and aetiology, the contribution an end. As we approach the millennium and (1957) researches on a variety of primitive necessary to keep in awareness and to aim to or body of iliouglit becomes a school because the second psychoanalytic century, to complete cultures, Herdt and Stolier's (1990) in New expose for a comprehensive approach to thera- a cohesive group forms around the leader (usu- the circle of this wide, distant view, there is a Guinea, by others on kibbutz life in Israel, peutic management. In the analysis of a ally without the latter discouraging it) to distinct trend currently in evidence toward bring out specific characteristics of parent- full-blown clinical case, 1 have never found solidify and perpetuate the existence of a par- rapprochements between theoretical divisions, child relationships in differing cultures and castration anxiety absent. allel or alternative theoretical system in the in the direction of an obliteration of differ- circumstances, without invalidating (he basic competitive marketplace. In separate papers devoted to each, I ences (Panel, 1997). Empirically, we might nature of this global discovery and insight. (1982b, 1985) have shown how the concepts note that these forays toward harmony are Did the ego replace the id. as some anti- Are defenses in human psychology only of both the self and the object are embedded always in the direction of total, classical theory. dnve theories believe, or iva^ ii added? Did for certain individuals'.'1 Deficiency and defect, within classical theory. Yet. while most writ- In the various follow-ups to the chum for com- the genetic point of view replace the dynamic? arrests in development, find a ready home in ers come to agree with the appropriateness mon ground, as in WaSlerstein (1991), or at a I believe there is room foi the topographic total theory, but can conflict be minimized or and desirability of a unified theory, as Renik succeeding International panel (1989) to pro- point of view too. and the economic as well, dispensed with? Can any of these basic dis- (in Range!!, 1997), analysts' continue to mutu- vide examples, the Kleinian speaker (Feidman, both of which Anna Freud (in Sandier and A, coveries be confidently omitted? Did Kohut's ally echo the assumed virtue of pluralism, 1990) presents oedipal material. At another Freud, 1985) continues to support though many (1977) concept of "tragic man" replace Freud's which becomes "the good" while oneness is meeting, a neo-Freudian analyst offers classi- wish lo discard these two. I am for all of the insight of ''guilty man", or should it be added "the bad" or autocratic. Specific contributions cal dream interpretations, and at a panel of multiple ineiapsychological points of view, to it? As data or empirical evidence lor the or even a copious literature often has little or the American, an "ego psychologist" states he which encompass and explain all psychologi- ubiquity of drives, sexual and aggressive, or no effect on either individual opinion or the cannot discern any differences between his and

8 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA LEO RANGELL PSYCHOANALYSIS AT THE MILLENNIUM - A UNITARY THEORY a British Kleinian analysts' cases. I do not and enduring criteria utilized. analysis. Letters, Drafts and Notes to MEAD, M. (1957). Changing patterns of parent- hear it the other way around. I have not heard I believe that these new developments, Wilhelm Fliess (1887-1902). New York: child relations in an urban culture. Int. J. a classical analyst beginning to speak about a while welcome as a general trend, might be Basic Books. Psychoanal., 38:25. paranoid position from the infancy of his pa- both genuine and spurious. To some degree, FRKUD, S. AND JONES, E. (1993). The Complete NATTERSON, J.M. (1991). Beyond tient, or about part-objects or even projective current changes may be as irrational as were Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Countertransference: The Therapist's Sub- identification. the original splits and separations. The changed Ernest Jones, 1908-J939, ed. R.A. jectivity in the Therapeutic Process. What we have during these transitional views, moving toward a needed synthesis, are Paskauskas. Cambridge/London: Belknap Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. espoused as if they had always been so. reparative days are a melange of combinations. Press. PANEL, (J989). Psychoanalysis: The Common In Britain, there are modern Kleinians, con- Moreover, those who maintained these views FRIEDMAN, R.J. AND NATTHRSON, J.M. (1995). Ground. The thirty-sixth International Psy- temporary Freudians, and standard Freudians from the beginning are still demeaned and kept Enactments From an Intersubjective Stand- choanalytic Congress, Rome, August. (Schafer, 1997). Among "modern Freudians" on the defensive. It is as it was on the external point. To Panel (1995), below. in the United States (in Ellman et al, 1998), political front, where there were "premature PANEL, (1995). Enactments: The Clinical Uti- there are self-Freudians, Freudian-object- anti-fascists". They were right too soon. Gill, M.M. ( 1994). Psychoanalysis in Transi- lization of these Inevitable relation ists, self-object-Freudian analysts, A psychoanalyst retains the sine qua non tion. A Personal View. New Jersey: The Accompaniments of the Patient-Therapist Kleinian Freudians, Freudian Kleinians, and of being an analyst (Rangell, 1996). Within a Analytic Press. Relationship. 45th Anniversary of the other combinations. As described and catego- humanistic person there is a special knowledge Southern California Psychoanalytic Soci- HKRDT, G. AND STOLLKR, R.J. (1990). Intimate rized by other writers on many points of the of the dynamics and structure of intrapsychic ety and Institute, Los Angeles, November Communications: Erotics and the Study of 17. multi-pronged star of current psychoanalytic conflicts and their pathological derivatives. Culture. New York: Columbia University theory, there are also today contemporary ego Based on this conceptualization and a Press. PANEL, (1997). Enactments: The Institute for psychologists, modern conflict theorists, and derivative theory of a reparative psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Training and Research HOFFMAN, I. (1992). Some practical implica- contemporary structuralists. (Richards and process, the analyst positions himself within (IPTAR), New York, October 18-19. J. Clin. tions of a social constructivist view of the Lynch, 1998). It is a challenge to match a the patient's conflicting forces, and conducts Psa., 1999. in press. patient with an analyst in any of these new and oversees a therapeutic process. This psychoanalytic situation. Psychoanal. Dia- categories. The saving grace is that these dis- constitutes a new experience for the patient, a logues, 2:567-570. RANGELL, L. (1963). On friendship. ./. Ainer. tinctions can be ignored, and more applicable Psychoanal. Assn., 11:3-54. psychoanalytic one. JACOBS, T. (1991). The Use of the Self: Countertransference and. Communication in (1982a). Transference to theory: The the Analytic Situation. New York: Int. Univ. relationship of psychoanalytic education to Press. the analyst's relationship to psychoanaly- References sis. Ann. Psychoanal., 10:29-5,6. KLKIN, G.S. (1973). Two theories or one? Bull. Menn. Clin., 37:102-132. (1982b). The self in psychoanalytic CHUSKD, J.F. (1991). The evocative power of FRKUD, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. theory../. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 30:863- enactments. ./. Airier. Psychoanal. Assn., S.E. 4&5. Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. 891. 39:615-639. (1905). Three essays on the theory New York: Int. Univ. Press. (1985). The object in psychoanalytic ELLMAN, C.S., GRAND, S., SILVAN, M., & of sexuality. S.E. 7. Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific theory../. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn. 33:301- ELLMAN, S.J., eels. (1998). The Modern (1915-17). Introductory lectures on Revolution, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of 334. Freudians: Contemporary Psychoanalytic psychoanalysis. S.E. 15 & 16. Chicago Press. Technique. North vale, New Jersey: .Jason (1988). The future of psychoanaly- Aronson Inc. (1920). Beyond the pleasure princi- MASSON, J.M. (1984). The Assault on Truth: sis: The scientific crossroads. Psychoanal. ple. S.E. 18:3-64. London: Hogarth Press, Freud's Suppression of the Seduction (A, 57:313-340. FHLDMAN, M. (1990). Common ground: The 1955. Theory. New York: Farrar, Straus and centrality of the Oedipus complex. Int. J. Giroux. (1990). The Human Core. The Intra- Psychoanal., 71:37-48. (1923). The Ego and the Id. S.E. psychic Base of Behavior. Volume I: Action 19:3-66. London: Hogarth Press, 1961. MCLAUGIILIN, J.T. (1995). Touching limits in Within the Structural View. Volume II: From FKNICHKL, O. (1945). The Psychoanalytic the analytic dyad. Psychoanal. Q., 64:433- Anxiety to Integrity. Madison, CT: Int. Univ. Theory of Neurosis. New York: Norton. (1954). The Origins of Psycho- 465. Press.

10 11 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA LEO RANGELL

(1996) The "analytic" in psychoana- SANDLKR, .1. AND FRHUD, A. (1985). The Analy- WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — lytic treatment: How analysis works. In: sis of Defense: The Ego and the SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION Symposium on What Cures in Psychoanaly- Mechanisms of Defense Revisited. New sis, eds. N. and R. Fischer, Psychoanalytic York: Int. Univ. Press. Daniel Widlocher Inquiry 16(2): 140-166. SCHAI-HR, R. (1997). The Contemporary Silence in psychoanalytic communication is more often considered from a critical Kleinians of London. Madison, CT: Int. or ironic angle or, at best, as an inevitable vicissitude rather than a specific feature (1997). Into the Second Psychoana- Univ. Press. lytic Century. One Psychoanalysis or of this mode of communication. The analyst is held to a dual reserve, thai of Many? The Unitary Theory of Leo Rangell, SPKZZANO, C. (1995). From Transference as neither responding to an intention of informative communication (narrative about M.D../. Clin. Psychoanal, 6(4), Fall 1997, Distortion to Enactment as Being: What external reality) nor that of interactive (direct address to the psychoanalyst). More pp. 451-612. Have We Gained? What Have We Lost? complex is the patient's silence. By inviting the subject to abandon all planning in To Panel (1995), below. what he will say and to observe the thoughts that emerge in the area of his mental RKNIK, O. (1993). Countertransference enact- STOLOKOW, R., BRANDOHAFT, B., AND ATWOOD, activity, we induce an obliged form of silence, a necessary interval, between the ment and the psychoanalytic process. In: G. (1987). Psychoanalytic Treatment: An identified mental state and the utterance of a proposition that is supposed to Psychic Structure and Psychic Change. Es- Intersubjective Approach. Hillsdale, N.J.: express this state.What are the mental operations that arise from the patient's says in Honor of Robert S, Wallerstein, eds Analytic Press. silence and which determine the analyst's understanding? The question of empathy M.J. Horowitz, O.F. Kernberg & E.M. is thus posed. Empathy results from two complementary mechanisms, inferences Weinshel. Madison, CT: Int. Univ. Press, WAKI.DRR, R. (1930). The principle of multi- and identification. But, paradoxically, the clinical interest of empathy is tied to its ple function: Observations on pp. 137-160. very limitations and to the fact that the patient's thought associations don't go in overdetermination. Psychoanal. Q., 5:1936. the expected direction. Such a discrepancy helps us learn about what has escaped (1995). The ideal of the anonymous (1962). Psychoanalysis, scientific us in regard to the patient's latent intentionalities. Clinical illustrations show that analyst and the problem of self-disclosure. method, and philosophy. ./. Amer. words are always lacking in psychoanalytic communication. Mental states remain Psychoanal. Q., 64:466-495. Psychoanal. Assn., 10:617-637. chaotic and fluctuating and psychoanalytic comprehension, as in the patient's communication of dreams lets us glimpse the possibility of an endless work of RICHARDS, A.D. AND LYNCH, A.A. (1998). From (1967). Progress and Revolution. inferential thinking. ego psychology to contemporary conflict New York: Int. Univ. Press. theory: A historical overview. In: The Wallerstein, R. S. (1988). One psychoanalysis The place of silence in psychoanalytic the patient who throws himself out of the Modem Freudians: Contemporary Psycho- or many? //;/. J. Psychoanal., 69:5-21. analytic Technique, eds. by Hitman, C.S., communication is most often considered from window. In London, on the contrary, it is found Grand, S., Silvan, M., & Fllman, S..I. (1991). The Common (irmtnd of Psy- ;t critical or ironic angle or, at best, as an amusing to consider the psychoanalyst who Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. choanalysis. Norlhvale, NJ: Aronson. inevitable vicissitude rather than a specific has already begun ic make an interpretation feature of this mode of communication. In while the patient is still in the street on his France, pleasantries are made about the way to the session. In the first instance, the "Mmm, Mmm..." of the psychoanalyst which silence of the psychoanalyst is targeted, in the Leo Rangell accompany, in terrible stories, the joke about second, that of the patient. 456 No Carmclina Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90049 Daniel Widlocher. Pro lessor Kmcrilu.s of Psychiatry - University picric el Marie Curie, Paris. Honorary Chief of the U.S.A. Psychiatric Department - Hospital de la Salpetriere, Paris. I -till member and training analyst - French Psychoana- lytical Association. Former-President of the French Vsycboannlylicnl Association. Former-President of thi1 F.uropcan Psychoanalytical Federation. Past Vice-Presidenl ol I he Inlcrnalional Psychoanalytical Association. Senior lecturer in Psychology lor many years in Paris University. Director of a research unit in the National Institute of Medical Research from 1985 till 1997 (Pharmacology and Psychopathoiogy). For many years, private practice in Psychoa- nalysis. Trained in French Psychoanalytical Society. Broke with I.acan in the early sixties and founded with l.avic and I.uplanche the F'rcnch Psychoanalytical Association and Institute in which he plays an active idle as lull member and Training, analyst. Actively involved in Huropean and International Psychoanalytical Institutions. Main books : b'reud i'l Ic problcmc (lit clian^nnent. Paris. Presses Umver.suaircs de France. 1970. l's\clioan(i!\sis in France, edited bv Scree Leboviei & Daniel Widlocher, New-York, International Universities Press, 19K0.

12 SAM1KSA SAMlKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION

Silence in the therapeutic process is, in is he thinking? He clearly hears what the by inquiring, "What are you thinking?" be admitted that mental states exist that are effect, double. It is pointless to hide from the analysand is talking about and, as we shall Generally, the response disappoints his characterized by a set of elements of fact that, irrespective of the excellent reasons see, has the need that a common cognitive curiosity. The patient might explain that he knowledge of the world from which an agent we give to the patient to favour his speaking world be developed in conjunction with the was off elsewhere, or that he was thinking cannot extract a propositional form capable of freely, our own silence can only rouse his own. patient. He hears equally well to whom the about nothing at all. These two responses merit being indicated by language or any other mode patient is addressing himself and what the further attention, however, for they are more of communication (Sperber and Wilson, 1986). Let us first of all consider the patient seeks to make him say or think. But he telling than might be initially apparent. The psychoanalyst's silence. The analyst is, in the must 'hear' and grasp something else besides: first refers to a mental state characterized by We thus find ourselves in the presence of process of communication in the therapeutic the influence of unconscious psychic acts in the representation of an imaginary interaction two forms of mental activity that both testify situation, is held to a dual reserve, that of the production of conscious psychic acts. The with one or more third parties. What could be to a break in the previous level of discourse. neither responding to an intention of originality of the situation is precisely that for involved is the representation of a past scene, When mental activity is in accord with this informative communication, nor to that of this he must content himself, in a certain or one that is anticipated. It could be concluded level, as in ordinary goal-directed speech, a interactive communication (Widlocher, 1986). manner, with the analysand's silence. The that it is not possible to mentally experience heuristic permits the extraction from the mental In not responding to the first type of latter's silence is tied to diverse mechanisms. a scene, that is, to represent an action in a state, and thus from the set of epistemic communication, he censors within himself There is, first of all, speech without words. "hallucinatory" mode, and give at the same connections that characterize it, of a inferential processes capable of construing the Mental events are well perceived by the subject lime a description of it in a declarative mode. propositional form that will find expression, meaning of a discourse which is being and are expressed mentally by utterances that It is after-the-fact that a verbal statement can through the language processing that will be constructed with the intention of enriching a could have been pronounced out loud. An inner be made of the scene experienced in an done to it, in an appropriate utterance: I was common cognitive world (between patient and speech has occurred, and it is more or less imaginary mode. in the process of talking about X and now I analyst) of knowledge concerning the object deliberately that vocal expression has not taken am talking about Y. This is the price of the The second response, which seems to refer referred to (the patient's present or past, what place. A conscious censorship might be semantic continuity of speech, and even when to a blank state of thought, is more difficult to he feels outside of or within the psychoanalytic involved, but it may also be due to negligence, a break in meaning occurs, this doesn't interpret. It would seem that a chaotic mental situation); in short, the description of an object the mind being immediately occupied by interrupt speech. A means is known to indicate state is involved rather than the absence of a that is external to the discourse itself. Similarly, another thought. the break, for instance in the form of a: "Hey, in not responding to the second type of mental state. For, when the subject seeks, also I am thinking that..." or an: "This makes me discourse, he censors within himself responses But what interests us here are the silences after-the-fact, to verbally account for this think that..." Indeed, in the two cases that have which are solicited by the demands implied that do not result from any particular mental state, it is not a void that finds just been described, the mental state is, in a by the patient's words, these being ordered motivation, and which constitute the necessary expression but an extreme abundance of certain fashion, abstracted from the discursive around a process of exchange designed to effects of the fundamental rule. The thesis thoughts that seem to have been activated at plane. There is a break in communication and, insure a complementarity of roles. Seeking to which I wish to develop here is that by inviting the same time. thus, the absence of a heuristic. We could say share a knowledge of facts or to establish the subject to abandon all planning in what he Everything occurs as if, in the absence of nothing about these silent states of thought if oneself in a complementarity of acts are two will say and to observe the thoughts that a defined heuristic and in the present state of the subject wasn't able, after-the-fact, to extract rules which govern the patient's discourse like emerge in the area of his mental activity, we epistemic connections, no propositional form an utterance. In the first case he can describe all other communication processes (Prieto, induce an obliged form of .silence, a necessary could be abstracted capable of being processed the imaginary action in which he was engaged: 1975), and with which the analyst must refrain interval between the identified mental state by language in order to give form to a precise "I was in the process of thinking that..." In the from complying. The rule which invites the and the utterance of a proposition that is semantic representation. If we accept with second case, he states a proposition which is subject speaking in analysis to say out loud supposed to express this state. Hence, what is Fodor, in regard to meaning holism, that the supposed to express the propositional attitude all the thoughts that come to mind should have at issue is determining why this interval is "intentional content of a propositional attitude of the preceding mental state, m reality, it is as an effect the removal of all relevance from inevitable, an explanation that might probably is determined by the totality of its epistemic because the subject puts himself in a these natural rules. It seems to me that, in help to better familiarize us both with the connections", a functional dissociation can be communicational perspective with an practice, the analyst's non-response to these processes that find themselves thus excluded observed here between an organization of informative intention that he adopts after-the- two forms of communication contributes to from discursive activity as well as those epistemic connetions (from which arises the fact a heuristic capable of extracting, from the this far more than the preliminary statement processes present in their place. subjective feeling of being in a state of overall context of the epistemic connections of the fundamental rule. thought) and the absence of a propositional of the moment, a propositional form entailing Confronted with silence, the clinician is attitude (which gives the impression of his engaging in a speech act: "I was thinking Yet, if the analyst does not respond, what often tempted to solicit a speech act, perhaps thinking about nothing). In other words, it will that..."

14 15 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION

In both cases, it is not accurate to refer to organization of its goal-directedness. This is intended to account for the interplay of drives explain the cognitive mechanisms at work in an internal perception: the subject does not why Freud did not shrink from comparing the in the genesis of thoughts. The second, of a psychoanalytic communication. The term, observe his thought as an object. The insight psychoanalytic situation to the state which hermeneutic type, tends to reduce all which is still not recognized in the French results from the extraction of a prepositional precedes falling asleep (1950). Sudden ideas communication to its illocutory function and language, is taken directly from English, and form that can be processed by language, drawn (Einfiille) or involuntary (Ungewolte) ones, to hear it in the context of transference. The is intended to translate the German term from a mental state marked by a complex and which mark this relaxed slate of thought, are first is dependent on the drive theory. The "Einfuhlung" which refers to an immediate chaotic activation of elements of knowledge less characterized by the irruption of a strong second, in all its forms, is the expression of a knowledge of the subjective experience of an of the world. It is this complexity (or but unexpected prepositional attitude than by theory of speech. other. An important literature exists on the heteroMomy) thai allows the speaker to a fluctuating and slack state in the epistemic subject, and in particular from a psychoanalytic formulate several utterances thai conform to connections. The analyst's concern must be to disengage viewpoint. Tansey and Burke (1989) provide the same state of thought and to develop a himself from an either/or situation in which This state is not a side effect of an excellent overview of the latter. It is (rue discursive process on the basis of what he must opt for one or the other of these psychoanalysis but quite to the contrary the generally taken as a given, and this is so in was an instantaneous moment of that thought. alternatives. How can the patient be listened expected consequence of the fundamental rule. the clinical relationship in particular, that a It is, in effect, often surprising to observe the to without reducing his discourse to being This latter implies, besides the refusal to enter knowledge of the thoughts and feelings of the extreme richness of mental contents that merely the expression of the interplay of drives into an informative or interactive form of subject are not solely based on the conscious occupy a fairly short period of silence. or scenarios for interaction? The answer lies communication, the dual necessity of avoiding and controlled processing of the information Everything occurs as if a large number of in renouncing the adoption of a normative any discursive planning and of communicating explicitly provided by him. A certain utterances were necessary to account for this viewpoint and listening to the patient without after-the-fact (meta-communicating) the mental knowledge of the context allows us, in an single moment of thought. This can be reducing his discourse to being cither the states that are a consequence of the analytic involuntary and non-conscious manner, to explained if the principle of semantic holism expression of drive dynamics or scenarios for setting. construct representations of the other's is retained. In the presence of an indefinite interaction. The answer cannot be technical in But how can or how should the analyst experience, representations which take into number of epislernic connections and in the nature. A psychological point of view must be hear and understand these "after-the-fact" account the thematic contents of thoughts as absence of their selective ordering linked to adopted, that is, the study of the mental speech acts that constitute the patient's well as their affective connotation. The tiie application of a particular heuristic, several operations that arise from the patient's silence communication of insight'! There are two ways question immediately arises regarding the propositions may be extracted from a given and which determine the analyst's to attempt to answer this question. The first is logical chronology of events. Numerous are the present state of these epistemic connections "understanding". The issue is to know how technical in nature. Given the goals of theoreticians of empathy v/ho, faithful to the thai respectively deal with only a part of these the latter can interpret what the patient says psychoanalysis, it is necessary to define the romantic origins of the concept, hold that the connections. "I was thinking about my mother both in the context of an "autistic" goal- rules of interpretation, that is the knowledge of an other's emotions is primary who is supposed to come...'' and "f was orientation (that is to say, as a thought product transformational procedures that should be and independent of the contents of thought. It thinking that my mother's illness is not so without any communicative intention, much applied to the contents of utterances to identify is the very primarines> of "affective" serious, judging from what (he doctor has told like in a dream; Widlocher, 1991) and in the the unconscious psychic act or acts that communication that justifies, for many, the use inc.." do not necessarily express two distinct context of a communicative intention that is determine, at least partially, the epistemic of the concept. Understanding beyond words, moments of a train of thought even if they unconscious or conscious (i.e., in the connections. The second type of answer that "feeling" the dominant or underlying affect mark two moments of speech, for they can interactive relationship of the transference). can be proposed is on the psychological level, without, for that matter, sharing in the intensity express two sets of "information" which were Moreover, one must take into account the ft sets as its goal the study of I he natural of the experience (in the sense that one speaks activated at the sanje time in this silent state emotional quality of these thought productions conditions that permit the work of of affective contagion or sympathy), aren't of thought, a slate that is disorganized in the and of the analyst's capacity to grasp it. The interpretation. If the technical viewpoint is these the talents attributed to the good absence of a strong heuristic. It is this chaotic question of empathy is thus posed. adopted, and this is generally the strategy ol clinician, as to any good psychologist, in the character that allows (he speaker to oscillate psychoanalysts, the establishing of a rule for popular meaning of the term? between several versions, to move from one interpretation tends to develop two forms of level of discourse to another. The Question of Empathy reduction. The first, of a naturalistic type, Numerous theories have been proposed to It may seem paradoxical to propose explain the mechanism of empathy. The This process is certainly not specific to the consists in determining behind the observed (prepositional) attitudes mechanisms of recourse to a concept that is so contrary to communication from unconscious to psychoanalytic situation. It can be observed rational knowledge, so anchored in intuitive unconscious has been invoked without each lime that the plan of action in which a another order that can be summarily qualified as dynamic and economic, and which are thought, and so dependent on an everyday providing more for our comprehension than a conversation is anchored weakens in the theory of emotional life, in the attempt to nominal formula. The role of processes of

16 SAMIKSA 17 SAMIKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION identification merit more ample consideration, world) that little Sylvia was threatened by her - "I told you that at the pool I was those inferences which are based on as we shall see. Seeking the secret of the father to have her braids cut off if she embarrassed by an erection... It no longer unconscious communicative intentions (what mechanism of empathy in the primitive continued to work badly in school. On the happens." Is it the feeling of embarrassment is he trying unconsciously to say to me) as communication of the young child with its basis of this female patient's utterance, the or is it the erection that is involved here? If well as on a complex state of the epistemic care-giving milieu, mainly its mother, only inferences necessary for its comprehension are: the grammatical construction of this statement connections of the moment making the serves to displace the question. To be -- a Sylvia exists who is her daughter; is followed, it can be inferred that the pronoun heuristic uncertain and troubling synactic and convinced of this, it is merely necessary to 'it' refers to the erection. The background lexical processing by the presence of follow the debate concerning the explanation •- her daughter works badly in school; context and the common cognitive world contradictory or simply different propositional of infantile autism, which currently opposes her husband has threatened her... suggest that the pronoun refers to the forms. (hose who propose a primary impairment in substantive 'embarrassment' which should the capacity to infer the existence of an other's We shall later return to this last point, but But other inferences are constructed on the have been used. A certain time is necessary, independent mind (Baron-Cohen, Leslie and dealing for the moment with (he inferential basis of the statement: probably several seconds, for a semantic Firth. 1985) to those who see a primary deficit basis of empathy, it is necessary to bear in - she indicates to me that she and her decision to be made. The time can be in emotional communication (Hobson, 1984). mind that, for the listener also, the husband have committed an error in prolonged by a consideration of the hypothesis 1 reconstruction of a propositional attitude I would like to turn directly to what seems that semantic ambiguity was at the origin of upbringing; attributed to the speaker requires a set of to me to be essential: the complementary roles the poor syntactic construction and testifies to - she indicates to me that a major part of context dependant hypotheses as well as the of a mechanism that is cognitive in nature, the presence of ambivalence at the moment of the responsibility is the father's. background of the speaker's cognitive world. namely processes of inferential thought, and a the production of the propositional form. In It can already be affirmed that the more mechanism based on imaginative thinking, the - she wants me to free her from her guilt, other words, it is because it is not so clear in extended these hypotheses, the greater will be processes of identification. etc... the speaker's mind that the embarrassment has the richness in the semantic connotations of assuredly disappeared or (hat he was right to The role of inferential processes has been It can be seen that the clinician develops, empathy. In the usual clinical terms, this means inform the clinician that the embarrassment well demonstrated by Buie (1981). It is not a in an automatic way, a set of inferences that that the more the listener (that is, the clinician) has disappeared, that there is a hesitation in mailer ol mlercnces in the logicians sense ol depend both on the utlerance's content and on is able IO produce associations on the basis of the heuristic which governs the construction the term, but rather in the perspective ol when it is made, and that these inferences make the speaker's (patient's) utterances, the greater of the propositional form and finally allows current developments in the pragmatics of possible the emergence of meaning in the form will appear to be his empalhic knowledge of for an ambiguous sentence to be constructed, communication. In this perspective, every of a propositional attitude that will be the patient's thought. These associations much as in a parapraxis. Psychoanalysts quite utterance made by someone is only understood processed by language, here in a form that is depend on inferences produced as a function willingly resort to this type of hypothesis. In because a network of epistcmic connections is almost rnetaphoric. ol the context of the situation and a common some circles, this is considered a loo ready activated that is linked to a knowledge of a cognitive world (. wliat the clinician knows of - "The train, yes, for Niort." This utterance and too broadly generalizable explanation. For common cognitive world. It is this activation the patient's inner world). our present purpose, lei us bear in mind a that makes possible the emergence of meaning occurs echoing an intervention which aimed methodological reservation which goes beyond effect (implicature) due to a heuristic to effect a rapprochement between a dream But this semantic processing is not the sole consideration of the psychoanalytic permitting the listener to extract a propositional whose subject-matter involved a train and sufficient. What the patient wants to say is technique of listening. It questions the principle attitude close to, if not identical with, that suicide and a dramatic event that had taken inseparable from the affect that accompanies of relevance whose role in the pragmatics of which was at the origin of the speaker's place in a patient's life that was related to an the psychic act. The old question resurfaces communication has been shown by Sperber utterance. impulsive suicide attempt associated with an of knowing whether an extended knowledge equally impulsive pathological journey to anrl Wilson p fit ) To (hf inferences which of the epistemic connections which mark a Very brief and simple examples can Niort. Here the associative response is quite depend on the habitual rules of these given moment of thought will or will not afford illustrate these processes and show their impoverished. The analyst can merely extract pragmatics and which are founded on us access to the affective quality of the importance in the clinical understanding of an a restricted implicating on the basis of limited informative and communicative intentions subjective experience of this moment. The other's experience: epistcmic connections. Those connections that (what is the speaker trying to say? And why answers given by analysts to this question are - "Sylvia returned home last night with are activated only represent a small part of the is he trying to say it to me?) must be added diverse and, if 1 read them correctly, rather her report card and a pair of scissors. It is semantic networks which should be accessible really quite awful." The statement can only be to the heuristic processing of the mental state 'A propositional altitude is defined here as made up of a propositions! form expressing the stale of the speaker's thinking at a »iven lime plus I he modalities of belief and desire representing the position of the speaker with respect understood if one knows (common cognitive of the moment. to this utterance.

18 SAMIKSA 19 SAMIKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION uncomfortable. For my part, empathy should into the contextual universe from which the Nevertheless, already at this level, the analyst is established in this way. Empathy originates not be confused either with sympathy or with propositional form is extracted. When empathy cannot accept without critical reflection the here in the countcrtransfcrence, as has been affective contagion. Yet. can the knowledge is referred to as a mode of understanding an implicature thus produced. He must be often emphasized. of an other's affective state be deduced simply other's mental state, it is not possible to attentive, as we have seen, to irregularities in To the inferences bearing on informative from inferential processes as I have just confine oneself to the restrictive idea of a lexical and semantic processing without, and communicative intentions must be added described them? It is difficult here not to resort mysterious process, of a direct and immediate however, restricting the rules governing his those that aim to develop a community of to the capacity of (he listener to put himself in form of communication. The cognitive listening to this. These irregularities result, in representations shared by both protagonists, the place of the speaker, to invoke a form of mechanisms of empathy can now be described the speaker, from difficulties in forming a what I propose to call the process of co- identification. The knowledge of an other's which insure the communication of intentional propositional form due to an impossibility in thinking. These inferences have as an effect world must be completed by projecting oneself content, that is, of meaning, beyond the simple the development of strong heuristic rules. It the generation of representations in the into this world. Besides, recourse to an decoding of the signified. can be wondered whether Wittgenstein was analyst's mind that are similar to those opposing hypothesis would seem to me to right in saying that there is no parapraxis in It should be recalled, however, that my aim occupying the patient's mind. To the extent, plead in favour of this last assertion: what thought? What is specific to the psychoanalytic was to situate empathy within the broader in effect, that the listener's inferences tend to would empathic knowledge signify if all form situation, in effect, is the reinforcing of the realm of psychoanalytic communication. The reconstruct the speaker's propositional form, of identification would be excluded from it? activation of confliclual epistemic connections problem is simplified, now, insofar as the issue it is inevitable that at certain moments their (conflict in the cognitive sense of the term) The common cognitive world and the becomes one of describing the use of development anticipates the construction of a and the weakening of habitual plans of action, context of the present situation must give inferential processes in the framework of this new propositional form. To the understanding thus reinforcing conflicts of intentions. Thus, access to imaginative projections. Empathy communication. of the present may be associated a certain there is nothing astonishing in that the implies the capacity to enter an other's world. community of thought for the immediate construction of clear and unambiguous R. Greenson (1960) clearly underscored the future. Inference and Psychoanalytic propositional attitudes is weakened to the necessity of this. The bad press that this Communication benefit of chaotic and fluctuating mental states. process of identification had in certain quarters Can one speak of a thought Empathy is not specific to psychoanalytic communication? Quite conceivably, with the is related to the risk of seeing the work of It is then necessary to grasp the communication. In effect, the inferential proviso that its cognitive mechanisms be imaginative construction take the place of communicative intention: what is the speaker processes that have just been considered are specified. Let us take as an example the "case" inferential processes. A greater precision can, trying to tell us, or more precisely, the agent at work in all forms of communication. described by Poe in his short story, "The moreover, be brought to the description of this who produces the speech act? Knowledge of Murder on the Rue Morgue". Dupin and the form of identification. It is a question of Initially, it is necessary to grasp the meaning the communicative intention is also not absent narrator are walking one night in the streets of representing oneself, on the basis of knowledge of an utterance, that is, the informative from any practice of communication. And here Paris. After a silence of almost a quarter of an of a situation marked by a certain action, as intention that is accomplished in the act of as elsewhere the work of inferential processes hour, the narrator hears Dupin with the imaginary actor of this action. enunciaton: what is the speaker saying? For also attend to this intention. disconcerting suddenness comment that a quite some time, almost exclusive reliance was [t can clearly be seen that there is a strong This modality of empathy responds well to certain fellow is in truth quite small, and that made on a post-Saussurian model to account interaction between the understanding of a what has been called complementary he would be better off working in a music for this level of comprehension (the decoding mental state and subjective projection into the identification (Racker, 1957) insofar as it hall. The narrator agrees only lo become aware, of the signified on the basis of the signifier). reconstructed universe to which this allows for the development of the capacity to immediately thereafter, of the fact that although We have already seen that, starting at this level, understanding refers. But a certain represent for oneself a schema of action in they clearly had been thinking of the same inferential processes are at work in all practices independence of these two processes also which the patient, as the subject of the thing, the ridiculousness of a certain bungler of communication, and the conditions for the exists. Inferences are all the richer in meaning utterance, places the analyst in a role of who had become an actor, nothing in the course comprehension of informative intentions in (and empathy therefore all the greater) to the complementarity. The latter can then, by of the preceding silence could have allowed psychoanalysis are the same as in all other degree that they bear on extended epistemic projecting himself into the role that has thus Dupin to divine his own thoughts. Dupin then practices (cf. Sperber and Wilson, op. cit,). connections, and thus lead to a more ample been attributed to him or in becoming attempts to retrace all the thought associations, heuristic. Inferences are all the more This understanding, despite the complexity conscious that he finds himself put in it, have beginning with the last words of their emotionally charged (and empathy therefore of the inferential processes that it involves, is the experience of the emotional valence that conversation preceding the interval of silence all the more affectively vital) to the extent automatic, that is, not controlled, without is inherent to this role. The indissociable link and continuing with certain external events that there exists an identification-projection voluntary effort. and irrepressible. between transference and countcrlransference that occurred during this interval that would

20 21 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION

have permitted him to follow the train of function occupies the position of Poe's posited constrained for a certain time to hear only the communicative intentions of the usual modes thought in the mind of his companion, so as succession of utterances that remain conscious speech acts of his patient. No barrier isolates of communication that the psychoanalytic to meet up with him ultimately, as it were, on since they can be memorized by Dupin. him in principle (with the exception of personal frame induces a new form of communication. the theme of the actor. distraction) from these utterances that This requires the development of mental states It is not a question of assimilating necessarily set in train the development of that are free from any situationally-specific For each segment of this associative thought psychoanalytic communication to thought inferences in him. He is full of the patient's heuristic, and which therefore cannot reach stream, Dupin can be seen to construct, on the transmission, but showing how such thoughts. More precisely, the analyst is consciousness in the form of a proposition basis of epistemic connections, a succession communication constantly lends itself to the occupied by the effects of these thoughts on capable of being expressed in words. We have of propositional forms that he rightly supposes prefiguring of such a process. This is not more his own. also seen that it is after-the-fact that, with the coincide in their very succession with those mysterious than empathy and in the perspective intention of communicating this experience to of the narrator. Thus, thought transmission can of Poe and Freud we re-encounter the cognitive Filters are gradually set up that furnish the analyst, the patient develops a second be explained by the coinciding of inferential perspective on which I have based myself. For material for the work of interpretation. They heuristic allowing the extraction of a productions. it is clearly the work of inferential thinking are constructed by inferences concerning the verbalisable proposition from this state of that permits, not only the reconstruction of different levels of communication that The example is all the more interesting in thought. that the explanation of Dupin-Poe hardly the propositional form which is at the origin constitute analytic listening. This is indicative Two further observations may now be differs from that proposed by Freud with of the other's speech act, but also the of the extent to which analytic listening always added. The first is that this experience of respect to clinical case presented in the XXXth development of a new mental state that will proceeds from work after-the-fact. The silence in psychoanalysis is merely the Lecture devoted to dreams and the occult of have some chance of resembling that of the psychoanalyst becomes aware of the meaning exaggeration, readily discernible clinically, of the New Introductory Lectures. It is the case speaker. If we communicate our thoughts to effects (implicature) produced by the patient's a fairly specific psychoanalytic mode of dealing with an apparent transmission of the patient, the latter may interject "I was just remarks. These meaning effects are the communication that I have called the thought in the analytic situation that concerns saying the same thing to myself or "That's subjective expression of the propositional communication of insight. Two moments the visit of a certain Dr. Forsyth as well as the what I was saying to myself". attitudes produced in him by the inferences define the process of its occurrence. There is thoughts of a patient who, at the very moment elaborated on the basis of the patient's Naturally, this co-thinking is only partial. an initial experience that may be described as that Freud received the English physician, utterances. In a certain manner, its clinical interest resides a vague awareness of a state of thought, that presented material that was related to the in the community of limited trains of The understanding that is adopted by the is, of a form of organization of epistemic latter's name. Freud offers a minute analysis associative thought that are often a simple analyst takes place in two successive moments. connections that does not find resolution in which shows all the semantic nodes linked to linking of two propositions. It is necessary to The more specific occurs in the second the extraction of a propositional form. The the English visitor that exist in his own refrain from seeing it as an asset enhancing moment of this process when he constructs second moment is ushered in with the setting epistemic network and t'hat have their the analyst's prestige. Quite to the contrary, it new inferences bearing on his own inferences up of a framework for the observation and equivalents in the epistemic network of the is what explains why the analyst's best which were developed on the basis of the communication of this initial state, and leads patient. The explanation proposed by Freud interpretations are often heard as an echo of patient's speech acts. Thereafter, it is possible to the extraction of one or more propositional merits comparison with that of Dupin: the patient's own thought. Paradoxically, its for us, by transposing this process to the forms. The telepathic process is supposed to clinical interest is tied to its very limitations production of the speech act by the patient The second observation consists in the consist in a mental act in one person and to the fact that the patient's thought himself, to show in what way this production analogy that can be made between the patient's instigating the same mental act in associations don't go in the expected direction. involves fairly specific traits within communication of insight, which necessarily another person. What lies between these Such a discrepancy helps us learn about what psychoanalytic communication and leads to the occurs after-the-fact, and the analyst's critical two mental acts may easily be a physical has escaped us in regard to the patient's latent establishing, on the basis of the fundametal reflection based on primary inferences which process into which the mental one is intentionalities, the epistemic connections of rule, a necessary interval of silence. also must necessarily take place after-the-fact. transformed at one end and which is which we have not been aware. It can be wondered whether this is merely a transformed back once more into the But the interest of this process of co- Two Moments in the Communication simple analogy involving an intention of meta- same mental one at the other end. (S.E., thinking seems to me to be particularly of Insight communication that concerns, on the one hand, 22, p.55). theoretical in nature. It allows us to define We have seen that the fundamental rule's the patient's production of an utterance and, Freud thus defines the unconscious as a with greater precision the framework of prescription rests more on its negative on the other, the analyst's comprehension? Or form of psychic life that is interposed between psychoanalytic communication. Isolated from implications than on its positive content. It is should one consider the mental operations to the physical and the mental, and its explanatory the world, the psychoanalyst finds himself by not satisfying the informative and be identical in both instances? A resorting to

22 23 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA DANIEL WIDLOCHER WHEN WORDS DON'T COME — SILENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC COMMUNICATION

the notion of secondary inferences (or meta- her punishment was to be carried out." She communicate to the patient, at the risk of models and methods with clinical experiences inferences) wduld perhaps make us lean makes a deliberately elliptic verbal utterance breaking the charm of co-thinking that that can be called psychopathological in the towards the second hypothesis. of it that reinforces the affective charge of the accommodates itself so well to silence. sense that Freud spoke of the dream as a communicative intention: "Do you realize An example will give the latter more If one can thus see what the theoretical psychopathological model. In this respect, it that..." In doing so, she introduces a meta- concrete form. Let us refer once more to the and empirical contributions of contemporary was interesting to attempt to show how the communication that lets me know she can guilty mother who had threatened to cut off cognitive research can bring to psychoanalysis, ostensive-inferential model of communication already infer the thoughts that the narrative of her daughter's braid. Immediate inferences specialists in the former area should not functions in a situation in which the principle the scene will mobilize in me; effects that she allowed me to understand the meaning of the underestimate the interest of confronting their of relevance does not seem to intervene. even reinforces by the linguistic construction elliptical utterance and to grasp that the provided by her. For this elliptical style confession made for me of the event might communicates to me that she knows that I comprise feelings of guilt and shame as well know what she is talking about, what she is References as the wish to be rid of a feeling of blame. In feeling, etc. Yet, in making me the confidant a form of understanding that is commonplace of her guilt, she shows that she identifies with BARON-COHEN, S. LKSLIE, A.M. & FRITH, U. in everyday life, informative and PRIETO, J.L. (1975). Pertinence et pratique, the judgement that she supposed I shall make (1985). Does the autistic child have a Paris, Editions de Minuit. communicative intentions were identified. and, in a certain fashion, absolves herself of "theory of mind"? in Cognition, 21, 37-46. Starting from here, a second train of inferences her fault at the moment of its confession. RACKER, H. (1957). The meanings and use of could be applied to the construction of the BUIK, H. (1981). Empathy: its nature and limi- countertransference. Psychoanal. Q., 26, propositional form that was taking shape in Assuredly, words are always lacking in tations. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 29 no.2, 303-357. me: should I take the narrative literally, in psychoanalytic communication. Without 281-307. SPERBER, D. WILSON, D. (1986). Relevance. Ox- what way did the story repeat events from the precise and reciprocal conversational FREUD, S. (1933). New Introductory Lectures, ford, Basil Blackwell. patient's past, should her ambivalence in imperatives, mental states remain chaotic and S.E. 22. relation to "her daughter and husband also be fluctuating and this does not allow for the TANSEY, M.J. BURKE, W.F. (1989). Understand- taken into consideration, etc.? 1 then discovered extraction of a clear propositional attitude. (1905) On dreams, S.E. 5, ing Counter-Transference. From Projective Identification to Empathy. Hillsdale NJ. that the utterance had activated in me epistemic Much like in the narrative of a dream, multiple GREENSON, R. (1960). Empathy and its vicissi- connections and imaginative projections that propositions may be extracted from the same tudes. Int. J. Psychoanal., Vol. XLI, Part Flove and London, The Analytic Press. were far more extended than appeared at first state of thought. And psychoanalytic 4-5,418-424. WIDLOCHER, D. (1986). Metapsychologie du sight. Thus, secondary inferences or meta- comprehension, as in the patient's Sens. Collection Psychiatric Ouverte, Paris, inferences were developed on- the basis of the HOBSON, R.P. (1984). Early childhood autism communication of spontaneous states of Presses Universitaires de France. primary inferences that allowed for the thought, lets one glimpse the possibility of an and the question of egocentrism. Journal construction of a proposition (Mme X is telling endless work of inferential thinking. It can be of Autism and Developmental Disorders, (1991). L'autisme du reve. Revue me that her daughter...). understood that in the psychoanalytic situation 14, 85-104. Internationale de Psychopathologie, no.3, the difficulty lies in breaking the silence. POE, E.A. (1968). Tales, Paris, Aubicr. 31-49. Now, the same analysis can be applied to Pushing the paradox further, one might say the patient's act of production. In the initial that the ideal session would consist in this mental state, the scene appeared to the patient dual silence comparable to the silent dialogue in all its complexity. It could have found that Dupin-Poe account for after-the-fact. Daniel Widlocher expression in different propositions depending 248 Boulevard Raspail on the conversational context in which we Yet, it is precisely the outrageousness of 75014 Paris might have been engaged (the narrative of the paradox that makes it apparent that the France passing the evening, her relationship with her task of the analyst's is not to understand all, husband, the continuing difficulties with her nor that of the patient to say all (by keeping daughter, recollection of her own identification quiet!). One can only get out of this paradox with the latter, etc.). She chooses one and justify the well-foundedness of proposition among others: "My daughter interpretation by recalling that we have our herself presented the instrument with which own work of inferential thinking to

24 25 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE * Arnold M. Cooper

Psychoanalytic education traditionally aims to graduate a. well-trained, practicing psychoanalyst, although there is no clear need for larger numbers of fully trained psychoanalysts. Our educational institutions have, with rare exceptions, been separated from the major academic centres within the community and psychoanalysis has increasingly been isolated from the exchange of ideas occurring in the university. In most parts of the world academic and scientific research are proceeding with little attention to the contemporary thinking of psychoanalysts. The future of psychoanalysis will best be served if psychoanalysis is re-established as a major contributor to intellectual life, reversing the increasing marginalization of analytic thought. To achieve this, psychoanalytic educational institutions have four major tasks, (i) Our entry into the mainstream of cultural life — the university, (ii) Education of a group of psychoanalytic scientists, scholars, and researchers who will be able to engage with our neighbouring disciplines. (Hi) The creation of a large group of well-trained psychotherapists who will understand psychoanalytic principles, (iv) The creation and maintenance of a group of skilled psychoanalysts who will conduct and teach psychoanalysis in appropriate settings and be a source of information and data for psychoanalytic scientific investigators.

I will talk a bit about our history, about the thought. While the authoritarian "movement" contemporary intellectual problems of characteristics which Freud gave to psychoanalysis, and try to indicate how these psychoanalysis undoubtedly moved should relate to the psychoanalytic curriculum. psychoanalysis into the culture far more To avoid the barren conformism from which quickly and decisively than would otherwise we suffered for a period of time in the very have been the case, we might be much further recent past, and to participate fully in 21st advanced in our thinking today if we had been century intellectual life, I will suggest that we able to keep diverse figures, such as Sullivan, are in need of rather radical change in our Alexander, even Adler, Rank, and perhaps even research and educational institutions. We need Jung, within the same intellectual field. The many more dedicated researchers than we interpersonal and intersubjective viewpoints have, and we need a new set of educational would have been a subject of productive debate goals. for many more years than they now are. Let me make a brief comment on the heavy Experiments with psychoanalytic technique hand of history on contemporary analytic might have been conducted in somewhat

Arnold M. Cooper, M.D., Past President of American Psychoanalytic Association, Past Vice President of Interna- tional Psychoanalytic Association, North American Editor of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Deputy Editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry, Professor Emeritus, member of the American Psychoanalytic Asso- ciation, and Columbia Psychoanalytic Centre. * This is a shorter version of a talk given as the Keynote Address to the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society Institute on September 28, 1996. and at Grand Rounds of the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons on May 2, 1997.

27 SAMlKSA PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION ARNOLD M. COOPER

Before we take too much pleasure in study of non-linear, dynamic systems, in which controlled ways, and we might be further along turned out to be a crucial element in my own celebrating the vivacity of our contemporary accurate prediction may be impossible, since on the road of knowing when which psychoanalytic development. The idea of situation, we should look a bit more deeply the emergent properties of complex systems psychoanalytic theory or technique is dissidence is still alive. In a recent interview into the forces that aided or impeded the rise often are knowable only after the fact. While appropriate for what purpose, or whether some of Ted Jacobs in TAP he was asked if he had of psychoanalytic diversity. The most powerful psychoanalysts have often, quite incorrectly, are simply wrong or less useful. ever been called a dissident, and he answered, "Yes... a little bit less in the last couple of deterrent to our intellectual liberation has been sought solace in discoveries of quantum We are now in the second great period of years than eight or ten years ago." our reluctance to commit the murder of the physics, such as the uncertainty principle, this psychoanalytic exploration, following Freud's Father that is necessary for new ideas. It is newer scientific view directly pertains to open discoveries. There is an interesting paradox In a panel in 1975 at the American, John only now. half a century after Freud's death, systems such as the developmental complexity on which I will not elaborate here. During a Wisdom is reported as saying "no vital that we feel somewhat freer in contradicting, of the mind. The more relativist, time when we were intellectually least exciting controversy exists at present (in or even ignoring him. Harold Bloom, in "The deconstructionist, or social constructivist internally — there were few avenues for new psychoanalysis) and a science without Anxiety of Influence", has written of strong stances that have powerfully influenced every ideas and we were quite sure we knew what controversy is moribund." This was a mere and weak poets; the strong are those who are other intellectual field, have also influenced psychoanalysis was — we were also most twenty years ago. I could give many more able to overcome oedipal guilt and outdo the us in the form of the rise of hermeneutics, the powerful within the culture at large. There examples of the stultifying intellectual climate fathers who are their models. We are hardly at recognition of the limits of the authority of were lots of patients and candidates and every- of psychoanalysis in America not long ago. that point, but we are approaching it. It is no the analyst's expertise, and a shift towards one wanted to know what we thought. Today, There was an intellectual reign of terror. longer acceptable to settle arguments by inlersubjective/interactionist/constructivist we are exploding with new and competing Interestingly, the European situation was a bit reference to Freud. At the same time, the views. This change in focus from monadic to ideas — and our position within the culture is different, since they lived with the Kleinian notion of a "classical Freudian" psychoanalysis dyadic or polyadic marks a major shift in weak; we are scratching for patients and movement. still occupies a privileged status. I won't psychoanalytic epistemology, applauded by elaborate now why I think this is such a candidates, and everyone thinks they know During the past decade or so there has been some, deplored by others, and 1 think the retrograde idea, except to say that the notion what we think. Given the vitality of a quiet revolution in American psychoanalytic backlash to this trend has already begun. Peter of "classical" applied to a scientific or psychoanalytic debate today, it may be hard to thinking with an acceptance of theoretical and Buckley (1997), in a recent review, JAPA 45, therapeutic enterprise can only represent the realize the atmosphere of psychoanalysis technical pluralism. The spark for the Analysis in Romantic Rebellion, believes we dead weight of the past hampering innovation, through the '50s and '60s into the '70s. revolution was lit by Kohut's work, and the are in the midst of a new flowering of and furthermore, everything we know about flames were fed by the growing influence of romanticism in psychoanalysis, and that this When I graduated from the Columbia Freud's analyses indicates that he never object-relations viewpoints, especially as is altering our perspective. Psychoanalytic Centre in 1956, 1 was invited subscribed to such a technique. Some in this advocated by Loewald and Kemberg. During to join the faculty, and was told that my job audience may have been surprised to learn in In addition to the changes in the culture at this same period, Kleinian views have found was to teach a course on what-would be called a recent NY Magazine article thai Columbia large, changes in the sociology and culture of a home within America, French psychoanalysis "Dissident Movements in Psychoanalysis". I is one of the two classical Freudian Institutes the profession, including the changed nature has been influential, and Sullivan has assumed had a year to prepare to teach Alfred Acller, in N.Y. Pooi- Dr. Rado is whirling in his grave. of psychoanalytic practice, the increased Carl Jung, Meianie Klein, Karen Horney, new importance. The result is the now routine diversity of professional backgrounds, the loss Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fro mm, and a few experience of the presentation of multiple A positive force in our contemporary of revered elders, and the competition from others. You should understand that Columbia points of view during our discussions. This situation derives from the influence of a many other therapies of demonstrated was considered hyper-liberal, even dissident, may be confusing for those who are not already changed intellectual climate. With the rise of effectiveness, have helped to force a new open- as Rado urged the abandonment of drive theory profound believers of one or another school, postmodernism whatever that is and its rnindedness upon us. Consonant with these but confusion, as we know fherapeutically, is and libido economics, Kardiner stressed the rejection of positivist truth-seeking, changes is onr acceptance of the facts that often a necessary step towards the acquisition pliability of the infant in its response to psychoanalysts were, for better or worse, most analysts do psychotherapy as a major of new knowledge. Many of us have, openly different cultural demands, and Ackerman increasingly discomfited by feeling portion of their work, many analytic patients or subtly, changed our views of motivation, explored the influence of family dynamics on philosophically out-of-step in using a are converted from psychotherapy, and the line psychic structure, the genetic viewpoint, individual behaviour. Nonetheless, these mechanistic, positivist model which rested between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy is neutrality, etc. I have commented elsewhere subjects of my course were somehow the real upon drive theory and interpretive truth. increasingly blurred, which has led to more that the analyst's office has undergone a dissidents, and could safely be delegated to Related to this intellectual shift has been a experimentation with analytic techniques and process of global warming during the recent the most junior faculty member. Needless to shift in philosophy of science, away from theories. Another source of diversity, not often past. say, grappling with these unfamiliar ideas simpler, linear cause-effect phenomena, to the spoken of, is a dissatisfaction with analytic

29 28 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA ARNOLD M. COOPER PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION results, which has also led to a new willingness cannot be a science I would point out that conclude that all that is relevant for capacity for self-other distinctions as well as to experiment. Lastly, acceptance of plurality along with whatever else we are, one of our psychoanalysis must come from the couch". for reality and imagination distinctions, must or diversity is a result of the loss of our cultural claims is to be healers, whether we consider it He objects to a shift in understanding the surely affect how we conceive pathology of leadership. Psychoanalysis is no longer owned healing of souls or minds or disordered aetiology of neuroses as being long-term attachment, self organization, and fantasy in by psychoanalysts. Our language and our ideas behaviour, or the achievement of increased effects of actual experience and social our patients.] Because, as Wolff states, Freud's have crept into the larger, popular culture, and autonomy, and whether or not we think healing interaction, rather than "from inherent and view of the baby was "nonsensical," we are are part of the unacknowledged conscious is incidental to our search for self-knowledge. irreconcilable conflicts between personal desire not relieved of the task of forming a more heritage of most people. We, therefore, are no If we are healers, there are only two choices. and civilization..." Furthermore, he says, p. accurate view, and using it in all the ways that longer the bearers of strange and exciting ideas One choice is that we are dedicated to the 387"... revised versions of psychological Freud tried to use his view. That lhat are unavailable elsewhere and we no scientific study of our beliefs and procedures, treatment that follow from infant observations psychoanalysis should forever be limited to longer have the automatic prestige that once trying constantly to understand what it is that differ so fundamentally from standard practices what we learn from free-association seems far came to us. Scholars in many fields are free to we know and don't know, what effects we that their relation to the psychoanalytic talking more nonsensical. We would end up as a cult speak with authority about psychoanalysis and have, and how we might improve our cure is no longer discernible." Put simply, if we do not retain discourse with other to influence us in turn. techniques. The alternative is that we are faith psychoanalysis has immutable boundaries, sciences. healers; we claim to know what is good and procedures and sources of information, and I wish that I could say lhat our new it is immutable. The faithful will benefit from knowledge that may lead to their alteration is It takes science not only to distinguish us diversity is a result of accumulated knowledge, it, those lacking faith will not. I present it irrelevant — a priori. Obviously, my view is from faith healers, but only science can help rather than cultural fallout; of data, rather than starkly, but 1 am unable to imagine an in- precisely the opposite. To reject as irrelevant us to discard theories and techniques which anecdotal experience; of experiment, rather between ground. [A number oi' analysts today information obtained by methods other than have proved wrong, useless, or damaging, and than clinical necessity. But, unfortunately, that would like to claim that psychoanalysis is sui free association is to me as if cardiologists we have had theories that fit each of those is not the case. Although empirical research generis. We are our own discipline, a form of rejected information obtained by techniques descriptions. It is of specific importance, now has a new acceptance as an appropriate activity individual self-exploration that individuals may other than the stethoscope. The responses to that we have a freer market place of ideas. for psychoanalysts, we continue to be dogged find interesting, enriching, deepening, but Peter Wolff's article seem utterly convincing, that we develop better ways of testing our by notions of psychoanalytic purity, suspicious without therapeutic goals. Of course, there is and cannot be summarized here. It is inherent ideas. At present our theories compete more of anything that cannot be directly derived a tradition in psychoanalysis that the analyst in the nature of science to be refreshed by on the basis of marketing techniques than on from Freud, or that clearly contradicts Freud. should approach each session without memory discoveries in other disciplines. We know how data. We need methods of validation, ways to Unlike many fields, which welcome new ideas or desire, and that therapeutic fervour damages much Freud borrowed from the neuroscience decide among competing ideas. [We all share as breakthroughs and evidences of the vigour the possibilities of genuine analytic inquiry. of his time. Psychoanalysis cannot be isolated several experiences that point to our and brilliance of the endeavour, we still tend However, these views of how to conduct an from knowledge coining from infant intellectual difficulties. In any case to sneak in our new ideas. The result is an analysis refer to the special techniques observation, cognitive psychology, linguistics, presentation in an institute, experienced excessive imprecision of language as we try involved; they do not necessarily imply that anthropology, history, neuroscience, etc., and analysts who think quite alike theoretically, or to change our meanings but try never to change the ultimate aim is not therapeutic] If we have still maintain any scientific status. believe that they do, will present quite different the words, lest we reveal just how great is our a scientific base, we are subject to self change, interpretations of the same clinical material. challenge to a traditional concept. It is rare based on cumulative knowledge of what we At the very least, non-psychoanalytic In contrast, any of us who have had the that we give up a paradigm. do, and its efficacy or lack. If we are not at all information from these other sources will set experience of listening to clinical material from a science, we change along with cultural boundaries for psychoanalytic theory. At best, persons of quite divergent theoretical views Science and Research whims, but we otherwise don't alter our system findings from these other disciplines will give — for example, Hannah Segal or Betty Joseph Currently, there is a significant debate ol belief HI uui pioucdutcs becuu.se we iiavc us new ideas. The powerful effects of Bowlby's — to the amazement of some of us. discovered within and outside of psychoanalysis no ways of assessing them. introduction of ethological views into that their handling of clinical data seems concerning the nature of our intellectual base psychoanalysis, despite their initial rejection exactly the same as we hoped ours would he. — are we a science, a form of aesthetics, a A recent debate in JAPA concerning the as irrelevant and not psychoanalytic, is a fine What is going on here? What is the theoretical branch of hermencutics, or charlatans? We'll value of infant observation for psychoanalytic example. There are many more. [The work of difference worth if it docs not have a clinical dismiss the last possibility. The choice of theories helps locus our conflicts about the Bowlby, Sander, Bmde, Stern, Greenspan, consequence?| Joe Sandier has pointed out that science or humanities mis-states the problem. scientific status of psychoanalysis. Peter Wolff, Fonagy, and others demonstrating in detail the many analysts operate with two theories — a Clearly, we are both. For those psychoanalysts once a pioneer in infant research, is remarkably role of mother-infant attuncment, the conscious, official one and an unofficial, who would say that psychoanalysis is not and clear about his current position; p. 473 "I consequences of insecure attachment, the early preconscious, perhaps dissident, theory which

30 SAMlKSA _ SAMlKSA ARNOLD M. COOPER PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION guides their clinical interventions. Those two Fred Crews for keeping us so alive in the — often negatively tinged — with the writings history, sociology, anthropology, etc. — theories often do not connect and no effort is intellectual world. But if we are going to of those of other persuasions. Our reading of without a cadre of persons whose major made to relate them to each other. For embark on a serious research enterprise, we Freud tends to be narrative and historical rather commitment is to advancing knowledge in the theoretical diversity to be meaningful, we should go in with our eyes open. Research is than scientific and clinical — we teach his field, with teaching as a secondary ought to lie able in any clinical account to dangerous, and some of our cherished theories errors with the same fervour as we teach his commitment, and practice a minor activity. We detect which theories an analyst is using, how and even our most hallowed techniques might validated findings. The major emphasis of have been so practice-based that we have lost different theories makes a difference in be proved wrong, Theoretical plurality only analytic training still is to produce a practicing touch with what nourishes a mature field. technique, and how they affect outcome. We lasts until a weight of evidence favours the analyst in the traditional mould, whose primary cannot do these things at this time. We lack next paradigm. activity would be private practice, and whose We are working in a period when any established strategy for testing ideas. We career pinnacle would be appointment to the psychoanalytic insights can be of great value also need to be careful that we don't confuse Psychoanalytic Education rank of training analyst. These seem in numerous disciplines of medicine, theories and techniques. Any definition or If our crying need is for full-time inappropriate goals for these times. Most psychology, humanities and neuroscience. It assessment of psychoanalysis ought to refer psychoanalytic clinical researchers, scientists analysts do very little analysis, would like to is the job of the psychoanalytic institutes to to the depth of exploration and the capacity and scholars, the remedy will have to be found do more, but have little opportunity to do so. provide that collaboration. We psychoanalysts for alteration of personality; it is a denigration in a rethinking of our educational methods and 1 won't list all the difficulties that analytic cannot adequately participate in intellectual life of psychoanalysis to define it by sessions per priorities. We have long been torn between institutes now face in recruiting candidates, if we remain outside the major intellectual week or the posture of the patient. Abram the training of competent practitioners who finding funds, finding cases, etc. .That is the centres. To my knowledge, no analytic institute Kardiner used to make the argument thai could carry out standard procedures — situation we confront. What shall we do? in this country has made an all-out effort to psychoanalysis was much too important to be technicians, in effect, and genuine education establish itself as a part of university life. I regarded as primarily a method of treatment. — in which people are asked to consider all I suggest that the psychoanalytic have no illusions that it would be easy to do, He felt that psychoanalytic ideas would received knowledge anew. In the past the educational institutions should now address nor do I know how to do it. But we have yet provide insights into understanding social majority of analytic students came for training themselves to three tasks. 1. The development to try. In the not distant past we were the ones structure, movements within society, and the in order to become psychoanalysts. That of a cadre of dedicated researchers and who shunned the overtures of universities and means for restructuring society. situation may be changing. Since scholars, for all the reasons I have indicated. national accrediting bodies. While fears of psychoanalysis is no longer an ideal way to 1 believe this to be our most pressing task. being contaminated or eaten by other However, any optimism about the earn a living, nor is it particularly prestigious, This can be accomplished only by a new disciplines have dominated us in the past, we contribution that psychoanalysis might make we may safely assume that our students come alliance with the university. 2. Forging a new should have confidence in the power of to a broad range of scientific and scholarly for the special value of psychoanalytic ideas, role for psychotherapy in the psychoanalytic analytic ideas to hold their own in intellectual disciplines must confront a desperate lack in and their interest in these ideas may spring curriculum. 3. Updating the education of competition. Columbia has been exceptionally psychoanalysis. We do not have the cadre ol from diverse sources. skilled psychoanalytic practitioners. We should far-sighted in forging ties to the medical school full-time academic researchers that any serious re-conceive the analytic institute as a broad and the university at large. But even we have discipline requires to advance past its primitive We would all agree, I believe, that the educational institution providing opportunities done very little to produce a genuine university beginnings. That is true even here, at curriculum of the analytic institute ought to for specialization in any of these areas, and presence for psychoanalysis. Columbia. H is impossible to imagine any other be a reflection of our conception of the perhaps we should have four different groups field of science or humanities that is so thin in psychoanalytic enterprise. Assuming this to be of graduates of equal status — psychoanalytic There are many research clinicians, its scholarly ranks. It is a remarkable tribute the case, it is clear that most institute curricula scientists, psychoanalytic scholars, scientists and scholars whose work would be to the productivity of couch research, and the have changed very little over several decades psychodynamic psychotherapists, and enriched by better psychoanalytic education. few dedicated psychoanalytic scientists while the lives of psychoanalysts have changed psychoanalytic clinicians. Researchers in areas as diverse as panic pursuing other research paths, that we have radically. As we prepare to enter the new disorder, cognition, memory, affect, etc. are been as significant as we still are in the studies century, in most institutes the curriculum still A few words about tracks 1 and 2; research interested in learning what we know, and we of mental life, but 1 think we are reaching a focuses on core readings of Freud and other and scholarship. I mentioned earlier that we can learn from them, and collaborative efforts turning point in which if we cannot find ways of our fathers, a heavy dose of clinical case are, as far as I know, the only serious are needed to get the best research into our to support dedicated psychoanalytic research discussion, usually of candidate cases rather intellectual discipline that does not support or own history, and our bases in linguistic, child of all kinds, we will lose what cultural position than faculty cases, a solid theoretical even provide the opportunity for full time development, temperament, family and group we still hold, ironically, one could make the foundation in the particular orientation of that academicians in its field. Imagine any other processes, as well as outcome and process case that we are now indebted to people like institute, and perhaps a passing acquaintance science or humanistic discipline — medicine, research . We need to establish closer lies to

33 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA ARNOLD M. COOPER PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION those researchers who can help us, and we more or less interactivity, medication, etc. of the university can we contribute to a truly inadequacy built upon the false fantasy that can do this only if we have the cadre of What a golden opportunity for research. If we scholarly education in psychoanalysis. their teachers or their colleagues are the real researchers who can collaborate with them. don't do it, the raw economic market will psychoanalysts doing psychoanalysis all the These people may have no interest in becoming dictate practice guidelines to us. For the sake Our second educational task is a new role time, while they will never achieve that skill psychoanalysts, but we should welcome them of our souls, as well as for the stringencies of for psychotherapy. We have every reason to and wisdom because of the lack of analytic managed care and our pocket-books, we should believe that the trend now apparent — the for whatever they want from us. Why not give patients. them what they need? Our previous orientation be experimenting with psychoanalytic diminishing proportion of practice time has been that we should be wary of those we technique during psychoanalytic education to devoted to doing analysis in the traditional It would be a different orientation for us to provide partial psychoanalytic education to for a degree that we do not currently consider. definition — will coi?timie. Psychotherapy is place our patient population as first priority fear that they will bill themselves as We analysts should be eager to find all the thriving as a set of clinical skills and an area and ask which of the things that we do as a psychoanalysts and contaminate our field. ways in which we might reduce the length of of first-rate clinical research. Psychoanalysis result of our psychoanalytic knowledge best Today that seems extraordinarily analysis using whatever other techniques will may indeed be gold, but as Freud envisioned, serve particular groups of patients. From this presumptuous. Some of you may not know help to do that, whether carried out by it will be even more useful when alloyed with perspective, our psychotherapy activities take that the BOPS has approved a proposal from ourselves or others. It is entirely possible that the copper of psychotherapy. We may have on a new importance, while doing the Joint Committee on University and Medical genuine analytic goals — whatever they may reached the moment when a radical shift in psychoanalysis may be a more specialized Education that individuals from other fields, be — are achievable in different and more orientation is necessary and we should technique required by fewer people and not with adequate clinical backgrounds, who have efficient circumstances than was imaginable a acknowledge that a central function of the the standard mode from which all else derives. no intention of being psychoanalysts, might decade or two ago. psychoanalytic institute is to train a group of It is striking that even in the home of Nathan exceptionally able and skilled psychotherapists, Ackerman, there is no significant role for participate in the analytic institute's clinical It is increasingly the case that the serious some of whom will do analysis also, while family or couples therapy in the analytic education, even doing a supervised analytic scholars of psychoanalysis come from outside others may not. Furthermore, as psychotherapy curriculum. We might look to the medical case or two when this is needed for their proper psychoanalysis, and while a few are fully teaching has withered in residency model which trains most practitioners to education. I doubt that they would do great trained psychoanalysts and major contributors programmes, the analytic institutes should engage in the therapeutic techniques required harm, and I can imagine that they would do to our literature, most have had little or no prepare for a new block of candidates, whose by most patients. Very few practitioners are enormous good, as their research was analytic education. They are professors of burning desire is to learn to do good fully trained in rarely done and complex forms conducted with deeper insights than were philosophy, literature, religion, and history, to psychotherapy, not psychoanalysis. As of surgery required by few patients and usually available before. I know that the idea seems name but a few. Psychoanalysis in academe is residency teaching is increasingly nondynamic, concentrated in a few centres. It may be time terrifying to some, but during our training often taken to be what Freud or some other intelligent young psychiatrists and for the psychoanalytic curriculum to begin to many of us in this room delivered many babies, thinker said a long time ago, and the youth are psychologists are beginning to realize that their consider itself in similar terms. Psychoanalytic and did a fair bit of surgery, although no one taught distorted versions of how we think. We knowledge i.s deficient without a model of the concepts' will provide the cote of knowledge, thought we would be obstetricians or surgeons. need to recapture the minds of young students mind and that psychoanalysis offers the best the equivalent of basic physiology and The point is that we need to do all we can to — pre-graduate school — and the rebuilding opportunity to learn about the mind — how to anatomy, required by all, but not everyone make our educational efforts part of the of our eroding base in the university should conceptualize il, and how to explore it. Current need be expert in every technique. We should research and intellectual activities of university be a top priority for our future. - based researchers from whatever field. We institute graduates are highly unlikely to be less concerned with the dilution of need a serious, thriving psychoanalytic science, Our current curriculum does a fair job of maintain the psychoanalytic immersion that psychoanalysis, and more interested in what of a type we have not had up to now. providing the base for educating was once considered necessary to maintain psychoanalysis can contribute to and learn psychoanalytic scholars. Here is where the psychoanalytic skills. Rather, their immersion from the psychotherapies. I take for granted that research will lead to most thorough study of the development of will be in the use of varieties ol psychoanalytic This upside down view of clinical changes in psychoanalytic technique, and we Freud's ideas, his personality, the culture of concepts and skills in devising, studying and psychoanalysis as not being, in itself, the peak should be distressed if our techniques do not his lime, the history of his followers, etc. is conducting a range of briefer or less intensive achievement towards which everyone strives, change. It tends to be a measure of (he health appropriate. F won't elaborate on this aspect therapies. but rather being a basic source of service and of a healing art that as its theories and its of the curriculum except to say that while we 1 believe our acknowledgement of the information for varieties of other disciplines knowledge base expand, its procedures change. have some of the basic ingredients in place important place of psychotherapy as an integral would enliven and enlighten our training We are essentially without guidelines for when in an analytic institute, we lack the historical, part of the analytic curriculum would be a institutes and place us in the centre of patients should be treated two, three, four or philosophical and literary depth that such great relief to our analytic students, psychotherapy and neuroscience research, five times a week sitting up, lying down, with scholarship requires. Only as an integral part unburdening them of a guilty sense of rather than in our current role as a highly

34 35 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION ARNOLD M.COOPER

References respected backwater. In effect, psychoanalysis psychoanalysis will have a future. No other is too important to be left only to theory or investigative method provides as BION, W.R. (1966). Review of "Medical Or- Learned, and Experienced". ./. Amer. psychoanalysts. much depth or richness to our understanding of the mind. No other theory speaks to the thodoxy and the Future of Psychoanalysis" Psychoanal. Assn., Vol. 17, Int. Univ. Press, Our third educational task, the traditional special human concerns that psychoanalysis by K.R.Eissler. Int. ./. Psychoanal, Vol. 47, Inc., pp. 238-267. one of educating psychoanalytic practitioners, Part 4, pp. 578-579 addresses — the logic of and the reasons for KOHUT, H. (1977). "Restoration of the can only be enhanced if it is conducted in a both our extraordinary and our ordinary BLOOM, H. in "The Anxiety of Influence" Self'.New York: Int. Univ. Press lively intellectual atmosphere, with a broad behaviours. Advances in the neuroscience will BRODY, J. (1996). "Changing Thinking to LHVENKRON, H., SCHAFEER, A., KISPIT, J. Inter- vision of the possibilities of psychoanalytic add new dimensions, refinements, and limiting Change Emotions". The New York Times. view of "A Conversation with Theodore knowledge. There remains an enormous realm circumstances to psychoanalytic explanations, pp.C9, August 21 Jacobs", The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. of research to understand whether and how to but they can never replace understanding in COEN, S. review of Loewenberg's "Fantasy and 30, No.2 blend cognitive, or interpersonal or family and terms of human intention, meaning, and psychodynamic techniques. Most of us today Reality in History". Int. ./. Psychoanal. relationship. Human existence will always be MICHHLS, R. (1988). "The Future of Psychoa- are willing to acknowledge that analysis is not experienced in terms of desire, feeling, and COOPBR, A. AND MICHELS, R. (1978). "The Fu- nalysis". Pyshchoanal. Q., Vol. LVII, No.2 a pure technique and that, wittingly or not, we personal history — the stuff out of which we ture of Psychoanalysis". Controversy in New York, pp. 167-185/ use cognitive reframing, behavioural create the meanings of our lives — and Psychiatry, W.B. Saunders, New York. instruction, suggestion, kindness, admonition, MILLER, I. (1975). "A Critical Assessment of psychoanalysis is the path to understanding and every other aspect of human interaction EISSLHR, K.R. (1992). Panel of "Classics Re- the Future Assessment of Psychoanalysis : those meanings." I think these remarks hold during the long course of an analytic process. visited: Eissler's 'The Effect of the A View From the Outside". ,/. Amer. true. I am not suggesting that there is no such thing Structure of the Ego on Psychoanalytic Psychoanal. Assn. Vol. 23, No. 3, Int. Univ. as an analytic process, but as Cabaniss and I am quite aware that it is easier for me to Technique' " at The American Psychoana- Press, Inc., pp. 587-602. lytic Association Fall Meeting, New York.. Roose have recently demonstrated, we are make recommendations than it is for anyone Psychiatric News, June 21, 1996. unable to specify it. We should take advantage to carry them out. The most 1 can expect is .._.. (1969). "Irreverent Remarks About STBIN, M. (1979). Review of "Restoration of of the new diversity of our candidate that I have piqued your interest, raised some the Present and the Future of Psychoanaly- the Self" by Kohut. J. Amer. Psychoanal. population and add their specialized knowledge issues that seem worth your attention, and that sis" Int. J. Psychoanal., Fiftieth Assn., Vol. 27 : pp. 665-680 and skills to ours. Few analysts know what is I have encouraged the path of experimentation Anniversary Number, Vol.50, Part 4, pp. going on in the psychological or psychiatric and willingness to re-examine traditional 461, 471. WALLERSTEIN, R. (1994). "Forty Two Lives in literature and re-education of analytic teachers definitions, boundaries and practices. Therapy: A Study of Psychoanalysis and FREUD, S. (1905). "Fragment of an Analysis is badly needed. Finally, we should give a new Psychotherapy".. ./. Amer. Psychoanal. My hope is that from the vantage point of of a Case of Hysteria". Chapter IV: Post- seriousness to our couch research and develop Assn., Vol.42, No.l, pp. 264-267. better techniques for clinical case reporting the 21st century, 20th century psychoanalysis script. S.E. 7, pp.45 WOLEE, P. "The Irrelevance of Infant Observa- and recording that will really enable us to know will seem like the dark ages before the HYMAN, S. (1996). "Melding Mind and Brain". tions for Psychoanalysis". ./. Amer. what an analyst was doing and thinking when renaissance. It was the time of unwarranted Psychiatric News, Vol. 31, No.8, April 19. doing analysis. self confidence, dogmatic assertion, religious Psychoanal. Assn., Vol. 44, No.2, Int. Univ. warfare, and the misuse of power and KEISER, S. (1969). "Psychoanalysis Taught, Press, pp. 369-473. A psychoanalytic educational organization charisma; a time that prepared the way for a dedicated to some version of the program I felicitous era of inquisitive interest devoted to am describing would help to maintain the advancing and collecting knowledge, to an health of psychoanalysis in the 21st century. Arnold M. Cooper enthusiasm for experimentation, and an 50, Easi 78th Street We can achieve the status of a mature scientific enjoyment of the skepticism that is inherent New York. and intellectual discipline, in which we enjoy in psychoanalysis. There is no danger that Nv 10021-1809. the diversity of ideas and have orderly ways psychoanalysis will ever disappear. It is firmly of managing the competition of theories. part of the Western intellectual heritage. But A few years ago Michels and I wrote it will surely change and I am confident that (1978) that "as long as man maintains an many of you here will be part of that exciting interest in understanding his own nature, process.

37 36 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA MIND AND BRAIN: ATTEMPTING TO BRIDGE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES* Fred M. Levin

This paper addresses how we might begin to understand the relationship between conscious and unconscious systems of mind/brain. It is divided into a number of parts. The first part introduces the subject, and attempts to clarify its relevance for psychoanalysis. The second considers some basic issues about the prior debate over how mind and brain works, which any consideration of conscious/unconscious relationships is contained within. The third section introduces the subject of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the observation (by Gedo) that less that 6°I< of analytic patients demonstrate significant change in level of consciousness during their treatment. The possible explanations for such shifts are then considered, introducing some theorizing regarding what conscious and unconcious systems are designed to accomplish. This leads to the final sections of the paper which consider the following: Shevrin's ideas about the initial tagging of memory as a critical step for later memory retrieval and for learning; Edelman's speculations about low and high level consciousness and their evolution in our species; Posner 's research on the executive control network (for attention), and its relationship to analytic perspectives on conscious/unconscious distinctions; and finally the perspective of Shevrin and Optatow, and Levin and Trevarthen on integrating all. of the above into a systematic statement about the relationship between conscious and unconscious systems of mind/brain.

Introduction (1996) have constructed a lighthouse for any- one sailing into the relatively uncharted waters The study of conscious and unconscious pro- of interdisciplinary, research. I recommend it cesses gets us close to the core of what for its clear depiction of the key tenants of psychoanalysis is all about, for it is hard to psychology, psychoanalysis and neuroscience, think of anything involving psychoanalysis for its amazing results, and for its powerful which does not touch upon this distinction. empirical research methodology which should Interestingly, these topics are of equal interest be of interest in itself. to cognitive neuroscience, and offer us one more opportunity to connect mind and brain. Let me describe the central elegant experi- In Conscious and. Unconscious Process ment appearing in Shevrin et. al.'s book. First, Shevrin, Bond, Brake!, Hertel, and Williams experimental subjects (whom I will call pa-

Fred M. Levin, M.D., Training and Supervising analyst, Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis: Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois; Faculty, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Chicago Medical School. * Earlier versions of this paper were presented to the American College of Psychoanalysts in Toronto Canada, May 31, 1998; to Fukushima Medical School, Department of Neuropsychiatry, in Fukushima, Japan, July 1, 1998; to Riken Brain Science Institute, in Wako, Japan, June 25, 1998; and to Japan Women's College Department of Neurology, in Tokyo, Japan, June 23, 1998.

39 SAMIKSA FRED M. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN

tients) are selected. They suffer from a variety and his group have accomplished in this He suggests the following answers: First, con- categorizing function), enables us to record, of illnesses, especially phobias, some grief re- particular research, which is the culmination sciousness confers an indication of reality. By organize, retrieve, and modify information with actions, and neurotic conflicts. These patients of many years of thoughtful, patient collabo- this he means that consciousness adds a tag precise particularity. That is, the tag fits with are interviewed by psychoanalysis who are part rative work combining a variety of disciplines. which allows perception to be differentiated the brain's particular "software" for using of the research team. Over time, a detailed With this as introduction, let us enter into the from memory, and this is the second function particular "data." psychodynamic formulation and diagnostic question of how to integrate mind and brain, of consciousness. More exactly, all experience concensus is formulated. Finally, for each of at least so far as conscious and unconscious is labelled according lo how it first occurs to A Brief Aside on the Subject of Post the patients, the team selects two word lists processing is concerned. us. Thus those mental activities which are Traumatic Stress Disorder that represent the patients' core conscious or responses to things in the world outside of us, Here I briefly note that my'following dis- unconscious dynamics. Two additional word The Debate on How the Mind/Brain and taken in through the primary sense cussion more or less assumes John Gedo's clusters of positively and negatively valenced Works. modalities, are identified and labelled in (Gedo, 1993: Wilson and Gcdo. 1993a,b) de- ordinary word lists arc also carefully con- memory as perceptions, whereas internal men- velopmental hierarchical model, which structed, for all patients in the study, for Some of you may have read the Solms' tal events such as imagining, wishing, thinking, (1997) paper on consciousness and the com- integrates psychoanalysis with cognitive neu- purposes of comparison and as controls. dreaming, fantasizing, etc. are tagged quite roscience perspectives. 1 have reviewed Gedo's mentaries following it, including Shevrin's differently. In this manner the tagging process The patients are then shown (1997), and my own {Levin, 1997). It is im- model (Levin, 1993) elsewhere and will not of consciousness makes sure that the memo- elaborate on it now. tachistoscopically individual words from each possible to briefly characterize this debate; ries of perceptions and the memories of word list, and this is done both subliminally what I can do is to dissect out for the reader thought processes unrelated to perceptions are Further, I wish to highlight Gedo's specific and supraliininally while they are monitored a few of the points which appear relevant to not confounded with each other: and each observation (1996) that individuals who have by FEG. The FFG is recorded and later evalu- the current discussion. category of experience is typed more or less. suffered from post traumatic stress disorder ated using a time frequency analysis of evoked Shevrin believes making this discrimination is (PTSD), especially those whose trauma began response potential, and the BEG data is fur- Let us begin with what Shevrin calls the Freud/Rapaport solution (Shevrin, 1997, p.750; one of the key functions of consciousness. during the first year of life and continued for ther refined using various complex algorithms several years thereafter, can have difficulty in order to make various distinctions. 1998a; 1998b) integrating his work and that Lest it go without saying, to these two of Opatow (1997), which I will return to at controlling their level of consciousness dur- functions of consciousness, Shevrin and 1 have ing waking life. For example, they will show Now what is remarkable is that the analy- the end of this discussion. According to Freud made explicit the idea that the tagging process sis of EEC patterns reliably identify various and David Rapaport, the. key to understanding fluctuations in their level of consciousness Shevrin describes is critical for the ordering during their analysis, something which other- "tunes" or "signatures" of unconscious consciousness is attention (in Freudian terms, and functionality of the databases of mind and conflictua! brain activity. The key word here the distribution of attention cathexis, where wise occurs in less than 6% of analysands in brain (Levin 1997, Shevrin. 1997), that is, for Gedo's estimation. is "reliably": that is. Shevrin and his team have caihexis. according to Shevrin, means what is learning, which could not otherwise be developed and demonstrated a method that can currently in psychology called ''activation"). At Gedo's Festschrift Symposium last possible. blindly pick out unconscious conflictua I ma- October, Trevarthen and I (1997, 1998) Shevrin argues, along with Freud, that terial and distinguish it from conscious Let me explain how I imagine the tagging speculated that the disturbance of attention is what confers consciousness, but material directly off of FFG tapes! works. Shevrin's tagging occurs with great consciousness in patients with PTSD is likely only under the circumstance where a critical specificity, which seems to me most similar to the consequence of deficient tagging of these The ability to make such a discrimination threshold for consciousness is exceeded. the specificity with which computer software patients' early experience so that the moves science closer to the elucidation of the Basically Shevrin describes two major- tags documents which it creates. The result, organization of their memories is ''signatures of conscious and unconscious pathways into long-term memory: (1) where in computers, is that generally only the soft- fundamentally disturbed, at least so far as the conflictuai activity" in terms of such things as this critical attentional threshold is indeed ware which creates a document can open it. traumatic events are concerned. We were identifying exactly which brain subsystems in surpassed; and (2) where the critical threshold This is because the formatting of documents what time order are involved in psychological for consciousness is actually not exceeded, but clearly making use of Shevrin's insights about is particular (e.g. made only for the use of the role of memory tagging, and hypothesizing conflict. Conscious and Unconscious Proc- where, nevertheless, a subliminal perception Apple Computers with MS Word, version esses is a Rosetta stone for connecting the occurs and leaves a memory trace upon the that trauma disturbs the tagging process during 6.01). If you don't have this exact version of the first years of life. mind view of conflict with the brain view of unconscious mind. MS Word, and an Apple computer, you can- Now some additional information, as back- conflict in an information processing sense. Having determined that consciousness re- not open and use the document in question. In ground for what follows. First, as all analysis I am sure that my words convey lo you my lates to perception and memory, Shevrin then an analogous manner, consciousness, by means profound respect for the achievement Shevrin asks what precisely consciousness is doing. of its particular formatting (ie. tagging, or know, whether in therapy or psychoanalysis.

41 SAMiKSA SAMiKSA FRED M. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN

patients with PTSD often have difficulty re- mind operations we need to make a series of Subliminal perception is a special, complex In other words, for any reflective judge- constructing, understanding, and working distinctions: between what is tagged and what topic, because what is perceived never goes ment to occur one must assume that more is through their various symptoms. Of course, is not tagged, and between the different kinds through consciousness, by definition, yet involved than merely being able to see things integrating this information is often difficult of tags. But to these distinctions we need also influences behaviour (Shevrin, et. al., 1996). (ie. be aware of them) mentally; one must also for the obvious reason that the emotions in- to distinguish between at least three processes Also, as Shevrin and I have made clear, this be able to reflect upon the meaning of such volved are exquisitely painful. But a second with possible brain reference. I have already tagging appears to be decisive for memory experience, at least to some modest extent. In level of difficulty results, in some patients with mentioned conscious and unconscious pro- organization, modification, utilization and this sense primary consciousness is not actu- PTSD, as a consequence of biological factors.I cesses; but now I must add the term retrieval. But this still does not address what ally something we are perceptually conscious refer here to the well known damage to their nonconscious process. What happens in the the shifting between conscious and of at all (in spite of its name); rather, primary h ippocampal memory systems secondary to the mind and brain is either conscious or unconscious processing accomplish, a subject consciousness refers best to our brain's utili- stress-related chronic elevation of blood ster- nonconscious. But only a very small portion I will to elaborate throughout the rest of this zation of information outside of our conscious oids. In fact, hippocampal shrinkage can be of what is nonconscious activity is actually discussion. awareness for the specific purpose of analyzing seen on their brain scans (as reported by Bessel dynamically unconscious in the Freudian input variables2. When people refer to an 1 One final clarification. Shevrin (1997) in- Van dcr Koke, 1997), and such memory dis- sense . dicates that consciousness refers to a stream awareness of things they are really talking turbances complicate the treatment of such of awareness, as noted famously by William about higher-level consciousness. This raises patients, something we as analysts need to be In other words, the vast majority of what questions about the leap from low level to happens in the brain and mind in terms of James more than a century ago. Incidentally cognizant of and compassionate for. lames' stream of consciousness allegedly co- higher level consciousness, which I will now processing, could not possibly enter aware- take up. Now a second bit of information: Conscious ness and thus needs to be reckoned as incides with what Edelman (1987) calls and unconscious processes do not operate the nonconscious; this is because there is simply primary, as opposed to higher-level conscious- Edelman and the Evolution of same way so far as memory or perceptual tags too much brain activity per unit time to ever ness. Let me elaborate briefly on the meaning Consciousness: Comments on Phylogeny are concerned. The key is that while conscious- come into awareness. You might also think of of Kdeiman's primary consciousness. and Ontogeny ness adds a memory tag, the unconscious this in terms of the limited channel capacity Some see primary consciousness as the in- subtracts such tags. In fact, this is one reason of consciousness relative to the astronomical ternal window of experience that i.s ll may help if ! intersperse here a brief why, in the dynamic unconscious, there is a level of activities per second of the brain. Some continuously updated. But this stream of per- note on Edelman's ideas on brain evolution sense of timclcssncss. This also helps explain have said, of this situation, that it is only our ception seems to me different from self- (1987). Edelman begins by asking how con- why dreams invariably feel "strange" to the mental contents which get reflected in the reflective or higher-level consciousness, which sciousness evolved as a phenomenon or dreamer; these effects are the consequence of experience of consciousnesss, not our mental is not added to the stream of consciousness until property of living things, as part of his way of operating within a mental system in which processing itself. one moves up the evolutionary ladder to organ- understanding consciousness. He concludes as distinctions between outside and inside, per- follows: When life forms were simple and If we now return to our earlier question isms with more complex brain organizations. In ceptions and memories, mere thoughts and the external environments did not change very regarding what it is that consciousness is doing fact, as Edelman, Shevrin, and others use the perception of real external events cannot be much (consider, for example, the life of a sta- for our minds and brains, we could summarize term, primary consciousness could not really be accurately made. tionary sea anemone) consciousness was our previous discussion as follows: Conscious the stream of consciousness that James wrote simply not required. Simple reflex motor acts processing confers a distinction between about because any such stream of conscious- A Tentative Ordering of Data. and primitive memory could suffice to locate memory and perception, and an indication of ness must already involve a measure of food and danger in the surround. However, Let me now attempt to summarize and order reality, that is, a tagging function, depending reflective judgement about what is appearing on when the environment became more complex, the discussion to this point. To understand upon how things are first experienced. the screen! But this certainly could not be the case if no reflective capacity has evolved yet. changeable, wo" dangerous, primary conscious- ' Kandcl (1998). in a masterly review article, at one point considers implicit vs. explicit memory systems (and vvhal appears 10 be the work of Daniel Schaclucr, although Schaehter is not mentioned by name), noting that we now •' You may argue, thai if the brain is aware of something, thai this mean;; "we" arc also, but 1 am taking the narrow understand the ncurobiological basis of "a set of unconscious processes" ... "yet this unconscious bears no resem- position here that awareness makes most sense when used in the familiar sense of higher level consciousness, and blance to Freud's [dynamic] unconscious" (p. 468). lie then asks where llie Freudian unconscious is located! It is that for primary consciousness there is, of course, the possibility that some very low level awareness occurs, but unfortunate that he takes such a polemical position, when clearly Kandcl himself is well aware (since he indicates without any reflectiveness whatsoever. In this sense, the brain is capable of shifting '.he degree of awareness con- so earlier in this same essay) that a cadre of modern psychoanalysts is, in fad, collaborating with ncuroscientists to siderably, and I am thinking of three points: in one, there is virtually no awareness, the data becomes significant input make exactly such a differentiation between nonconscious events (the majority of brain activity) and dynamically nonetheless, in the second case, there i.s very primitive awareness, without any reflection upon it, and in the third, unconscious events (a small portion of brain activity), and provide a localization. Most unfortunately, he does not there is both awareness of the fact of input and reflection upon this fact. I will have succeeded, if the reader at least mention Shcvrjn et. al. In this essay either, whose work most pertains to his query, and would alert the reader to the appreciates this kind of developmental sequence, or set of distinctions. high quality of psyehoanalytically-inspired work along these lines.

42 43 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA FRED M. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN

ness became necessary in order to provide data The Jump to Self-rctlective Consciousness Posner and the Executive Control rizing his latest ideas (based on his reading of to the processing parts of a primitive nervous Our ability to enumerate the above steps is system about such things as where food or Network (ECN). the work of Rdelman and Opatow). Shevrin something we owe to scholars such as Shevrin, did not know what Trevarthen and I had writ- danger was located at a given time. In other To more fully appreciate self-reflective Edelman, Posner, Gedo, and many others. ten for the Gedo Festschrift, he was merely words, external variation made consciousness consciousness we need to make a few com- Colwyn Trevarthen and I agree with Shevrin intending to help me in my preparation for a a function with adaptive value. ments about the ECN, as described by Posner on his conclusions about the role of conscious- discussion of a paper by Gerald Edelman (1988, 1994, 1995. 1996; Posner, Abdulaev, Note well, however, in a system with primi- ness. Let me now attempt, however, to (Levin, 1998b). And indeed Shevrin was very McCandliss, and Sereno, 1992; Posner and tive consciousness there is only nervous comment upon some pieces missing from the helpful. What we found in Shevrin's and Raichle, 1994; Posner and Rothbart, 1994), a processing that uses some simple low level puzzle, which Trevarthen and I have been Opatow's ideas was an echo of some of our system and its extensions which 1 have de- perceptual input. Later, however, when the concerned with. ideas, expressed more crudely than by Opatow scribed elsewhere in detail (Levin, 1997; Levin circuitry of the nervous system of life forms My points are simple. The first is that in and Shevrin, who carried their thinking much and Trevarthen, 1997. 1998). The core part of evolved further, more complex elements of spite of our progress, we still do not fully further than we had. reflection and analysis became added to and this system for attention is the anterior understand what is happening in mind or brain extended the information derived from mere cingulate, which responds to novelty. And from that makes some things conscious and requires Using this latest work, I can now finish my primary consciousness input. Such higher-level my perspective, one of the critical extensions other things to be unconscious (i.e. the rea- discussion by describing a sequence of consciousness, is what allows complex human of this system is the cerebellum which antici- sons for and rules or grammar governing such development for the conscious/unconscious adaptation. pates events, notices the unexpected, and systems). Further, we do not yet know enough distinction, and what it seems to be about. handles ideas the same way it manipulates our about why consciousness is a design feature This sequence, incidentally, unlike my earlier We are now in a position to describe a arms and legs; in other words, as a learning of the mind and brain, although obviously we ones, will apply simultaneously to either possible developmental sequence of events for engine. Working memory is still another part are getting closer to a synthesis. And perhaps individual or species development. individual humans (i.e. ontogeny) as follows: of this attentional system, and a critical ele- most critical for the field of psychoanalysis, (1) attention passes critical thresholds leading ment in learning (Levin, 1988). Opalow (1997) begins with imagining the to primary consciousness (or subliminal we do not yet know enough about why some situation of the infant as considered by Freud, perception); (2) perception gets tagged and patients have an unusually difficult time self- Creatures I hat can observe and respond hallucinating wish fulfillment. Consider such indications of reality are incorporated into all reflecting while others arc embroiled in appropriately to sudden novelty will survive an infant, lie or she has just led at mother's memories except those which arc dynamically continuous painful self-reflection (i.e. why better than those that cannot. This fact fa- breast, and is now imagining, that is, halluci- unconscious (i.e. conflictual, repressed, some have direct access to mental contents voured the success of those of our ancestors nating doing so again. He or she is feeling traumatic, etc.); (3) the tagging and reality and others don't). This is why Shevrin's work who had a highly functioning system for at- hungry, and thus associating to the source of indications allow utilization, retrieval and is so important, along with Gedo's and tention and higher order reflective food, softness, and comfort in the arms of reorganization of experience into an associative Posner's; it is a step towards identifying what consciousness. Clearly the ventral prefrontal mother. However, the pleasure in the imagery network (what I call databases of mind and conscious and unconscious process involves cortex (with its capacity for intuitive judge- of being at mother's breast does not satisfy brain); (4) these memory tags make it possible both psychologically, and neuroscientifically. ment), the amygdalas (with their ability for fully, that is, it is not the same as really being to differentiate outside from inside, However, from what 1 have presented it rapidly assessing danger), the hippocanipuses there, and it also does not lust. After a short environmental reality from the inner reality of should be clear that what consciousness does (with their ability to store memories for the time of frustration, the familiar distress sig- wishes, fantasies, fears, etc.; they also make it at the very least is to make adaption possible circumstances associated with experience), and nals come which tune the mother in to the possible for any organism so endowed to learn in the sense that it facilitates the organization the hypothalarnus (with its machinery for regu- infant's need to have an actual feeding. from experience rather than to be entirely at of data bases of mind and brain according to lating and satisfying needs), all play a part in the mercy of primary drives or wishes; (5) various inner-outer distinctions. Without such the integration of conscious and unconscious Now here is an important point for Opatow. finally, it becomes possible for the individual flexibility of data bases we could neither op- systems. If these cycles are repeated sufficiently, he to review these databases in real time, erate, learn nor develop. argues, at some point a momentous decision is made by the infant dcvelopmentally: it ne- something we could call self-reflection or Conscious and Unconscious Process — higher-level consciousness; (6) based upon Some higher primates no doubt share self- gates the entire mental mode of hallucinating reflective consciousness with us, as shown by The "Binding" of Two Realities into One higher-level consciousness, one can imagine (imagining) wish fulfillment, not simply indi- their awareness of their images in mirrors; self-reflection, and the appearance of a After completing our papers on conscious- vidual instances of doing so. As Opatow puts lower life forms obviously operate more upon consistent core self within the matrix of ness and unconscious processes (Levin and it (cited by Shevrin 1998a) "at this juncture varieties of primary consciousness or without adaptive change. Trevarthen, 1997, 1998) we received copies both consciousness and the unconscious are consciousness at all. of two papers from Shevrin (1998a,b) summa- born" (p. I I).

44 45 SAM1KSA SAMlKSA MIND AND BRAIN FRED M. LEVIN

scious elements in order to make optimal use The unconscious thus begins as a mental unconscious. This involves the infant's prob- its own ends in complex compromises. What of our mental machinery. It seems that our set associated with the negation of the mode lems of matching inner needs with outer we are trying to do is to delineate more evolution has dictated that some of the of hallucinated wish fulfillment, yet is still realities, something which requires conscious- exactly, both the attentional machinery and emotionally important, but conflictuai com- guided by what Freud called the pleasure prin- ness for its capacity to take external reality the operational "grammar" that controls this ponents of thinking, should reside in a ciple. In contrast, consciousness continues into account, and the unconscious for its ca- highly significant unconscious domain, that dynamic unconscious, that can nonetheless under what Freud called the reality principle. pacity to properly reflect (take into account) is, the relationship between conscious and make use of consciousness towards reaching Opatow and Shevrin state clearly, however, the inner reality of wishes, fantasies, needs unconscious processes. and this seems correct clinically, that these and fears so they can be factored into adap- two mental domains, once distinguishable from tive decision making. I would point out that References each other, are never clearly demarcated, and without the tagging function already noted thus remain mixed to partial degrees forever, these inner and outer-oriented databases would ANDRKASHN, N.C., O'LHARY, D.S. ARNDT, S., (1997a). Discussion of paper by with unconscious elements continually influ- be confounded with each other, and basically ClZADLO, T, HURTIG, R., RH/.A1, K. WATKINS, Michael I. Posner on the Executive Con- encing behaviour via transference, especially unusable for the purpose of systematic com- G.L., PONTO, L.L.B., AND HICHWA, R.D. trol Network, at the meeting of the when wishes are at variance with reality "and promise formations, for learning, and for (1995a). Short-term and long-term verbal American College of Psychoanalysts, San [to quote Shevrin, whenever] the ability to creativity. memory: A positron emission tomography Diego, CA, May 19, 1997. obtain current appropriate satisfaction is im- study, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) Clearly, conflicts inevitably occur based (1997b). Commentary on Solms' paired". In this scenario, as noted earlier, both 92:5111-5115. upon the need to satisfy competing, even con- paper. ./. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., conscious events and subliminally perceived tradictory needs, and this requires an adaptive (1995b). Remembering the past: 44(3):732-739. events will continuously influence the uncon- repertoire fulfilled by all of human personal- Two facets of episodic memory explored scious. and TRKVARTHHN, C. (1997). Subtle ity development. To this point, we are not with positron emission tomography, Am.J. is the Lord: The relationship between con- exactly sure how such compromising occurs Psychiat., 152:1576-1585. Now briefly, let me finish by stating sciousness, the unconscious, and the neurophysiologically, but it seems likely, that, Trevarthen's and my fix on the very same HHRLMAN, G. (1987). Neural Darwinism: The executive control network (ECN) of (he just as in the visual system, in which all as- developmental issues, from the perspective of Theory of Neuwnal Group Selection. Ba- Gram, presented

3 tal Model, eds. A. Wilson and J. Gedo, can Psychological Association: Washington, The nature of the networks involved in such an integration has not yet been delineated, but clearly requires efforts D.C. pp. 173-202. to differentiate the various known episodic memory systems (Andreasen cl. al., 1985a,b) Yale University Press, pp. 153-169.

47 46 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA FRED M. LEVIN

(1995). Seeing the mind. Science, Studies of Psychoanalytic 'Theories, Vol. 7: PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD 262:673-674. The Psychoanalytic Unconscious, eds. R.F. Bornstein and J.M. Masling, APA Press, A RESPONSE TO FREDERICK CREWS AND OTHER CRITICS (1994). Attention: The mechanisms In Press. of consciousness, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Glen O. Gabbard, Sheldon M. Goodman, and Arnold D. Richards (1998b). Why do we need to be (USA) , 91:7398-7403. conscious'? A psychoanalytic answer, In: It has often been maintained that Galileo became the jather of modem science by _ (1996). New images of mind, The Advanced Personality, eds. D.F. Barone, M. replacing the speculative deductive method with the empirical, experimental method. General Psychologist, 32(3): 79-84. Hersen, and V.B. VanHasselt, New York: I believe, however, that this interpretation would not stand close scrutiny. There is no empirical method without speculative concepts and systems; and there is no POSNI-R, M.I., ABDUI.LAKV, Y.G., MCCANDUSS, Plenum Press, In Press. speculative thinking whose concepts do not reveal, on closer investigation, the B.D. AND SBRHNO, S.C. (1992). Anatomy, BOND, J.A., BRAKKL, HKRTKL, L.A., empirical material from which they stem. circuitry and plasticity of word reading, AND WILLIAMS, W.J. (1996). Conscious and -Albert Einstein (1967, p. xii) Technical Report No. 96-04 Univ. of Or- Unconscious Processes: Psychodynamic, egon, Inst. of Cognitive and Decision Cognitive, and Neurophysiological Conver- Psychoanalysis and its founder Sigmund Freud Each critic constructs his own Freud ac- Sciences. (To appear in Normal Reading gences. New York and London: The have never wanted for outspoken critics. cording to his own needs. Some critics have and Dyslexia, ed. J. Kveratl, Routledge: Guilford Press. Among the most notable of those laying claim concluded that when all is said and done, Freud London). Sm.wis, M. (1997V What is consciousness? to this mantle ave Adolf Gronb'Awm (\9&4, was yymptorriaticaWy neurotic, used cocaine POSNRR, M.I. AND RAICHI.I;, M.E. (1994). Im- J.Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 45(3):681-703. 1987). Jeffrey Masson (1984) Frank Sulloway to excess, was befuddled and duped by Fliess, ages of Mind. Scientific American Library- 765-778. (1979), and Peter Swales (1983). Out of this was covetous of power and authority, and had well-populated thicket emerges the one-time an ongoing extramarital affair with his sister- New York. VAN DKR KOLK, B.A.(1997). The psychobiology votary turned violent apostate Frederick Crews, in-law, Minna Bernays. These ad hominem AND ROTHBAKT, M.K. (1994). Chap- of post traumatic stress disorder, The Jour- professor of English at the University of Cali- attacks on Freud have often been marshalled ter 3, Attentional regulation: From nal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 (Suppl.9): fornia, Berkeley. The place of the intellectual in the service of debunking psychoanalysis as 16-24. mechanism to culture, In P. Bertelson, gadfly is welcome and secure within our tra- a discipline. While the arguments supporting P.Elen, and G, d'Ydewallc eds. Interna- WILSON, A. AND GKDO, J.E. (1993a), Hierar- dition as the best defense against the public these historical conclusions can be challenged tional Perspectives on Psychological chical Concepts in Psychoanalysis: Theory, danger posed by a pseudoscience, a term that to varying degrees, we submit that such an Science, vol. 1. Learning Themes. Lawrence Research, and Clinical Practice, eds. A. Crews applies to psychoanalysis. Crews's char- exercise misses the point. Psychoanalysis as a Erlbaum Associates-. HiUsdale, NJ.,pp. 41- Wilson and J.E. Gedo, 'Mew York and Lon- acterization of analysis as pseudoscience points field has moved far beyond Freud. We have 55. don: The Guilford Press. to his reliance on -— indeed, his enthusiastic learned much in the past 80 years. The sound- Sur.vRiN, H. ('1997). Commentary of Solins' (1993b). Hierarchical concepts in embracing of —- the philosophical-scientific ness of psychoanalytic theory and practice no paper, J. Amer. P.yychoanal. Assn.. 45(3): psychoanalysis, In Hierarchical concepts critique of analysis undertaken by Griinbaum longer rests on the personal proclivities of its 746-752. in Psychoanalysis, eds. Wilson, A. and over the past decade. As he stated in 1967, founder. Personal attacks on Freud no more "Tempting as it is to dispose of a complex and discredit the theory and practice of contempo- (1998a), The Freud-Rapaporl Gedo, J.E. New York and London: The disturbing subject by means of ad hominem rary psychoanalysis than revelations about the theory of consciousness, In 'The Empirical Guilford Press, Chapter II, pp. 311-324. ridicule, such a method of argument is unwor- personal lives of the Wright brothers would thy of scholars" (p.43). We wish to respond to raise serious questions about the field of avia- Crews's and Griinbaum's major criticisms of tion as we know it today. Fvcd M. Levin analysis without eng,a^,mg m av\ argument ad NViYhin psNchoanaVytic education, heading i i IN, Wabush Avenue hominem. teachers have long warned about the folly of Suite 1022 Chicago. Illinois 60602 Glen O. Gabbard, M.D.. is Cailaway Distinguished Professor of Psychoanalysis, The Mcnninger Clinic and Associate U.S.A. Editor of the Journal of the American Psychoanalytu. Association, Dr. Gabbard is a member of the Kditonal Advisory Board of Ihc Journal, Psychoanalytic Books. Sheldon M. Goodman is a psychotherapist practicing in New York. Arnold D. Richards, M.D., is Editor of the Journal of the Americal Psychoanalytic Association and member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal, Psychoanalytic Books, a Quarterly Journal of Reviews. Reprinted from Psychoanalytic Books, Vol.6, No.2, 1995.

48 49 SAM1KSA SAMIKSA GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD idealizing Freud and his ideas, and of failing Has the Crews of recent years been true to to recognize (hi; evolution of his thought over his own cautionary insight? Has he made the is causally necessary for therapeutic results. A further weakness in Griinbaum's argument the course of his career. As far hack as 1972; effort to engage Freudian propositions on is that he presents psychoanalysis in an over- The issue of the scientific status of psy- Ariow bemoaned that, in analytic training, "the impartial evidential grounds? We think not. simplified and archaic manner that in no way choanalysis, however, is not one confined to educational emphasis continues to fall on the resembles psychoanalysis as it is practiced or In this paper we are going to respond to outside critics. Within the field, there is an earlier concepts, even when these have been conceptualized in the 1990s. Psychoanalysis has six issues that are centrally implicated in the ongoing debate regarding whether psycho- superseded" (p. 557). A decade later, he expanded way beyond 189()'s aetiological critiques of Professors Crews and Grunbaum: analysis is better understood as a hermeneutic (Arlow. 1982) observed: hypotheses into a general psychology that re- (1) the "unscientific" nature of psychoanaly- enterprise rather than a natural science (Gill, mains the most sophisticated and complex This kind of psychoanalytic curriculum en- sis, (2) the place of suggestion in 1983; Klein, 1976: Schafer, 1980). Those in understanding of human nature available. We courages imitation of the master rather than psychoanalysis, (3) the seduction theory. (4) favour of the hermeneutic perspective stress now know that experiences of childhood trauma independent and critical examination of the the concept of repression, (5) the false memory the importance of narrative coherence and the may be pathogenic in some persons and not in data...If the over-idealization of the author- controversy, and (6) the alleged institutional search for meanings rather than causal con- others, depending on the meanings attributed ity figures in the analytic world is not well decline of psychoanalysis. To be sure, our nections. analyzed, and if the ritualization of the choices are selective; we will be lengthy in to those traumas and the adaptational capaci- training experience is not sufficiently ex- some areas, briefer in others. To do otherwise Griinbaum (1984) is, of course, aware of ties of the individual. Insight is viewed much plored, the training of the candidate and would require a prohibitively lengthy piece, the debate between those in the natural sci- more differently than Griinbaum averred. his professional career as an analyst may and would entail repeating a large and well- ence camp and those arguing for the Strenger (1991) has characterized it this way: be influenced adversely, (p. 15) known part of our shared knowledge. In the hermeneutic point of view. His principal argu- "Grunbaum seems to take insight for knowl- course of our considerations, we hope to re- ment against the hermeneutic perspective is edge about causal relations, while in reality it Crews and Griinbaum have appointed them- veal the intellectual sleight of hand that Crews that a narrative coherence is not convincing is rather a restructuring of experience. What the selves friends of the scientific court. They uses to turn Freud's silk purse into a sow's as a measure of whether or not an interpreta- patient has perceived as alien to himself and proclaim Freud and psychoanalysis to be dead ear. A remarkable feat indeed! tion is true or accurate. He stresses that there unintelligible is now experienced as meaning- and have been reciting the elegy since at least are a variety of interpretations that may make ful and part of himself" (p. 19). 1977. There seems to be at work an almost The "Unscientific" Nature of narrative sense but are nevertheless far from Griinbaum presents Freud as though he is willful misunderstanding of psychoanalytic Psychoanalysis any sort of objective truth. If schizophrenic forever frozen in a pre-1897 time capsule. Such thought and glee in being hailed by opponents symptoms were attributed to satanic posses- a presentation of Freud would not be recog- of psychoanalysis as delivering the coup de The point that will attract our attention first sion, Griinbaum has argued, and shamans had nized by most practitioners of modern grace. is the issue to which critics of psychoanalysis some impressive therapeutic results through psychoanalysis, who do not understand the (e.g., Hook, Popper, Nagel, Griinbaum) have exorcisms, the theory of possession would have mind to operate in some oversimplified sche- But what has happened to the Frederick returned again and again, the "unscientific" narrative coherence but would certainly be matic fashion where repression (and its Crews (196b) who offered a skillful reading nature of psychoanalysis. This issue may be wrong. maintenance) is the source and cause of a given of Hawthorne as an exemplar of man's vision retrained as: what is science, and what arc its symptom. The linchpin of Giiinbaum's critique as the cultural animal equipped with both a appropriate activities? Griinbaum's thesis is weakened, however, potent unconcious and a capacity to learn from by the distinction between internal and exter- is what he terms Freud's Tally Argument, yet and try to master his world? We refer to the Griinbaum (1984) has argued that the issue nal narrative coherence (Strenger, 1991). this construct has never been put forth as a self same Crews who perceptively observed of whether or not psychoanalytic theory rep- External coherence is not adequately taken into royal road to confirmation within the field of in 1967: resents a scientific truth can only be account by Grunbaum (and by some of the psychoanalysis itself. In fact, psychoanalysts determined by research in a controlled experi- hermeneutic writers themselves). In other reached consensus years a«o viral this argu- Psychoanalytic principles bring into ques- mental setting. Because he believes that the words, as Strenger (1991), has argued, ment does riot hold. Stemming from a remark tion the very possibility that a critic's data available in the clinical psychoanalytic "Hermeneutic frames — psychoanalysis is one Freud made that interpretation offered to pa- relations to his texts could be rational and situation are hopelessly contaminated by the of them — are judged by the extent to which tients will not be effective if it does not "tally disinterested... Resistance to such self-ap- results of suggestion, Griinbaum suggests that they cohere with the causal ontology implicit with what is real" (Freud, 1909, p. 104; 1917, praisal assumes many forms but it: almost clinical work can never prove the validity of in the generally accepted theories of the rel- p.452; 1927, p.256), the Tally Argument is never assumes the form of meeting Freud- psychoanalytic theory. He was particularly evant culture.This external coherence reflective of Freud's early view that the ca- ian propositions on evidential grounds, (pp. interested in the issue of causation, that accu- constitutes a measure for the a priori plausi- thartic abreaction and de-repression of 71 (T; italics added) rate insight into the aetiology of the neurosis bility of hermeneutic frames and scientific traumatic memories would result in the disap- theories in general" (pp. 18-19). pearance of symptoms. 50 SAMlKSA 51 SAMlKSA GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD

Crews also seems to fall prey to a trap of As Crews (1994, December 1) would have analyst does not simply make note of associa- the Menninger Psychotherapy Research accepting a view of the psychoanalytic it, "Where repression was, there shall sugges- tions in response to an intervention, but also Project, for example, 18 of 35 patients showed situation that is based on a view of tion be." We might alternately render it, observes over time patterns of enactment increased anxiety at termination of analysis pathogenesis that is not longer in use (Arlow "Where Studies in Hysteria (Breuer & Freud within the transference relationship to the or therapy. Thirteen of these 18 patients were & Brenner, 1964). Of all the theories of 1893-1895) was, there shall be Inhibitions, analyst that provide further evidence of un- judged by independent raters to have changed pathogenesis that have been advanced in the Symptoms, and Anxiety (Freud, 1926)." This conscious themes that emerge in the analytic for the better as a result of treatment (Siegel history of psychoanalysis, he lands on Studies later work takes into account data that the 1895 setting. These themes are repeatedly clarified, & Rosen, 1962). This improvement was re- in Hysteria (Breuer & Freud, 1893-1895). This topographical model did not and recognizes confronted, and interpreted by the analyst in lated to an increase in anxiety tolerance, so is the Freud to whom he continually returns in the structural theory's ability to view anxiety collaboration with the patient in the service of that anxiety could be used as a signal leading his New York Review of Books articles (1993, not as a result of the seepage of the libido developing a coherent understanding of the to reflection on its origins. By contrast in a 1994, November 17; 1994, December 1). Let from the unconscious, but as a signal of im- sources of the patient's conflicts. It is gradu- medication study of anti-anxiety agents, anxi- us look at the most recent example of this pending danger that evoked mechanisms of ally deepening insight into these themes, as ety would be viewed as a symptom to be trend. Here is Crews (1994, December 1) citing defense and the formation of symptoms. The relived and worked through in the transfer- eradicated. Freud: task for the analyst became the ongoing inter- ences, that provides structural personality There are several studies of psychoanaly- pretive understanding and working through of The work keeps on coming to a stop and change. sis that suggest substantial overall reoccurring themes connected to childhood they keep on maintaining that this time improvement in those patients who continue resolutions of the patient's oedipal and Crews's statement that psychoanalysis has nothing has occurred to them. We must not in treatment (see Bachrach et. a!., 1991 for a preoedipal vicissitudes as they appear in the been left behind by mainstream psychological believe what they say, we must always review). While the design of these studies may relationship between patient and analyst. research is not supported by concrete evidence. assume, and tell them, too, that they have be criticized because they lack rigorous con- Psychoanalytic concepts such as the uncon- kept something back... We must insist on trol conditions, randomized controlled trials Grunbaum charges psychoanalysis with per- scious, repression, dissociation, displacement, this, we must repeat the pressure and rep- of psychoanalysis present formidable obsta- haps an even more damaging limitation: its and primary process are of concern to cogni- resent ourselves as infallible, till at last we cles. These obstacles have been discussed in status as an investigative method is tainted tive psychologists, and the concepts of defense are told something ... There are cases, too, a voluminous literature on the subject (see beyond repair by its status as a treatment and transference are essential to many studies in which the patient tries to disown (the Havvton, 1992). In addition to the problem of method. How can an analyst ever know with of psychotherapeutic and psychoanalytic proc- memory) even after its return. "Something finding a suitable control condition, the loss a high degree of certainty that an offered in- ess. The field has recently been producing has occurred to me now, but you obviously of cases in a follow-up study of long-term terpretation is correct? This criticism distorts highly sophisticated empirical research to test put it in my head"... In all such cases, I treatment makes data analysis highly problem- the psychoanalytic process with the following specific psychoanalytic hypotheses (Horowitz, remain unshakably firm. I... explain to the atic. In a 16-week trial of cognitive therapy, if straw-man argument: if the patient accepts the 1993; Kiichele & Thoma, 1993; Weiss, 1993). patient that [these distinctions] are only interpretation, the analyst will consider it 10% of subjects are lost, the research is not forms of his resistance and pretexts raised proved; if it is rejected, the analyst will regard Crews also misses the mark when he points seriously jeopardized. In a 5-lo 10-year fol- by it against reproducing this particular it as resistance and will then claim that this to the lack of success of psychoanalysis as low-up study of psychoanalysis, even if the memory, which we must recognize in spite very resistance proves that his interpretation compared to other treatments. To bring a dropouts were limited to 10% per year, the of all this. (SE. 2, 279-280). is accurate — a delightful state of affairs for "horse race" mentality to the issue of the com- loss of subjects would be disastrous. Simi- this imaginary analyst, who seems to reside in parative efficacy of psychoanalysis is absurd. larly, the effects of uncontrollable events on This was Freud's early thinking on the a land where it's "heads I win, tails you lose"! The goals of pharmacotherapy, re-educative short-term therapy are relatively negligible pathogenesis of hysterical symptoms; it was thernpies. such as cognitive therapy, and be- when doing a study of 12 to 16 weeks' dura- heavily influenced by his medical background This line uf thinking may come from haviour modification are entirely different from tion. However, in a follow-up study of long and his all-inclusive search for a specific trau- Freud's comment that there is no "NO" in the those of psychoanalysis. While the former term treatment, major life events that occur matic agent. He and Breuer believed at the unconscious. Neither an acceptance nor a re- focus directly on symptom removal or sup- may dramatically impact on the outcome and time that the cause of hysterical symptoms jection by the analysand is taken to mean it is pression, psychoanalysis attempts to make the results. These difficulties should not dis- was a specific traumatic event. The memories accurate. But the reduction of the evidential major structural changes in the patient's inter- courage gifted researchers from attempting the of the events were repressed and were to be basis for psychoanalytic theory to an isolated nal world. Goals such as self-understanding, "gold standard" of randomized controlled tri- excised. Health would be reinstated when the response by the patient to a single interpreta- enhanced ego mastery, expanded freedom of als using psychoanalysis, but they must be memory and its concomitant affect were tion by the analyst completely misses the point choice, and enriched relationships with others taken into account when critics bemoan the cathartically released. of the clinical psychoanalytic process. The are more relevant goals for analytic work. In paucity of outcome research.

52 53 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD

Moreover, for psychoanalytic researchers, to analysis only after these treatments did The validation of the accuracy of an inter- again the charge that Freud's greatness was the most meaningful question is not whether not resolve their symptoms. This is a sig- pretative line - not a single interpretation - is not only a self-serving creation that failed but psychoanalysis is equal to or better than all nificant finding, since claims are being found in the patient's overall improvement in a sterling example of cowardice under fire. other treatments. A more meaningful question made, on the basis of anecdotal evidence, quality of life, in symptomatic distress, in self- With little question the partial abandonment is : For whom is psychoanalysis indicated and that patients in analysis could respond to knowledge, and in structural personality of the seduction theory has figured as a major in which situations is it most efficacious? Data other, briefer forms of treatment... Briefer change. Moreover, research on psychoanalytic event for Freud and for psychoanalysis. It thus are beginning to accumulate on this subject. treatments have an important role but are psychotherapy has demonstrated a statistically provides its critics with a rich source of ma- In a review of nearly 400 cases of child psy- not the solution for every patient's needs. significant correlation between the accuracy terial to use to call into question Freud's choanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, (p.590) of interpretation and the outcome of the psy- integrity and his achievements. What was Target and Fonagy (1994) found that children chotherapy (Crits-Christoph et. al., 1990). actually repudiated was the seduction theory younger than 12 benefited from psychoanaly- as a general explanation of how all the neuro- The Place of Suggestion The evidential basis for the effectiveness sis more than nonintensive psychotherapy ses originate. offered at a frequency of once or twice weekly. Even if we dismiss the Tally argument as of psychoanalytic work is no longer limited to The same was not true of adolescent patients, irrelevant to the validation of clinical psychological measures. In a Bristish study, Throughout Freud's life his thinking shifted suggesting that certain developmental factors psychoanalysis as it is practiced today, we are 22 child and adolescent patients with brittle between the simple and the complex, as is are influential in assessing outcome and the still left with perhaps an even greater menace diabetes were divided into two groups (see beautifully demonstrated in his published case treatment of choice. in the charge of suggestibility, the second issue. Fonagy & Moran 1990 for discussion). One histories. The recognition of complexity did group of 11 patients was treated by child psy- justice to the rnultifariousness of human expe- The laws of eliminative induction necessi- Another popular misconception is that only choanalysts with carefully supervised rience — richer by far than any of the tate that a hypothesis must be able to sustain the "worried well" undertake psychoanalytic psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The other group investigators (Prince, Janet, Kraepelin) that a challenge by a rival hypothesis. For treatment. Crews (1994, December 1), for received no psychotherapy. A measure of blood preceded him. In the late 19th century, writing Griinbaum simply to invoke suggestion does example, suggests that "fastidious criteria of sugar control, the glycosylated haemoglobin on anorexia, hysteria, and many other condi- not give it the status of a rival hypothesis — selection lend to weed out nearly al! appli- concentration was used to assess changes in tion:-;, Freud voiced only the faintest whisper until and unless this suggestion hypothesis cants who are suffering from anything more diabetic control. In the group treated by the about the patterns of parent-child interaction yields a credible explanation of how alleged wrenching than a wish to know themselves analysts, all but one subject showed a reduc- that may have preceded and thus be correlated contamination produces the allegedly suspect better." In fact, nothing could be further from tion in this measure over the course of with these disorders. Freud likewise cherished data of the psychoanalytic situation. the truth. Analysis is usually undertaken by treatment, while only four our of eleven pa- the ideal of simplicity; the reduction of seem- persons who have been treatment failures in We suggest that clinical and empirical find- tients in the comparison group showed an ingly dissimilar mental events to a few other modalities. Contra Crews, these persons ings weigh against the formulation of a credible. improvement. In a related individual case well-defined categories was a major scientific do not seek simple removal of neurotic symp- suggestion hypothesis. How, for example, do study, the investigators used time series analy- goal for him. In his work with patients, he toms. Rather, they typically come to treatment prolonged periods of negative transference fit sis to study the psychoanalysis of a diabetic observed many events that his medical col- because of dissatisfaction with their love or with a model of patient as suggestible dupe'? teenager and determined that the interpreta- leagues took to be unrespectable, incredible work life, series of failed relationships, self- The work of Loftus (whom Crews cites ex- tion of specific unconscious conflicts tended or mysterious (e.g. the effects of hypnotism, defeating bahaviour, and so forth. The recent tensively) demonstrates that three out of four to bring about an improvement in diabetic the removal of hysterical symptoms by talk, results of a survey undertaken by Doidge and subjects do not assimilate false memories that control (Moran & Fonagy, 1987). the hidden work of human sexuality). In the his colleagues in Canada (1994) supports this mid 1890s, still seeking a reputation as an investigators attempt to insert into their recall Contemporary psychoanalytic researchers clinical reality. They note that: 1 original contributor to the scientific commu- of an event (see Ncv. York Times, May 31, and clinicians do not conceptualize the valid- nity lhal had ilius far eluded him, he welcomed The high rates of abuse and trauma histo- 1994, p.B8). Here is an instance where most ity of psychoanalytic work as rising or falling the seduction theory as a generalization that ries among psychoanalytic patients and the people resist suggestion. To be sure, sugges- with the patients' immediate response to the could explain a range of emotional disorders comorbidity of... disorders seem to disprove tion does have some place within the treatment analyst's interpretation. They recognize a much that originated in one beastly act. the idea that psychoanalysis is used to treat situation (see, for example, Glover, 1931) on broader basis for assessing the effectiveness the relatively well. The vast majority of inexact interpretations. But the demonstration of psychoanalytic work. patients in the survey (82%) had attempted of psychoanalysis' efficacy resides in the re- What motivated Freud to change his mind? sults, not in how compliant the patient is or If we are to believe critics such as Crews and previous treatments, including medication The Seduction Theory and briefer forms of therapy, and resorted is not. Masson, it was because he was a liar and moral In turning to the third issue, we meet once coward. A liar because, when he wrote Fliess

54 55 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD the famous letter of September 21, 1897, in What results from Crews's line of thinking other interests. Similarly, when an otherwise people suffering from diseases or genetic con- which he renumerated the seduction is the fallacious view that fantasy and reality neutral idea becomes associated with a pow- ditions have deferred effective treatment while hypothesis, he still believed his patients' stories are mutually exclusive; in Freud's conception erful unconscious wish and acquires, as a scanning their infantile past for the source of to be true. A moral coward because he could they form a "complemental series." In fact, result, some of that powerful significance, it their troubles, and parents have agonized over not tolerate the criticism the seduction theory Freud continued to maintain that sexual trauma must then be repressed. having caused their children's homosexuality. was involved in the pathogenesis of some dis- raised in the Viennese medical community. In What can be derived from this theory is Above all, Crews holds Freud responsible for orders well into the last decade of his life. For framing the retreat in this manner, and coupling that everyday ideas always go through the the current controversy regarding false example, in 1931 Freud noted, "Actual seduc- it with the repeated claim that Freud unconscious and then move into the higher memory. tion is common enough" (p. 232). And in 1939 spinclessly fled from what his eyes told him, integrated areas of mental functioning. The he observed, "The object of sexual seduction This is the same Freud he excoriates for Freud's critics set up another straw-man lower system must connect to the higher for may direct her later sexual life so as to pro- having abandoned the seduction hypothesis. argument, that is, they claim that Freud the perception of an idea to reach conscious- voke entirely similar acts" (pp.75-76). Crews's Can Freud really be blamed both for ignoring conveniently "chose" to blame the child for ness. Freud (1940) states, "The mechanism of take on the seduction hypothesis suggests that real seductions and for encouraging phony the parents' flaws. In fact, this claim a repression becomes accessible to us only by humans have no fantasy life, or that they never memories of false seductions? Here is Crews establishes a straw-man pattern for the manner our deducing that mechanism from the out- experience trauma as children, or that if trauma (1994, November 17) at his most outrageous in which the critics view psychoanalysis as come of the repression" (p. 154). In this is experienced, it can not be defensively re- and illogical, engaging in the charged language being practiced up to the present day. scheme, symptoms are substitute formations legated to the unconscious and become of moral indignation with the discussion of that represent the return of the repressed, and Could Freud have possibly believed that pathogenic. Crews seems to set himself up as historical and empirical questions giving way the mechanism of forming symptoms is not replacing the seduction theory with the theory an expert on memory and assault the "genetic to personal pronouncements. "The tradition of the same as that of repression. of infantile sexuality would gain him profes- hypothesis" — the child as father (or mother) Freudian theory and practice," he writes, "un- wittingly lies behind the tragic deception of sional acceptance? Surely, this flies in the face to the adult, Wordsworthian conception that is Crews (1995) argues that "repression may both patients and jurors." Crews anticipates of any reasonable interpretation of the events. hardly foreign to him. conceivably occur but... it remains our criticism-, and that of other readers on this undemonstrated by controlled studies" (p. 65). Crews's line of attack on the seduction point. Psychoanalysis, he argues, persuades Here Crews betrays his naivete about the lim- theory is that the fantasy life of patients is not The Concept of Repression patients to recall nonexistent sexual events, its of experimental research. Repression itself a proper subject for exploration, as it is not which makes Freud the historical sponsor of In "On the History of the Psychoanalytic will always elude definitive laboratory proof detectable by any means other than Freud's the false memory syndrome. Movement" Freud (1914) declared that the for one simple reason — the motive for re- clinical method. But it is not the case that history of repression is the cornerstone on pression, the unacceptable unconscious wishes, This characterization of the analytic proc- information about fantasy life comes only from which (he whole structure of psychoanalysis cannot be activated in the laboratory short of ess is fanciful. Psychoanalysts scrupulously the couch. Child's play and projective tech- rests. This claim has invited the critics' close wildly unethical procedures. Nevertheless, avoid persuading the patient to remember niques, to name just two, arc other sources, scrutiny; it is the fourth issue we will con- empirical studies, using subliminal stimuli and things that did not happen. In fact, they allow and they provide a sense of narrative coher- sider. As Freud's notion of repression evolved evoked brain responses, have documented the patient's own free associations to lead the ence that is convincing to many. In addition, over time, the reader easily becomes confused dynamically unconscious processes consistent way toward tentative hypotheses. It is always analytic work can be conveyed to an outside about the meaning of the term. (For an excel- observer, which is not to say it will always be with the existence of repression (Shevrin et a collaborative effort with the patient. lent review of the subject, sec Brenner, 1957). al., 1992). convincing to everyone; but it is to some, and Analysts arc trained to be skeptical about not only the "brainwashed." Other sources of It is useful to review this idea. To be sure, the veridicality of memories. They recognize The False Memory Controversy convincing data have come out of reseachers repression is an important concept in psy- that memories of childhood trauma are re- in the infant and child observation field, such chodynamic therapy. Repressed wishes, with Not only is psychoanalysis charged with worked through each successive developmental as Mahler, Spitz, and more recently Stern. their associated ideas and feelings, exert a being ineffective, it is accused of being en- phase to fit in with a coherent life narrative. Extensive videotaping of the treatment situa- continuous pressure in the direction of the con- tirely responsible for the false memory Moreover, Crews has thoroughly misunder- tion by Horowitz (1993) and work by cognitive scious and therefore must be counterbalanced syndrome. Crews asserts that the "Freudian stood the modern usage of repression in psychologists on unconscious perception (see by a continuous counterpressure. Accordingly, craze" postponed investigative approaches that psychoanalytic discourse. Fiver since Freud de- Nisbett & Wilson, 1977. for an excellent re- the maintenance of repression requires costly have subsequently proved more fruitful than parted from his view that all neuroses were view of this area of work) provide still other psychological effort, and its removal results psychoanalysis, but he does not specify the caused by actual seduction of children, repres- sources of affirmative data. in a great saving of effort now available for approaches he has in mind. According to him, sion evolved in a different direction. Today it

56 57 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA PSYCHOANALYSIS AFTER FREUD GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS References is used to refer to the banishment from con- viewed as a positive sign that psychoanalytic sciousness of unacceptable wishes arising from and psychodynamic concepts retain their ap- ARLOVV, J.A. (1972). Some dilemmas in 188). New York: Basic Books. within. Severe childhood trauma, such as peal. Viewing the situation from another angle, psychoanalytic education. J. A met: sexual abuse, overwhelms the ego's capacity one would have thought, given the interest in Psychoanai. Assn., 20, 556-566. DOJDGH, N., SIMON, B., GILLIKS. L.A., & RUSKIN, R. (1994). Characteristics of psychoanalytic for repression and more commonly produces biological psychiatry and its pharmacothera- (1982). Psychoanalytic education: patients under a nationalized health plan: a different set of defensive operations involv- peutic success, that it would be a growing Psychoanalytic perspective. Annual of DSM-IU-R diagnoses, previous treatment, ing denial, disavowal, and disassociation. profession. Crews might well offer some ex- Psychoanalysis, 10, 5-10 planation for the fact that it is not. and childhood trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 586-590. The Alleged Institutional Decline of & BRLNNHK, C (1964). A statistic harder to come by is the number Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic concepts and the structural EINSTICIN, A. (1967). Galileo—dialogues of people in psychoanalytic treatment today theory. New York: Int. Univ. Press. concerning the two chief world systems (S. The sixth and final issue returns to Crews's as compared to 10 or 20 years ago. The number Drake, Trans.) Berkeley: University of BACIIKACII, 11.M., GALATZHR-LHVY, R., opening pronouncement that the institutional is likely as large as it has ever been, because California Press. decline of psychoanalysis is "no longer in there are now so many more psychoanalytic SKOLNIKOIV, A.. & WALDRON, S. (1991). On serious dispute." In fact, Crews's assertion can practitioners. Moreover, viewing psychoanaly- the efficacy of psychoanalysis. ./. Amen FONAGY, P., & MORAN, G. S. (1990). Studies be disputed if one takes a closer look at the sis from an international perspective, again we Psychoanai Assn., 39: 871-916. on the efficacy of child psychoanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical current status of psychoanalytic training, treat- see expansion rather than contraction. Mem- BRI-:NNI-:K, C. (1957). The nature and ment, practice, and writing. bership in the International Psychoanalytical development of the concept of repression Psychology, 58, 684-695. Association has grown as analysis has bur- Although it is the case that membership in in Freud's writing. Psychoanai. Study Child, Fiu-:un, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia in a geoned in countries across the globe — Latin the American Psychoanalytic Association, the 12, 19-45. five-year-old boy. S.E. 10, 1-149. America, Germany, France, and elsewhere.To oldest analytic organization in the United be sure psychoanalysis has real questions be- BKI-UKR. J.. & FRHUD. S. (1893-1895). Studies (19 14). On the history of the States, has remained stable over the past sev- fore it — and in the sense our critics can also in Hysteria. S.I:., 2, vii-xxxi, 1-311. psychoanalytic movement. S.E., 14, 1-66. eral years, or even diminished slightly, the be understood as being our allies.We do need larger universe of psychoanalysis has been CRKWS, F. (1967). Out of my system: (19)7). Introductory lectures on to advance our methods of investigation while growing in this country if one takes into ac- Psychoanalytic ideology and critical psychoanalysis: Part 111. General theory of holding constant our therapeutic integrity. We count the non-medical psychoanalytic method. New York: Oxford University the neuroses. S.E. 16, 241-463. do need to develop better rules and methods organizations, such as Division 39 of the Press. of supporting our data and increase our at- (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and American Psychological Association (APA) (1993, November 18). The unknown tempts to reach out to the disciplines. anxiety. S.E. 20, 75-175. and the rapidly increasing number of psycho- Freud. The New York Review of Books. analytically oriented clinical social workers. (1927). Postscript to "The question Psychoanalysis is a science committed to Division 39, it should be mentioned, is today (1994, November 17). The revenge of lay analysis: Conversations with an viewing everything with skepticism, tracing one of the fastest growing divisions of the of the repressed (Part 1). New York Review impartial person." S.E. 20. 251-258. causes to the past, looking behind evasions, APA. of Books. searching for the truth embedded in the past, _ (1931). Female Sexuality. S.E. 21, (1994, December 1). The revenge of 221/243. It is true that the number of psychiatric and seeing human behaviour as conflict. In the repressed (Part 11). New York Review of practitioners entering psychoanalytic training psychoanalytic inquiry, the risks may be for- (1939). Moses and monotheism: Books. has been declining. This correlates, however, midable, the possibility of failure ever present, "Three essays." S.E. 23, 1-137. with a diminution of career interest in psy- and the promise of reward uncertain. What (1995, March 23). Reply to letter by (1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. chiatry across the board. The fad that there is stands at the end is the potential to understand Erdelyi. New York Review of Books. S.E. 23, 139-207. a continual flow of applicants for analytic more clearly the complexity of human experi- CRITS-CIIRISTOI'H, P., COOPKR, A., & LUBORSKY. training from the psychiatric residents can be ence. GILL, M.M. (1983). The point of view of L (1990). The measurement of accuracy psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis and of interpretation. In Understanding Contemporary Thought, 6, 523-552. transference — the CCRT method, eds. L. Luborsky and P. Crits-Christoph (pp. 173- GLOVLR, E. (1931).The therapeutic effect of

59 58 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA GABBARD, GOODMAN, RICHARDS

inexact interpretation: A contribution to the mental processes. Psychological Review, THE INFLUENCE OF NARCISSISM ON EROTIC LOVE * theory of suggestion. Int. J. Psychoanal. 84, 231-259. 12: 397-411. Alirio Dantas Jr. SCHAFER, R. (1980). Narrative action in GRONBAUM, A. (1984). The foundations of psychoanalysis. Worcester, MA: Clark "Every luHiliiieiit of eroticism aims to reach the being at its most intimate, al which point the heart leaves us." psychoanalysis: A philosophical critique. University Press. - George Bataille. Berkeley: University of California Press. SIBGAL, R.S. & ROSEN, I.C. (1962). Character The author tries to reflect on the role of narcissim in the erotic love. Based on the _____ (1987). Validation in Clinical style and anxiety tolerance: A study in differences between eroticism and genital sexuality, articulated with the intrapsychic Psychoanalysis: Disputations and intrapsychic change. In Research in vicissitudes of sexual investment, he underlines the existence of a libidinal narcissistic appreciations. New York: Int. Univ. Press. psychotherapy, eds. H. Strupp & L. investment, and emphasises the importance of this narcissism for the body to HAWTON, K. (1992). Long-term outcome Luborsky (vol.2, pp. 206-217). Baltimore, acquire an erotic dimension. The author believes that this narcissistic investment studies of psychological treatments. In MD: French-Bray Printing Co. implies the concept of object, and constitutes a very important condition for the Research methods in psychiatry, eds. C. SHEVRIN, H. WILLIAMS, W.J. MARSHALL, R.E., development of love relations. He argues that the possibility of this narcissistic Freeman and P. Tyrer : (2nd ed., pp. 233- et al. (1992). Event-related potential investment of the libido is essential to contain the anxiety brought by the drive 246). London: Gaskell. indicators of the dynamic unconscious. excitation, without which this excitation may become the source for an unbearable anguish, undermining the capacity to live love relations, and to experience erotic HOROWITZ, M.J. (1993). Defensive control of Consciousness and Cognition, 1, 340-366. pleasure; leading through this path to various disorders affecting the erotic and states and person schemas, ./. Amer. STRENGER, C. (1991). Between hermeneutics love life. The author also points out the fragmentary character of the libido, Psychoanal. Assn., 14 (Suppl.), 67-90. and science: An essay on the epistemology opposed by a "totalizing " character of love investment. This distinction is underlined of psychoanalysis. Madison, CT: Int. Univ. KACHKLK, H. & THOMA H. (1993). with ideas from Octet vio Paz; and organises a proposal of an articulation between Press. Psychoanalytic process research: Methods narcissism, love and erotic pleasure. and achievements. J. Amer. Psychoanal. SULLOWAY, F. (1979). Freud, biologist of the Assn., 41 (Suppl.), 109-129. mind. New York: Basic Books. Rediscussing sexuality at this congress recalls vicissitudes of sexual drive remain a dynamic a theme fundamental to the concept of the subject, related to mental life, anxiety and KLKIN, G.S. (1976). Psychoanalytic theory: An SWALES, P. (1983). Freud, cocaine, and sexual Unconscious, since it may be considered co- symptoms. exploration of essentials. New York: chemistry: The role of cocaine in Freud's extensive to it, as underlined by Laplanche In my opinion, of those issues brought by Int.Univ. Press. conception of the libido. Privately published (1969), and appears to reveal a perplexity. We this panel, the one raised by the problem of by the author. MASSON, J. (1984). The assault on truth: may observe a convergence as to the theme; narcissism appears to be the most controver- Freud's suppression of the seduction theory. TARGET. M., & FONAGY, P. (1994). The efficacy and a considerable distance as to its theoreti- sial among contemporary analysts. As Andre New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. of psychoanalysis for children: Prediction cal ;ind clinical unfolding. I aim to address the Green (1988) has pointed out, narcissicm has MORA.N, G.S., & FONAGY, P. (1987). of outcome in a developmental context. nature of sexual vicissitudes, a nature which for many years been put in a secondary place Psychoanalysis and diabetic control: A Journal of the American Academy of Child is by itself conflictive and fragmentary, there- in our reflections. 1 understand it as a conse- single case study. British Journal of and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1134-! 144. fore leading to anxiety, defences and quence of a radical division, concerning the Medical Psychology, 60, 357-372. symptoms. It knows not a destiny of satisfac- drive sources and its role on psychic life, WEISS, J. (1993). Empirical Studies of the tion, but instead knows a destiny of particularly on the definition of the idea of NISBHTT, R.E., & WILSON, R.D. (1977). Telling psychoanalytic process. J. Amer. interdiction, which plays an essential role on object. I am bearing in mind that the concept more than we can know: Verbal reports on Psychoanal. Assn., 41 (Suppl.), 7-30. human mental life. A careful understanding of of primary narcissism was not described com- this revolutionary perspective on sexuality, pletely by Freud, and that this establishes the brought by Freud, may open enormous possi- bases of these controversies. The most impor- Arnold D. Richards Glen O. Oabbard bilities of articulating recent contributions. The tant and comprehensible opposition comes 200 East 89th Street The Menninger Clinic, Box 829 #45B Topeka KS 66601 New York USA * A short version of this paper was presented lor a panel "Narcissistic influence on erotic love" at the IPAC NY 10128-4300 Barcelona Congress, 1997. USA Alirio Dantas Jr.. Full member and training analyst of the Recife Psychoanalytical Society, and full member of the Brazilian Psychoanalytical Society of Rio de Janeiro.

60 61 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA ALIRIO DANTAS Jr. THE INFLUENCE OF NARCISSISM ON EROTIC LOVE from the Kleinian tradition. Succinctly, I see pointed by Green (1997). I believe it is possi- pleasure as a sensation more tied to love rela- tendency of investment, in which the object is the anobjectal nature of primary narcissism ble to distinguish a particular meaning for the tions, while erotic pleasure are more tied to to be sliced in pieces and the forms of satis- and its libidinal source are in dispute, as well erotic sexual satisfaction. As I understand sexual drive investments. Love involves a more faction to be decomposed. With another as the validity of the concept and its function pleasure may suggest an extensive use. Among totalizing meaning of satisfaction; it tends to- tendency, totalizing and unifying, that tends in the structuring of the Ego (Segal and Bell, these significations, there is one specifically wards a more integrated object, tending to to bring together the various forms of invest- 1991 and Klein, 1952). This tradition empha- linked to eroticism, to unconscious desire, and harmonize its fragmented imago driven from ment and satisfaction. This double movement sises the link with death drive and therefore bounded by the interdiction. Under its ambivalent representations, and to merge shows the complex relations between pre-geni- destructiveness (Rosenfeld, 1971). In this the risk of possible redundancy, I have chosen them into a more accessible representation. tal and genital aspects of love relations sense, narcissism would influence erotic love to use "erotic pleasure", searching to preserve On one hand, love includes a principle of development. Love, in its erotic face, is in- only as negative expression. However, the the conflictivc and anguishing nature of the convergence and a direction towards satisfac- serted in this ambiguity, which allows us to 1 clinical importance of narcissistic economy — erotic investment . On the other hand, I feel tion. On the other hand, erotic pleasure appears understand its various forms, both mature and its serious repercussions in various pathologi- necessary to emphasise the distinction between to be more partial, investing fragmented imago pathological. cal conditions and in the analytical process — this pleasure, and what is pleasant, which could of objects. Its satisfaction does not bring har- has lead us into a more open debate on the be led by the will. And, therefore, stress the monization of these fragments, on the contrary, I believe that narcissism decisively influ- theme and a return to the issue of narcissism, importance of the excitement and its intrapsy- it seems to be fed by ambivalence. While love ences erotic love. On the one hand, positively, as an emotional experience-generating proc- chic destiny, on the constitution of the seem tied to feelings of equilibrium, stability as a means of structuring eroticism; and on ess, and a central concept on the investigation subjectivity. It seems to me essential to re- and to a coherent gratification; eroticism seem the other hand, negatively, blocking libidinal of drive investments. As I will try to argue, 1 mark clearly this specific pleasure, from a more tied to anxiety, to psychic tension, unbalance, investment to the object. I believe that there is believe that narcissistic investment implies the generic sense of it, preserving the idea of its and to ambivalent experience of satisfaction. theoretical and clinical evidence that enables notion of object, and constitutes an important ambiguous and subjective destiny. Sexual ex- us to observe two distinct forms of narcissism condition for love relations development. citement generates a tension, an instability, The psychoanalytical conception of sexu- (Green, 1988). A primary function of narcis- which may constitute a primary source for ality is characterised by a fragmented view of sism is to produce a drive investment of the Regarding the question of erotic love, it anxiety. libidinal investments. The libido initially in- body, articulating and enabling its seems to me that here we are dealing with a vests parts of the object and parts of its own "eroticisation". The subjectivisation of the much better considered issue, couched in tra- Octavio Faz (1993) offers us an interesting body as a source of pleasure. The drives that body grants it a statute of erogenous body, ditional conceptual foundations. Nevertheless metaphor for the relationship between sex, define infantile sexuality and its polymorphism indispensable for drive investment into love the subject has disagreements, and still leads eroticism and love. He suggests the picture of are based on pleasure relations, essentially pre- relationships, that, in this case, acquire an to relevant discussions marking clinical and a flame: sexuality lights the red flame of eroti- genital and by nature partial and fragmented erotic character, superdeterminant in relation conceptual differences. However, I feel that cism which supports the blue, more fragile, (Freud, 1907, 1913). This unique expression to instinctive life which is tied to the somatic here we arc closer to a comprehensible ex- I'lickering flame of love. Indeed, the sexual of erotic pleasure does not seem incompatible body, limited to the. concrete representation of change of ideas. Yet. I would like to point out source of drive excites the human organism. with the perception of partial object relations. natural necessities. A passage of somatic body that the question of eroticism has been ne- The economic imbalance imposed on the mind And most of all, it is supposed to remain in- to erogenous body is present since the begin- glected for a considerable time, perhaps, is thus given a significance that belongs to the side the genital organisation, which only ning of primitive relationship involving because of a feeling that this was a sufficiently field of eroticism. The unfolding of this erotic conceives a genital primacy towards other exchange through the "erogenous zones", clear issue. In my opinion, eroticism consti- experience and its development acquire new sources of pleasure, without excluding them, which contribute to the organisation of the tutes a fascinating field, still relevant for forms of meaning which imply a representa- whatsoever. erotic life of the individual. research and reflection which may be subjected tion of the object, and which point in the to important controversies. direction of the organisation of the love life An opposition between a partial nature of I wish to propose that primary narcissism, — always intrapsychic — in the broad sense erotic investment and on the other hand, a which 1 consider a "libidinal narcissism', does To find a proper expression to indicate of a search for equilibrium. totalizing nature of love investment is very not offer an inevitable contradiction to primi- pleasure driven from the erotic investment has old. This apparently reflects our perplexity and tive object relations. I suppose that one can offered a controversial problem, recently From this image, we could picture the anguish at links between the eroticism and characterise the way in which these premature transgression: erotic love is both a richly con- relations are inserted and incorporated into the 1 I think thai in some languages we find expression more specific towards this meaning. Expression which are structive and devastatingly subversive Ego, through the representation of pleasure, particularly applied lo erotic or sexual pleasure, as "juissance" for French, or "gozo" for Portuguese. It could be investment (Paz, 1993). Therefore, erotic love linked to the sexual drive in the form of erotic considered a minor detail, if we keep in mind the distinctive sense of this pleasure; otherwise, 1 fear the concepts of love and eroticism, genital and sexual, would be taken as equivalents. implicates the articulation of a fragmentary investment in the object. After all, in his in-

62 63 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA AL.IRIO DANTAS Jr. THE INFLUENCE OF NARCISSISM ON EROTIC LOVE complete description, Freud enables us to that anchors excitement containment processes, make this structure susceptible to instability. not ignore that these disturbances of erotic observe that primary narcissism is an object and their representation through mental It is evident that this link with the death drive and love life, which coexist with sexual relation, in which the Ego itself, the body, or significances of the experience, it would be is in its own way decisive for narcissistic freedom, could be related in various and a part of them, are taken as object. I consider very difficult to understand that there is an upheavals of the personality. And, as such, complex ways, to disturbances associated with that "Mourning and melancholy" (Freud, 1914) absolute asymmetry between the satisfaction plays an important part in the consequences narcissistic personality disorders. allow a mechanism between this narcissistic of the instinct and the pleasure of the drive. that such upheavals have on the capacity for This line has been studied thoroughly and investment of the libido, and the processes of Without this, the partial, fragmented and con- erotic love investment. The narcissistic per- creatively by Joyce McDougall (McDougall introjection, developed as identification (Freud, tradictory characteristics of erotic pleasure sonality is a hurt personality, lacking from the 1978, 1987. 1995), who emphasises the role 1921). In my opinion, the concept of primary would not be comprehensible. narcissistic point of view (Green, 1988 of sexual drive in primitive organisations of narcissism, whose sources are driven from the McDougall, 1987, 1995; Kernberg, 1995), con- This primary narcissism — defined by the mind. Her ideas have contributed im- libido, was an extremely important landmark demned to the search of love for himself, and Freud (1914) as a structuring organisation of mensely to the revitalisation of the issue of for metapsychology. It has opened the path above all to the denial of the role of object in the mental life — and, as I can perceive, a eroticism in psychoanalysis, both theoretically lor the structural theory of mind and has ex- his pleasure, an extreme and severe form of necessary condition for the containment of and clinically. Her work contributes to reflec- panded clinical limits, making possible for the defence against the threat of self's deperson- primitive anguish, experienced in unstable and tion on new forms of expression of sexual most regressive structures in particular, psy- alisation. The lack in the narcissistic structure ambivalent relationships with the objects, fantasies, of their pathological manifestations chosis and psychosomatic — to be clinically turns the presence of the object into an un- which make the tension and psychical pain in the field of perversions and importantly in understood within transference perspective. bearable threat. And an obstacle to erotic love. bearable. This containment enables the strati- the development of psychosomatic distur- Serious and deep damage to erotic life can be Narcissistic libidinal investment appears to fication of symbolic meanings, allowing the bances. As far as our panel is concerned, her observed clinically, even in the presence of an play a structuring role in the constitution of flow of drive investment towards erotic love conceptions offer means to reflect on the in- active sex life. This is restricted to the limits an erogenous body. This passage of somatic relationships. I think that Ogden (1992) indi- fluence of narcissism on erotic love. After all, of the somatic body, to concrete genital ization, body to erogenous body, in turn, explains the cates similar conditions in his conception of both the phenomena associated with addictive to an absence of erotic desire. Therefore, distinction between sexual satisfaction and the decentred subject of psychoanalysis. The sexuality and somatizing phenomena represent sexual relations become aseptic and imper- sexual pleasure - erotic pleasure, to be pre- possibility of a balance between narcissistic pathological solutions, the consequence of sonal. cise •--• which is essential to the nature of the and object destinies of libido investment plays obstructions in erotic pleasure and their seri- feeling of erotic love. This structuring is a fundamental role on preserving psychical Empirical observations of a generic nature ous psychological repercussions. pointed out by Kernberg as decisive in the flexibility which allows excitement to flow. allows us to perceive the emergence of The fragility of the narcissistic structure development of mature sexual love (Kernberg, Whenever prevails less flexibility, then the symptoms linked to erotic pleasure, relating appears to be a primitive and essential dispo- 1995). [ believe that a structured narcissistic absence of the object — or its inner destruc- to its lack of satisfaction, or linked to deviant silion for these phenomena. Indicating the organisation may be an'important condition to tion — would turn this excitement into a forms of erotic pleasure. And this appears even influence of narcissism on amorous relation- a love relation, bearing in mind that the iden- disruptive and painful source of tension and in the case of freer sex lives, with more ships (Kernberg, 1995; McDougall, 1987, tification processes are essential for Ego anxiety, leading to a perception of the object frequent and more varied sexual relations. The 1995; Green, 1993, 1997) comes to my mind integrity, and so for its capability of satisfac- and of the investment towards it. as essen- suppression of cultural barriers to sexual severe forms of narcissistic damage that lead tory libidinal investment, which shall clear the tially destructive and destroyed. Without the activity has not brought about a proportional to massif destruction, not only of the inner path for the mature genitalizalion of the par- narcissistic reflow of libido which lead to the change in the quality of erotic life and resulting objects and their representatives, but towards tial investments. Freud (1921) considered the incorporation of the object into the Ego, any satisfaction. This process may be seen as a the sources of life as well. In these cases, I identification of the inheritor of primary nar- investment could stand out unbearable fragil- demonstration of the distinction between erotic believe that the incapability to develop erotic cissism, given the idea that the return of the ity and vulnerability. In this case, the libido life and genital life, in which erotic life is love (elation,--, are .iviperficiul symptoms of libido to the Ego, would be the way to intro- investment would become a crossroad between rooted in (he soul, bounded by unconscious deeper impossibility to contain and invest jection of (races of the objects. pleasure and death. representations. Determined by the erotic ties. The excitement becomes the pri- Unconscious and by the repressed, defined by Without the excitation of the erogenous Nevertheless, the organisation of the nar- mary cause of anxiety, and therefore impossible interdiction, eroticism is subject to the body, we could not conceive the existence of cissistic structure does not interfere only in to be experienced. Hence, sexual investment vicissitudes of anguish, defences and eroticism as a specific and human form of enabling the development of eroticism. Its es- demands a concretization of the object, even symptoms. For this reason sexuality has a experiencing and expressing (he unfolding of sential fragility and its close ties to the death though partially or through substitutes. much broader conception than the one defined sexual life. Without a narcissistic organisation drive (Rosenfeld, 1971; Green, 1988, 1993), by genital activity. At the same time, we could A second thrust emphasises object relations

64 65 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA ALIRIO DANTAS Jr. THE INFLUENCE OF NARCISSISM ON EROTIC LOVE as earlier, in the sense of their prematurity, as being unfamiliar it would not achieve that drive. And we understand that this ability does a determining factor of unconscious fantasies which was particular to him in this experience, 1992). Eroticism — a product of the interdic- not only consume a privilege of the human tion of sexual satisfaction — is one of the and their pathological unfolding, detrimental that is, erotic activity. Bataille (1957) has put being, but also, as a need imposed by our essential mediators of the constitution of this to the vicissitudes of erotic life. This occa- it very clearly: "Eroticism is, in man's passivity towards drive investments. It is pos- subjectivity. sionally reflects "desexualization" of the consciousness, that which puts his being in sible to propose that eroticism and erotic love unconscious, discussed with great clarity by question. Animal sexuality itself introduces an It is through interdiction that the pleasure Green (Green, 1995), among others. In earlier imbalance and this imbalance threatens life, in their various forms, even "purified of their sexual purpose" — correspond to the of the drive, and the Subject are constituted, work (Dantas Jr., 1989), I tried to point out but the animal does not know it. Nothing and I quote: "Firstly, eroticism differs from some characteristics of the Freudian concep- resembling a question comes up." need to attribute meaning to the emotional ex- periences undergone in the vicissitudes of this the sexuality of animals in that human sexu- tion of sexuality, emphasising that for Freud, But man faces a question, produced by his ality is limited by interdictions, whose it is essential to understand the distinction contradictory, fragmentary and subversive discontinuity, to which he was destined to force. An indispensable mechanism for the soul transgression belongs to the field of eroticism" between sexual and genital, the former being respond for his inner self. This was the ques- (Bataille, 1957). Erotic desire supposes man's broader and the latter narrower (Freud, 1913, to be able to meet the challenges and demands tion that Freud heard in the symptoms that imposed on it. opposition to himself. Transgression promises 1940), for a more detailed understanding of made him unveil, by and through clinical work, a return to nature, to the symmetry of an en- the polymorphic character of erotic invest- the enigmas of being. It was this question that The constitution of subjectivity is corre- counter; without however achieving it, for ments. led him to oppose this animal sexuality with lated with the concept of the decentrcd subject transgression suspends the interdiction but does 2 of psychoanalysis. Its origin rests in the "trau- Until Freud, we were only able to speak of another, specific to the human . The mark of not suppress it. This is inscribed where, in the infantile eroticism is, for Freud, the absence of matic" nature that permeates relationships unconscious, the Subject is born. one aspect of sexuality — that of a somatic between drive sources — among which is the activity, a bodily function, and as such, exer- its own object, destined from the beginning libido — and the subject. In the presence of Love implies a totalizing perspective in cised through this body, a motor action. This (Freud, 1905, 1923; Dantas Jr., 1988). The this "demand for work addressed to the mind", terms of pleasure relations. Its territory is a sexuality, closely linked to reproduction, is bio- object of the drive, contrary to that of neces- the psychic sou! responds with a split between magnetised space between two people. Love logically determined and is shared by all the sity, needs to be discovered, created, produced the conscious and unconscious, destined to is an ethic, an aesthetic, a courtesy (Paz. 1993). animal kingdom. Its course is that of nature by permanent links within the psyche. seek to cancel out the imbalance imposed on Without excluding eroticism, it does not limit and its object clear and specifically defined, The role of this object, the erotic object, is it. The soul thus admits its passivity in rela- itself to passivity, but engenders a certain even before the individual comes into exist- to articulate an inner experience of pleasure. tion to the drive sources. This passivization degree of intenlionality. An approximation be- ence. Hence the object is promised, that which This object allows the psychic — the soul — is an essential condition for the constitution tween intention and gesture. As described by is opposite, discontinuous, that enables a pas- to fulfil its essential function, to give meaning of the psychoanalytical Subject (Penot, 1995; Octavio Paz (1993), "Love is attraction for sage from discontinuity to continuity to to emotional experience, driven in this case Green, 1988). In this way, the path of nature one person: for a body and a soul. Love is intervene. As Bataillc (1957) has reminded: from the libido. Experiences of pleasure and as instinctive discharge, is broken. In the place choice; eroticism acceptance". Erotic love "Reproduction bring discontinuous beings into un-pleasure, of joy and anxiety. Organised of a logic of behaviour, of conduct bounded implies an articulation between a relation play". Its mark is that of the symmetry be- through the two possible libido investment: by the biological, emerges the metapsychology which comes from a deep perception of the tween what is sexual and what is genital. A the objectal and the narcissistic investment, of subjectivity, bounded by relations between other person — the love object — and an symmetry that enables the promise of an en- which we could think on a more contempo- the Consious and the Unconscious (Ogden, extreme selfishness implied on pleasure. counter, of a complementarity, of this passage rary way, as underlined by Andre Green to continuity. (1986), organised through the objectalizing and desobjectalizing functions. This was the only sexuality that we were References able to observe, until Freud. Included within Thus, as we understand it, the vicissitudes BATAILLK, G. (1987)( 1957). "O Erotismo", ETCHKOOYI;, N, K.H. (1988). "Narcisismo the sphere of nature, by his biological of erotic life are a consequence of our ability Hditora LePM. primano ou relacao de objeto", in Revista animalness, man would find himself to attribute mental signification to emotional Brasileira de Psicanalise, Vol. XXI, n°l. imprisoned in a definition of his sex, that not experiences resulting from the destinies of the BI;LL, D. (1991). "La Teoria del narcisismo en la obra de Freud y de Klein", in Estudios FRHUD, S. (1905). "Tres Ensaios sobrc a teoria

2 sobre "Introduccion al narcisismo" de Analogously. Levi-Strauss (1967) slates that the interdiction of incest: "Constitutes a fundamental step, thanks to da sexualidade", in Obras Psicologicas which, by which, bin above all in which the passage from nature to culture is achieved'. Illustrating that a funda- Sigmund Freud. Julian Yebenes, S.A. Completas, Vol. VII, Imago Editora. mental part of our humane characteristics, specific and unique, are due to the vicissitudes of sexuality, in its broader DANTAS JR. (1988). A: "Freud a ordem do (1907). "O Esciarecimento sexual das sense. sexual em psicanalise", Imago Editora. criancas", in Obras Psicologicas Completas,

66 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA ALIRIO DANTAS Jr.

Vol IX, Imago Hditora. Editions du Minuit. THE TREE OF UFE (1913). "A Disposicao a neurose (1995). "Sexualidade tern algo a ver obsessiva", in Obras Psicologicas com psicanalisc?", Livro Anual de Serge Lebovici Cornpletas, Vol.XII, Imago Editora. Psicanalise, tomo XI, Editora Escuta. (1914). "Sobre o narcisismo: uma (1997). "Les Chaines d'Eros: acualite The. genesis of a case history, needless to say, takes one to the study of genealogy introducao", in Obras Psicologicas du sexuel", Editions Odile Jacob. of one's family, its parents, grand-parents and its affective iniergenemtional Cornpletas, Vol. XIV, Imago Editora. KHRNBI-RG, O. (1995). "Psicopatologia das transmission. At times the root to a genetic disease can also be traversed following the genealogical pathway. The therapeutic consultation, in turn, can he weaved in (1915)0917). "Luto c melancolia", replaces amorosas", Editora Artes Medic as. to analyzing, reflecting and transmitting ihe case into its recounting genealogical in Obras Psicologicas Cornpletas, Vol.XIV, memories. Thus, the therapeutic consultation becomes an extremely coinj>lex KLHIN, M. (1957). "As Origens da Imago Editora. configuration. As a matter of fact, this paper deals with many such examples that Transferencia", in Inveja e Gratidao, e (1921). "Psicologia de grupo e explicitly unravels the labyrinth of this genealogical "Tree of Life", which not only outros trabalhos, Imago Editora. analisc do ego", in Obras Psicologicas focuses on intergenerational transmission but also on the cultural and historical Completas, Vol. XVIII, Imago Editora. LAPLANCHH, J. (1969). Introduction a La Vie influences working on the individual, for example, the witnesses of many global (1923). "A Organizacao genital Scxuelle, P.U.F. genocides and survivors of The Shadow of the Holocaust. Finally, the therapeutic infantil: uma interpolacao a teoria da LHVISTRAUSS, C. (1982). "As Estruturas consultation enlightens on the genealogical tree of the case, reflecting on its sexualidade", in Obras Psicologicas Elementares dc Parentcsco" (1967). Editora parentaliz.ation to its present filial status. Cornpletas, Vol. XIX, Imago Editora. Vozes. (1924). "A Dissolucao do complexo MCDOUGALL, J. (1978). "Plaidoyer pour unc In France, we draw the genealogical tree, and which is cathected before it is perceived, cb Edipo", in Obras Psicologicas certaine anormalite", Editions Gallimard. in the United States, people suggest to study (re)creates it mentally, condemns us to put man Completas, Vol. XIX, Imago Editora. (1987). "Conferencias Brasileiras", the genogram. The tree of life is the English in the same category as the animals who seek (1925). "Algumas consequcncias Editora Xenon. expression corresponding to the genogram and closeness with those who take care of them, it tries to answer to the same preoccupation, in order not to suffer from the risk of prcdo- psiquicas da distincao anatomica", in Obras (1995). "The Many Faces of Eros: A but the metaphorical value of this expression lion. This revision lead Bowlby to Lake into Psicologicas Completas, Vol. XIX, Imago Psychoanalytic Exploration of Human seems to me to enhance greatly its use, so 1 account research in ethnology, which showed Editora. Sexuality", W.W. Norton & Company. suggested to work with the tree of life in or- him the importance of the maternal imprint, (1940). "Esboco de Psicanalisc," in OGDHN, T. (1992). "The dialectically consli- der to study the filiation and the parentalization and thus to describe attachment as the main Obras Psicologicas Cornpletas, Vol. XXIII, tuted/decentred subject of psychoanalysis. processes. driving force of young children's behaviour: a Imago Hditora. I, The Freudian subject. Int. J. Psycho anal., behaviour (hat is necessarily Minnnrk'd hv dy- In this paper, 1 will specify the conditions GKBHN, A. (1988)(1983) "Narcisismo de vida, 73: 517-526. namic mechanisms, and the incentive Io these that determine the organization of this double narcisismo de morte", Editora Escuta. PAZ, O. (1994)0993). "A Dupla chama: amor mechanisms is necessarily cognitive, therefore process, which is supported by the transmis- (1986) "Pulsion de mort, narci.sism e erotismo", Editora Siciliano. programmed. sion of cultural values, at least in the limited negatif, fonction desobjectalizante", in Pul- PHNOT, B. (1995). "O circuito da pulsao gerador and nuclear family, comprising most often two sion de Mort, P.U.F. This was corroborated by a student of John da funcao sujeito", confercncia apresentada generations in the post-industrial society we Bowlby, who was happy to agree again with (1990). "Passions et dcstins des pas- em Paris num coloquio sobre o tema da live in. sions", in "La folic privee", Editions pulsao organisado por Andre Green em her master, whom she had been forced to Gallimard. fevereiro 1995, e letomaela na Sociedadc rritid/e when he had justified the hypothesis Transmission of attachment of the danger of the baby's separation from its (1993). "Le Travail du negatif", de Recife, em agosto. To sav (lie Irutli, the revision to which mother, by taking up Spitz's work on anaelitic Bovvlby was led during the fifties, a "wrench- depression. According to the feminists, Spitz's work seemed to justify the traditional theme Alirio Danias Jr. in«' revision of the main Freudian hypothesis, Av Boa Viagem. 2804 according to which the desire for the object, of the father's role as provider for his family's A pi 901 51021-000 Recife, Pc. Professor Serge Leboviei. President, International Psychoanalytical Association (!M75- "//); Training and .Supervising Brazil Analyst, Pans; Honorary Vice President, International Psychoanalytical Association.

68 69 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA SERGE LEBOVICI THE TREE OF LIFE

necessary needs, but also as someone who attachment to its mother. Therefore, the genetic habits. Thus, Robert Emde admits that there my body that allows me to co-think, to co-feel takes no part in his young children's everyday 4 aspect of the transmission of attachment to is a co-creation by the child and its parents and to co-create with the parents . life. When she suggested the paradigm of the the mother was corroborated. The protocol she of stories that can be narrated later. To remain schematic, it seems to me that "strange situation", Mary Ainsworth, as is well suggested consists mainly in studying the form According to him, these stories express a the data of the intergenerational transmission known, wanted to measure the effects of a in which this attachment asserts itself. Blaise "we" that is genetically programmed. that are collected in this way can be grouped stranger's presence, who separates a one year Pierrehumbert created a questionnaire that is according to three axes : old baby from its mother, and to examine the much more rapid, and which fulfills well the Nevertheless, we believe in the role of effects of attachment to the mother, by demands of Mary Main's test: it is the CAMIR, intergenerational transmission as the The most constant axis is of course the use comparing the baby's behaviour with what that is now standardized. Its use supports Mary expression of the parents' conflicts. of the child in order to try to solve the parents' happens when the mother returns after a few Main's hypothesis. At the most, it is possible to read in the infantile conflicts. The use of the parents' minutes of absence : Oedipal conflict re-classifies the child To say the truth, the genetic aspect of previous example that the child is also imagined by its mother as the product of her - in 13% of the cases, there is a defiant transmitted attachment is observed in 70% of submitted to the pressure of the transmission bond with her own father: therefore, the baby attachment. It is as if the baby, indifferent the cases. So, fortunately, there are cases where of certain "utensils": these could be for is the maternal grandfather's adopted son or to its mother's absence, hadn't noticed that this perspective is not corroborated: these are example the grandfather's pipe, a wedding daughter. When the mother announces its mother had left it: it doesn't even notice the cases belonging to category C, where photograph, etc. triumphantly to the future grandmother that her return (Form A); attachment is ambivalent, or cases where These considerations will seem useful when she is pregnant, she notifies the grandmother experience shows that attachment to the father - in 50% of the cases (Form B), attachment we will study the role of culture in that she is not a woman any longer and that does not have the same aspect as attachment is trustful: the baby shows its distress and intergenerational transmission. she will bear no other child: the grandmother to the mother. It is in this respect that Peter wants to make up with its mother by crying will try to take advantage of this situation in Fonagy looks for "Ghosts in the nursery"2. in her arms; The role of the study of intergenerational order to inflict a lesson on her daughter, who - in 27% of the cases, we are in the presence But it is not less tine that now, mainly in transmission in the therapeutic is less experienced than she is in the realm of of an ambivalent attachment, the the United States, intergenerational consultation care. manifestations of which are contradictory transmission is practically limited to the Consultation with a baby brought by its It goes without saying that thus, the baby (Form C) transmission of attachment: this is how a parents for functional disorders takes up a must learn that there is a bond between its psychoanalyst like R. Emde-1 regrets that "we" It seems important to remind here that one therapeutic aspect, particularly when father and its mother, and that he or she must is not considered as an agency of the child's is warned of these forms of attachment specificities of the intergenerational submit to the "woman lover's censorship."5 mental functioning, as is the "ego." This beforehand. In the case of a trustful attachment, transmission that are often unconscious are By so doing, the mother inscribes the baby in investigator suggested empirical protocols : before the baby is one year old, the interactions brought to light. These are clarified through her Oedipal phantasmagoria: the baby is often between the mother and her child take place - A two year old baby has been warned not the study of the tree of life, and this can be the subject of the mother's transference of the in a harmonious atmosphere, and the child's to touch certain toys. A few days later, he done with the help of the parents' genogram. grandfather upon the baby. This is to say that security asserts itself during separations which is left alone in the presence of these toys; The way I usually do it is by bringing these the baby will have to suffer from all the worries are unavoidable, as the one brought about by we see then that, although he is tempted to particular traits to light during the dialogue I concerning the grandfather's health and his school attendance, which becomes then much seize them, he doesn't cross the theoretical lead using my empathy. survival. Also, the baby will be submitted to easier (Mary Ainsworth). line that separates him from the toys. Indeed, this means using the physical abuse, if the mother has been the victim of incestuous violence and/or of A few years later, Mary Main tried to study - In the same way, a baby of the same age counteridentificalions I feel and that gives me physical abuse. Actually, we can consider that, adults' attachment to their own parents. She who has taken certain habits concerning a metaphorizing power. Several times, I have even if the grandfather1 s incestuous desires showed then that the adult's attachment to its feeding is able to put up a real scenario explained how this power is determined by have remained symbolic and in the realm of parents had the same aspect as the child's with his parents in order to justify these my "enaction", in other words, a feeling in

About the tests proposed by Mary Ainsworth and Mary Main, one can consult our work on Bowlby and on the 1 Lcbovici S., Revue Internationale, de psychopalhologie, in press. contemporary psychoanalysts, "La theoric de I'attachcment ct la psychanalyse contemporainc. Psychiatric de I 'Enfant, 1 Deni.se Braunschweig and Michel Fain see in the mother's desire for her companion the origin of the mother's need 1991, 34, 2, pp. 309-340 2 to put her child to sleep: this is the price the child has to pay far the primal phantasy of the primal scene (1975). Fonagy P., Friberg S., A Dclson Li & Shapiro V. (1975) in ./. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., XIV, 3. 387-421 ''' Lcbovici S. (1997), in M. Gabel, S. Lcbovici and Ph. Ma/.ct (Ed.), La Maltraitance Psxchologique, Paris, Flcurus, 3 Emdc R. (1989), Psychology and Psychotherapy of Early Development. 1997.

70 71 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA SERGE LEBOVICI THE TREE OF LIFE

the confusion of tongues exposed by Ferenczi, death that has taken place before this according to the rule of the "enigmatic Madeleine is more filled with sensorial and the baby can be submitted to severe neglect or pregnancy, etc. signifiers": Laplanche9 introduces with this emotional memories them with a past loaded to psychological abuse.6 term what he defines as the generalized with events. All the events that have taken place after seduction, inherited from the mother's infantile There may have been events in the parent's these tragedies are stressed by the mother; they The intergenerational transmission may be biography: these are often "family secrets," take, in the delayed action, a retro-said value. sexuality. Here, he means that she colours the the transmission of a myth that tends to define which are easily expressed as soon as the care she gives to her baby, a care that is the axis of the life mandate impressed upon This is also to say that a child, conceived mother is pregnant and in any case, as soon as coloured by all the lively remnants of her guilt the descendent. To a young woman who had in order to sanctify the parents' narcissism, the mother can talk about them, when she feelings, the cause of which remain tried to kill her baby at birth, 1 asked, always triggers some hatred in the latter, as carries the child in her arms. These family- unconscious. "Wouldn't your father be the real father of the- was shown by Winnicott, who opposed Freud's secrets always accompany her desire to be person you wanted to erase from your life?" optimistic views: indeed, according to Freud, This "imaginary" child, whom she also pregnant and they appear in her latent words: The mother gave a strange answer, "Not the male child is brought up without any takes care of, is therefore subjected to the (he mother expresses them either directly or really." On my advice, her five month old baby, ambivalence by a mother who is in love with mother's fantasies. But at the same time, in indirectly through the choice of the first name, whom she hardly knew, was given back to him7. The mother's violence may be mitigated the apparent monotony of the interactions that as soon as the child's gender is known with her; nevertheless, he became quickly attached by her phobia. This phobia expresses the take place during the mother's caregiving. the the ultrasound... An example which is well to her, until, fleeing from the seduction by her mother's preoccupation concerning her young child has a representation of this care through known now is the case of Louis Althusser, father, she forsake him. By coincidence, I child. The existence of this phobia may be his very special sensorial competences: in other who was named after his uncle, whom his learned that this young woman, who does not brought to light. It is often repressed or words, through its affects, "the child cathexes mother had been in love with, who was killed 10 take care of her son any longer, has just given negated, particularly when the hypomanic its mother before it perceives her." during the war and who was replaced by her birth to another child whom she has abandoned flight that comes with a depression leads the husband. Thus, Louis Althusscr's future was Thus, the baby is able to have a during two days at the maternity hospital. This mother to be hypervigilant towards the baby. stamped by the "illegitimacy' of his birth. representation of the maternal care, and, while case seems to fulfil the family myth told by the grandfather, "We all follow after each other, More seldom, a simple phobia changes into doing so, to propose for itself a scenario, that Also, we have often mentioned the case of son after father, and we make good wine" (like an impulse phobia, and this is noi exceptional occurs as soon as a "circumstance" takes place. Johnny: his paternal grandfather did not accept his daughter and his grandson). Conversely, during post-partum depressions. This circumstance happens in order to give a his birth because his grandson was not named signification to the mother's behaviour; in the grandmother told me she didn't know after him. The bond between the parents was But the mother's hatred is often expressed other words, the series of these circumstances where she was from: was she French, or then broken. Nevertheless, the father* did see during maternal care and at a moment when becomes the canvas of a story belonging to Russian? Or Greek? She didn't know, but what the child and his mother at the paternal this hatred is clearly worded in her aggressive the baby. This story is not recorded. Recent she could tell me was that her three brothers grandfather's house, five months after Johnny phrases which she nevertheless intones with investigations on the baby's memory show that, didn't have children: thus, the myth of the was born, when the child was on vacation. Me the usual tone she uses when she addresses when the memories are built in the delayed father's story and of the sterility of the abused .severely Johnny, who didn't know his her child. For example, when a mother cleans action, they fulfil similar affective conditions. mother's brothers allowed may be to father, and who started to scream when his her child, she often claims how disgusted she understand that the mother was fleeing from father approached his mother; these tears is, and at (he same time, she immerses the Thus, the maternal fantasies that are the father's incest by wanting to get rid of her meant for the father that (his baby represented child in a bath of emotion that leads to tuning. established during the care that the mother children. the grandfather, who had refused to consider In this case, Daniel Sternx suggests that there gives to the real and to the imaginary child Another example pertains to the following his son as a father, as someone who passes is a "transmodal harmonization of affects": the are an essential basis on which the child will i'act: when he was eleven years old, the day of down identity. baby on the changing table waves its legs be able to build its own story, which will rely his birthday, X's father died. Then, the child joyfully, and this shows that he or she is more mainly on episodic memory; therefore, the told himself, "I will not receive any birthday 1 could give many examples of this sort; open to the representation of affects than to fantasmalic interactions are the foundation of gift." He made a gift for himself, by deciding they arc also the source o! intensive guili the mother's discourse. what a child could tell about its past: Proust's feelings., that may be awakened by the revelation of a handicap, by a sudden perinatal Indeed, this discourse is pronounced '' Laplanche .1. dir (1992). Nonveaitx i-'ondemenls pour la Psycliaiuily.se. Paris. I'.U.K "' This phrase of mine is often quoted, although 1 published it in I960, but today, 1 would add that from that moment, the child is able to proclaim that its mother is a mother. One recalls indeed Winnicoll's metaphor about the role of 7 Winnicolt D.W. (1947), Hatred in the counterlransiercnce. Inl . ./. Psyclioana!., XXX. the maternal mirror in the child's development; when a ihree month old baby looks at its mother, it sees its own s Stern D. (1985), The. Interpersonal World of the infant, a view from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. pupils, but it also sees that she gazes at it while ii gazes at her; thus, through this maternal mirror, die mother feels New York. Basic Books. cathectcd as a mother by her baby, even if she is ugly.

73 SAM1KSA SAMIKSA THE TREE OF LIFE SERGE LEBOVICI

boy who lives his Oedipai conflicts, either place when I ask the mother to hide the piece to steal from his future son, for whom this belongs. But a mandate that would prescribe because the paternal model was inaccessible of paper. She hides it under her sweater, near grandson's "future" grandfather's first name the child to live only in order to respond to its — and the child is ashamed — or because the her breast. The little girl refuses to continue was reserved, this same first name: he was parents' conflicts would dictate its conduct by father is himself ashamed because he has to playing with her; I take back the piece of paper stealing the first name of the "future" preventing this child to have any affiliation. spell out prohibitions. Thus, in such conditions, and I hide it once more under the lower part grandfather of this child who was not yet born! In such cases, the psychic life of the child adolescence is not marked any longer by the of my jcicket. Then, the little girl is seen And today, this man exists only when people who becomes an adult does not allow it to painful passage rite, it becomes interminable. looking for the piece of paper near my breast. need him. His son, to whom he has given his evolve with certainty, through the own official first name, condemns this theft identification processes. When the family is in a bad financial The microanalysis of the videotaped when he tells him, "You know, daddy, my situation, or when the family is in an uncertain It is known that imitation comes before document shows that this is a deliberate choice friends call me by your name, which is very situation due to its status as immigrant, the identification, of which it is a prerequisite. on the part of the little girl. Then, suddenly, famous." This detail makes the father suffer poverty of the "utensils" is easy to understand; Here, the reality of the family's conflicts leads the mother calls her "Mommy" and tells her, even more, because his son is then stealing no identificatory process is possible any longer, these subjects to renounce the quality of a "Now, you will be able to sleep." And this is him his first name, preventing him from otherwise than through the aggregation to flexible identification, that organizes the what happened: the mother had made a existing. gangs whose leaders encourage homosexual subjectivation process. maternal transference on me and had identified This man's mother died a few months after tendencies: the ego ideal, which contributes, her daughter with me. 1 learned, after the her husband. He hadn't been told, neither about during the identification process, to the consultation that in Cameroon, the little girls her disease, nor about its seriousness, and this Intergcncrational transmission and organization of the superego, then becomes are named after their maternal grandmothers gave him the idea that he wasn't his parents' cultural implications the we ideal and violence reigns; this violence and that the mothers call them "mommy." child. In the contemporary post-industrial is also of course justified by the way our Thus, the re-establishment of the rules of civilization, families have certain rights to society progresses at two different speeds. parenthood allowed her to entrust me with her It will not be surprising to learn that this choose their own modality of cultural daughter, with the help of the maternal man has built for himself a/a/m/v romance, in Ethnopsychoanalysts who follow Devereux affiliation: it is in this respect that we can transference that both were having on me. which he declares he is the son of a famous even think there is a cultural unconscious: in return to the study of the "utensils," that give man who abandoned him and gave him to his France, Toby Nathan thinks that healing can When Marie-Rose Moro, who is also an a certain orientation to these choices. During own parents. be obtained through cultural affiliation. In my ethnopsychoanalyst, saw this tape, she said I past centuries, belonging to the aristocracy opinion, this is not always correct: I have seen had succeeded the way a professional healer These three categories of situations have commanded these choices; today still, with the many cases of families of immigrants where would have had: the mother held heard at a of course a quite unequal distribution during apparent dominating freedom, the family's the technique of the therapeutic consultation market that I was like a "witchdoctor." As for the therapeutic consultations, but it is always "utensils" allow choices, the more these can be applied: the investigation of the me, 1 wasn't trying to understand the mother's worthwhile to study the parents' identification utensils are abundant and the more they bear intergenerational transmission is as efficient deep positions, as I usually do. This is even difficulties in their light. Indeed, it seems that witness to a certain wealth the better: it is as in the cases we have just mentioned. more the case since I was wary of talking such an investigation allows the parents to easier for a child belonging to the upper class with the mother about her sexual life, knowing place themselves once again in their children's A fourteen month old little girl is brought to choose the orientation he wants and to take the Africans' reserve towards physicians. All tree of life, and thus, the filiation process to me because her mother had taken her from advantage of the family's configuration. But I needed in order to understand and act, was under way can be understood. We have just this principle tends to be mitigated, inasmuch Cameroon to live with her and her husband, and because this little girl hasn't been sleeping that the little girl wanted to play with me, that seen how the baby's role in the parentalization as the parents do not play a prohibiting role for the past three months, since she arrived; v/e got along well, that she developed therefore of its parents rests also upon this process. any longer and render this process difficult. the mother holds her constantly in her arms. a paradoxical transference on me". Thus, I Such ;i clear situation can be seen when this This process is a principle, linked to the 12 During the consultation, the little girl comes understand well that "families in exile " need double process does not create a Oedipai structure of the family, and the boy near me, and obviously wants to play with to have their culture known before the transgenerational mandate that is too rigid. who grows up must respect his father. The me. Our game consists in playing "peek-a-boo" pathogenic conflicts are told, but then, the The baby must have a tree of life the roots of secondary identification supposes that the boy with pieces of paper that I hide under the lower consultation is heavily burdened; it lakes place which, firmly planted in the ground, allow its gives up having immediately what his father part of my jacket. The crucial moment takes with interpreters, it leads occasionally to foliage to expand despite the common neurotic has, and that he accepts being like him, but conflicts. The baby will be able to give birth later. The father is not only the agent of 11 to a child who will become an adult who will prohibition, he also represents the ideal values. Moro VI.R. (1995), Families en Exit, Paris, P.L1.F. be free to integrate in the society to which it But these values become out of reach of the '- idem.

75 74 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA SERGE LEBOVIC! THE TREE OF LIFE dialogues with assistants who belong to that The mother said, "You're sucking me, you're "infans" receives the orders spelled out by the development can shed a light on the origin of culture; then, it seems to me that it is difficult biting me... you're devouring me." The first mother. The traces of these orders can be found these repetitions. This is to say that we do not for the main consultant to use his empathy. two indications were common, although one in a later fantasmatical scenario; these traces share the criticisms often expressed by Andre 20 Rather, he displays his sympathy for another can always wonder at the strength with which cannot be found in psychotics. Green . Indeed, this colleague claims that the observed baby does not allow to understand culture than his own. On the other hand, I a baby sucks fingers. But the image of The pathology of intergenerational the (re)constructed baby. Everything tends to understand perfectly well that, when the culture devoration that follows expresses a fantasy transmission has been the focus of many prove, for neurobiologists as well as for of origin is endowed with a forceful value, it which reveals clearly fantasies of investigations; let us mention La Construction psychoanalysts, that the beginning of our should be taken into account. incorporation, and brings us back to the de I'Esapce Analytique (The Construction of fantasy life may be understood through the instinctual energy described by Melanie Klein the Analytic Space), by Serge Viderman,15 study of interactive behaviours, when it is Why can the consultation have a as the death instinct. The mother had showed mainly for primary scenes described by Freud; enriched by creative empathy21. Recently, the therapeutic aspect? to herself the danger of yielding to her instincts the works of H. Faimberg, who describes the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic and of "devouring" her son. effects of "the listening to the listening" of The perspectives that emerge from the Association published a paper which took up the psychoanalyst by the patient, showing that therapeutic consultation have given us clear One can also wonder if the fantasmatical Green's arguments and asked of what use are in this way one can grasp the effects of the models that give evidence of the value of expression that reveals the modalities of the for psychoanalysis the works concerning the collapse of the intergenerational transmission creative empathy in order to understand the intergenerational transmission would be the baby. Following this paper, one can find the in certain patients16. In a nosography called dynamics of the intergenerational conflict. The same if the child were of a different gender. answers of our anglo-saxon colleagues who Scenes d'Ori^ine (Primary Scenes), the editors mother, holding her child in her arms, displays Everything points to the fact that the uncovered appeal to developmental theories: R. Emde. P. Geraid Le Goues and Roger Perron1 •' show the consequences of maternity and bears modalities vary according to the gender. Fonagy. J. Osofsky, and I). Stern, etc. testimony, in a way that could be said that the "primary," first described by Freud as In the same way, it seemed to us that these prophetic, to the identifications she projects the consequences of the seduction perperted These theories want to compound neuro- modalities vary in part with the child's rank. on her child. This is Bertrand Cramer's idea13. on the child, has lost its importance for the psychological knowledge with the results of It is as if it was difficult for the parents to This author thinks that maternity involves a benefit of the primary fantasies. But this observation of the interactions between the separate from the first child when the next very early stage for the child, when the child "primary" remains mysterious and, as 'Xirents and (lie babv. VvV" heliovo we have child is born, in order to differentiate the latter, is submitted to the mother's identificatory Laplanche and Pontalis have insisted on associated to these anglo-saxon perspectives they like to insist on the fact that the new 18 projections. Therefore, it would be impossible repeating , the fantasy must be studied with the study of the fantasmatical interactions. child looks more like its mother than the first. to act directly upon the child. The preceding respect to the conditions of one's birth but not example obviously shows that the therapeutic from the reason why of one's birth. It seems to us that Daniel Stern has largely The intergenerational transmission taken these up. Indeed, in 1986, he described consultation can act on the baby. R. Guyotafs work19 deals with the during the psychoanalytic process the repiesentational world of the young child, In the same way, on several occasions, I institutional filiation, which he contrasts with and asserted in this book that it was of no use These remarks could not be applied to the have seen a father cure his wife's depression the narcissistic filiation. to appeal to the notion of fantasy. By saying traditional psychoanalytic cure, where the using his baby: this was Guillaume's case, who It seems to us that the intergenerational this, he admitted implicitly that the meaning relations of the reconstructed past are was brought to me by his parents when he processes described in the studies we have he was giving to the word representation was necessarily more subtle and full of nuances. was five months old. His mother was telling just mentioned can be better understood if they different from the meaning used by Freud; him that she couldn't take care of him. Her Nevertheless, intergenerational transmission arc considered as the effect of repetitions. We indeed, for Freud, who contrasted object husband, taking me to witness, told her, "Don't has been the focus of an increasing interest, at think that my investigations on the baby's early representation with word representation, this you see that he's looking at you?", and he put least in French research. It would probably be the child in her arms. She started to look at doing Fiera Aulagner justice to remind the IS him. Surprised by this unusual situation, the Viderman S. (!970), La Construction de !' cspacc analylique, Paris, DenoeL premonitory value of her book entitled La "' Kar's R.. fed'!. Transmission do la Vie Psvchujue entre Generations. 1993 Paris. Dimotl. 14 baby started to stroke his mother's breasts; Violence des Interpretations . In this book, 17 Le Goues G. and Perron R. (1996), Scenes originuires. Paris, P.U.F. then, he took one of her fingers in his mouth. she describes a pre-primary system where the l!; Laplanche J. and Pantalis J.B. (1985), Fmuasme. ori^inaire, Paris. liaehetle. '" Guyola! H..I. and l-'cditla P. (1987). Clenealogie et Transmission. Paris, Bayard edition Centurion. 20 Green A. (1997). The child's sexuality is the last version of this criticism so often uttered: it was prepared for the '•' Cramer B. and Palucio-Cspasa F. (1993) La Maliquc des Psychotherapies meres-bebes. Etudes cliniques el lasl Congress of the International Psychoanalytic Association (Barcelona, July 1997) A techniques, Paris, P.U.K - The reader may consult on this topic the book by M. Jcanncrod and J. llochmann. Esprit, ott es-!u?: Psyciianalyse 11 Aulagnicr P. (1975), La Violence de I' Interpretation Du Pielogramnic a 1' cnoncc Paris, P.U.F. a netdveience (Mind, where itrc YOU?). Pans. Odilc Jacob, as well as my own contributions to this discussion.

7_6 77 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA SERGE LEBOVICI THE TREE OF LIFE

term was used with the meaning laid down by she changes the rhythm, and the baby's different representations of paternal and the product of the conditions of the parents' Kant, that is, "Vorstellung." The translation of surprise, after a moment of uneasiness, induces maternal care. Thus, being three can lead to Oedipus (cf. the form I of the intergenerational this word into French and English by the word once more her laughter. This second example four situations: transmission). Thus, it would be possible to representation can be misleading;22 indeed, the bears testimony to the fact that the proto- work on the prevention of pathological states 1. The mother-baby dyad is contextualized word "representation" in these languages narrative envelop is a "symphony for two," in the child's development. by a third character, who may be the observer. implies a visual knowledge, whereas Freud that the child learns through it as many He "tierceizes" the dyad. It can also be the But the process of triangulation also wanted to designate in this way the "thought" moments of tuning as moments of untuning. father, who thus plays his traditional role, requires that the conditions that allow both an or the "idea." When he means "visual Thus, it may seem that the study of the which is to encourage the relations with the intra-subjectivc world and inter-subjective representation," he uses the term various forms of the baby's development is mother and to ensure triadification. In any case, relations be created. We now know that '"Darstellung." linked to episodes that allow to understand it can be said that the father and the mother psychoanalysts and cognitivists are interested Also, the importance of later "narratives" the compounded nature of intergenerational have different attitudes : the mother contains in this situation. The former define this has shown to Daniel Stern thai he had to relations. her baby. Winnicott described this situation moment as the access to symbolic thinking, describe the "prenarrative envelop"23 : he with the word "holding," which is difficult to while the latter insist on the existence of an shows how emotional tuning often corresponds The transgenerational mandate in translate into French: he meant that the mother interpersonal relation, that they describe in the to moments when the baby "is with." These "non clinical families." carries her baby, she supports the baby, retains "theory of the mind": what is meant by this moments are built into the prenarrative it, contains it, etc. The father has a less are moments when the child is able to We have just exposed various aspects of envelops wherelrom he studies the components educative and more playful attitude. recognize that the other has intentions like the intergenerational transmission in clinical work of narration. Here are two examples ; child does, which shows that he or she can and in research. Actually, this transmission 2. The father and the baby have now a have relations with the other. 1. A child is breastfed twice a day by its often concerns non consultant families. As for more frequent relation of care, and it is mother who works: in the morning, when the me, I am taking part in two non clinical obviously contextualized by the mother, Thus, we can consider that the mother is dishevelled and without makeup, the investigations. We think that in both, the although the mother often wants to criticize subjectivation process underlies this whole child will feel that everything takes place as if revelation of the transgenerational mandate her companion, for example, because of his organization for the child, who is able to weave the hunger it felt had called her. And in the involves one essential element in order to bring incapacity to give adequate care. a narcissistic net which will allow the child to evening, conversely, she is all dressed up and to light the conditions of the child's find a supply when he or she will no longer 3. The father and the mother are together has make up: wouldn't the child consider then development. be his or her parents' love object (cf. form 3 and exclude their child from their couple. We that it is its mother who called it to breastfeed of triadification). In such conditions, we can But with respect to the predictive value of have seen above the importance of this it? This would be an example, where "being try to foretell the quality of the baby's this mandate, it seems necessary to locate it in situation for the organization of the Oedipus with" its mother for a feeding should form transgenerational mandate. In an investigation relation with the conditions of the development (cf. the female lover's censorship). two proto-narralive envelops. Episodic memory bearing on (he present conditions of paternity of the Oedipal situation: would lead the baby, in the first situation, once 4. The father, the mother and the baby are in France, we have suggested the following it became an adult, to say, "I had a very 1. The Oedipal situation and its evolution2* together. The family therapists, and particularly method: from both parents' genogram, we see devoted mother who satisfied all my needs as depend on the process of "tierceization," that John Byng-Hall, have shown that the process force lines that allow to define each one's soon as I had expressed them." must lead to triadification, then to is then encouraged by the existence of an ideal transgenerational mandate, becoming clear. nest in which the child takes shelter (when the From this micro-analytical study, we can 2. Here, "being with" is feeling, while triangulation. process of intergenerational transmission leads induce the nature of the baby's playing. In the vocalized dialogues, it is known Indeed, many investigations show that, to a flexible tree of life). Martine Lamour's transgenerational mandate (S. Lebovici, M. that the mother induces a temporalized practically from birth, the new-born is sensitive investigation has led to a metaphorization of Larnour and A. Gozlan-l.ongchampt, /''nfnnce, response on the part of her child. If she gets to the presence of both its parents, which is this envelop, a real nesl built for the child, in press). into the habit of breaking this rhythm, the child related to the fact that the parents, through the where the child must feel protected, more by follows her. After a certain time, lets suppose, differences in their behaviour, give rise to Here is an example of this research: Chloe the mother than by the father, as seems natural. is the daughter of a father whose family is of v Pollack-1990. The parents' attitude in this process is Greek origin. This family emigrated to France 23 Stern D. (1993) in difficult conditions and was helped at that v obviously conditioned by their childhood. In ' We rely here on the works of the international group interface: among the members of this group, led by H. l-'ivuz- time by the mother's maternal grandfather. No Dcpcursingc, with the collaboration of D. Stern, are Biirgin (Basel), J. Byng-Hall (London), M. Lamour and S. fact, Dieter Biirgin has shown that this process Lcbovici (Paris). of nidification and the conflicts it leads to are manly representative can be found in the

7_8 79 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA THE TREE OF LIFE SERGE LEBOVICI

To conclude, 1 would like to mention a father's family, and this defines his mandate Africa is a tendency that aims at destroying to respect the orders of the State and to fear session of the forty-second congress of the as having to revivify manhood. Being an the qualities of adaptation of women in the any personal manifestation. International Psychoanalytic Association, admirer of her maternal grandfather, Chloe's African miljeu. We see therefore to which It is in this respect that we approve T. devoted to an epistemological study of mother would like to find this grandfather extremes the wish to remain "politically Nathan's theories: in Burundi, we have clearly sexuality (Barcelona, 1997): five accomplices again in her husband. Thus the essential correct" can lead. been shown that the conditions of the parents' had great fun when they explained Freud's mandate of Chloe, a little girl, seems to be the Unfortunately, the present situation leads death played an essential role in the children's mistake: the fact that he followed Darwin. same as her mother's. Also, her birth has to a dangerous development of the cultural future adaptability; for example, after the Indeed, they showed that chance produced the determined in her lather the will to do nationalism: before the war, people would talk father's death, their evolution is very different necessity of genetic diseases. According to dangerous things, which would not have been about "French Israelites": that was the usual if this father died while fleeing or while them, mathematics allow to understand the the case if the child would have been a boy. expression. Now, people say, "He's a Jew," fighting bravely: in the first case, the child surprising emergence of genetic diseases, that The other investigation aims at specifying even if this person didn't feel solidary with becomes a violent and murderous adolescent: do not correspond at all to the failure of the the relations between the addiction to drugs the creation of the state of Israel, Hitler's he belongs to the gangs that prohibit any laws in which Darwin believed. By studying and early attachment disorders. These are genocide will condemn him to accept he is possible life in the town; in the second case, the possible consequences of the presence of brought to light by the CAMIR. This multifocal Jewish and therefore solidary with the State on the opposite, rehabilitation, with the help a Y chromosome in the girl, they showed why research brings me to associate with Philippe of Israel. of teams trained at better understanding the Turner's syndrome could appear. It is known Mazcf, Olivier Halfon, Blaise Pierrehumbert, value of traditions, allows them to express that these patients are not intelligent, that they The present world has seen many and Michel Bader (Lausanne). Michel Bader themselves in the traditional methods of songs suffer from a lack of appetite, despite their genocides, the existence of which must be filed suggested a very different method for the and dances, and to bear testimony ab6ut this obesity. They claimed that at the same time, in the records of humanity23. Present assessment of the transgencrational mandate in front of the community, wounded as a one should find a symmetrical syndrome in investigations bear on the suffering of the of drug addicts. We are here in a very different whole. boys, who arc very agitated and who eat a lot; children of Bosnia, particularly those who situation: the parents of drug addicts are. not they cannot benefit from their intelligence witnessed the murder of their father, the rape The wealth of the works that have measured here to talk about themselves and their because of their agitation. 1 am sorry that I of their mother, as well as on the atrocities "The Shadow of the Holocaust" is well difficulties. Therefore, the drug addict has to didn't remember the name of this syndrome. experienced by the children of Ruanda, whose known26: we know that the survivors find it talk about his difficulties to identify with his parents, brothers and sisters were often very difficult to bring forth their memories, parents; at the same time, we try to specify Now. a few weeks ago, I found myself in muvdurcd in front of them with machetes. All which they prefer to keep for themselves. the quality of his memories. a town in the southwest of France, for a these painful cases show how cruel it is to conference at the end of which parents came But J. Semprun's book, L'licriture ou la Also, it should be stressed that it is think it is enough to enumerate them under to see me: they wanted to have my opinion Vie (Writing or Living), has shown that, in fortunate to see that these two methodologies, the headline bearing the set of initials PTSD about their son's case, who suffered from such order to survive, he had to make the decision Bader'.s and Lamour's. applied to the sample (post traumatic stress disorder). Indeed, one a syndrome after a neurosurgical operation: of writing his story in Buchenwald. where they haven't been implemented, give can wonder if it is appropriate to compare the he is now five years old and cannot live in a the same result. disorders observed in these children to those Recently, we have heard a presentation by school environment because his sole activity determined for example by a car accident. Janine Altounian; she showed that the is to steal candies brought by his schoolmates. Intergcncrational transmission The state of these children can only worry Armenian genocide has led her to visit three They led him to me several weeks later, in cases of genocide couches: the couch of her father who those who want to help them. The traditional with a letter from the school teacher; in this disappeared, the couch of her grandmother, The criticism we have presented in the face individual treatment cannot possibly have letter, she claimed that the only thing she did who revealed to her the secrets of her father's of the intransigence of ethnopsychoanalytic positive results; rather, it seems that one should was LO try to prevent Charles from stealing biography, and the couch of her psychoanalyst, theses remains valid: 1 do not see why 1 would respect the cultural conditions in which these food. associate with T. Nathan's suggestions, who families developed, families who, in who allowed her to understand the motives of The study of the intergenerationai claims that struggling against excision in communist regimes, were rather accustomed her personal psychopathology after this collective grief, which could not be resolved transmission revealed to me in fact that these disorders were present long before the •^ This is the reason why we are happy that Simonc Veil, when she was minister, supported the foundation of the otherwise than through the understanding of Ccdratc (Centre d'cludes. do reeherches el d'aidc pour les victimes de iraumalismes graves de I'enfanee; Center of the fate of each victim. operation. These disorders would justify, from studies, research, and help for the victims of severe uaumas in childhood)- The Ccdratc, a unit of the Inteinalional Center for ihe Child and the Family, is presided by Bernard Dorey and Praneoise Weilllalpeni. I preside its piloting 20 CT. the book edited by Rafael Moses (1995). published by the International Universily Press, New York. committee.

80 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA SERGE LEBOVICI

the moment this boy was bom, a boy whom knew the strictness of my diet, that her his mother did not want, a revolt against his empathy had allowed her to make me HANNS SACHS, THE "ANALYST'S ANALYST" voracity, particularly for her breast. This understand that she was also having a behaviour rebelled her even more, since it paternal transference on me. This anecdote Sanford Gifford awakened in her (lie anger she felt towards a shows the positive effects of the uncovering father whose sole concern was for the meals of the intergenerational transmission. A review of the life and work of Hanns Sachs, from Vienna and Berlin to Boston, he ate, while he didn't look at her: "she didn't Massachusetts, on the 50th anniversary of his death in 1947. This biographical exist for him." On the other hand, she didn't This uncovering allowed a notable sketch was prepared Jar the dedication of the Hanns Sachs Library, at the Boston suffer at all from a solid appetite in her improvement of the symptoms observed in Psychoanalytic Society/Institute, on the 65th anniversary of arrival here, to be- daughter, born later. a genetic disease, but it took place apparently come our first permanent training-analyst. He was born in 1881, joined Ereud's at the price of a hatred experienced by the inner circle in 1904, and became the first training-analyst at the new Berlin Psy- In summary, I don't know if the genetic mother in the framework of a paternal choanalytic Institute in 1920. He was a member of the secret "Committee," disease whose name I forgot was really transference. She denied it by offering me a established by Ernest Jones in 1914. As a co-editor of the Imago, with Otto Rank, triggered by the surgical intervention gift involving food 1 couldn't take pleasure and later of the American Imago, with George Wilbur, Sachs was a prolific writer undergone by this boy suffering from a benign in, since it was in fact intended to her father on analytic theory and training, but he was probably best known for his life-long brain tumor, but I was certain that the mother whose voracity she deplored. interest in literature and the arts, and his contributions to applied analysis. Recent, had suffered from her son's hyperphagia, This example aims at confirming the research bx the British analyst, Paul Ries. has thrown new light on the 1925 which made her re-experience the conflicts she complexity of what a therapeutic psychoanalytic film. Secrets of a Soul, directed by G W Pahst, that Sachs and Karl had lived with her father. Our mutual empathy consultation can trigger, and in all those who Abraham had collaborated on. Freud was displeased b\ this project, declaring that strengthened this hypothesis, which surprised take part in it: this boy's mother was maybe psychoanalytic concepts are "not suitable for plastic representation." Abraham's a lot this young woman, who had been in unaware of the strictness of my diet; but death in December 1925 left Sachs as the sole defender of this film. He died in analysis for several years. Then, recently, I our mutual involvement allowed me to 1947, at the age of 65. received from her a gift to thank me for this interpret to her the reserves she must have discovery, which came with an important been experiencing while thanking a man improvement of .her son's condition. This gift This memorial minute was written for the interested in literature and the arts than in with a paternal status. was a "foie gras." While I thanked forcefully dedication of the Manns Sachs Library, at the practicing law. in the year of his graduation, my consultant, I brought to her attention the It is this strength that will may be show Boston Psychoanalytic Society, December 5, Sachs read Freud's Interpretation of Dreams fact that it was possible to understand this to those who will become familiar with this 1997, on the 50th anniversary of Sacli's death. (1900), which had a profound effect on his gift, knowing the region where she lived, but work that the therapeutic consultation, when It was also the 65th anniversary of his invitalon intellectual development and his future career. that 1 couldn't profit from it because I am on it tries to throw a light on the tree of life, to become our first permanent training ana- He soon joined Freud's inner circle and at- a salt less diet. confronts us with the rigors of the double lyst, after our first training analyst, Franz tended the Wednesday evening meetings that process of filiation and parentalization, Alexander, had departed after a year, to found became the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society. Thus, I allowed myself to suppose that she which rely on the force of narcissism. the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute. Dr He was a close friend of Otto Rank, with whom lrmarita Putnam had asked her analyst, he founded the Imago in 1909, the first jour- Sigmund Freud, who should succeed Alexan- nal of applied psychoanalysis. Shortly after, der, and Freud had unhesitatingly Sachs published a translation of Kipling's Serge Lebovici recommended Hanns Sachs. Barrack-Room Ballads (1910), which he 3, avenue du President Sachs was born in Vienna in 1X81, the showed Freud and their mutual enthusiasm VVieson youngest of four children in a well-to-do non- greatly enhanced their friendship. What at- 7S1 16 P;ms tracted Sachs and Freud to Kipling's thumping France religious Jewish family. His father was a law- yer, his sister became a novelist and his brother rhythms and imperialistic sentiments may baf- wrote plays. In 1904 Sachs graduated from fle the present-day reader, but Sachs's the University of Vienna with a degree in introduction suggests it was the appeal of his jurisprudence, a common practice among cul- rough soldiers' slang, the melting-pot of a tivated young Viennese who were more conscript army and the ballad-1 ike romantic

Sanford Gifiord. Ml)., Training and Supervising Analyst. Member of the Archive and History Committee of the International Psychoanalytical Association. 82 SAMllCSA 83 SAMIKSA SANFORD GIFFORD HANNS SACHS, THE "ANALYST'S ANALYST"

tone. These rough elements may have appealed punishment. In later years he wrote .several Marxian Social Democrats. Vienna had expe- while combing his wife's hair, by an irrational to Sachs, in contrast to his comfortable mid- papers cautioning against excessive optimism rienced its cultural revolutions before the Great impulse to cut his wife's throat. Horrified by dle-class family-life, as well as (he exotic and therapeutic zeal, urging the training ana- War, with the paintings of Klimt and Schiele, this, he moves to his mother's house and con- background of the Far East. In his version of lyst to "resist optimistic illusions about his the buildings and decorative style of the 1909 sults a psychoanalyst, whom he had met in a The Road to Mandalay, Sachs succeeds in success... since he is the extremely shortsighted Sezession movement, and the writings of bar the night before. There he had forgotten recreating its galloping beat with great skill. leader of the blind." In the same vein he wrote: Schnitzler and Robert Musil, In 1920s Berlin, his housekey and the analyst, observing him, psychoanalysis flourished, but as one of many had pointed out his unconscious wish not to At the first postwar meeting of the Interna- "We must never forget that we meet our pa- avant-garde movements in the arts, literature go home. After a few months of daily visits to tional Psychoanalytic Congress, at Budapest tient's real ultimate wishes empty-handed; with and architecture: the International Style of the analyst, the young man is cured of his in 1918, Sachs had a hemoptysis that inter- great luck we can set his feet on the right Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus, the theatre phobia of knives, through the analysis of a rupted his analytic career. But after two years way" (1941). of Berthold Brcchl and the great prioneering recent nightmare, childhood memories and re- in a Swiss tuberculosis sanitorium, Sachs was One of Sacb's best-known papers was "The movies of the silent era. cent traumatic associations. Once he-is able to ready to resume work. The newly founded Delay of the Machine Age" (1933). This elabo- acknowledge his repressed jealousy of his Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute happened to be In this stimulating cultural atmosphere, it rate essay addressed the historical question of wife's handsome young cousin, who had come looking for it's first training analyst at that was not surprising that in 1925 Karl Abraham why the Greeks and Romans, talented as they from far-off lands to visit, the young chemist time. Freud suggested Sachs and by coinci- and Sachs were approached by Hans Neumann, were in mathematics and engineering, never is able to return home. He recovers his po- dence Sachs's first candidate was Franz a young film-producer, asking their advice on put their mechanical skills to practical use. tency and in a dramatic flash-forward, the film Alexander, his later predecessor in Boston! In the making of an educational film (Lehrfilm) Hero of Alexandria, for example, invented a ends with the happy couple playing with the Berlin, Sachs was admired as a brilliant teacher about psychoanalysis. Abraham, then director steam-turbine but it was used only as a toy, child they had always yearned for. (Atwell and clinician, known for his interest in tech- of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, was and Ctesibius put his knowledge of pneumatic 1977). nique and training as "the analyst's analyst," pumps to creating a whistling bird and mov- enthusiastic, and wrote Freud about the op- according to his anaiysand and biographer, ing scenery in a marionette-theatre. Sachs portunity of making an authentic film, under This innocent, somewhat simple-minded, Fritz Moelienhoff (1966). According to the related these features of Graeco-Roman cul- analytic supervision. But Freud, in one of those little film was fiercely attacked by Jones, 10th Annual Report of the Berlin Institute ture, their love of sensuous beauty, their hasty obiter dicta that later analysts have come Eitingon and other "loyalists," as if it were a (1930), Sachs taught the Introduction to Psy- idealizaton of the human body and their to regret, wrote that analytic concepts were sensational and misleading travesty of psychoa- choanalytic Theory in 1920 and some thirty unrepressed altitude toward the erotic. Sachs's "unsuitable for plastic representation" and re- nalysis, although none of them, including other seminars during the next decade. Many arguments are unconvincing to the present quested that his name be kept out of the Freud, had ever seen it. Jones even approached of these were theoretical seminars, but a reader. His concepts and some classical exam- enterprise. Max Eitingon and Ernest Jones im- the British Board of Film Censors and asked number dealt with Shakespeare's history-plays, ples can be found in Neuburger's history of mediately sided with Freud in condemning the them, in secret, to suppress the film if it ever or "Expressions of the Unconscious in Con- Hellenistic science (1920). The Indian reader film, as a vulgar popularization, even before reached their hands (Ries 1996). Freud, who temporary Art," reflecting his well-known may also question Sachs's theory, being fa- the film had been produced. (I owe much of had enjoyed a long and trusting friendship with interest in literature. miliar with the undeniable idealization of what follows to a brilliant article on the "film Karl Abraham, wrote him some peevish and female beauty in Hindu art and the pioneering affair" by Paul Ries; 1996). unfriendly letters about the film controversy. Sachs was a prolific writer; from his Ars use of steel beams at the sun-temple of Abraham and Sachs defended their role as con- Aniandi Psychocmalytica (1920) to his post- Konarak in the 13th century. In spite of Freud's objections, Abraham and sultants to Pabst and the project progressed humous Masks of Love & Life, the Sachs proceeded cautiously with their film- during the last months of 1925. Then Abraham Philosophical Basis of Psychoanalysis (1948). In recalling Sachs's European life, we must project, submitting clinical material from an quite suddenly died, on Christmas Day, of a Man}' papers concerned literary and historic;}! remind ourselves that Berlin during the 1970s actual case and collaborating with Neumann malignancy that had been diagnosed as a figures, Schiller and Shakespeare as well as was the centre of what came to be called and his assistant. The project was taken over chronic bronchopneumonia. Napoleon and the Apostle Paul, and some were "Weimar Culture", a convergence of revolu- as a commercial film by the famous director, collected in The Creative Unconscious (1942). tionary, political and artistic events that G. W. Pabst, whose recent success, Street with- The death of Abraham with its ensuing He wrote a novel, liuhi, The Life-Story of emerged from the ruins of the Great War. In out Joy, included an early appearance of Greta eulogies by Freud and others, left Sachs as Caligula (1931), which Moelienhoff suggests contrast, Vienna, no longer the capital of the Garbo. The film about analysis, to be called the sole defender of the film, although Freud was prompted by Hitler's conspiratorial ac- Habsburg Empire, had become a somewhat Secrets of a Soul (Geheimnisse einer Seele), had just written to Jones, in a more concilia- tivities. He also wrote a pamphlet, published provincial backwater, despite the progressive portrays a young childless couple, in which tory vein on 13 Dec 1925 (Paskauskas 1993): in Switzerland (1930), condemning capital political and educational reforms of its the husband, a chemist, is suddenly seized, "The business of making a film I disliked from

84 H5 SAMfKSA SAMlKSA SANFORD GIFFORD HANNS SACHS, THE "ANALYST'S ANALYST"

the beginning. But I did not want to impose Eitingon, Otto Rank & Ferenczi; each wore a knowledge of music and the arts. Boston at mired, as in Berlin, for his brilliance as a my feelings on the others by laying down the Greek seal-ring given them by Freud. Rank's that time was a small provincial city, which teacher and supervisor. He was appointed Vis- law." Persuaded by the argument that others defection from Freud was complete in 1925, was being transformed by "the great intellec- iting Lecturer in Psychoanalysis at Harvard would make an analytic film if Abraham and when he was dropped from the Committee. tual migration" from Nazi Europe. In this Medical School, a unique honour for a non- Sachs did not, Freud "desisted from emphati- After Abraham's death the Committee ceased influx of Austrian & German intelligentsia, physician at that time, probably through the cally stopping [them]... and only insisted that being active, and during the 1927 IPA Con- psychoanalysts were a prominent element, influence of Prof Cobb. Besides his many I myself not be part of it. Now the affair has gress at Innsbruck, Sachs was also quietly along with many Bauhaus architects, nuclear papers (138 in Grinstcin's Index taken an unexpectedly favourable turn" in ob- dropped. This probably took place with Freud's physicists, economists and other scholars. Psychoanalitieus), Sachs was an indefatiguable taining funds for helping with the costs of agreement, possibly as a distant effect of the editor throughout his life, first with Otto Rank Abraham's illness. "Perhaps we are all too "Film Affair." Sachs's professional life was less happy on the original Imago of 1909, and again on conservative in this matter; one really ought than his social one, arriving, unbeknownst to the new American Imago, with George Wilbur to have made some concession to the film Sachs's Epicurean sojourn in Berlin lasted him, in slightly choppy seas, after a stormy as co-editor, from 1939 until his death in 1947. lever." In conclusion, the film opened in ma- only 13 years, when he welcomed, as we have period of constitutional reform within, at the jor movie-houses in Berlin and London, in seen, the invitation to become Boston's sec- Boston Psychoanalytic Society. A leader of In the lasi decade of his life Sachs became March 1926 and achieved a substantial, if ond training-analyst and our first permanent the reformation was Ives Hendrick, who had somewhat pensive and detached, and these short-lived, popular success. Pabst continued one. He arrived in 1933, just as Hitler was been analyzed in Berlin and invited his own were the years in which he cautioned, like his career with the better-known films: assuming power in Germany, among the first analyst, Franz Alexander, to be Sachs's pred- Freud, against excessive furor sanandi, or zeal Pandora's Box with the great Louise Brooks of an increasing flow of European analysts. ecessor. Hendrik was a staunch opponent of for clinical results. In his ioyal & touching (1928), and The Threepenny Opera with Lottc On a preliminary visit in 1932, Sachs had lay analysis, and his constitutional reforms biographical notes on Freud, in Freud, Master Lenya in 1931. requested the services of a young lawyer, not included "the faculty principle." This meant & Friend (1944), Sachs admitted that "Freud an old one who might disagree with him. His that applicants for analytic training could only did not find in me some of those qualities he Except for his conflict with Freud over the instructions were to buy and furnish a house be approved by a vote of the Education Com- valued most highly. In the bond between us, film, Sachs had flourished in Berlin. As a lover for himself, his sister Olga Barsis and her son mittee, not by the whim of an individual, as something was missing." Those missing quali- of music and the arts, as well as fine wines Max, and to hire an experienced couple to European training-analysts were accustomed ties, we may speculate, seem related to contrast and beautiful women, Eitingon had wished him cook and keep house for them. The young to doing. Sachs's arrival in this postwar at- to Sach's eternal optimism and joie-de-vivre. "a good long life in the Garden of Epicurus." attorney was David Pokross (1994), who be- mosphere invited conflict because he was not Sachs was not an old man and he was still Moellenhoff had called him "a successful came Sachs's very good friend, even a physician and he had announced in advance working, translating some of Goethe's max- combination of a scholar and a bon vivant, the double-dating with his much older client. that he did not believe in the "faculty princi- ims, when he died during an angina! attack in German Lebenskuenstler" or "life-artist," one Pokross was the legal adviser to the Boston ple." His battles with the Education Committee 1947, on his 66th birthday. who knows how to live life to the fullest. Sachs Psychoanalytic Society-Institute, the family concerned eminent candidates whom Sachs had was valued by Freud for his encyclopaedic lawyer to many subsequent emigre analysts, analyzed and deemed ready for membership, End Notes knowledge of Jewish jokes, that were "witty and a long-term benefactor to the Institute Li- but who were repeatedly rejected by the Com- and profound and told with a playful elegance brary, through the Harms Sachs Fund. mittee. Sachs withdrew from committee-work 1 have dealt briefly with Sachs's "Delay of characteristic of his Viennese origin" in protest, but he remained a loyal member of the Machine Age," but for readers interested (Moellenhoff 1966). Freud had teased Sachs The house Pokross bought for Sachs was the BPSI for the rest of his life. He was, of in current scholarship on this ancient ques- about his incurable optimism, as in his joke at 168 Marlborough Street, in a neighbour- course, indispensable in training and he con- tion, Peter Green has written a lively, erudite hood where most Boston analysts had lived, about the fall of the Habsburg dynasty in 1918: tinued to analyze, or re-analyzed many and entertaining chapter on Hellenistic science from J.J. Putnam's house in 1907 to the prcsenl "The Revolution will take place tomorrow at prominent members of the Society whose pre- in ins tixeui book. Alexander to Actiwn, the day. Sachs moved in with his cheerful "fam- 2-30 p.m.; in case of unfavourable weather it vious analyses had been with Otto Rank, Carl historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, ily," in which his sister Olga was an excellent will be held indoors." Jung or Paul Schildcr. These re-analyses in- chapter 27, pp 467-479, University of Califor- hostess and his nephew Max was a dashing cluded Martin Peck, an ex-president of the nia Press, Berkeley, 1990. Since 1910. Sachs had belonged to the young ski-instructor, a professional cartoonist Society, and Prof Stanley Cobb at Harvard seciel "Committee," as one of the six self- Many of the details about Sachs's life in and author of several humorous books about Medical School, who established a pioneering appointed guardians of Freud and the Boston have been obtained by the author over the new craze for skiing. Sachs entertained analytically training department of psychiatry recent years by personal correspondence, con- psychoanalytic movement, it was founded by lavishly and his parties were notable for witty at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1935. Jones, and besides Sachs it included Abraham, conversation, high spirits and a cosmopolitian versations and taped interviews with his Sachs taught many sejninars and was ad- colleagues and friends.

86 87 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA SANFORD GIFFORD

References FREEDOM FROM THE KNOWN ATWELL, L. (1977). G W Pabst. Twayne Pub- SACHS, H. (1910). Soldaten-Lieder & andere A TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE EXPERIENCE lishers, Boston. Gedichte, Rudyard Kipling's Barrack-Room BKRLIN PSYCHOANALYTIC INSTITUTE, 10th Annual Ballads, translated by Hanns Sachs, Zeitler, Sarala Kapoor Leipzig. Report. (1930). Zehn Jahre Berliner 'The way to oneself passes through others'—Sartre Psychoanalytisches Institute, Vienna. (1920). Ars Amandi Psychoanalytica. Psychoanalytic field' presents a spectrum of ideas and images cast by mind through FREUD, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams Reuss and Pollak, Berlin S.E. 4 & 5. materials and elements taken from reality. It is an analysis of the psychic world. (1930). Does Capital Punishment Ex- The space, developed out of transference and countertransference relationship, GIFFORD, S. (1978). Psychoanalysis in Boston, ist? Pamphlet pp 7-20, published in allows a free play of different instinctual drives, resistances and defences. It, thus, Innocence & Experience. In Psychoanaly- Switzerland. Transl. from Die gives a total view of the inner world. It explains the mechanism of how and why sis, Psychotherapy & the New England Psychoanalytische Bewegung, Jan-Feb is- it is done. What purpose does it serve to our socio-personal and moral life? The Medical Scene, 1894-1944, ed. George E sue, 1930. weight of transference relationship depends on the inner dependency of the person Gifford, Science History Publications, New (1931). Bubi: The Life Story of which generates its urge for self-discovery. It becomes important to bear in mind York, pp 325-345. Caligula. Eltn, Matthews and Marrott, Lon- that, in psychoanalytic setting, where all desires, longings and hurried passions don. start welling up in a gusty fashion, the process of self-discovery must be carried MOKU.KNHOFF, F. (1966) Hanns Sachs. In Psy- choanalytic Pioneers, eds. Alexander F, out in a very impersonal manner. Impersonality does not mean absence of emotion. (1933). The Delay of the Machine On the contrary, only an impersonal person can be deeply interested in and can Eisenstein S & M Grotjahn, Basic Books,' Age. Psychoanai Q., 2:404-424. New York. pp. 180-200 analyse the emotions of the other. It arises when there is neither indifference nor (1941). Psychotherapy and the pur- interference. It is a beautiful harmony reconstructed by intra-psychic world through NEUBURGER, A. (1919). Die Technik des suit of happiness. American Imago inter-subjective one. It is possible to achieve it in one's feeling of utter aloneness Altertums. Voigtlaender Verlag, Leipzig. 2:356-364. when self becomes object and the object self. Only then one searches for inner strength. It comes only when he realizes — no one, neither God, nor any man, nor PASKAUSKAS, R.A. (1993). The Complete Cor- (1942). The Creative Unconscious. analyst can save him from his inner fears and helplessness. It is in this process of respondence of Sigmund 'Freud & Ernest Science-Art Publications, Cambridge Jones, 1908-/939. Freud to Jones, 5 Dec (Mass. USA). realization that he touches some inner inexhaustible source, (who in psychoana- 1925, . Harvard University Press, Cam- lytic context is the internalized analyst model) but if he still clings with a hope of (1944) Freud, Master & Friend. bridge (Mass. USA), pp 583-585 some supernatural or mysterious power, then he is not alone. Even that hope has Harvard Univ.Press, Boston. to be relinquished. It is in this state of "aloneness" that there can be a true POKROSS, D.R. (1994). Onward, Memoirs of (1948) Masks of Love & Life, the surrender for' and 'to' the unknown. This acceptance of unknown is a, remarkable David R. Porkross. Privately printed, Bos- and an evolutionary moment in psychoanalysis; where he finds himself relatively ton, Mass. philosophical basis of psychoanalysis. Sci- ence-Art Publications, Cambridge free from different kinds of known-unknown compulsive burdens. He then reorients RIES, P. (1995). Popularize &/or be damned: (Mass.USA). his thinking beyond the known adjectives and raises it to a ground of reason which makes him emotionally mature and psychologically enriched. Only such a mature psychoanalysis & film at the crossroads in (undated). Beauty, Life & Death, pp 1925. Int. J. Psychoanai. 76:759-791. person can understand and free himself from known and bound causal connections, 82-132. can be more open to observe anything with the attitude of knowing, as and when it comes to him.

Sanford Gifford Analytical reality is a "field" — a space where psyche, that makes the "working alliance" 1 Hillside Place interaction between analyst and analysand possible in analytic situation and thus prepares Cambridge MA 02140, USA takes place, is based on intra-psychic or "inter- the ground for enactment of childlike mentality subjective" model. This pattern of interaction and for stimulation of the analysand to "fall gets repeated in every interpersonal in" (love) with the analyst as an "inescapable relationship. Such is the nature of human fate". The aim of analysis is to interpret this

Sarala Kapoor, Candidate, Indian Psychoanalytical Institute, Calcutta

88 SAMIKSA 89 SAMIKSA FREEDOM FROM THE KNOWN

SARALA KAPOOR of our internal perception is 'virtual' like the everbroadening range of perception. The image produced in a telescope by the passage but the extention of all the camouflaged ideas seemingly spontaneous or immediate quality "virtual reality" (explained later) known as of light rays'; the universal impersonal nature and phantasies built upon infantile reactions. of knowing something that we usually connect Transference with an interest to uncover the of transference can be characterized as virtual"; Over the years, transference analysis appears with intuition, is only apparent. When the unconscious motive behind (in order to (Eichoff, 1987) and therefore, need for explain) the present behaviour. to have replaced dream analysis, in order to analyst appears to arrive intuitively at an abstinence is an essential feature to understand interpret transference tiie analyst needs understanding of the patient, he is actually I wish to explain transference not only in and interpret this reality. associations by virtue of which he understands becoming aware of the end product of a series terms of transference love but in terms of the pattern of thinking of the analysand. Thus, of mental operations carried on in the transference relationship, because transference What is this virtual reality and how it is transference becomes a form of communication preconscious. The analyst's intuitive as I experienced, starts from helplessness and with the phantasy figure which makes the recognition of his patient's conflicts or related to the need for abstinence? insecurity or may be from indifference (innate whole analytic situation complicated. The role dilemmas is really the product of the many Everything that emerges into psychoanalytic inertia which tends towards reaching out) to of the analyst comes as the phantasy object, frames of references within which he works". field, is known as virtual reality. It is not to be cling on to some strong object and love but he is equally responsible for the This intuitive stance, according to him, is confused with reality. It is based on the idea (attachment) develops out of that ulterior development of such relationship. Here comes possible to gather in order to handle and observation that the love that emerges in motive. It develops in both ways - viz. counter!ransference in analytic field. It, thus, transference situation only after years of the analytical situation may become reality for positive and negative. is a result of the patient's influence on the personal analysis and analysis of others. It is the analyst and he as such may be "destroyed". The positive one i.e. transference love analyst's unconscious feelings. If the analyst like the game of chess. You may know the These transferences are neither a mere proper develops obviously and becomes the is a reasonably well analysed person, he can rules, but actual play depends on intuition (total imaginary play of representations, nor focus of analytical interaction whereas negative use such influence as an instrument to interpret grasp) and presence of mind. Transference is "reality", but are what we call "virtual reality". one is seen oniy as a reaction lo transference but ihe difficulty is that he cannot go beyond always present and reveals its presence but So the analyst may fall an easy prey to it, i.e. love. When the analyst denies any direct his own unresolved conflicts and resistances. countcrtransference is sometimes difficult to he either starts imagining himself of some satisfaction, (only then) the analysand gets That is why countei transference, nowadays, perceive and hard to interpret as no analyst is special merit, or acts out or does both; whereas fixed with transference love. It starts is considered an important tool for free totally from infantile dependency and his in actuajitv he iusi becomes <> virtual mode! overflowing in order to keep "security'' intact interpretative work. It is no more seen as a own defenses covered by new knowledge and in the inner world of the analysand. So, the and not to allow any aggressive thoughts come matter of shame or lowering of self (esteem) logical use of language. need for abstinence arises. The analyst should in. It is to be understood as the precondition in case of failure on the part of the analyst but never gratify or reject the patient's unconscious The choice of profession of being an analyst for analysing the deeper layers of the mind. simply as a result of some unresolved conflicts wishes or drives but should interpret them itself is a matter of significance — that one Both are basically interlinked and cannot be — sufficient enough to alert the analyst to rightly in its virtual reality i.e. the use of must have that scientific attitude of looking at understood without the other. It is the intra- take care of it. The manner, the behaviour and language and images together with their mental phenomenon - neither to condemn psyehic play of love and aggression that comes above all the intrinsic attitude of the analyst, meanings, makes the reconstruction possible, nor to appreciate but to observe and understand under transference relationship. In transference effects significantly the "object" of the if done at the right moment. The realization them as they occur. It is a life long hunt and relationship, the analyst is both the object and unalysand's inner world. It hardly matters to that these memories arc reliving, only now looking in for some "known-unknown" love- the interpreter of the same unconscious what the analyst "says" and "does" but what with the analyst, makes it possible to free the object (may be perfect and blissful which one process. The question of transference and "lie is". The unconscious picks up from the libido from the primary incestuous fixations thinks, is possible) now looks into the minds jountertransference are important not for the dialogue, conveys unexpressed messages, and that made it tragic, impossible and to channel of others for the same. So, the problem of ievelopment of "working alliance", but to convinces the unconscious. It is mainly a non- it through the meaning it gradually acquires countertransi'erence all the more becomes nake interpretation adequate. Transference verbal communication based on verbalization. towards a secondary oedipal structure. (Ccsio. important for the analyst to take care. It c ;hapes behaviour and relationship in everyday It may sound philosophical but true, as it is i >86) The very fear of oedipus tragedy may becomes pathological expression, if it iving. based on intuitive feelings. To explain this stop many analysts from investigating and 'Intuition', 1 agree with Ghosal, IT, who dominates the scewo and may ruin the whole interpreting the analytical material in the right purpose of psychoanalysis. Here comes the What is Transference and explained transference interpretation as not direction. It may lead him to 'acting out', i.e. problem of resistance from the analyst's side. Countcrtransference? limited within any hard and fast rules. So much what he was supposed to be avoiding, depends here on the analyst's skill and Countertrarisference makes him conscious of ultimately reappears. So, the psychoanalytical Transference is the re-edition of original intuition. He does not explain intuition as some his unconscious motives. Thus, transference treatment should be carried on in abstinence. ifaiuile object. According to Freud, all love mysterious phenomenon but as "a learned as Freud said, in 1900, (Interpretation of It is "founded", as Freud said, "on truthfulness ; a refinding, repealing of infantile reactions process which includes a potentially Dreams) that, "Everything that can be an object ut transference love is not only the repetition 91 SAMIKSA 90 SAMIKSA SARALA KAPOOR FREEDOM FROM THE KNOWN

and there lies a great part of its educative effect handle the most dangerous mental impulses ardent desire, a thrust to be gratified. That is Transference relationship, specially love, and its ethical value". Abstinence, thus, is a and to obtain mastery over them for the benefit why it becomes so difficult and painful to interferes with insight. The outbreak of simple 'consequence' of the neutral mental of the patient. The analysand's need and manage both for the analysand and sometimes passionate love is the work of resistance. He slate of the analyst. It helps him to abstain longing should be allowed to persist in order for the analyst too. The unique nature of reality appears to lose all his rationality and from suggestions, "which presuppose a that they may serve as forces impelling her to of transference love is such that it is not only understanding but to be absorbed totally in deliberate influence exercised over the patient, do work and to make changes possible. unrealistic, but is based on some phantasy and transference love only. Such love works as a so, it means, the analyst must be neutral in Transference love is the demolition of the have some ulterior motivation. But then, every motive force, on the one hand, and obstacle to respect of religious, ethical and social values boundary between the "cinalytical relationship" love is like that. There is no model in real life cure on the other, and thus becomes a complex — that is to say, he must not direct the and "real life" relationship. According to to explain this purely psychic reality with its mixture of passion and resistance. The use of treatment according to some ideal and should Freud, transference love must be handled as load of passion. In such a situation an essential interpretation is to restore the space for further abstain from counselling the patient. He must something unreal, i.e. as an irrational, reaction of the analyst is to get carried away unfolding of his desires and to facilitate the be neutral as regards manifestations of unconsciously motivated repetition of by the analysand's ideas where he is being insight into his "individuality" and workings transference. ... Finally, he must be neutral repressed desires and conflicts that take the idealized. Countertransference then becomes of mind, i.e. the object of patient's desire is towards the discourse of the patient, he must form of 'resistance'. Transference love makes an expected phenomenon — in which the not the analyst but to possess without any not ... read particular meanings into particular resistance possible, but resistance does not influence of unconscious inner world dynamics hindrances the representation of Ioveobject and discourse, according to his theoretical create transference love. It uses it only. It is of of the analyst is experienced. Analyst uses to feel satiated and complete; i.e. to abolish preconceptions" (Laplanche, J. and Pontalis, exaggerated nature with unrealistic features. countertransference as an instrument to all differences of sex, gender, generation, status J.B., 1988). It is a technical requirement. It differs from 'real love' in the sense that it interpret analysand's unconscious desires as or situation. Interpretation consists of "Neutrality is a qualification, not of the actual is not only the mere repetition of the infantile well as to understand his own inner reactions communicating these aspects of truth. Hence, analyst 'himself but of his functions. The love but paves an opportunity to develop or conflicts in relation to analysand. Such making the patient able to recognize repressed person who interprets and sustains transference personality in the context of the vicissitudes awareness of self-knowledge helps the analyst desires and pressure of super ego. Any should be neutral in that he does not make of human relationship in its wholesome nature, to keep his personal feelings "in check", if difference is felt as rejection or threat to such himself felt in his own psycho-socio where such chances are less in real life to not eliminated, for, they might damage the narcissistic merging, that is, to be one with specificity". (Ibid). Thus, neutrality becomes experience analyst as a new object and the whole purpose of psychoanalysis. The analyst the love object. an important aspect of analytical treatment. It possibility of experiencing this new mode of must remember that he is working with highly keeps the countertransference in check with human relationship. The analysand uses this explosive materials. The violent thrust of the His sole attempt is directed towards the fundamental principle of "abstinence", newly acquired relationship, both in form and unconscious desires which are always looking changing the aim of analysis, i.e. to change, which means "renunciation of rejection". The content, communicating through the form of for a gratification makes the psychoanalytic the analyst into his lover. He needs the analyst analyst must take care neither to move away language, (form) and expression of ideas and situation more vulnerable but then every as a part of his archaic narcissistic object — from transference love or to make it distasteful desires (content). It gratifies the emotional profession has its own hazards and this alone which will not allow the object to be different to the patient; nor to refuse it. It should be necessity through language which is possible is not enough to keep one away from handling or separate from self. But persisting reality taken as something inevitable in analytical only in such specifically structured situation such materials. "Extra caution and forces the patient to take notice of it. The reality, the origin of which should be traced of here and now. The experience of passion in conscientiousness is to be taken. Surely result being that aggression, envy and other back to unconscious. It is obviously an ideal "here and now" situation often works as a compassion for the impossible profession destructive attitudes that were hidden earlier, to be aimed at rather than an "absolute resistance, i.e. blocking of remembering by which must combine intimacy with abstinences now, emerge in the analytical situation. Thus, injunction." Anna Freud explained it as "The insistence on repeating — what he says, how not only for the patient but for the analyst as negative therapeutic reaction may take place. principle of abstinence is manifestly linked he says and what he neglects to say together well, could hardly be expressed. Analyst is in It is nothing but a part of his way of loving, with neutrality which signifies a Utopian ideal with nonverbal gestures, it comes into being an eternal search or a narcissistic pride of hating, controlling and preventing any shift in of impartiality and non-interference. The in analytical situation irrespective of age, exploring something, holding it to difficult the existing analytical situation and avoidance analyst's aim is not to become a real character gender and status of the analyst. The analytic extent". (Max Gill). of realistic relationship (sort of 'abstinence' in the life of the patient. It is connected in the content is not only a re-experience of some on the part of the analysand which he imitates closest possible way with the values implicit past, but of something that was repressed and The difficulties of managing transference from analytical interaction and the analyst's in the analytic attitude, the ethics of never experienced due to many prohibitions relationship are various, i.e. how to manage role). The whole transference relationship truthfulness, respect for freedom of thought (internal or external). They all come in analytic transference relationship (both positive and depends on relationship of and with the inner and the therapeutic aim of psychoanalysis," to field with all its cumulative passion and an negative) and secondly how to make it useful object — i.e. it may be silent withdrawal, in the service of self-knowledge. rejecting, vocal, silent and subtle loving and

92 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA SARALA KAPOOR FREEDOM FROM THE KNOWN

hating, determinedly independent or pervert. do with what happens in analysis. The now-a- 'self-destruction'", (pp. 138) This destruction homosexuality or passivity) or the demanding All analysands at some point try to manipulate days analytic perspective is little different. It actually is not the death but an intense desire patient may leave the analyst in the feeling of the analyst according to their inner is still considered as intra-psychic position but to be one or 'the' love object and not like the impotency (negative oedipus). It may create unconscious demands and phantasies. The the skill of the analyst to manage transference love object — a perfect 'one'. In such a serious difficulties in understanding and analyst listens, understands, interprets as to has much to do with the analysis to progress. passionate/overwhelming situation abstinence interpretation. It may come directly in relation 'how' he is being manipulated. This knowledge The analyst helps the patient to come out of repeats the original frustration. The compelling to the patient or indirectly to (in of 'how' comes through countertransference. his inner difficulties (resistances and defences) forces of "need and longing" reinforces the countertransference) group of psychoanalysis It is used to describe the feelings that arise in and allows the desires and wishes to surface analysand to do work and to make changes. or society at large (super ego conflict). A direct the analyst as a result of patient's influence on the analytic field in object (analyst) But if analyst satisfies the patient's love- 'violent' rejection from 'the father-analyst' on analyst's unconscious feelings. It is an relationship. The interpersonal/object- demand the analysand will achieve his "aim" may lead sometimes to 'suicide' or at least a important guide to analyst provided he can relationship in analytic field is different from but the analyst will never. In the erotic feeling of 'dead inside" the patient (a monitor it. This is a very crucial point in social relationship. Analytical relationship is transference when the analyst rejects, the catastrophic countertransference failure). In analysis, where skilful use of interpersonal but experienced as intra- analysand's frustration, the envy and revenge such cases, the analyst may or may not realize countertransference can help the patient to psychical. The analyst passes the tough test of may also be felt by the analyst and it may the danger, but will experience a greater or progress or any mistake may end up analysis holding the patient only when he/she provoke irritation and hatred. Every chances lesser degree of anxiety — of being criticized in despair and makes him go to some other (analysand) feels safe enough to express the are there for the analyst to make a "cruel or accused or persecuted by the analysand, or analyst; but this is not going to solve the so called forbidden wishes — a proof against mistake" (Tustin) and thus, a violent repetition by other analysts, group or society (super ego problem. In fact is left to be repeated. Every every temptation. Neutrality, in present day of old trauma may occur. The management is fear) or loss of object or may be deprivation analyst must have a guard against his analytic scenario is not seen as non- then left only on the skill of the analyst and of love (the castration anxiety) or recurrent narcissism and transference (both positive and participation of the analyst, on the contrary, the weight of transference. It may be asked, somatic illnesses or forgetfulness depending negative). It is to be taken only as a part of the analysts who believe so (to stay neutral, why does an analyst tend to commit such a on the intensity of his unconscious guilt. The the analytic process. Freud warned analysts literally) will be handicapped in recognizing mistake? It may be said that apart from superficial or inherent anxiety may be of being against any kind of 'evasiveness'; that is saying how his participation is being experienced by narcissistic trauma, the analyst may feel harassed unjustly or devoured or may be something for which he really has no attitude the analysand. Such "neutrally" engaged professional frustration too! — a sense of destroyed (complete annihilation or to stand up for. This is the kind of problem analyst will not hear or interpret transference incompetency. It then may give rise to masochistic submission). To overcome these we are still facing, i.e. the desire to make the love adequately and hence, may destroy difficulties in interpretation and may lead to difficulties, Freud traced, "the moral patient comply and wish to avoid confronting transference relationship to end up analysis. "acting out". Psychoanalysis in this sense prescription back to its source". His sources reality of the patient's behaviour or phantasies 'Abstinence' is different from 'neutrality'. It remains interminable and requires life long are technical considerations related to in transference. only prohibits acting out of incestuous alertness and working through on the part of psychoanalytical practices itself. Thus, he links excitement when it does not get released, the ihe analyst also, as unconscious constantly ethics with science in which moral principles The patient brings ail his life's conflicts — only path left to it is unconscious activity, i.e. unfolds itself with each analysand. One feels, find their due share. The control of inner and outer, into the relationship with the communication between two unconscious; (i.e. with every analysand, an internal magnetic countertransference is the natural consequence analyst. The patient feels difficulties in relating of the analyst's and the analysand's) "which force to go back to one's first and original of the ethico-technical equation. Thus, provides and therefore, in loving. If not helped and creates direct identification between the patient love object as well as the first object who a holistic attitude towards science and its socio interpreted adequately, a 'psychoanalytic and the analyst and brings about an oedipal made him feel frustrated and fearful. Since moral frames towards life. The analyst can tragedy' as with that of negative therapeutic transferential drama between them." (pp. 133) oedipus remains unresolved and so also offer himself only as a surrogate, so besides reaction, may result. It is more often than not When intense love-demands become internal guilt and disappointment associated making the patient disillusioned, he would the 'death' of psychoanalysis. This situation unmanageable, a dominant passion and with it, so, with every successful control of contain those needs and desires that are the in analysis is indicative of the need to keep jealousy emerges. What was buried in the countertransference analyst too grows with the impelling force of work and therefore, of countertransference in check; and the analyst's unconscious now comes out in transference analysand as an essential feature of change. Thus, analytic process promotes the little faith in unconscious functioning. love. "These are", according to Cesio, "the psychoanalytic interaction. To have a 'good' search for the one that confers on any (real) loves that kill, passions that end up destroying The classical perspective of analysis is the enough analysand (i.e. one who obeys the object whatsoever a real value it does not what is so intensely desired. These are loves one person (intra-psychic) position where fundamental rules of analysis) eases him but posses. It must be borne in mind that ail that seek absolute possession of the object to defiant and hostile analysand threatens his self- interactional relationships are transferential in analyst is taken as replaceable object, because the point of destroying it and bringing about the actual charm of the analyst has nothing to esteem (or may be in the form of arousal of nature. It may allure the analyst also in

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emotional bondage of not letting go the of this countertransference (now known as 'ability to love and ability to work'. This or overflowing with love, hostile or jealous Linalysand. So. the first step in management is Sandier's role responsiveness) to account for situation, according to Stern, once again — the only thing remains and very to have a structural tie between ethics and such a profound speculation as that of Freud, focuses on the origin for reconstruction; it's significantly remains— 'understanding' of this technique; i.e. to say transference situation is though he himself was not free of that. locus is "non verbal and pre-oedipal - i.e. aspect of mental functioning i.e. to be seen as a virtual reality, the nature of which is One may ask, how does the analyst make love for someone who is intersubjectively a mother-child relationship in.its wholesome impersonal. So 'acting out' in any form is not the change possible in existing personality available, opaque and transparent". nature, A child (?) wants to be understood allowed, because the target is to move from structure of the patient? How the and comforted without telling in so many overt behaviour to intra-psyehic experience of The present day psychoanalysis has come experience, be made possible when action words. The unconscious of the analysand says, love. to accept somewhat less abstinence on (he part (motor-discharge) is prohibited? of the analyst in the handling of transference 'If you really cure for me, know me. Why ! Secondly, analyst's love for truth a true have to ask for". (Repeated by all analysands It is true that in analytic situation relationship than it was originally scientific spirit. Apart from being unethical during their self-analysis at some point or the transference love should neither be gratified recommended by Freud in 1915. An ideal/myth and departure from truth, it is not therapeutic other) to the extent that, "if you do not nor be suppressed but should be experienced of abstinence is relatively difficult in also. It is not to define (ethico-technical understand my silence", (unconscious depth) for which no model is available in real life. psychoanalysis because it appears to destroy equation) in terms of 'good' or 'bad* but in "you will not understand my words" (conscious This analytic situation is the only way by the whole functional dynamicity of the psychic terms of adequate application of the, analytical words). The child does not beg. The child which the wild passion can be modulated. And, life. In analytic interaction the analyst has to principle, because the authority of the analyst demands in his own right. In case of the how it is attained9 make the analysand feel through his patient is based neither on illusion a p.seudo reality, hearing, visual touches, his exchange ol analysand, after getting sure of the analyst's nor on suggestion (as we have conic a long The answer is through language. glances, change of tone, softening and raising understanding, it remains no longer, same. He way from hypnotic type suggestion) but on of voice with the analysand, are quite important changes and grows out of that. Awareness Language is the only means by which one his love and respect for truth; that gives a from the point of view of emotional safety of makes all the difference. Language itself can explore and express the inner world, and meaning to the analytic work. He would fail the analysand with the analyst. He (A) reveals becomes action. interaction is the only way to help the mind as an analyst, if he betrays the desire and himself with the patient vvho expresses himself grow and experience. The conviction, is (that) With some very insecurcd patients with respect lor truth. Me will fall shorl of his role in the way he looks, comes, sits on the couch, both love, and aggression are basically a iiauinaiic hisioiy, an impasse may be created. and his function. From this [joint of view, every pays and goes away. These are all non-verbal psychic experience. Psyche expresses itself The analyst must be sensitive enough to compromise is an analytical betrayal. Thus, communications which help later on in through language. Language itself becomes an contain the patient's feelings and anxieties as 'abstinence' and 'love for truth' become the verbalization or verbal communication in action (verbal motor discharge). It includes the mother does of the child. Without this kind cornerstones of psychoanalysis' ethico- mutually shared way. The technically both body language and preverbal expressions. of containment-sensitivity to the patient and technical equation. determined boundary line between transference Since each love is an infantile (original) object- to 'what i.s going on' cannot happen. It is relationship and acting out is very relative. It Thirdly, maintenance of neutrality acquired choice, so transference love is genuine. It essential to make the patient feel "safe enough" is largely determined by the existing and through countertransference, i.e. an attitude of becomes the only psychic reality with its load to reveal himself, otherwise it would be prevailing socio-moral practices. It only availability. •—• a relatively uniformly spread of passion. The only difference with real love difficult to tackle the impasse in analysis. After determines what is acceptable at what point attention to the ''material" produced by the is understood later on when it comes out of its a long period ol impasse in analysis, the analyst and how far. We must learn to bear this truth analysand. relatively compulsive features. As Stern rightly has to leave the analysand on his own. The of countertransference with Racker that "each said, " 'Acting out' occur in the 'motor sphere analyst conveys the message in whatever way I'otirililv, the presented material must be one of us being also known by some other of action', 'remembering' in the psychical possible for him, T could guide you this far made clear (i.e. transference love) in the light people". So there is little point in not accepting 1 sphere of 'menlali/.ation and verbalization'." and no further. Now, i am sure, you can find of infantile object-choice. Thi -' is the only li. i his makes ilic psyetioaiiaiy tie [>ioeu>> vuui own way'. Though it is true that it will Speech acting out is a psychical expression. available method to modify and transform iruerrninable because this interaction never not get registered into the mind of the One's preferences, range of tolerance, instinctual passion and recognition ol it makes comes to an end. So, if we take transference anaiysand then. The analyst has to walch the permissible and impermissible intensities and possible to keep countertransference in control. love or transference relationship that develops internal working out for some more time. The duration of certain acts all are part of intra The patient's security depends on analyst's out of child like mentality then it makes she reason to watch, is to know, whether the psychic harmony, that makes the object-choice capacity to preserve his role function. Failing whole situation less tempting. To understand analysand can take a leap into his intrapsychie and its reformulation possible. It alone then in which, forced Breuer to give up his scientific this depth of mind an analyst must be "good life, whether he can work out his inner opens the way for 'intersubjectivily' and search, scared Jung, overshadowed Adler, enough mother". It does not matter much, impulses by assuming analysis to be an internal prepares a potent ground for what Freud said, made Ferenc/.i a rival, but nobody took care whether the patient is vocal or silent, abusive process, that will die only with the end of his

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life process and that analyst is in no way the universe, based mainly on emotional BOOK REVIEWS responsible for anything that happened in demands. It is just not a therapeutic process analysis. Once this realization (though may be but an attitude to understand human very superficial at the initial stage) sets in, it relationship in its genuinity. Hence, becomes INTRODUCTION TO THE READING OF LACAN: THE UNCONSCIOUS STRUCTURED LIKE A LANGUAGE opens the path of psychic intimacy. States of an internal and eternal process to be continued. BY JOEL DOR; EDITED BY JUDITH FEHER GURICWICH in collaboration with SUSAN FAIRFIELD. mind can be shared in a fashion, 'I know that It becomes a philosophy of life. Jason Aronson Inc., New Jersey, 1997. Price not stated. you knew, what 1 know now'. It eases communication and becomes a fertile ground I would like to conclude the whole for love, thrill, (he wonder of words and transference affair with Max Hernandez's The publication of Introduction To The metapsychology has to establish itself as a mutually created meaning depending on words, "At the end, the story was incredible Reading Of Lacan should be considered a method and a theory (see Althusser's comment intensity and needs of the sharing. Thus it indeed but convinced everyone; for, it was major event in Lacanian studies. Here is at on these two conditions in his essay Freud enables the analysand to adapt a new substantially true. True was the emotional last a book that seems to have done the and Lacan) and a scientific rigour is needed orientation to life and surrounding reality. It tonality, true the regard, true the sensitivity, impossible — presenting the extremely even when one redefines the nature of science changes completely a person's world view to true the rebuttal, only the circumstances, the difficult discourse of Jacques Lacan in a made in this connection.Coming from a clinician, which Freud calls a "Weltanschauung". The time and a couple of proper names were false". -easy form, Even the attempt would usually Introduction... provides the confirmation of simple analytical setting within its 'field' gives invite suspicion, is it really possible to simplify two facts — that the clinical method in a view of total universe as conceived by Our present day thinking is inadequate to the thinker and without subverting him? In question has a rigorous basis in theory, and different minds: viz., the psychical view of explain this new psychic reality. the astonishingly lucid account of Joel Dor that so far as Lacanian psychoanalysis is there is an affirmative answer.Even the Lacan concerned — the theoretical aspect can bridge volume in the famous 'For Beginners' comic the two worlds of science and humanities. An References book series, gallantly and accurately written insight drawn from the study of a cultural by Darian Leader looks at times more artefact can shed as much light on the question complicated than this introduction. Its clarity of subjectivity as a conclusion arising out of Ci:sio FIDIAS, (1993). The oedipai tragedy in Transference. Samiksa, 40, 4, pp 141. is certainly a triumph of the publication series the talking cure. This lias been best exemplified psychoanalytic process in 'Observations on entitled 'The Lacanian Clinical Field' which by critics like Joan Copjec and the work of a transference love', Monograph series HI pp HJ::RNANDKZ, MAX. (3993). 'Footnote to "Foot- is being edited and translated by Gurewich group of Slovenian researchers led by Slavoi 134-145. note from observations on transference love"'. Monograph series III. and Fairfield. The project of the series is to Zizek in recent times. In a book called BICHOFF, F.W. (1987) 'A Rereading of Freud's bring English language readers into contact Everything You Always Wanted to Know About ''observations on transference love" '. LAPLANCHI-., J. & PONTAUS, IB. (1988). The with the efforts of contemporary French Lacan (But Were Afraid to Ask Hitchcock), for Monograph series III, pp 35. language of psychoanalysis. London Karnac clinical practitioners to popularise Lacan. In exampie, scholars like Jameson, Zizek, Doiar FkHui), S. (1912). The dynamics of psychoa- Books & The Institute of Psychoanalysis. many ways this is a breakthrough. The most and Chion undertake explications of key nalysis S.E. XII. RACKKK, H. (1953). A Contribution to the prob- fertile applications of Lacanian ideas were for Lacanian notions with the help of functions (1915) The Interpretation of Dreams lems of countertransfcrence. Int. ./. a long time to be found mainly in the that are found in Hitchcock's storytelling. S.E. V Psychoanal, 34, pp 313-324. humanities — in literary criticism, film studies, gender studies, philosophy etc. — a fact that (1916) Observations on transference Dor keeps in focus the assertion that it is STHRN, D.N. (1993). 'Acting Vs Remember- helps promoting the doubt that as a clinical love. S.E. XIV ing in transference love and infantile love'. the realm of subjectivity which is the domain science there is not enough substance in the proper to psychoanalysis like any faithful GHOSAL, H. (1986). intervention to Uncover Monograph scries III, pp 172-185. Lacanian revision of Freud. The critical Lacanian but his technique of disentangling sophistication, under such circumstances, can the myriad strands of argument towards this also be considered an autonomous, fanciful assertion in Lacan's thinking and presenting Snrala Kapoor take off on the original thought, not tenable in them in a sequential manner is an extremely 1, Jatindra Mohan Avenue terms of scientificity. The status of 'science' fruitful one. It takes away from the poetry and 2nd Floor, Suit No. 3 as a normative category is itself a problematic intricacy of Lacan's writings, results in a loss Calcutta 700 006 thing so far as psychoanalysis is concerned, W.B., India. of the prismatic and dense quality that they the biological-empirical basis is not to be have, but the reward is ample. One can, with sought after all. But the Freudian no more than a smattering of Lacanese,

98 99 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS

approach the thinker through steps that are the manifest content in relation to the dream presence is the primal metaphor because it degenerated into the analysis of the person firmly grounded in a familiar logical thought). For Lacan this provides a clue to the comes as the substitute for the original fullness and his ego.The Symbolic stage deprives framework. The one axiom 'the unconscious 'agency of the letter in ihe unconscious'. These of being.Thus more than the father it is the consciousness of its stability of meaning and is structured like language' is given a are elementary evidences of the language-like 'name of the father' that becomes central to identity. Here all substance is formed through systematic treatment until it yields the traces orientation of (he unconscious. One could point the Laeanian schema of the subject. Henceforth exchange, I form myself through a network of of the logical steps that have gone into its out here that this notion of the primacy of the there will be a search for the object that will subjectivities. And exchange entails language formulation. We first learn about the notion of signifier over the signified takes Laeanian give rise to an ongoing activity of of some kind.In the third part Dor explains language involved —- the linguistics founded thought beyond the Saussurian structuralist representation i.e. language and the lost Lncan's 'graphs of desire' and his conception by Ferdinand de Saussure and the way its paradigm into the realm of post structuralism. dimension will create the 'other place' of the of the subject as given in the constant categories became relevant for I.acan in The latter began with the critique of the unconscious. It is precisely in the failure of locomotion of desire. symbolisation that the unconscious exists. understanding the unconscious. Next came the Saussurian concept of the bipartite sign with Lacan is not only this. But the author does Trained in Hegelian dialectics, Lacan was issue of the Oedipus Complex and of its stable contract between the signifier and not claim (o tell us about the other things disposed to sec the unconscious as dialectically "desire'— the subject formed through the the signified. anyway. Discourse, for example does not mediation of language and its capture in a related to the operations of consciousness, not But the question that one would still receive an explanatory treatment. The language-like structure. Not everything you can as a fully independent entity. legitimately ask is why should the unconscious intellectual roots of Lacan From Kojeve to know about Lacan of course, but most things lake this linguistic turn'? Fart II of the book From lack is born desire. This is another Jacobson and Levis-Strauss, from Breton to thai you need to know are here. Dor's attempts an elaborate answer lo this question key term that Dor seeks to put in perspective. Heidegger are not discussed. Dor concentrates experience in the clinic and in pedagogy and shows how it is not a problem of choice The last bit of the Part II and most of Part HI on the early Lacan. The 'Seminars' after lie is part of the "Centre for Psychoanalytical but of necessity. Language docs not conquer are devoted to this attempt. Language hollows 1957-58 arc not much taken into account. Training and Research', a group devoted to the unconscious, it simply creates it. Dor being into desire — this is how Lacan would There are certain major shifts in Lacan in the leaching Lacan in France •— shows in the ease tackles the issue of the 'Paternal Metaphor' join forces with his post-structuralist comrades late 'Seminars'. For example, he revises with which lie penetrates his subject, at times here. Beginning with the question — what is in releasing the subject into a perennial process some of the notions regarding the crucial almost making the disarming claim that Lacan Phallus, he unravels the dialectica! nature of of becoming from its metaphysical status of inter-subjectivity thesis (See The Plague of himself is simple after all. the emergence of the subject.As the child being. Language ushers in the dimension of Fantasies by Slavoi Zizek). But all this the 'Symbolic'. In the 'imaginary' stage a should not undermine the immense value of In the first and the most lucid of all sections comes to realise an inadequacy so far as a stable 'ego' or identity is conceivable — this (lie book !o anyone who wants to learn about Dor takes us back and forth between (he total and uninterrupted bond with mother is is the unfortunate realm that lures all ego- the basic premises of Laeanian thought and coordinates of language as outlined in concerned it must ask the question - what does psychologists into imprisonment including to anyone who wants to teach it to friends or structural linguistics and the coordinates of she want'.' This is the beginning of the I hose varieties of psychoanalysis which have students. unconscious processes like dream work, joke dimension of 'lack in the history of the human and symptom. We know about 'langue' and subject. The first two stages of the Oedipus 'parole', 'paradigmatic' and 'syntagmatic' complex can, in this schema, be read as 7 categories and metaphor and metonymy on the engaged with two successive issues 'being Moinak Biswas one hand and about the crucial Freudian the object that is not there, that the mother Senior Lecturer notions of 'condensation' and 'displacement' lacks and therefore wants, and then 'having' Department of Film Studies on the other. An elementary investigation of the object. It is this object that Lacan calls the Jadavpur University the structure of the linguistic sign - the phallus, the father comes to be construed as Calcutta bipartite division of signiiierand signified, for its bearer. One should not confuse the phallus India example — helps establish the parallels with with the penis and the 'father' in this context the relation that dream images have with dream with the biological father. In the third and final thoughts. With Roman Jacobson's help Lacan phase of the Oedipal process the child would could identify the condensation and come to terms with this existence of the 'other' displacement processes as akin to metaphoric and would symbolically compensate for the and meionyrnic activities. In both of these the loss of the primal bond with the mother. This signifier acquires a certain autonomy vis-a-vis is how one enters language through this the signified concept (e.g. the autonomy of symbolising initiative. Here Ihe Paternal

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FEMININITIES, MASCULINITIES, SEXUALITIES — FREUD AND BEYOND, BY NANCY J. CHODOROW, as problematic and its work is to decode its Women and Men Love'. As suggested in 1994. FREE ASSOCIATION BOOKS LTD. Price not stated. symbolic order and structural construction. In chapter two, Chodorow rc-emphasiscs the need this second chapter, Chodorow docs precisely to evaluate both cultural and individual Chodorow, in her first book, The Reproduction traversed the analytical path with them. They this and states clearly that, "no one's sense of development of -i\ certain person in order to of Mothering, (1978) dealt with the heavy made him recognize a very intense and gendered self is entirely unproblematic". In understand her/his object of desire or the burden of motherhood on women by subtle passionate preoedipal attachment characterized this particular section, the author shares a typicality of objects and particular types of manipulations and conniving forces of cultural by phallic desires, (for the woman, active, dialogue on sexuality between Person, love experience. One may recall here, Freud's and social agents working on them. In clitoraJ). Time and again, Freud has Kernberg, McDougall and Chasseguet- Wolf Man and the Rat Man cases, both of Femininities Masculinities, Sexualities, acknowledged the contribution of his female Smirgel's theoretical positions with her readers. whom constructed their love and sexuality in Chodorow takes upon herself the loaded task analysands in helping him to develop Person says, "... Homosexual love draws fire respect to 'servant' women, thereby bringing of addressing certain political and ideological psychoanalysis theoretically and technically — for much the same reason as adulterous love, in the element of class hierarchy and contempt concerns of psychoanalytic feminists and Anna O's "chimney-sweeping" brought about it appears to be a threat to the social order. for women that Freud found to be characteristic feminist psychoanalysts of contemporary time. the talking cure phenomenon; Emmy von N. Homosexual love is disapproved of for its of normal oedipal resolution. However, the One of these issues problematizes the and Elizabeth von R. led him to the free unconventionality, its threat to social role, and, situation has considerably changed since "seemingly" universalized gender theories of association methodology; Frau Cacilie perhaps, its threat to people's own security Freud's time and one can now assert and say psychoanalysis that is commonly claimed, and enlightened him on how symbolic word about their sexual identities." Talking about that plurality is as much a masculine unravels the question of difference and associations could be transformed at a heterosexuality. French psychoanalytic phenomenon as it is in femininity there are variation revolving around it; the second is physiological level, like "slap in the face" to theoreticians relate heterosexuality to gender "hegemonic" and '"subordinate" masculinities (he so-called "normal" heterosexual status that facial neuralgia. So much so, the fundamentals inequality and power difference which is as well as afternafive musculinilics. apparently psychoanalysis propagates, of contemporary analysis, that is transference- almost sine qua non of heterosexual desire, Multiplicity in sexual orientation is becoming subjugating and "pathologizing" other countertransference interactional analysis can where desire in turn is symbolised by the more and more apparent to the existing world. alternative sexualities, which Chodorow be traced back to Anna O's eroticized phallus. Voicing Lacan, Chasseguet-Smirgel One may conclude by acknowledging the categorically states is an incondite stance since transference to Breuer and Breuer's claims that the genital universe is the "paternal relevance of gcudci I;I ic,siulauiK>, liuw men her own theoretical and clinical psychoanalytic countertransference, though the latter term universe (of) constraints of the law" and what and women love, and no woman's or man's experience of sexual accounts proves it to be came much later. one wants is to "dethrone God, the Father". desires are beyond this sense of gendered otherwise. Thus, based on cultural and social normativily, But the critical question for today's self. However, this gendered subject is a Chodorow shows how heterosexuality becomes psychoanalytic feminists and feminist creation of a conjugal harmony of cultural and In chapter one, 'Rethinking Freud on a compromise formation. Women', of femininities, Masculinities psychoanalysts is really asking, "What docs personal emotional meanings which is related Sexualities, Chodorow emphasises her readers (he question 'What is femininity - jar menT The third and the final chapter of the book to the individual':, p:,ycb:> biographic:^ to probe into Freud's writings on femininity mean for womenT, as most relevantly pointed is, individuality and Difference in How historical record. once again and to reflect upon its out by Shoshana Felman in "Rereading documentation of difference, variation and Femininity", Yale French Studies 62 (1981). specificity in male, masculine reactions to Rethinking Freud, thus, leaves us with an open arena that can include multiple conceptions of women. Chodorow very rightly places Freud Jliuma Basak in his own historical, socio-political and gender and sexuality. In the next chapter, Candidate psychological location and then analyzes his "Heterosexual ity As a Compromise Indian Psychoanalytical Institute. Calcutta theoretical speculations on 'Female Sexuality', Formation, Chodoiow analyses the woman's thereby avoiding the common error of "normative feminine" position, leading to the "universalizing" and "dehistoricizing" Freud. construction of an asymmetrical As a matter of fact, Freud acknowledges thai heterosexual ity. the clinical work of female analysts, like In psychoanalytic discourse there is no Jeanne Lampl-de-Groot, Helen Deutsch, Ruth vocabulary of "normal" sexuality.This Mack Brunswick, helped him to reformulate particular science of mental apparatus is certain theoretical assumptions after he ideologically rooted in treating all sexuality

102 103 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS

THE BABEL OF THE UNCONSCIOUS - MOTHER TONGUE AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE PSY- the acquisition of speech within a certain The unavoidable and the most important CHOANALYTIC DIMENSION, BY JACQUELINE AMATI-MEHLER, M.D., SIMONA ARGENTIERI, M.D. linguistic structure does not necessarily agent in documenting the process of AND JORGE CANESTRI, M.D. 1994. INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES PRESS. $50. guarantee the acquisition of the "symbolic development of language in human society, is quality of thought". The present preoccupation the time factor. Time, which is both individual With the advent of contemporary individual. The book further deals with the of contemporary analysts is to experiment with and social, political and cultural, contextualizes psychoanalysis and the growing relevance of delicate issue of analysands who are treated various permutations, combinations of all these the linguistic subject and ushers on it a specific transference-countertransference interactional and as well as not treated, in analysis, in their theoretical speculations and reach a state of time-oriented comprehensive status. analysis, language has become the centrifugal mother tongue. While conducting analysis mental, conceptual integrity in the analytical element of present day psychoanalytic some analysts use mother-tongue and some spatial set up. Finally, to seek resolution of this post- do not. The same is applicable in the case of dialogue. The increasing psychoanalytic The peculiar structure of one language, its modern realm of linguistic "babel" one multi-lingual analysands, for example, the engagement in language is needless an phonemics and lexical formulations stand remembers Dante in Paradise, complicated task of an immigrant adapting to influence from Lacanian doctrine against unique from the structure of another language. a new culture and new language. All this and classical psychoanalysis, which portrays the The vision of language as a living substance "Nature so fashioned man that he should more related aspects, like the idiom, dialect, unconscious structured as a language. against a historical and socio-political speak, phonetics or metaphor of a language deepens backdrop, as one that is in constant flux, in But how, she leaves to you, as seemeth Taking from the myth of the Babel, here the understanding of language in its role of opposition to one that is static and fossil, is a well the name "Babel" is used in a metaphorical defence, aggression, vulgarity, regression, love pioneering set out by Bachtin, and later by sense, relating to everything that is in a state — working within the analytical set up According to your choice or fancy's Steiner, Hagege, to name only a few. of confusion in the unconscious, which is due between the analyst and the analysand. freak." to the amalgamation of various languages in the unconscious of the particular individual. The challenge of this book lies on its But as Saussure reminds us, language unbiased display of discourses between those Jhuma Basak ("langue") is a social product that exists in its who believe that (i) the unconscious is Candidate complete form only at a collective level, structured as a language and (ii) those who Indian Psychoanalytical Institute, Calcutta whereas the individual act of will and believe that language is compliant with the intelligence in speaking belongs to the word operative faculties of the unconscious. Voicing ("parole"). In the case of a bilingual or the thoughts of Lacan's theory on discourse multilingual person, two languages combine (1969-1979), Benanni ponders over the to form a common system or "shared possibility of a bilingual analyst's analytic language". A foreign language exists only in interpretation in more than one language and binary opposition to another one, much like concludes by saying, "An analyst can change an "autochthonous" sign. Author Amati- language on condition that he does not change Mehler, Argentieri and Canestri are all discourse". On the other hand, Todorov (1985), polylingual psychoanalysts working with a follower of Bachtin stands for dialogism in polylingual analysands, thereby differentiating an individual, whereby every individual has a their stance from polyglottism, that is, the later "public discourse" and a "private discourse", learning of languages chiefly through the taking it to the extreme pathological plight of method of translation and less emotional a "double-think". But speech itself gets further involvement than natural acquisition of several problematized when silence constitutes a languages, as in the case of polylinguism. The symbolic order of its own. It becomes almost primary concern of this book is to uphold the impossible to comprehend any language rich and complex polylinguistic world of the without the meaningful juxtapositions in it by unconscious in human psyche, in which earliest silence, as in the interplay of music. The task internalized object relationships are framed of translating the non-verbal into the verbal according to contextualization of the concerned is, alas, not always possible. Thus, we see that

104 SAMlKSA 105 SAMlKSA Freud, A. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanism of Defence, London : Hogarth Press, 1937. FROM IV RULE 8 Freud, S. (1937a). Analysis terminable and interminable. S.E. 23.

S,atement about Ownership and other Particulars about the Journal (1937b). Construction in analysis. S.E. 23. Wallerstein, R.S. (1972). The future of psychoanalytic education. /. Amer, Psychoanal, Assn., 21 : 561-606. The Indian Psychoanalytical Society Place of publication 14, Parsibagan Lane, Calcutta-9 Weiss, S. (1975). The effect on the transference of 'special events' occurring during psychoanalysis. Int. J. PsycJioanal., 56 : 69-75. Annual Periodicity Winnicott, D.W. (1960). Ego distortion in terms of true and false self. In The Tarit Kumar Chatterjee Printer Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment, London. Indian Hogarth Press, 1975 : 140-152. Nationality 112, Rammohan Sarani, Calcutta-9 Quotations must be carefully checked for accuracy. It should be within inverted commas. Address Author's own emphasis in quotations must be indicated as ital mine. Hironmoy Ghosal Editor A brief abstract (not exceeding 200 words) must accompany each article. Indian Nationality All accompanied works like charts, tables, figures, drawings and photographs are to 1, Fern Place, Calcutta-700 019 Address be submitted in original. These should measure 22.5 x 14 cm. Tarit Kumar Chatterjee The editor reserves the right to alter the accompanied works (keeping its original form Publisher Indian intact) suitable to the space available in the journal. Nationality 112, Rammohan Sarani, Calcutta-9 The editor does not assume any responsibility for the opinions and statements expressed Address The Indian Psychoanalytical Society - A by the contributors. Names and addresses of individuals - Registered Society under the Societies Articles published in the journal become the copyright of the Indian Psychoanalytical who own the newspaper and Registration Act XXI of I860. 14, Parsibagan Society, and cannot be republished elsewhere either in the original or in any translated partners and shareholders holding lane, Calcutta-9 form without the permission of the Council of the Society. more than one per cent of the Every contributor will receive a copy of the issue of the journal in which his article total capital. appears along with 25 reprints of the article free of charge. hereby declare that the particulars given above are I, TARIT KUMAR CHATTERJEE, The management regrets its inability to return the manuscripts of unpublished articles. true'to the best of my knowledge and belief. Bo-)ks for Review. The journal has a book review section. Two copies of each book may be sent to the Book Review Editor, Indian Psychoanalytical Society, 14, Parsibagan Lane, Calcutta-700 009.

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