VOLUME 11 ISSUE 1 2002

INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS LETTERS Report on Nice Couches Homosexuality Rio 4 September 11

HOME PAGES Reports from officers Deputy Director General Semprún address RAB awardees German Psychoanalytical Society (DPG) Toronto congress 2003 Working Group on Terrorism

FOCUS Terrorism and terrorists

OPINION The aftermath of September 11 Training institutes

WORLD WIDE PAGES China ‘At the end of the battle’ Dubrovnik summer school Regional news Forthcoming events

IPSO news © Freud Museum, London Museum, Freud © Ruth F. Lax, New York, USA

© Sebastian Zimmerman

International Psychoanalysis The International The Newsletter of the IPA. ISSN: 1564-0361 Psychoanalytical Association

Editor Translation Team President Honorary Vice-President Alex Holder Daniel Widlöcher Robert S. Wallerstein German: Past Editors Astrid Fuhrmeister, Joachim Roether, Past-President Ethel Person, Leopold Nosek Elisabeth Vorspohl, Eva Ristl, Katrin Otto F. Kernberg Representatives of the House Grünepütt, Michael Mertl, Alex Holder. of Delegates to Council Regional Editors Secretary Ken Heyward, Newell Fischer, Europe: Michel Vincent, Henning Paikin, English: Alain Gibeault Carmen Médici de Steiner Guiseppina Antinucci; Yves Le Juen, Philip Slotkin, Latin America: Renato Canovi, Susan Hale Rogers. Treasurer Associate Secretaries Eduardo Laverde, Germano Vollmer; Moisés Lemlij Ronald Brown, Ekkehard Gattig, North America: Abby Adams-Silvan, French: Rómulo Lander, Michael Sebek Irene Cairo-Chiandarini, Sharon Zalusky Liliane Flournoy, Marianne Robert, Michel Vice-Presidents Sanchez Cardenas, Francis Loisel, Michèle Jacqueline Amati Mehler, Ronald Language Editors Pollak-Cornillot, J.P. Verecken, Catherine Britton, Sverre Varvin, Alvaro Rey de Ex Officio German Newsletter: Alex Holder Roux. Castro, Cláudio Laks Eizirik, Mónica Alex Holder, English Newsletter: Janice Ahmed Siedmann de Armesto, Helen Meyers, Editor of the Newsletter; French Newsletter: Colette Scherer Spanish: Robert Pyles, Robert Tyson David M. Sachs, Spanish Newsletter: Isabel Bataller Dana Cáceres, Glenda Escajadillo, International New Groups; Bautista Martín Scheuch, Pilar Rodas Riley, Honorary President Piers Pendred, Director General; Corresponding Editors Cecilia Coopman. Leo Rangell Tom Asher, Legal Counsel; Australia: Deborah McIntyre International Psychoanalysis is published biannually Japan: Keigo Okonogi Layout & Production © Copyright 2002, with the exception of the photographs, R.E. Regina Ehlers Grafik&Design The International Psychoanalytical Association Executive Editor Hamburg, Germany No part of this publication may be reproduced without the express consent of the International Janice Ahmed Psychoanalytical Association, “Broomhills”, Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, England. Printer The Newsletter is published by IPA (Trading) Ltd., as agent for IPA Trust Ltd.. The Publisher accepts no Subeditor GK GmbH responsibility for statements made by contributors. Unless otherwise stated, the views expressed by Hilary Whelan Hamburg, Germany contributors are their own and their publication does not represent endorsement by the Publisher. VOLUME 11 – ISSUE 1 – 2002 EDITORIAL Cover: Ernst Kris (1900 - 1957)

Back page: Alexander Mitscherlich (1908 - 1982)

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL p. 3 Associate Secretary p. 4 Newsletter survey p. 4 Janice Ahmed p. 4

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Goldberg and Kafka on Nice report p. 5 Zajdman on couch photos p. 5 Woods and Goutal-Valière on homosexuality p. 5 I must start this Editorial with an apology to my colleague Michael Sebek, Statement by Rio 4 p. 6 Brousselle and Reydellet on September 11 p. 7 whose name and photograph were erroneously omitted in the last issue, although he is one of the appointed Associate Secretaries of the IPA. HOME PAGES We are making amends in this issue by carrying his picture. The President’s Column p. 7 The Secretary’s Report p. 9 The Treasurer’s Report p. 14 large part of this Newsletter is devoted to the aftermath of the horrendous terrorist attacks on the Deputy Director General p. 16 A RAB Awardees p. 16 World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington last September. In the ‘Focus’ section, Conceptual Research Committee p. 19 six eminent colleagues from our three regions give us their thoughts on terrorism and terrorists, and Jorge Semprún some answers on what makes a terrorist. In addition, most of the ‘Opinion’ section carries articles by Address to Nice congress p. 19 colleagues in New York and Washington who were directly involved, in one way or another, in the Comment by Cláudio Laks Eizirik p. 22 aftermath of September 11. On the same subject, this section also includes an article by Marcio Deutsche Psychoanalytische Gesellschaft (DPG), Giovannetti which he had written as a response to these shocking events, plus a report by David by Anne-Marie Sandler p. 23 The organizational maturation of the IPA, Tuckett on a conference about the reactions to September 11, which he organized in London at the end by Robert Wallerstein p. 24 of last year. Readers’ attention is also drawn to the IPA Working Group on Terrorism, organized by The Toronto Congress 2003 p. 26 Sverre Varvin. Working Group on Terrorism p. 28

FOCUS In addition to the usual reports by our President, Secretary and Treasurer, the Home Pages also The mind of the terrorist announce the appointment of a Deputy Director General, Diana Chrouch, whose chief tasks will be Vamik Volkan p. 29 managing membership services and assisting the Committee on Resource Development. We are also Ernest Kafka p. 31 very pleased to be able to publish the opening address which was delivered by Jorge Semprún at the Hanna Segal p. 33 Nice Congress, together with a response by Cláudio Laks Eizirik. Shmuel Erlich p. 35 Marcelo Viñar p. 37 Guillermo Sánchez Medina p. 39 As promised in the last issue, this one contains an article by Anne-Marie Sandler on the history of the Deutsche Psychoanalytische Gesellschaft (DPG) and its present status within the IPA. This will, I hope, OPINION clarify many of the questions which members may have in connection with the DPG and its present The aftermath of September 11 affiliation with the IPA. Marcio Giovannetti p. 40 Abby Adams-Silvan p. 41 Barbara Stimmel p. 42 The preparations for the next IPA Congress in Toronto in 2003 are in full swing, and a first report by the Elsa First p. 43 Programme Committee and the Local Arrangements Committee appears in this issue, with more detailed David Sachs p. 45 information to follow in this year’s second issue. Harriet Basseches p. 46 Ruth Lax p. 46 Marsha Levy-Warren p. 48 A telephone survey on the Newsletter was carried out last year among a randomly selected sample of David Tuckett p. 49 members. Although the response rate was rather disappointing, those who did respond expressed their Training institutes: Ahmed Fayek p. 49 general satisfaction; a summary of the survey results appears in this issue. WORLD WIDE PAGES I would also like to draw attention to the revised notes about contributions to the Newsletter, at the Report: China, by Teresa Yuan p. 50 Report: ‘At the end of the battle’, Moisés Lemlij p. 51 very end of this issue. Broomhills has employed a sub-editor whose task it is to peruse submitted In Memoriam p. 53 contributions and edit them carefully - which may include shortening and stylistic improvements - and Report: Dubrovnik summer school, Lilo Plaschkes p. 54 to ensure consistency of presentation. The results of this editorial work should already be apparent IPSO News p. 55 in the present issue. The next issue will appear in a new design. New members and members who have left p. 56 News and forthcoming events p. 58 Europe p. 58 Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Françoise Bokanowski for her work as Language Editor of Latin America p. 61 the French version. She has now resigned and has been replaced Colette Scherer. North America p. 62 Couch photographs wanted p. 63 Contributions to the Newsletter p. 63 Alex Holder, Editor 3 Janice Ahmed: Errata an appreciation Associate Secretary

For personal reasons, Janice In the last issue of the Newsletter, the has left the staff of Broomhills at new Executive Council for the period 2001- the beginning of June, after ten 2003 was pictured on pages 6 and 7. years of dedicated work for our Unfortunately, one of the two Associate Secre- organization in a number of capa- taries for Europe, Michael Sebek, was omitted. cities. With my sincerest apologies for this mishap, I now have great pleasure in completing the Executive I know that I speak in the name of hundreds Council in pictures with a photo of Michael Sebek. of members of our organization who have had dealings with Janice in the past and present or Furthermore, for whom she has worked, that her departure on page 7 of the French and English versions, the is felt as a tremendous loss, arousing feelings of Executive Council is erroneously called ‘Executive great sadness in all those who had the great Committee’. Michael Sebek, Associate Secretaires for Europe pleasure of knowing her personally. Results of Newsletter telephone survey

In the autumn of 2001, a tele- must be a sizeable group whose reason for failing phone survey on the Newsletter to respond to multiple attempts at contact via a was carried out among IPA number of media must be accounted for by a Members, under the direction of disillusionment with the IPA’. Peter Fonagy (London). He nevertheless concludes that ‘the Newsletter appears to achieve most of the goals which the Of the 150 members of the organization drawn organization has set for it. This conclusion, how- randomly from the 2001 roster, a total of 65 agreed ever, needs to be severely qualified by our inability to be interviewed on the telephone. In his report, to reach more than 43% of the randomly selected Fonagy points out that this ‘low response rate is sample.’ The following results to specific questions a disappointment and raises serious questions therefore have to be read with this proviso in about the validity of this survey’ and that ‘there mind. Janice dancing with Luis Feder at the Santiago Congress

When I took over the Editorship of the Newsletter Do you feel you receive too much, too little What do you think about the split between at the end of 1997, the knowledge that Janice or about the right quantity of information news and other issues? had worked closely with my predecessors, Ethel from the IPA? Person and Leopold Nosek, that she was a 53.7% thought it was ‘about right’, treasure and that I would ‘inherit’ her, was certain- 78.8% answered ‘about the right quantity’. 27.8% felt that there was ‘too much news’, and ly a crucial factor in my agreeing to accept the 18.5% that there was ‘too much other issues’. job. In the 4 1/2 years during which I have worked Do you receive the Newsletter? closely with Janice, I came to appreciate her How useful is the Newsletter to you? 95.3% answered ‘yes’. reliability, her engagement, her conscientious- To 53.2% it was ‘quite useful’, ness and her hard work. And when we met in How much of it do you read? to 19.4% it was ‘neither useful nor not useful’, person at congresses and other meetings, her to 12.9% it was ‘very useful’ and pretty and witty company was always a delight 36.1% read about a quarter, another to 11.3% ‘not useful’. and a great source of pleasure. 36.1% about half. I would like to take this opportunity to express What do you think about the design of the my deepest gratitude to Janice for all she has Would you want to have the Newsletter Newsletter? contributed to make the Newsletter into the shorter or longer? successful venture it has become. I shall miss her 57.4% thought that it was ‘designed well’, very much as a person with character, determina- 54.0% felt it was ‘just right’ and 24.6% felt that it was ‘neither well nor badly desi- tion and charm, and I shall miss our regular and 29.5% thought it should be half as long. gned’, 13.1% thought it was ‘badly designed’. frequent email exchanges as a reflection of our smooth and most satisfactory co-operation. Would you want the Newsletter to appear more or less frequently? I wish her success and happiness in her new life! The Editor Alex Holder 66.7% felt that the frequency was ‘about right’, 18.3% opted for ‘every 3 months’. 4 % LETTERS differentiated, method and technique. I said been especially enlightening to follow the something to the effect that we should also con- discussion regarding homosexuality and the sider the style and its effect on the analytic situa- IPA discrimination policy. TO tion, for instance, an atmosphere congruent with restraint, elegance and having a cup of tea while I find it rather horrifying, after the world was talking about attacks on body parts and various subjected to hearing discriminatory religious other matters usually considered outrageous in a fanaticism used to justify the atrocities of tea salon. A situation in a military rehabilitation September 11, that there would be any contro- THE hospital came to mind, I said, in which traumatized versy whatsoever about making it absolutely soldiers, fresh from the front, were shown real explicit that discrimination on the basis of gender, battle-scene films. At a moment of high and gory ethnic origin, religion or sexual orientation has intensity, the film was interrupted, the lights went no place in psychoanalysis or anywhere else! It EDITOR on and Red Cross girls served tea and cookies. is simply shameful that it was necessary for Dr. Widlöcher to certify, ‘after consultation with the John S. Kafka Executive Committee’, that homosexuality is in- cluded in the IPA opposition to discrimination! Nice Congress Couches It is of equal concern, as we begin this new century, that a segment of our colleagues remain Caroline Neubaur rooted in the past, having failed to integrate Couch humour psychoanalysis with the modern biological and sociological research initially predicted and hoped for by Freud. The evidence is overwhelming that In IPA Newsletter 10 (2), Caroline Neubaur genetics and other biological factors play a major writes ‘one of the main speakers, Arnold For some time now, I have been debating role in the development of sexual orientation, Goldberg, exclaimed manically: “I under- whether or not to send you this letter. which extends as a continuum between exclusive stand everyone.”’ I considered the subject trivial, not quite worth it, homosexuality and exclusive heterosexuality. The I do not remember either the manic state or the in the hope that the cause of my irritation might analytic challenge is to understand the ways in words attributed to me, but would like to now wear off. I also thought that your decision to which psychic development has modified or dis- calmly state that I certainly do not understand eliminate the couch cartoons and replace them torted or enhanced this biological propensity, and everyone although I often try to. with photos of consulting rooms was a temporary therefore ultimate sexual preference and its mistake. But when I received the latest issue of influence on the totality of personality develop- Try as I may, I could not understand the overall the IPA Newsletter, I saw that it was not some- ment. nasty and rambling summary of Ms Neubaur. I did thing momentary, but rather a persistent error. get the general impression both that she was fond Discrimination, justified by non-validated theo- of Bion and was disappointed in the conference. I Don’t you think that humour is one of the marvel- retical constructs regarding sexual orientation, has regret both conditions, although neither seems to lous conditions that we humans have for criticizing no place in the psychoanalytic investigation or qualify her for that patronizing reminder that the ourselves? Don’t you consider that humour has understanding of either homosexual or hetero- unconscious is always with us or her mistaken been and remains one of the important themes sexual behaviour, nor in psychoanalytic education. comprehension of postmodernism. in psychoanalysis? I also think that using such valu- More importantly, it is a disservice to both patients Arnold Goldberg able space in the Newsletter for photos that say and students who rightfully expect us to be at the nothing more than what good or bad taste the ana- forefront of a psychoanalytically informed bio- lyst has doesn’t do anything for our much- psychosocial understanding of the human condi- attacked image. I could go on, but I would rather tion. you think over this question of photos of empty Sherwyn M. Woods consulting rooms that substitute and paper over a space for criticism and humour, elements that we I am delighted to see Caroline Neubaur’s so sorely need. article Delusion and Method in the News- I take this opportunity to send you my greetings letter. and to wish you a very happy 2002. For years I have wished and urged that her Reading the exchange of correspondence penetrating and ‘no holds barred’ reporting about Raúl Zajdman between Daniel Widlöcher, Ralph Roughton analytic meetings and other analytic matters be and the APsaA Executive Council in the accessible to analysts who do not understand most recent Newsletter (10/2) concerning the German. But I would like to clarify and put in anti-discrimination policy which the IPA is context what she says about me in her article Homosexuality adopting leaves me with an ill-defined sense about the Congress in Nice. of unease. If we pause to take a clear and open position Caroline Neubaur writes about a ‘Kleinian high Homosexuality and on the question of this discrimination (of which horse’, and continues: ‘John Kafka made fun of discrimination homosexual candidates of both sexes feel they are English analysts having tea and exchanging victims) - ie, if we hesitate in assuming our moral comments over their tea cups about outrageous responsibility towards them (patients who have deportment.’ Here is what happened: in a post- Congratulations on your production of a graduated from ‘our’ couches or those of our pro- plenary discussion group, we talked about, and Newsletter of unprecedented quality. It has fessional allies) as well as towards what we hold 5 to be the unalienable prerequisites of having (as Institute. Why should one any longer have a bur- acceptance of others. But is it true that an institu- we would claim) an ‘open ear’ as psychoanalysts - ning desire to belong to such an association (the tion may only thus become unified and maintain the reason for this hesitation may well be that this IPA itself, or one of its member societies) if its prin- itself, in a manner that is so compact that it does spanner in the workings of professional freedom ciples and even its core identity are then to be dis- not admit differences? may merely serve to feed a sterile polemicism. This claimed? Is this not known as subversion? polemicism itself derives from a question which is During the Nice Congress, Daniel Widlöcher badly framed in general terms and, thereby, badly Without wishing to offend anyone, the fact that emphasized the difficulty that analysts have in framed also as regards homosexuals. homosexuality has become a banal social issue coexisting and growing together based upon does not really allow us to remain silent on the theoretical and cultural differences. In fact, in I am probably not the first person, nor will I be the truth of the homosexual fact, particularly as it rela- order to debate differences, maintaining respect last, to state an opinion of this sort, hence I feel tes to the realm of the psyche and to questions of for diversity of thought, it is necessary not only moved to comment that the reply offered by Daniel identity. Reasons of space preclude going deeper to have clear separation between the idea and Widlöcher to Ralph Roughton leaves me not only into this question, but it seems to me that it is dan- the thinker but also a solid argument that allows perplexed but with a sense of relative unease. It is gerous - not to say intellectually dishonest - to con- a confrontation of ideas without losing sight of hard to imagine how any Association, let alone flate, average and so reduce together the question the limits of the thinking itself. the IPA, might declare itself in favour of discrimi- of militant ‘gay’ and lesbian candidate analysts, on nation, including that against homosexuals, the one hand, with a political struggle on the other. This certainly is not easy for analysts, who are without rightly incurring a lawsuit within 24 hours. Stating (or trying to give the impression of stating) accustomed to the ‘kingdom’ of their offices or to Thus Widlöcher’s response to Roughton, which is the problem in terms of social or professional debates with others who think in a similar vein. a simple (and correctly raised) matter of internal rights, of discrimination or non-discrimination, Maybe, because of this, we often encounter solu- policy, and restates that the IPA motion declares seems to me to be irrelevant to the question, and tions that minimize the differences between peers, that the IPA opposes all discrimination of any can only lead to misunderstandings and disillu- in an attitude that is sympathetically conciliatory, kind (thus including homosexuality), makes me sions - or, worse still, to adopting a sort of functio- or describe those who differ with us as ‘non-ana- particularly uneasy, because it affords writers to nal double-speak. lytical’ or wrong. The strictness of thinking of such the Newsletter an opportunity to hijack an ‘solutions’ propitiates, becomes installed within interpretation and to offer a specious conclusion. In closing, is it not amazing to read letters from and takes over the analytical clans that adopt To cap it all, it goes so far as to offer a vote of psychoanalysts stating that you can claim the fact them, limiting the more progressive and creative congratulations to Widlöcher for the courage with of becoming a psychoanalyst in much the same movements. Thus, our big challenge is to break out which he, as IPA President, is said to have been way that you can claim rights that the state (or the of such cloistering, making it possible to open up instrumental in the ‘official recognition’ of ‘gay’ US Constitution) upholds, in the same way that it to other ways of thinking, and a more effective and lesbian analysts! upholds the right to good health, the right to vote, insertion and participation in the current world. and the right to free expression? Is this not a very What is afoot here? First of all, is it relevant sad but very precise ad absurdio demonstration of In September 2001 in Paris, Jacques Alain Miller and pertinent to raise this problem as one of ‘dis- how anti-analytically irreducible such splits are, on announced a change in direction of the politics of crimination’? Each Member Association has, in this topic? the School, towards a return to the public sphere, agreement with the IPA, drawn up and been free to H. Goutal-Valière a move to rescue the psychoanalyst-citizen while define its own admission criteria for psychoana- continuing to emphasize the psychoanalytical. This lytical training and entry into professional practice. concern, which is not limited just to Lacanians, One such criterion is the capacity to offer as open RIO 4 points even more toward the urgency to avoid and impartial (and not simply ‘neutral’) a psycho- confining and restrictive thinking. analytic ear as possible - free of any ideological or militant position whose passionate nature We believe that maintaining the status quo just might lead to this capacity for free listening being because of fondness for tradition and fear of the infiltrated, parasitically compromised or swayed in new has shown itself as useless, because what is a particular direction, as a consequence perhaps The founding of the Psychoanalytical new invades and topples things over without any of unresolved identification conflicts. We might Association of the State of Rio de Janeiro possibility of being managed, except through well have raised other sorts of ‘discrimination’ in (Rio-4), recently constituted as a provisional segregation. On the other hand, in order to make this context, for instance political ones, though I society of the IPA - with its origins in the Pro- genuine renewal possible it is necessary to be fear it unlikely that a candidate will have been Ethics Group - has given us cause to think clear about where we are starting from, as well accused of, or have had held against him, political about a new identity and to begin a new type as those points we cannot give up without falling or religious convictions related to the private of communication with our colleagues. into eventual changes and flexibility that simplify personal, family or social spheres of his life where and redirect psychoanalytical thinking without these are not contradictory to or incompatible with And it also has led us to question a subjective and adding anything to it. It is necessary to be strict, the principles of psychoanalysis itself - such as ethical position about analysts and their peers and principally with regard to flexibility. confirmed extremist positions, for example. their relations with the polis. The question before today’s analyst is how to The proposal to put aside these rules, which are It is a fact that, increasingly over the past decades, coexist with orientation that is aimed at the un- founded on both Freudian writings and decades psychoanalysis has been structuring itself into conscious without losing sight of the world and of experience in the education committees and the theoretical ghettos that have become ‘analytical contemporary reality. But hasn’t it always been this reforms which these have introduced, and denoun- clans’. This type of group organization is based way? Did not Freud precisely will us a single and cing them as ‘discriminatory practices’, amounts to on affective commitments and emotional loyalties, precious vision of a structurally divided individual? retrospectively challenging and refuting criteria for making it difficult to get along with project diver- In truth, we make ‘psychic simplifications’ to serve admission to psychoanalytic practice when these sity and interchange and theoretical-institutional as defences that free us of the anguish of co- criteria have been determined by a given Society. It experiences. It seems to us that such a structure, existing with this division. In this sense, we do not seems to me that these admission criteria rightly in greater or lesser degree, is common to almost apply to ourselves, while subjected to the un- fall within the scope of the freedom and full legal all societies where institutional standardization conscious and the conscious, the same medicine autonomy of that Association and/or its Training is carried out at the cost of criticism and non- that we indicate for our analysis patients. 6 We cannot lose sight of the fact that in clinical directly about the attack, even though everyone practice all psychoanalysts make themselves outside was talking about it (and certainly the available to be the author of change, the vehicle patients themselves!). However, the trauma might of desire and of elaboration of every patient, who have been present, latently, behind affects and seek to overcome their inhibitions in order to fully symptoms: diffused anxiety, expressions of aggres- H OME realize their potential. In order for this vocation siveness, outbreaks of phobias, etc. The frequency to be coherent, the desire to face new challenges of passing over the matter in silence was perhaps must extend to our institutional practices. What is the most surprising and the most important not justified is that, in many cases - based upon problem encountered in our work; it questions PAGES apparent adhesion to Freud - immobility of thinking what psychoanalysis is (including what might occurs that maintains us while in the 21st century be termed its ‘perverse aspects’) more than the THE within the anachronistic climate of 19th century understanding of the trauma. Vienna. This makes it difficult to develop psycho- PRESIDENT’S analysis that is more vigorous and tuned in to the Regarding the patients’ reactions to the attack, COLUMN current moment, one that can offer answers to the while some expressed empathy (particularly those cultural uneasiness of our times. who have suffered from trauma either directly or through their families), others rejoiced about Daniel Widlöcher For us, members of the Psychoanalytical castrating the ‘superb American’ without con- Association of the State of Rio de Janeiro, sideration for the victims. Thus the countertrans- founded at the dawning of the third millennium, ference was strongly called upon and linked to these are timely questions. They are questions to the political positions of the analyst. contemplate without the fear of being wrong. Most of the analysts noted that the event was Eliana Lobo treated as a daytime residue in the stream of DANIEL WIDLÖCHER reflects [email protected] associations, in particular dreams condensing on multiple facets of communi- images of the trauma along with imagery con- cation, its specificity in psycho- Maria Adelaide Leonardo sidered usual for the dreamer, which did not seem analytic institutions, its role in [email protected] to be stereotyped repetitions of a traumatic night- the organization of institutions mare. Moreover, often the trauma reactivated the and the process of scientific ex- Maria de Fátima Freire analytic process, both by bringing new images change, and the impact of modern [email protected] with which to constitute links in the chain of communications technology. associations, and by the difficulty in evacuating Members, Associação Psicanalítica do internal aggressiveness when destructiveness There are two tasks involved in the admini- Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Rio 4) was so present on the outside (for example, in stration of a psychoanalytic institution. On the one one session, aggressiveness which had been hand - as with any other institution, any other repressed until then was brought out while scientific or professional society - one must pro- evoking the attack: ‘I feel no transference towards tect the life of that institution, ensuring that it The Aftermath you - if I talk about the events as do all your evolves and that it offers its members a means patients...I’m still not going to strangle you!’). of participation which respects both their com- of 11 September mitment and their freedom within it. But in the In the course of this work, many questions arose, case of a psychoanalytic institution, which has especially concerning the relationship between specific aims and objectives relating to its over- September 11 psychic reality and external reality, as well as all purpose, there is a second task: to ensure technical problems such as what to do with a that psychoanalysis develops both as a practice patient who did not mention the events which and, especially, as a way of thinking - based on concern everyone, including the analyst. This listening - which is not found in any other profes- In her e-mail to the Editor of the Newsletter, topic will be discussed with Janine Chasseguet- sion or science. M.T. Hooke asked herself about consequen- Smirgel in a workshop at the EFP in Prague this ces of the recent events seen from a psycho- year. When it came to founding an international analytic perspective. psychoanalytic association, the model of choice at André Brousselle the time was that of a scientific society. This is We have been interested in the impact that the Dominique Reydellet clearly apparent when we re-read the report pres- attack in New York has had on the material ented by Ferenczi to the Nuremberg Congress of presented by our patients. Following this, we Members, Paris Psychoanalytic Society 1910. This document is all the more interesting as addressed an e-mail survey to members of the it relates to the founding of the very first such Paris Psychoanalytical Society, as well as to some psychoanalytic institution. In contrast to the crea- colleagues in New York. tion of other international scientific associations, Clinically, New York patients must be dis- which normally comes about when local societies tinguished from the French patients who were choose to come together, the IPA served as the only indirectly exposed to the event through The Editor welcomes letters mother society from which, and in whose image, television coverage and who did not manifest a from members, on the under- local societies were formed. traumatic state. Nevertheless, responses con- standing that they may be edited tained a common characteristic: either patients for length and clarity, but cannot Admittedly - as I recalled at the end of the Nice claimed ‘ignorance’ of the event, or they integrat- guarantee that all letters will be congress - Ferenczi himself was under no illusions ed it remarkably well into the analytical process. about the potential limitations of some such published. societies: ‘I am all too familiar with the pathology More than half of the patients did not speak of associations and am aware of just how fre- 7 HOME PAGES

quently, in political, social and scientific groupings, However, in parallel with these scientific and pro- ness to listen and to share associations and inter- puerile megalomania, vanity, servile observance fessional criteria, our psychoanalytic institutions pretations, which facilitates thought transference. of hollow formulae, blind obedience and must respect certain more secret, more ‘intimate’ In scientific exchanges, we should not be seeking personal interest can acquire dominance at the operating standards, arising from the special to give corrective lessons to the presenter of a expense of conscientious and dedicated working nature of the one-to-one relationship between the paper, even less to be covertly awarding points. for the common good’. psychoanalyst and another individual. It is accept- We should be seeking to participate through ed that the psychoanalyst-patient relationship is ‘co-thinking’ in that which is offered, and to study However, he believed that psychoanalysts, to the separate from the psychoanalyst’s life within together that which we have induced from our extent that they are able to cope with and treat the Association, but this separation is far from listening - just as the presenter did at an earlier their own individual pathologies, would be in a absolute. stage. position to overcome this collective pathology and to ensure ‘an equitable and efficient distribution of the work to be done in an atmosphere of mutual THOUGHT TRANSMISSION AN ETHIC OF COMMUNICATION openness, where the capabilities of each is re- cognised and where jealousy has been eliminat- At the very moment when, in accordance with Such reflections on thought transference lead ed or overcome.’ He adds: ‘I am convinced that a Freud’s wishes, Ferenczi proposed the idea of a inexorably to an ethic of thought transmission. psychoanalytic society which works according to psychoanalytic association, they secretly shared The psychoanalytical institution is in charge of this principle will create within itself conditions an interest in a question far removed from the this ethic. Let us be clear: in the supervision model, which are favourable to its own activities but scientific vocation of the association - that of the it is still a matter of giving an account of one’s own which will also attract the respect of the world out- transmission of thought. Ferenczi even claimed thought-experiences, in relation (by induction) to side’. History has not fully vindicated Ferenczi’s that his abilities as a medium were an essential those of others. What psychoanalysis proposes is a hopes in this matter. part of his psychoanalytic practice. Freud, some- new ethic of communication: sharing with others what alarmed, suggested that Ferenczi keep quiet the forms of thought that arise within ourselves. about it, but some years later he publicly reopened DISTINGUISHING FACTORS the subject. The tendency to parallel the official structure of psychoanalytic associations with more informal The key factor which distinguishes psychoana- By this time, the idea had developed that a com- and personal structures has always existed to a lytic institutions from other scientific societies is munity of psychoanalysts could not depend solely greater or lesser extent. By relying on transference the very nature of psychoanalytic science. Not only on the creation of a scientific society. To ensure effects, group identification, oral exchanges and is it still a young science; it is one which has run loyalty to the cause, the association’s administra- self-analysis, such groups have been able to head-on into resistance from a scientific and tive wing became paralleled by a secret and participate actively in the life of the institutions social establishment which feels attacked to more-or-less self-selecting ‘Committee’. It was to and also, more debatably, in their management. the core of its narcissistic defences and impulsive this Committee that in 1921 Freud delivered his Sometimes manifesting as clinical forums, some- states. It is a science both menacing and menaced, paper on telepathy, later published under the title times as pressure groups, their discreet presence which needs to be developed and protected - not ‘Dreams and Telepathy’. has influenced development of local societies and, only from external criticism, but even more so from at times, the history of the international psycho- internal dissidence from those who do not defend Today, we would say there is a dimension of analytic movement itself. the cause. ‘thought transference’ or ‘thought induction’ which bridges the gap between the intersubjectivity of Year after year, the question of training psychoana- telepathy and the psychic process linking the Networks lysts has taken on greater and greater importance, stream of thought of analyst and analysand. The yet the membership principles are stated in terms development of ideas such as countertransference, It is of course both legitimate and desirable of fidelity to practice. As a result, there has been a projective identification and, more recently, inter- that psychoanalytic institutions should give their continuing concern to maintain the rules which subjectivity, underline this dimension of shared members complete freedom to organize networks govern this practice, a concern often expressed associativity, of thought induction, of ‘co-thinking’ for research and clinical exchanges. But it would through authoritarian and dogmatic attitudes which, according to Renik, characterises the be regrettable if this underlying movement were a which have been vigorously criticised both inside irreducible subjectivity of the work of the psycho- reaction to dogmatism in our scientific activities and outside the association. analyst. and training policies. There is currently great pressure for these scientific and training activities to take on board the type of exchange which Professional status The nature of scientific exchange resides in psychoanalytic listening and the ability to give account of it to others. As I have already Another factor which distinguishes the In order to limit the effects of intersubjectivi- indicated, the practice of supervision is not simply psychoanalytic institution is the view, which has ty, and avert the inherent risk of folie à deux, an obligatory stage in the training process, but the developed over recent decades, of its professional psychoanalytic institutions have developed various preparation for a spirit of exchange and debate dimension. The term ‘profession’ has come to be means of referring this subjective experience to which should characterize the analyst’s ac- added to the strictly scientific frame of reference a third party. We find this process at every level ceptance into the institution. of the psychoanalytic identity. The aims of the of our training and scientific life (supervisions, association have had to take account of this. We clinical papers, evaluations). In our scientific There is undoubtedly an element of Utopia in are required to uphold and maintain the profes- meetings, when a clinical case is presented, dis- these views. It is because psychoanalytic institu- sional standards of the psychoanalyst in the world cussants are warned not to indulge in a quasi- tions have been unable to institutionalize these at large, notably vis-à-vis public authorities and supervision. processes of listening and debate that latent ‘users’. We must offer the best possible training (not to say secret) networks and training have and ensure that criteria for selection and training This is quite appropriate, for a variety of reasons, developed alongside them. Is it possible that this are transparent to all. Last but not least, we must but it does not rule out associative listening as Utopian view is not too far from Ferenczi’s own? protect our training methods and the professional part of the ‘scientific’ exchange. Rather than an Perhaps. But this does not exempt us from taking status of the psychoanalyst. ‘educative’ relationship, there should be a willing- account of this aspect of psychoanalysis when we 8 HOME PAGES are attempting to infuse greater vitality into our the more it needs to extend and intensify its doubt the presidents of all our constituent mem- institutions. methods of communication. Otherwise, it risks bers and regional structures will be finding this creating a gulf between those - from bottom to out for themselves. But at the international level, top - involved in decision-making, and those who although we now have amazing facilities for Promoting debate feel or claim that they are excluded from partici- working together, they create a climate of urgency pation. and stress which is difficult to master. It is in this spirit that the IPA has attempted to review its working methods in preparing for the No matter how many measures are taken to An even greater constraint is the volume of infor- next congress, in Toronto, and to give this congress facilitate the participation of all members in the mation being exchanged. Everything can be com- a somewhat novel format. It is also why there decision-making process, no matter what is laid municated to an infinite number of people. What needs to be an in-depth debate about training down in the democratic framework of the insti- results is a ‘desubjectivisation’ of the message - an among the constituent organizations. But we need tution, a significant number of members may still ‘anonymisation’, to borrow Tom Main’s term. Who to go further. If we consider that the primary remain uninformed. This is a real risk for the IPA, is addressing whom? The question which we ask activity of our institutions is clinical debate be- with over ten thousand members, spread across ourselves in the psychoanalytical situation, in tween psychoanalysts, and that this debate every continent. Members do indeed complain that transference, has come centre-stage in everyday necessarily involves a third party, we can see that they don’t know what the association does for life. that this requires a constant exchange of views them, or how money from subscriptions is spent. between the societies, so that individual institu- This last question has of course become more These new communication systems will help us tions or groups of analysts do not close in on acute because of the economic problems in our to develop a better quality of interchange for both themselves. profession, but we need to listen more carefully; of the psychoanalytic and scientific aspects of our course we must make our budgetary policy more institution and its administration, but the relative Preventing societies from becoming isolated is one transparent, but we must not stop there. anonymity of the messages and the absence of of the essential functions of the international clearly defined addressees will be a source of community in the field of psychanalysis. We can no great difficulty. As a new mass phenomenon, they longer consider the international association as Information in raise new questions for us. Will we be forced to an absolute point of reference, authoritarian and rewrite ‘Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse’? dogmatic; we need to see it as an agent of libera- It is my view that we need to develop our tion from narcissistic withdrawal, a defensive information systems, and this will be a priority for position common to all psychoanalytic institutions. our administration during the coming months. More difficult, perhaps, is how to improve our in- take of information - ie, how we can enable our THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS members, either as individuals or from within their Secretary societies, to not only express their wishes (an General’s Report Moving on from these observations on the essential in any democratic process) but also share specific aspect of psychoanalytical communica- their experiences, their innovations, their uncer- tion within our institutions, I would like to make tainties, and contribute to the ongoing debate some general comments on current problems which is the lifeblood of the Association. Here affecting the administration of institutions. In the again, there is a role for new communications last Newsletter, I referred to questions about the technologies. relationship between decision-making and imple- mentation within the central administration of an It is probably the very existence of these new international association such as ours, and the means of communication which has created various stages of decision and implementation greater demand for exchanges of information, but between the administration and its members. the new technologies also impose constraints on the communication process. Our experience from I would like to raise some questions about the the first few months of our new administration has communication processes which exist in any orga- shown us the impact of the internet in terms of Steering a path between nization, and how these will relate to the proces- both the speed and volume of information ex- rigidity and chaos ses of the future. Decision-making and transmis- change. sion of information have always been at the heart ALAIN GIBEAULT gives an over- of the institution. My feeling is that the relations- view of the political and scientific hip between these processes is undergoing a Novel pressures objectives of the IPA’s new admi- significant change, and I would like to share with nistration, and how these are you some thoughts on this subject. In the past, raising a question and consulting being pursued through a restruc- several people in order to agree a possible solu- turing of its committees. tion required an exchange of letters which at best Information out took several days, and more often several weeks. From a small scientific society of just 240 Then, some twenty years ago, the arrival of the fax members in 1920, the IPA has grown into a large Certainly there is no decision-making without machine altered the rhythm of communication. I international organisation with 10,500 members, transmission of information. Information contri- still remember my astonishment when, at the end comprising 57 psychoanalytical societies and nine butes to the decision, and the decision must be of the ‘80s, the current secretary of the IPA show- study groups throughout 45 countries, mainly in transmitted so that it can be understood and fol- ed me how she could communicate within a few Europe and in North and Latin America, but also in lowed. As in any other type of association, psycho- hours with her President across the Atlantic, and the Middle East and Asia. In the past five years, analytic societies use many means of communi- exchange with him all the necessary paperwork. membership has grown most rapidly in Latin cation (assemblies, newsletters and, nowadays, America (30%, compared with 20% in Europe and internet messages). The bigger and more important Today, we are under pressure to take decisions 4% in North America). This rapid expansion in size the society, and the wider its geographical spread, involving several people within a few hours. No and diversity makes it increasingly difficult to

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maintain standards and coherence. Like most insti- total); societies will be asked to communicate the issue of psychoanalysis and universities. tutions, the IPA is challenged both internally and contents to members who do not have access. An externally - by members, who may question its role e-mail message from the President and Secretary United Nations Committee in their professional lives; by other professional will also be sent out four times a year to all associations; by disciplines which question the Presidents of IPA societies, containing more Chair Afaf Mahfouz very existence of psychoanalysis. detailed information on the main issues discussed (APsaA) by the Executive Council. Psychoanalysis has often trodden a difficult path Role To make psychoanalysis seen and heard between politics and science. In order to develop, Publications Overview Committee within the UN in general and in other non-govern- the IPA must not close itself off into institutional mental organisations which are of potential rigidity - but at the same time, it must preserve its Chair Emma Piccioli interest to our profession. (The recent Durban standards of practice and dissemination without (Italian Society) Conference raised many controversial issues losing the core of its heritage handed down by relating to the role of this Committee. At its last Freud. It is likely that, at this time of great expan- An important initiative of the new administration meeting in January 2002, the Executive Council sion and change, we will face some of our most has been the creation of this committee. Its report, confirmed its total opposition to any form of dis- serious challenges: to steer a path between chaos accepted at the last Executive Council in January crimination, including anti-semitism, and to the and autocracy which will ensure that our institu- 2002, proposed: proposed actions from the NGO Forum in Durban. tions contribute to the development of psychoana- The Council decided to continue the activities lysis and its place in the wider culture. * The creation of an ‘IPA series’ of publica- of this committee and its Chair, whilst accepting tions, to serve as an instrument of com- the proposal to set up a group of six senior To this end, the IPA has defined five strategic munication between the IPA and its consultants, two from each region, to assist the objectives, directed towards the development of component societies and their members, committee in its tasks.) psychoanalysis as a therapy as well as a science as well as with the outside world, and and a profession. In order to implement these to establish an IPA imprint with a objectives, the new administration, which took reputation for high professional and office after the Nice congress, decided to reorga- academic standing. RESEARCH GROUP nize committees into five groups aligned with the objectives, plus a sixth concerned with overall * The setting up of a Publications Manage- governance. This account of the new committee ment Board, supported by a freelance Strategic objective groupings and their work over the past six months director of publications (Cesare Sacerdoti, will, I hope, give an indication of how the admini- former Editor of Karnac Books), to ensure To encourage or conduct research which demon- stration has begun to achieve its objectives. that the IPA undertakes publishing in a strates the efficiency of the science or which leads professional manner. to improvements in methodology, as well as bridging the psychoanalytic instrument with the MEMBERSHIP research methodologies of other sciences. SERVICES GROUP OUTREACH GROUP

Research Advisory Board Strategic objective Strategic objective Chair Robert Wallerstein To capture the attention of and serve the global To increase awareness of the efficiency and re- (APsaA) membership, by providing information (particular- levance of the profession in related professional Co-chair Werner Bohleber ly on IPA activities) and services which are rele- and academic circles, as well as interested (German Association) vant and useful to their profession. This concerns members of the general public. Co-chair Guillermo Lancelle mainly the Central Information Service (Archives (Buenos Aires Association) and Website), the Membership Services Com- Allied Professions Committee - one representative for each region. mittee, the Newsletter Editorial Team and the new Publications Overview Committee. Chair Marcio Giovannetti Role To evaluate research projects to be funded in (Brazilian Society of São Paulo) part by the IPA. Personnel Role To investigate ways of facilitating exchange Empirical and Since the Director General, Piers Pendred, is between various institutions, including other Conceptual Research Committee occupied mainly with issues of governance, it has psychoanalytic associations (Jungians, Lacanians, been necessary to recruit a Deputy Director etc.), psychotherapy associations and psychiatric Empirical research: General, Diana Chrouch, to directly support the and clinical psychological organisations. Co-chair, Peter Fonagy Membership Services Group and to implement a (British Society) fundraising policy. She joined the team at Psychoanalysis and Conceptual research: Broomhills in February 2002. Society Committee Co-chair, Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber (German Association) Regular publications Chair Robert Michels (APsaA) Role The research programme covers empirical A survey on the Newsletter has shown a largely research on the practice of psychoanalysis and favourable response (see page 4). It has already Role To assist societies and institutes, and to derived knowledge: in the psychoanalytic pro- been decided that a President and Secretary’s elaborate the interface between IPA societies and cess, treatment outcomes, psychopathological e-mail newsletter will be distributed regularly, in study groups and the surrounding culture, includ- mechanisms, the psychodynamic approach to the the IPA’s four working languages, to all members ing professionals, universities, governments and personality and social factors, etc., within the who have internet access (about half of the the educated public. It will focus particularly on the epistemological context of the natural sciences. 10 HOME PAGES

However, research should not only be equated Antje Haag, Hamburg, Germany with quantitative methods, and the new admini- stration wishes the IPA to foster more research emanating from clinical practice: clinical, histori- cal, conceptual, within the epistemological con- text of human sciences which gives more value to qualitative research.

PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL GROUP

Strategic objectives

To foster scientific development and learning, as well as the maintenance of high professional standards. Two sub-groups have been created to work towards this objective.

A. Professional and Scientific Sub-Group

Professional issues are mainly dealt with by the Ethics Committee, while scientific issues are dealt with by four different committees involved in the Photo: Claudia Guderain development of scientific exchange,

Ethics committee well as working on a new concept for the Toronto short-term objective is to report on local situations congress, the new committee has been asked to in all regions, to obtain a general perspective Chair Jerome Winer consider more long-term reforms for the biennial on the future of psychoanalysis across the world. (APsaA) congresses and their progressive implementation The countries now being considered are mainly over time. The organisation of regional committees in northern and southern Africa, China and some Role To serve as an advisory body on ethics to will be more tightly integrated into the preparation Latin American countries. The work of this com- the Executive Council, to other committees or of the IPA congress, which should reflect the work mittee is naturally linked to the strategic objectives commissions working with new groups, and to carried out in many IPA committees to find ways of of the Development Group and the International component societies who may wish to consult co-operating and co-ordinating scientific activi- New Groups Committee (see below) but it has more widely on local ethical matters. The new ties in the three main regions and the regional specific responsibility for countries which have no administration is benefiting from work previously organisations: the European Psychoanalytical contact with the IPA. undertaken to devise procedures and guidelines Federation (EPF), the Latin American Psychoana- for responding to ethical problems. lytical Federation (FEPAL) and the North American B. Educational Sub-Group Psychoanalytic Confederation (NAPSAC). Scientific Activities and The IPA has always been concerned with issues Conferences Committee Committee on Women and relating to training, and has previously appointed Psychoanalysis (COWAP) many committees or work-groups to study these The Congress Programme Committee and the issues, including the Committee on Psychoanalytic former Committee on Inter-Regional Conferences Chair Alcira Mariam Alizade Education (COMPSED), chaired by Jacqueline are integrated within this new committee, to (Argentine Association) Amati-Mehler (Italian Association), and the Task give greater coherence to our scientific policy, Force on Transition in Models of Psychoanalytic with a single body responsible for communicating Role To provide a framework for initiating the Education (TRAMPE), chaired by Ekkehard Gattig knowledge. The Toronto Congress Programme exploration of topics relating to issues of primary (German Association). A new Education Committee Committee, with the support of the Chair of the concern to women, by setting up workshops, has now been created. Nice Congress Programme Committee, Jorge study days and conferences, and to disseminate Canestri (Italian Association), will constitute the information on women’s issues by arranging Education Committee heart of this new body. publication of relevant new works. Chair Sara Zac de Filc Toronto Congress Future of Psychoanalysis Committee (Buenos Aires Association) Programme Committee Chair Paul Israël Role To provide a forum for the ongoing renova- Chair Ricardo Bernardi (Paris Society) tion of psychoanalytic education, whilst respecting (Uruguayan Association) and fostering the autonomy of psychoanalytic Role To ensure the development of psychoanalysis institutions and societies, and to experiment with Role To unite the many different endeavours of in countries where there have been only isolated new educational methods provided that a reason- IPA members in the field of science, using the analysts or individual groups with no psychoana- able, broadly-based set of standards is main-tain- Toronto congress to promote easier scientific lytic training, but who are interested in fostering ed. (At the January Executive Council meeting, exchange between members (see page 26). As psychoanalytic exchange within their country. The this committee was asked to provide a reply at the 11 HOME PAGES

next meeting, in July, to the request from the German Psychoanalytic Society (DPG) was ac- of the following year’s consolidated budget for Latin American Presidents, dated March 1999, ‘to cepted directly, with the status of Executive the IPA and its subdivisions, for review by the consider seriously and without delay the need for Council Provisional Society (see page 23). This Executive Committee and subsequent discussion, the component societies to have the autonomy to allows for circumstances in which there are non- modification and ratification by the Executive introduce flexibility into their training standards IPA groups with at least ten qualified analysts, Council. within the broad outlines deemed valid by the IPA for which it is not necessary to start with the for other component societies.’ This is a challenge status of study group - as may soon be the case Investment Oversight Sub-Committee to the international community to recognise the for a psychoanalytic society in Mexico.) validity of different models of training and prac- Chair Allan Compton tice, and to speak less of minimal standards than, East European Institute (APsaA) as suggested by Daniel Widlöcher, of ‘optimal standards’. This allows for individuals with dif- The increase in numbers of east European candi- Role To invest the reserve funds of the IPA and ferent conditions of training to be evaluated on the dates seeking psychoanalytic training, and the its subsidiary organisations, by directing invest- basis of their personal development rather than need to co-ordinate the different methods of ment managers to pursue strategies likely to in terms of external factors, such as being ana- training proposed by institutes in western Europe, generate regular income and moderate capital lysed by a training analyst at a frequency of four led to the creation of this new Institute and growth, with no more than moderate levels of sessions a week on different days. Whilst it is the acceptance of a policy for IPA loans to assist risk so as to protect assets from market erosion. important to have a model of reference, the sur- candidates from eastern Europe to train in for- vival of psychoanalysis requires us to free our- eign countries. This initiative, proposed by Daniel Elections Committee selves from a hypocritical attitude and to consider Widlöcher and agreed at the January Executive the importance of individual and collective factors Council Meeting, is aimed at the development of Chair Anne-Marie Sandler and situations. (Otto Kernberg, who has written psychoanalysis mainly in countries where there (British Society) many papers on these issues, has been requested are currently no societies recognized by the IPA, to write a white paper to provide a general over- especially the former USSR, Bulgaria, Croatia and Role To administer guidelines for election cam- view of training issues.) Slovenia, and will be implemented with the close paigns and monitor the conduct of candidates for cooperation of the EPF. election. Committee on Child and Adolescent Psychoanalysis (COCAP) Committee on GOVERNANCE GROUP Resource Development (CORD) Chair Peter Blos Jr. (APsaA) Chair Harvey L. Rich This group does not correspond to individual (APsaA) Role To survey IPA societies and training organi- strategic objectives, but deals with administrative sations, in relation to the current status of training issues. Its main purpose is to ensure the efficient The IPA’s current resources will not adequately in child and adolescent psychoanalysis, and to and effective management of the IPA, in accor- support the full range of activities it wishes to create a list of IPA child and adolescent analysts. dance with its Constitution and Bylaws, and to pursue, but it does not wish to raise the level of Once again, this requires flexibility in respect of propose changes for Executive Council approval, membership dues (see page 15) This new com- different models of training and practice. prior to a vote by the membership. mittee was therefore created after the Nice congress to explore alternative sources of fund- Constitution, Bylaws and ing, from the sale of services and through Procedures Committee grants, cost sharing, schemes and donations. One DEVELOPMENT GROUP of the main tasks of the new Deputy Director Chair Roger Dufresne General, Diana Chrouch, will be to support this (Canadian Society) committee in the delivery of its plans. Strategic objective Role To propose to the Executive Council revisions To expand the profession, within both current and to the IPA’s governing instruments consistent WORKING GROUPS new geographical areas, whilst maintaining high with business meeting resolutions and Council gui- professional standards. delines and directives. The new Administration has proposed that Chairs of committees should not also be mem- International New Group Committee House Management Committee bers of the Executive Council. This proposal was intended to distance the Council from the work Chair David Sachs Chair Secretary General Alain Gibeault of the committees, to enable more objective (APsaA) (Paris Society) evaluation of their work. However, in addition to the committees, there are three working groups, Role To facilitate the establishment of new groups Role To serve as a resource for the Director which are chaired by Vice-Presidents: in accordance with IPA policies and procedures General and staff in respect of the maintenance relating to the orderly progression from study and operation of headquarters and the function- Working Group on Terrorism group to provisional society, and finally to compo- ing of the staff. nent society. The committee is responsible for Chair Sverre Varvin renewing the status of proposed groups and Budget and Finance Committee (Norwegian Society) maintaining the progress of any new group by means of a site visit and a sponsoring and liaison Chair Treasurer Moisés Lemlij Role To provide a forum for colleagues involved committee. (Usually, a study group is established (Peru Society) in violence and terrorism to reflect psychoana- when it has at least four IPA analysts, but a new lytically on these issues and to share the results procedure for acceptance of non-IPA societies Role To plan and oversee the financial opera- of their work with the international community at was introduced at the Nice congress, when the tions of the IPA, especially the timely assembly the Toronto congress. (See page 28) 12 HOME PAGES IPSO Working Group Ulrich Stuhr, Hamburg, Germany

Chair Robert Tyson (APsaA)

Role The International Psychoanalytic Studies Organisation (IPSO) has for many years organised scientific meetings for candidates at the time of IPA congresses, and helped them to become more involved in the administrative and scientific areas of their Institutes. The working group will study options for better integration of candidates’ status within the IPA.

Professional Status Working Group

Chair Robert Pyles (APsaA)

Role To reflect upon the professional status of psychoanalysts: can psychoanalysis acquire state- recognised professional status without compro- mising its integrity - and is it possible to reconcile different national policies on this issue?

Photo: Claudia Guderain In conclusion

This overview gives some indication of the chal- ten years. Taking Russia as an example, there are The professional status of lenges which the IPA expects to face in coming currently three direct members of the IPA prac- psychoanalysis years. The restructuring of committees has taken tising in Moscow, and we can expect a big in- into account proposals made by the Task Force on crease in numbers in the coming years. The practice of psychoanalysis has been protected Structure and Mission (SAM), which worked during by its ‘extraterritorial’ status, but the psychoana- the last administration with a final proposal for a The new East European Institute will work in colla- lyst also practises a profession with a social restructuring of the administrative bodies of the IPA boration with the European Psychoanalytical dimension. Societies in different countries have and which was voted by the Executive Council for Federation to facilitate training of colleagues from different views of the advantages and disadvant- implementation from 2003 onwards. This restruc- eastern Europe, in particular by enabling them ages of state-recognised professional status. turing will present another challenge, with the forth- to use special methods of analytic work, mainly Some seek to preserve their privacy, but it is not coming election of the Board of Representatives. The shuttle analysis (analysis with monthly trips abro- always possible to escape questioning by govern- Regional Nominating Committees have been recent- ad) or supervisions by fax or e-mail. It has one ments and health services. Others have seen pro- ly appointed by the three regions, with the task of Director, Paolo Fonda (Italian Society), and four fessional status as a benefit, to protect the public preparing for elections at global and regional level. Associate Directors. The training section has two against wild practices, as well as helping psycho- The IPA will be working in a new way with the Associate Directors - Gilbert Diatkine (Paris analysts themselves to practice. component societies and regions, with the task of Society) and Aira Laine (Finnish Society) - one is This question has been more and more highligh- maintaining the unity of the international community responsible for selection, evaluation, supervision ted throughout recent years, due to state inter- while finding the best levels of cooperation. and qualification, and the other for curriculum vention in legislation relating to the practice of (establishing scientific seminars on theory and psychoanalysis. A profession has a legal status technique to be followed by candidates undergoing when the conditions of its practice are defined individual training, and a seminar for advanced by law, and its qualifications, regulations and The East European Institute candidates - ie, those from IPA study groups and membership rights are recognised. Although the societies in eastern Europe who have expressed a state has often intervened to legislate the prac- Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the IPA has main- wish to meet regularly). tice of psychoanalysis (eg, in Italy, where analysts tained a constant presence in eastern Europe, who were not medical doctors were obliged to contributing to the development of psychoanalysis A third Associate Director, Michael Rotmann undergo psychotherapy training in universities) in countries where it had remained clandestine (German Association), is responsible for the out- not one psychoanalytical society in the world and isolated from the international community reach teaching section, for mental health profes- has obtained legal status for psychoanalysts. (Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland) or had simply sionals (psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, This is mainly because psychoanalysis was de- been eliminated, as was the case in the USSR. social workers, etc.) who are interested in psycho- veloped in private scientific societies, which Throughout the past ten years, several health analysis and are often practising as psychoana- provided conditions for confidentiality in training; professionals from these countries also under- lytically-oriented psychotherapists. This naturally there was concern about training being super- went training and thus contributed to the crea- involves collaboration with the EPF, for which vised by state or university, and the obligation for tion of psychoanalytical societies (Hungary, this has been the main responsibility for the past the societies to submit their rules and guidelines. Czech Republic) or study groups (Serbia, Poland, ten years. The fourth Associate Director, Gabor Romania) which are affiliated to the IPA. In many Szönyi (Hungarian Society), is responsible for the Moreover, there may also be circumstances where countries, mainly those of the ex-USSR, psycho- research section, to evaluate new models of trai- professional status would encourage the recog- analysis had to start anew and allow time for ning such as those described above. nition of individuals who do not have the qualifi- training of new analysts, which may take five to cations necessary to become a psychoanalyst, and

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societies would be obliged to intervene at a poli- tical level to protect the profession - as in a recent example in the US. A religious sect had attempted THE to get recognition of professional psychoanalytic status from the federal government. Having failed, TREASURER’S it then applied pressure at state level and suc- REPORT ceeded in obtaining recognition in Vermont and MOISÉS LEMLIJ in New Jersey. They are now on the verge of ob- reports on the taining the same in New York State, and the 2002 budget and American Psychoanalytic Association is trying to on issues relating prevent this licencing process but it is not certain to membership dues. that it will succeed. 2002 BUDGET Whether one prefers the absence of regulations This article is mainly based on the presenta- Support: Total 27% in order to preserve the integrity of the analyst tion of the 2002 budget given to the Executive and the analysis, or professional status for psycho- Unallocated: Total 3% therapists or psychoanalysts, national and inter- Council in Miami in January 2002. This is the first Membership Services: Total 14% national differences must be taken into account. budget approved by the new administration of Dr. For certain psychoanalytical societies, the only Widlöcher, whose objectives have been set out in Research: Total 14% recognised responsibility is a scientific one, and the President’s Column. the question of professional status is considered Outreach: Total 9% Governance - a matter for individuals. For others, professional In spite of the aftermath of the terrible events of Transformation & Change: Total 0% status is seen as a matter for the institutions, in September 11 and the subsequent economic crises that these have trained candidates to carry out a Development: Total 7% at international level, we have achieved a good finan- profession. cial result this year. As can be seen in Table 1, we PSE-Educational: Total 1% have successfully reverted the deficit trend in What is the IPA’s power in respect of this PSE-Professional & Scientific: Total 3% question? In some ways, it is very limited, as it the cash flow after the injection of US$200,000 concerns a scientific association whose status is from our reserves to cover cash requirements. Governance-Ongoing: Total 22% private. Furthermore, what power could it have at national level, where component societies have Budget breakdown Professional & scientific: Another main strate- entire responsibility? This could be compared with We will now briefly examine each area in more gy is the strengthening of scientific communica- the relationship between the European Union and detail, emphasising some of the trends. tion. In the past, expenditure in this area has been its member states: it has been clearly affirmed by used to fund interregional conferences. This will European delegates that no legislation concern- Membership services: This area has a higher be continued under the Scientific Activities and ing the practice of psychoanalysis and psycho- percentage allocated to it than in 2001, due to the Conferences Committee. therapy will be adopted at European level, unless a roster being produced this year. We have about the unanimous decision is obtained from all members same expenditure on the newsletter as previous Educational: The Committee on Women, and the states to adopt such a status in their countries. It years, but are expecting it to cost more as paper Committee on Child and Adolescent Psychoana- is not clear whether or not this will happen one day. and postage costs rise. However, these additional lysis under new chair Peter Blos are continuing costs are expected to be covered by additional to do important work. A new committee to study Within the IPA, the administration has sought to revenue from advertising. This administration educational models has also just started work. promote a definition of a ‘member psychoanalyst’, intends to extend the benefits that the IPA offers which would confer title or status, but this defini- to its members. We will be upgrading the IPA web- Governance (ongoing): This expenditure has tion was complicated by variations in practice as to site to give members more services and informa- been reduced from 24% to 22% of total income. It the number of sessions required (three, four or tion. The new Publications Overview Committee is expected that it will fall to 20% after the SAM five). In this context, the IPA’s primary role is to has been given the mandate to improve scientific recommendations are implemented fully in 2004. encourage reflection upon the question of profes- exchange among members of all regions. Addi- The change of date from December to January for sional status, and to use the outcome of such de- tional revenue will also be raised from new publi- the meetings of the Executive Council and House liberations to assist component societies facing cations. of Delegates - the main variables on expenditure in difficulties in their own countries. This is why the this area - has contributed to savings. Working Group on Professional Status has been Research: This is one of this administration’s created: to collect the information necessary to main strategic goals. The funding of research was Governance and change: After the years of form a judgement on professional status, bearing in also a consistent priority of the previous adminis- expenditure on the change in our structure, there is mind that the response can never be global but tration. now little expenditure in this area. However, there must take national differences into account. will still be cyclical expenditure due to elections Outreach: The Committee on Psychoanalysis and for the new Board and any future changes to the It is interesting to note that professional status is Society will continue running conferences in each Constitution and Bylaws. at the heart of an important debate in Russia, region. Our representatives at the UN have carried where numerous psychoanalytical groups have out a lot of work, as previously reported. Following Sources of income been developing in the past ten years. Questions the events of September 11, a working party on Although Table 2 shows that income from dues is will be raised in years to come about recognition of terrorism has been set up under the chair of Sverre expected to rise, it should be noted that this is due the training and practice of psychoanalysts who Varvin. to a growth in membership of the IPA at the rate have often never had personal experience of of 2.5% annually. This is less than the rising cost psychoanalysis. In a country with a long history of Development: Dr. Widlöcher´s administration of expenditure caused by inflation, which is about state control, psychoanalysis has become a tool of shows its commitment to establishing new groups. 4% a year. As dues constitute most of the IPA´s political and economic power, which is not always The Eastern European Institute, in collaboration annual income, from this we can deduce that the without risk for its development. with the EPF, is starting work this year. IPA is getting poorer by about US$30,000 each 14 HOME PAGES

Table 1 Consolidated Investments Figure 1 Table 2 cash flow at market value compares the final budgets for 2001 and 2002, BUDGET 2002 Budget 2001 Budget US$ US$ implemented by the Kernberg and Widlöcher US$ US$ administrations respectively, with the associated 1996 294,570 3,587,657 percentage for each strategic area. The figures are Net dues income 2,000,000 1,950,000 1997 460,614 3,767,917 shown in Table 2. Investment income 141,000 140,000 1998 -359,088 3,461,535 As can be seen, the areas that have been allocated Other income 31,000 31,000 1999 -539,327 3,538,143 a higher percentage from the budget this year are Total* 2,172,000 2, 121,000 2000 -185,613 3,192,400 Membership services, Research and Outreach, 2001 120,000 2,954,176 which are the priorities of this administration. Membership services 305,000 217,677 Research 320,000 280,110 Outreach 197,600 151,530 2001 BUDGET Development 146,250 180,229 PSE:Educational 32,570 14,700 Support: Total 25% PSE:Professional & scientific 70,000 85,950 Unallocated: Total 4% Governance: Ongoing 492,676 537,751 Governance: Membership Services: Total 10% Transformation & change 10,000 80,046 Support 577,450 560,401 Research: Total 13% Conference fund 10,000 New initiatives fund 30,000 30,500 Outreach: Total 7% Capital expenditure Governance - depreciation 46,119 36,881 Transformation & Change: Total 4% Unallocated 76,119 77,381 Development: Total 8% Grand total Committee expenditure 2,227,666 2, 185,775 PSE-Educational: Total 1% Surplus/ (deficit)* (56,666) (63,775)

PSE-Professional & Scientific: Total 4% *Income and expenditure of the Nice congress not included. Governance-Ongoing: Total 24% The economic results are expected in the near future. year. This situation makes two issues clear. Firstly, well as our outreach projects. But we need to do Comparative measures the importance of finding alternative sources of in- more for our members. One problem we must face in relation to having come, a task that has been given to the new Com- tiers is identifying the reference scale to be used, mittee on Resource Development under the leader- The Euro in a manner that is fair to all. It has been suggested ship of Harvey Rich. I know that this is a controver- The Budget and Finance Committee under my that fees charged would be a better measure for sial issue, but my personal experience leads me to chairmanship is examining the dues problem. The dues. However, these not only differ from country think that if we carefully design a strategy for fund- European Union adoption of the Euro as a single to country but even inside the same city. Young raising from private sources and multilateral agen- currency from 1 January 2002 has had a significant analysts starting out charge lower fees than esta- cies for particular IPA projects, this should benefit impact on our organisation. Now 320 million peo- blished or well-known analysts. There are diffe- membership as a whole without compromising the ple share a single currency, among them one third rences between fees within state services and essence and objectives of psychoanalysis. of our membership. The Executive Council has those in private practice. There are too many decided that, from 2002, we will also accept dues variables to use fees as a basis, not to mention the Dues payments in Euros from any society. As Treasurer, difficulty of collecting accurate data to make the The second issue is that of dues itself. Wherever I and on taking advice on the case, I will fix the decision. Moreover, are analysts really willing to travel I frequently hear that IPA dues are too high, exchange rate between the US dollar and Euro for disclose their financial information or situation? as well as many queries about what a member gets 2002, and the rate will be reviewed each year. The current method we use is that of Gross for them. I hope that the articles during my time as Domestic Product Purchasing Power Parity. This treasurer have helped members understand how Two-tier dues compares the cost of purchasing a standard basket their dues are being spent. I also hope that the Our current dues policy is split into two tiers. of goods and services in each country. It is not optimism I have about starting to see tangible When this measure was adopted, it was also ideal, as it is not specific to psychoanalysts, but benefits from membership of the IPA will continue stated that by the year 2002 the differential in the it is the fairest indicator we have found, and it during the period of this administration. The tiers should have been removed. It is clear that is published for all countries in which the IPA Director General and his staff are doing much hard this has not happened and in the foreseeable operates. The data when compared for each work behind the scenes in order to turn the central future we will continue to have two tiers, taking country show that the current tier system on the office into a more pro-active office and start the into consideration special cases. whole is fair. benefits flowing. These changes will take time to We cannot deny that from time to time some I doubt that I will be treasurer when the review of become evident to all members. countries may be severely affected by economic dues finishes, but I am happy to have started this IPA dues have not increased in ten years; the last crises, as we can see in the blow that Argentina fundamental task for the interests of the member- increase was voted on at the Buenos Aires busi- has received recently. Therefore, as well as two ship, with the assistance of the members of the ness meeting in 1991. Over this period, inflation tiers we must be flexible enough to offer to Budget and Finance Committee (Allan Compton, has eroded their value, and we also have seen sig- members some facilities - where possible, and only Ron Baker, Nadine Levinson, Erika Hartmann, Pedro nificant changes to the economic environments in when it is fair and necessary - to enable them to Aguilar and Enrique Nuñez), to whom I would I like many countries that analysts work in. As an orga- honour their obligations to the IPA. This is the case to express once more my appreciation. nization, we need to help our members’ economic in Argentina, where I travelled personally on be- As always I am at your disposal to answer any wellbeing by demonstrating to governments and half of the Executive Committee to analyse the queries you may have on financial matters. Sug- health agencies that our science has a useful situation and to elaborate an ad hoc system that gestions and proposals are welcome. contribution to make in the 21st century. Our will allow our Argentinian colleagues to meet their I can be reached at: investment in research is aimed at this goal, as dues payments. [email protected] 15 HOME PAGES tive on psychoanalysis Christine Hill New Deputy Australia $7000

Director General A prospective study on the onset of psychosomatic disease: mentalisation, stress and interaction in a Diana Chrouch has joined the staff in Central genetic high-risk group of mothers with AD and Office as Deputy Director General, following their infants Christine Hilsden’s resignation last year on PD Dr Wolfgang E Milch, Dr Ursula Pauli-Pott health grounds. Germany $7000 Diana was previously Head of Development with Psychoanalysis as social interaction. A conver- the British Red Cross, Director of International Fundraising with Amnesty International, and Head sation analytic study of Fundraising for London’s Middlesex University. Prof. Anssi Peräkylä, Prof. Jukka Aaltonen She has a first degree in Psychology, Politics and Finland $7000 Sociology, and an MSc in Human Rights from London University. Characterization of individuals with a mixed analytic-introjective personality configuration Diana’s principal roles will be in managing mem- Golan Shahar PhD, Sidney J Blatt PhD bership services, including the biennial congresses USA $7000 and support to the new Membership Services Committee. She will also work closely with Dr The psychoanalytic process in patients with Harvey Rich and his Committee on Resource Development. moderate and severe personality disorders in psychoanalytically oriented hospitalisation and its influence on outcome. A prospective study Rudi Vermote MD IPA Research Advisory Board Awards Belgium $7000 1 March 2000 1 January 2001 Ego development and family protection: its in- fluence in the outcome of adolescents’ symptoms/ Mental representations in first-episode psychosis A study of correlations between the KPDS scale, risk behaviour in adolescence the Rorschach test and psychiatric diagnosis Ramon Florenzano, Teresita Serrano Michael Günter, Michael Karle Dr Jaume Aguilar Chile $8000 Germany $4000 Spain $7000 Oral speech errors and attachment styles Therapeutic alliance at the initial phase of Attachment issues revisited in the context of care- Anna Kazanskaia, Anna Buccheim twice-weekly psychoanalytic treatment: a series of giving following successful infertility treatment Russia $8000 replications of a single case study Dr Eva Appelman USA $7000 Nikos Lamnidis Effects of personality subtypes on process and Greece $8000 outcome of psychodynamic psychotherapy for panic The internal object worlds of a group of homeless disorders Investigation of behavioural correlates of the anal mentally ill men Stuart Ablon phase of libidinal development in children’s play Alan Felix MD USA $8000 Susan Sherkow, Leon Hoffman, Lissa Weinstein USA $7000 USA $8000 1 September 2000 Computerized reflective function: a psychotherapy Microanalytic study of changes in psychotherapeu- process measure ‘Maternal reverie’ and the development of sym- tic processes using verbal and non verbal indicators Eric A Fertuck PhD bolic activity in infants from 0-18 months of age Marina Altmann de Litvan, Sylvia Gril USA $7000 Marisa Pelella Melega Uruguay $8000 Brazil $7000 Biography and psychodynamics of suicidal men: Attachment states of mind, reflective function, and a study of theory and diagnosis in out-patient Research attachment development in the prema- psychopathology in a sample of abused women psychodynamic psychotherapy ture infant with PTSD Reinhard Lindner MD Graciela Basso K Chase Stoval, Marylene Cloitre Germany $7000 Argentina $7000 USA $8000 A method for assessing patient work in the A study of mentalisation processes: reflective Leadership and regressive group processes: a transference functioning, mental states, referential activity and pilot study Annette DeMichele, Wilma Bucci MD, Julian forms of expression of affect Marie Rudden Pessier MA Marc-André Bouchard PhD, Serge Lecours PhD USA $8000 USA $7000 Canada $7000 Maternal attributions, dissociative mental states, Conflictual themes in mother-child and father- reflective functioning and interactive behaviour in child relations of preschool children as seen in free the context of maternal violent trauma: are there play, teaching interactions and evoked story stems associations? Professor Yohanan Eshel, Dr Judith Harel, Daniel S Schechter MD Miriam Ben-Aaron USA $7000 Israel $7000 A psychoanalytically informed psychotherapy What do patients want? The analysand’s perspec- study with children and adolescents: the impact of

16 HOME PAGES session frequency and treatment duration on Alex Tarnopolsky, Toronto, Canada outcome Allan Frosch PhD USA $4000

Investigation into the conditions required for establishing Primary Maternal Concern. Incidence in the population and longitudinal study of babies observed Alfredo Menotti Colucci MD Brazil $2000

Talking about talking in dynamic psychotherapies: a qualitative analysis of patients’ reflections Sarah Schoen MA, Robert Hatcher PhD USA $2000

Development of anal classification schema for the observation of play in and the anal phase of libidinal development Susan Sherkow MD, Lissa Weinstein PhD, Leon Hoffman MD USA $2000

1 March 1999

Longitudinal course of Cluster B personality dis- Assessment structural change and prediction of Does a process of one’s own exist after analysis? ordered patients outcome in severe personality disorders: the If such a post-analytical process exists, which are Glen Gabbard, John Clarkin, Peter Fonagy, Cassel Hospital Project the characteristics of the process? Otto Kernberg, Paul Pilkonis Marco Chiesa Angeles de Miguel, Mercedes Valcarce USA $8000 UK $7000 Spain $2000 ($7000 renewal grant, 1 January 2001) Attachment disorganization and suicidal behavi- Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy on The nature of countertransference developments in our in pre-pubertal psychiatric inpatients and non- eating disorders. Differential factors and common the psychoanalytic treatment of patients with patients determinants severe psychopathology, and their implications for Geoff Goodman, Cynthia Pfeffer Susana Quiroga the analysis of the transference of these patients USA $7000 Argentina $2000 A. Green, C. Bollas, W Grossman, G. Kohon, J. ($7000 renewal grant, 1 September 2000) Lutenberg, O. Kernberg, J. C. Rolland, E. Spillius 1 November 1998 France, USA, UK $8000 The role of maternal mental representations of the child and mother-child dyad in mediating the ($7000 renewal grant, I January 2001) The Multicenter Project relation of maternal psychopathology and psycho- Folkert Beenen, Jan Stoker, Imre Szecsödy, social risk to child emotional outcome Long-term effects of psychoanalysis and psycho- Sverre Varvin, Leena Klockars, Gherardo Sandra Jacobson, Maria Muzik analytical therapies: a representative follow-up Amadei USA $7000 study Netherlands, Sweden, Italy $8000 Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Bernhard Relationships between internal working models Ruger, Horst Kächele and a grammatical scale of subject-object affec- Two empirical studies of the psychoanalytic Germany $8000 tive connections process: maturity of object relations in the trans- The interaction between the patient’s and the Andrea Seganti, Luigi Solano ference, countertransference, and the ‘cycles therapist’s private theories of pathogenesis and Italy $7000 model’ (Bucci & Mergenthaler) cure: development of a coding system Marc André Bouchard The complete neuroscientific works of Sigmund Andrzej Werbart, Sonja Levander Canada $8000 Freud Sweden $8000 ($7000 renewal grant, 1 March 1999) Mark Solms ($7000 renewal grant, 1 March 2000) USA $7000 Ruptures and repairs in the therapeutic alliance: a (renewal grant) Treatment outcome in eating disorders: the impact study of the ways patients and therapists confront of personality structure on success and length of and resolve critically difficult moments in the The thirty-year prospective study of infants and treatment psychotherapy relationship maternal care-giving: attachment, psychodynamics Drew Westen, Catherine Morrison Robert Hatcher and factors associated with outcome USA $8000 USA $8000 Nathan Szajnberg, Henry Massie ($8000 renewal grant, 1 March 2000) USA $7000 The Allen Creek pre-school project Jack Novick, Kay Campbell Historicizing the origins of Kleinian psychoana- Structural and symptomatic change in psychoana- USA $8000 lysis: the evolution of Mrs Klein’s clinical theories lysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy of young in their social and cultural context - 1914 to 1960 adults: a quantitative study of treatment process The childhood precursors of adult psychodynamic Joseph Aguayo and outcome functioning in two patient samples USA $7000 Andrew Gerber Christopher Perry, Michael Bond, Eric Plakun ($7000 renewal grant, 1 September 2000) USA $5000 Canada $8000 17 HOME PAGES

The Stockholm outcome of psychoanalysis and Comparison and validation of two instruments for Long term effects of psychoanalysis and psycho- psychotherapy project rating structure and structural change: scales of analytic therapies: a representative follow-up Rolf Sandell, Johan Schubert psychological capacities and the operationalised study of psychoanalytic treatments terminated Sweden $8000 psychodynamic diagnosis 1990-1993 Gerd Rudolf, Tilman Grande, Claudia Oberbracht Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Ulrich Stuhr, The effects of psychotherapist’s plans and interven- Germany $9000 Manfred Beutel tions on the psychotherapeutic process through the Germany $9000 intensive and extensive analysis of a single case An experimental investigation of the effects of under psychotherapy psychoanalytically oriented unconscious fantasy on transference phenomena Scales of psychological capacities as measures of Alejandro Avila-Espada, Gerardo Gutierrez Harold Gerard structural change in psychoanalysis and psycho- Sanchez, Merce Mitjavila I Garcia, Joaquin USA $8000 analytic psychotherapy Poch I Bull Constance Milbrath, Charles Fisher, Steven Spain $8000 The effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy: the Reidbord ($7000 renewal grant, 1 March 2000) role of treatment duration, session frequency and USA $9000 the treatment relationship. Observations from two Working with the scales of psychological capa- psychoanalytical communities, New York City and Study of change in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: cities: a reliability and validity study Porto Alegre, Brazil observations of intervention efficacy using two Dorothea Huber, Gunther Klug, Michael von Rad Norbert Freedman, Cláudio Eizirik, Joan Hoffen- text analytic methods Germany $7000 berg Clara Maria Lopez Moreno, Andres Roussos, ($7000 renewal grant, 1 March 2000) USA $9000 Cristina Schalayeff, Leonardo Isaac Birman Competency to decide on treatment and research: Argentina $9000 Affect regulation, father representation and nar- psychoanalytic, normative and legal dimensions rative development Elyn Saks, Gerard Aronson Pregnant women’s affect regulation and its re- Erwin Lemche USA $8000 lation to the biobehavioural development of the Germany $7000 foetus and child ($7000 renewal grant, 1 March 2000) Comparing the verbal exchange of mother and ana- Catherine Monk, William Fifer, Myron Hofer lyst and non-verbal interaction of mother and USA $9000 Investigation of the clinical conceptual systems babies with functional problems: an exploratory of psychoanalysis and psychotherapists using a study based on the components of the cycles model Interaction, initiative and creativity in an inter- repertory grid technique and the infants attachment indicators active situation of play Valerie O’Farrell Mariana Altmann de Litvan, Sylvia Gril Graciela de Benito Silva, Laura Bogiardino UK $7000 Uruguay $8000 Argentina $9000 ($8000 renewal grant, 1 September 2000) The development of psychodynamic measures in The complete neuroscientific works of Sigmund the assessment of children with chronic illness and How the analyst’s analyst is experienced intra- Freud their families psychically over time after termination Mark Solms Brian Greenfield, Alicia Schiffrin Lora Tessman USA $9000 Canada $8000 USA $7000 A comparison of FRAMES, computerised referen- Character development, maternal care giving and Measuring psychoanalytic work and benefit: the tial activity and Jones’ 100 item Q-Sort as mea- memory: a 30-year follow-up of the Brody Infant analytic process scales sures of psychotherapeutic process and change Longitudinal Study Sherwood Waldron, Robert Scharff Hartvig Dahl, Mark Sammons, Paul Siegel Nathan Szajnberg, Henry Massie USA $8000 USA $9000 USA $9000 ($10000 renewal grant, 1 September 1999) Quantitative single case studies of psychoanalytic The long-term outcome of child psychoanalysis Sexual functioning and personality pathology treatment Mary Target and Julia Fabricius Judit Gordon-Lendvay, John Clarkin Enrico Jones UK $9000 USA $8000 USA $9000 ($10000 renewal grant, 1 September 1999)

1 July 1998 Candidate follow-up study Measuring personality structure: personality confi- Judy Kantrowitz and Dan Jacobs gurations, diagnosis and development A study of the experience of psychoanalytic super- USA $8000 Drew Westen vision USA $9000 Deborah Cabaniss, Robert Glick, Steven Roose 1 December 1997 USA $8000 Assessment of transference and the effect of here and now interpretation in a single case study using The maturation of transference theory: Freud and computerized text analysis and linguistic markers the Zurich School 1905-1915 Maria Fabregat, Pablo Cuevas-Corona George Makari Mexico $9000 USA $8000 ($10000 renewal grant, 1 September 1999) The role of parental affect mirroring in the early development of emotion regulation, attachment Psychoanalytical residential treatment of children: theory and representational thought (pretence and a study of change in object relations and behaviour fantasy) Beatriz Priel, Yecheskiel Cohen, Gerard Pulver Gyorgy Gergely, Osolya Koos, Julia Frigyes Israel $8000 Hungary $9000 ($7000 renewal grant, 1 September 2000) ($10000 renewal grant, 1 September 1999)

18 HOME PAGES

Haydée C. Kohan, Buenos Aires, Argentina Research Committee on Conceptual Research

MARIANNE LEUZINGER-BOHLEBER describes the work of the IPA’s new research committee.

Psychoanalytic research is concerned with interesting and complex issues: how can we study ‘scientifically’ unconscious processes, conflicts and fantasies which are not directly observable? Psychoanalysis has developed a specific research methodology, the so-called ‘Junktim-Forschung’, for clini- cal research strategies within the psycho- analytic situation (for example, see Freud, 1927).

A rich store of knowledge about unconscious deter- for this international discussion is a congress to exchange between the committee members and minants of psychopathology, emotions, thoughts be held in Frankfurt on 26-27 September 2002 others, the programme of the Joseph Sandler and behaviour has been collected in the last on ‘Pluralism of sciences: a challenge for psycho- Conference in London, March 2003 will then be hundred years by clinical psychoanalytic research. analytic psychotherapy research’ (for a preliminary planned. Nevertheless, psychoanalysis has been attacked programme and all the speakers, see the websites The new Research Committee II will be in constant again and again for its understanding and con- of the Sigmund Freud Institute, Deutsche Psycho- cooperation with the Research Committee I for ceptualization of clinical research. Particularly in analytische Vereinigung, and IPA). Empirical Research. Members of the Research times of worldwide ‘Freud-bashing’, psychoana- In various papers, the research traditions in dif- Committee II will constitute a working party to lysis is confronted with demands to ‘prove’ its ferent psychoanalytic cultures will be introduced formulate criteria for conceptual, clinical, histori- hypotheses, conceptualizations and the outcomes by R. Bernardi, O. Kernberg, R. Perron, W. Boh- cal and epistemological research to be applied in of its treatments by (controlled) empirical studies. leber, A. de Mijolla. Conceptual, clinical and the evaluations of applications for the Research extraclinical research will be introduced by F. Advisory Board and the Summer School (organized The different psychoanalytic societies of the IPA Beenen, D. Bürgin, A. U. Dreher, J. Canestri, N. by Research Committee I). have responded to this Zeitgeist in their own Freedman, P. Fonagy, M. Target, M. Rad and dif- ways, often not knowing enough about each other. ferent research groups. The dialogue between Both Research Committees will help organize the The new president, Daniel Widlöcher, therefore psychoanalysis and the neurosciences will be research content at the next IPA congress in appointed a second Research Committee on used as an example for the discussion of epistemo- Toronto. We hope that at the congress we will also Conceptual, Clinical, Historical and Epistemological logical dimensions of psychoanalytic research by be able to present some results of productive dis- Research in Psychoanalysis at the Nice congress M. Solms, A. Green, W. Singer and several German cussions and projects on the challenging and com- (August 2001). This, in cooperation with the research groups. In the light of the results of this plex issues of current research in psychoanalysis. Research Committee of Empirical Research (chaired by Peter Fonagy) should try to strengthen the communication between the different research cultures within the IPA. A witness to the 20th century

The members of the new committee are: JORGE SEMPRÚN, ‘Castilian imperial reflexes of speed and force- • Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber, Frankfurt (Chair) writer and thinker, gave the open- fulness’. He would attempt, he said, to temper • Folkert Beenen, Amsterdam ing address at the IPA congress in the language of Spain with the measuredness • Ricardo Bernardi, Montevideo Nice on 22 July 2001. of France. This is an edited transcript of his • Dieter Bürgin, Basel address. • Jorge Canestri, Rome He chose as his themes Freud’s essay ‘Group • Anna Ursula Dreher, Frankfurt Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, and the I would like to thank you for the invitation to • Norbert Freedman, New York concept of the illusion of a future. your congress, though at first I wondered: why me? • Alain de Mijolla, Paris He had intended to speak in French, but at the Why invite someone who - while he has friends • Roger Perron, Paris last minute, at the request of IPA President Otto who are psychoanalysts from all the lineages, all • Mark Solms, London Kernberg, he switched to Spanish, since (reflecting the schools, and is a long-time reader of Freud - • Mary Target, London the global situation, as he pointed out) there were is neither a specialist nor a potential patient? I • Sverre Varvin, Oslo. more Spanish speakers than French speakers in the concluded - and this was confirmed by Otto audience. This provoked some reflection on the Kernberg in his introduction - that I had been in- The committee wants to intensify the discussion on complexities of voicing in one language thoughts vited not as an expert in psychoanalysis but as a epistemological, methodological and historical conceived in another. Asked to slow down for witness to the past century, a witness to a series issues of psychoanalytic research in the different the benefit of the translators, he confessed that of political-historical experiences, and a writer cultures and regions of the IPA. A first opportunity when speaking Spanish he tended to acquire the about these experiences. I was obliged by history 19 HOME PAGES to participate actively in a series of events: 13 me, perfectly places the importance of the world series of qualitative changes which raise the years old when the Spanish Civil War broke out, war, as a decisive and determining historical question of the masses, the role of the masses, the 16 when I went into exile, 18 when I finished my fracture in the history of Europe. One consequence rise of the masses in modern Western society, in a studies in philosophy in France and the Resistance of that fracture, that change, is seen in Freud’s new way, different from any other time in history. began, 20 when I was deported to Buchenwald, essay. Where was this essay written? In Austria, and so on; the pace of my life has been imposed by, on Germanic cultural territory, at the outset of the Demographics and marked by, but also watched over by, the history great crisis of defeated Germany, with its re- communication of the 20th century. percussions throughout the ‘20s and ‘30s leading to the triumph of Nazism. This great crisis of values In the first place, there is the fact of demographic Because of this, I have chosen to comment on a translated politically into the impossibility of a explosion. The pessimists tell us - and they are book which for me is seminal to the understanding future for the Weimar Republic, an attempt - right to highlight it - that the 20th century has of that century: Sigmund Freud’s Group Psychology perhaps premature, perhaps always doomed to been a century of genocides, of killings and and the Analysis of the Ego (Massenpsychologie failure - to impose on a chaotic situation the norm massacres, of the destruction of humankind by und Ich-Analyse). It is in many ways premonitory, of democratic reason, the end of a series of humans, through totalitarian concentration camps, even though it is dated in other ways because it is Germanic passions, the norm of the rule of law and through many different methods of extermination of its time and much has happened and been ana- the rule of the masses. This is when Freud begins (among which it is impossible not to underscore lysed since. It is a book which sheds light and to address the question of mass psychology. the extermination of the European Jewish popu- understanding not only on things which were lation). But this, although it is true and must not be happening at the time, but also on things yet to Then and now neglected, is not, in my opinion, the sole defining come; a book which I think has continued to gain aspect of the 20th century - and even if it were, it importance through the years. Published in 1921, When we consider the writings, art and literature does not alter the fact that the 20th century was a written in 1920, it was presaged in one of Freud’s of the 1920s and early 1930s, we cannot help time of demographic explosion, which has brought letters to Sándor Ferenczi in 1919, in which he but notice the extraordinary similarity, mutatis about a significant qualitative change in the demo- announces that he has briefly considered the mutandis, to our age. There are various reasons for graphic history of Europe. problem of mass psychology. This is a subject that this, some of which Freud himself analysed in preoccupied Freud. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, and In the past, an epidemic or major war led to im- in other books written later, such as Civilization mediate demographic problems - a fall in popula- Start of a century, end of a war and its Discontents and The Future of an Illusion. tion levels, the desertification of whole regions. At that time there was a whole series of crisis But the killings and exterminations of the 20th For me, this book in some way inaugurates the phenomena - with the devolution of democracy to century - and I say this with complete objectivity century. If we had the time, and this were a con- the masses, and the rupture of the bodies and and without drawing any conclusions - did not gress of novelists rather than psychoanalysts, I asso-ciations which acted as intermediaries in produce a substantial demographic decrease or could invoke, as preliminary to these reflections, a society, leaving the individual isolated in the mass change in the world. Instead, although there was meeting that seems to me worthy of a novel or a - which we see again today, though in different no causal relationship, what followed was just the play: the famous meeting between Freud and ways. opposite: the demographic explosion which is the Gustav Mahler, in Leiden - which, coincidentally, prerequisite for mass phenomena. means ‘suffering’. On their long walk across the But there is another factor I would like to high- city in 1911, we don’t know exactly what Freud and light, because I think it often goes unnoticed: both One of those who has most lucidly analysed mass Mahler talked about, apart from Mahler’s personal of these periods, the ‘20s and ‘30s and the present phenomena - though from a very different view- and neurotic problems, but one can well imagine a day, are post-war periods. In my opinion, we do not point from Freud’s, a rather reactionary and elitist conversation between these two great artists and give enough consideration to the fact that we are perspective - is José Ortega y Gasset, in his Rebel- Jewish intellectuals about the century that was living in a post-war era, in the sense that the fall of lion of the Masses (Rebelión de las Masas). Other just beginning. the Soviet empire, symbolized by the fall of the phenomena are brought into the analysis, such Berlin Wall in 1989, was the end of a war. Many as industrialization and urbanization; and there is The context of this book is clearly apparent. The intelligent people have analysed the Gulf War as another factor: the visibility of mass society, mass First World War had just ended: a war that begins, the first virtual war, but I don’t believe this is cor- culture, because of the change in global communi- in Freud’s own words, with his own discharge of rect. I believe that the Gulf War was not a virtual cation systems, the transition from slow to almost all his libido in favour of the Austro-Hungarian war - but the end of the Cold War could and should instant information, from the absence of any image empire; only later, in his analysis and reflections on be analysed as the end of a virtual war, with the of a piece of news to immediate visualisation. the events of the war, does he distance himself defeat of one of the forces involved; and the Think of the contrast between Voltaire’s reflections from that libidinal investment in the empire and present time should be analysed as a post-war on the Lisbon earthquake and those of a modern begin to publish, in 1916, the texts which are, in period, with all the consequences that implies for intellectual on a natural catastrophe seen on many ways, his writings on war and death. They the countries of the old Soviet empire. television within hours. The complete transforma- are to some extent a preparation for his essay on tion of national and international communication Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. In Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, is fundamental to mass phenomena. And it could be said that he ends this analysis Freud is, in a sense, addressing a traditional poli- in 1933, with his exchange of correspondence tical cultural subject. Since Aristotle, the problem Le Bon’s analysis, as Ortega y Gasset points out, is with Einstein on the question ‘why war?’ (warum of the demos (people) and of the pletos (the to some extent the basis of all future analyses of Krieg?). superabundance, the multitude, the plethora) has mass phenomena. The idea is developed by Ortega been fundamental to political science. Spinoza dis- y Gasset himself, by Hannah Arendt, by Hermann In the introduction to his essay The Past of an cusses it. It could be said to be a constant factor in Broch - better known as a novelist, but also a very Illusion (Le Passé d’une Illusion), François Furet - the analysis of political philosophy. Since Gustave sharp and extraordinary political analyst speciali- possibly one of the few great intellectual histo- Le Bon’s book The Psychology of Crowds (Psycho- zing in the problems of mass phenomena - in Elias rians of the past century - is playing with Freud’s logie des Foules), the focus of this question has Canetti and, lastly (not in the chronological sense, title The Future of an Illusion. I will end this brief been modified because, from the end of the 19th but in terms of the importance of his work in this introduction by talking about what I call the illusion century - and, overwhelmingly, in the first few analysis, in the critique of dialectic reason), in of a future. Furet, in a few brief pages, it seems to decades of the 20th century - there has been a Sartre. Through a somewhat arduous, difficult and 20 HOME PAGES sometimes thankless philosophical terminology, Olli Seppälä, Helsinki, Finland Sartre also addresses, through the analysis of the group, the role of transitory and permanent masses in democratic and non-democratic society.

Totalitarianism and democracy

While on the subject of democratic and non- democratic societies, I think we should, at least briefly, consider one problem with Freud’s book. It has been analysed, interpreted and used by many analysts because of its premonition of the totali- tarian phenomena of the 20th century. It is certain- ly true that it can be used in a very interesting and effective way to analyse such phenomena. Arendt, as well as Broch and Canetti, whose book is more metaphysical than historical, use elements of Freud’s analysis to characterize the totalitarian systems of both types, fascist and communist (or, rather, fascist and Leninist). But I think we should take care with this type of analysis if we are not to make it into something reductive. Why? Because Freud’s analysis pre-dates the development of totalitarianism, and we must not assume that the problems he identifies are specific to totalitarian Freud stresses that, in societies or mass groups, the distinction between the terms Gemeinschaft societies or movements. They apply equally to our each member ceases to be an individual and be- and Gesellschaft, to confirm exactly what Freud modern society of mass democracy and mass comes an atomized element of the group. This said a few decades earlier: that in the atomized, markets, and demonstrate that - as Tocqueville insignificant, meaningless equality of the members solitary masses, the relationship between one said in his essay On Democracy in America, despo- of the group is based on appreciation, prestige, person and another exists in terms of each per- tic and mass phenomena can occur even in relationship with the Führer - and here again I son’s relationship to the Führer, that pseudo- genuinely democratic societies. We must not re- would like to support the validity of Freud’s ana- religious, charismatic, alienating relationship that duce the interest and value of Freud’s book by lysis by quoting Martin Heidegger. No, this is not is typical in totalitarian countries. defining it simply as an analysis of subsequent a discussion of Heidegger’s Nazism, which is like totalitarian phenomena. a sea serpent, an eternal discussion, perhaps Individuals and interminable like a Freudian analysis. But in vo- ephemera What surprises do we find in this book? When lume 16 of his complete works, published last year he analyses the phenomena of the masses, and - a collection of speeches, commentaries, notes If I had time, I would like to debate exactly what comments on - sometimes approving and some- from his time as dean or professor between 1910 Freud means when he says that mass phenomena times modifying, even substantially, Le Bon’s and 1976 - there is a series of works written while are a regression. A regression to what? Naturally theses - Freud chooses two examples of ‘artificial’ he was a dean, in the Nazi era. These are very he says it and we understand perfectly what it masses (in the sense that they are constant and interesting to study, for the simple reason that they means: a regression to drives, to impulses, that not products of historical spontaneity). What are may help us to overcome the absurd idea that pre-date civilization - but does this mean it cannot they? The church and the army - social institutions Heidegger cannot, at the same time, be both a happen in the future? Does we always have to which existed long before totalitarianism; which great philosopher and a great Nazi. We must return to the past? What is the historical signi- are, to some extent, pillars of traditional societies, contemplate these attributes simultaneously, not ficance of regression? and certainly of bourgeois societies. With de- view them separately as if Heidegger were hemi- liberate but understated irony, Freud uses these plegic with no interaction between the different But I will not go into that now. I will finish this examples precisely because he is talking about aspects of his personality. point by noting the significant fact that Freud’s something constant, not something which is the book lives up to its title. It really is an analysis temporary product of particular historical circum- In one text from this volume, he is speaking to his of the ego, in the context of group or collective stances. high school classmates in May 1934, 25 years after psychology. It is not a work of sociology written by what in German they call the Abitur - more or less a psychoanalyst, but the work of a psychoanalyst The charismatic leader equivalent to the baccalaureate, the graduation who, from the start, underscores, highlights, ceremony of the European education system. He insists on the social complexity of the individual, One of the very original points in Freud’s essay makes an observation - which I will translate ra- even in his or her solitude - to use a typically relates to his suggestion that Le Bon has not given pidly, and therefore perhaps imperfectly, from the Orteguian word describing the solitude of the in- sufficient emphasis to the role of charismatic German - which is: contrary to modern assump- dividual. Even in this solitude and self-absorption leaders. In German, there is a traditional word tions, the social ties of society are not formed by there is a social aspect, which is the relationship which 20th century history has made odious: the individuals with a common interest coming to- with others, in the family but also in other re- word Führer. In Spanish, we have another word gether to form a Gefolgschaft (a difficult word to lationships which Freud enumerates. When he that is also hateful and also traditional: caudillo. translate; it means something like cohorts, fol- rejects Le Bon’s hypothesis on the hypnotic effect In French we have no word with the same import lowers; the faithful, the militants). Precisely the or power of suggestion which the leader exerts as caudillo, duce, Führer, condottiero; we have opposite, says Heidegger: the Gefolgschaft only over the masses, he replaces it with these ideas. chef or dictateur, but there is no generic word to find their connection with each other through This is a very persuasive analysis, but it calls for encompass all the types of the Spanish caudillaje the will of the Führer; only that creates a commu- further investigations which he never took up and or its German equivalent, Führertum. nity or collectivity. Here, Heidegger makes play of to which he never returned in later writings, re- 21 HOME PAGES placing these vague and imprecise concepts with JORGE Jorge Semprún has been at the very centre the use of the libido in the phenomena of group psychology and the psychology of relationships of the ideological conflicts of the 20th century: between the leader and the masses, and thus CLÁUDIO LAKS committed to communism until he unmasked its returning to his own territory of psychoanalysis EIZIRIK reflects on the images and totalitarian nature; committed to the resistance to complete his analysis of mass phenomena in thoughts provoked on hearing society. against fascism, first in Spain and later in Nazi Jorge Semprún’s address. I would also draw attention to Freud’s statement Germany; being a concentration camp victim and that these phenomena tend to produce masses, or As Semprún starts to speak, I barely follow the using his experience in Buchenwald to communi- mass situations, that are ephemeral. We can all ideas that he presents in fluent and eloquent cate the terror of the Nazi regime and the death think of examples of contemporary phenomena, Spanish, because his words are accompanied by a which are, perhaps, much more acute and violent camps - and being able to come out of all of these series of images, as if in a film, as if I have lived than those of Freud’s time: events that can occur at them in different years, in different moments and experiences, and to transform them in his enor- the entrance to a football match or the exit from a different places: Ramón Mercader contemplating mous, rich and outstanding body of work, which rock concert, for example. These are ephemeral, Vermeer’s View of Delft in the Mauristhuis; a beau- allows us to share his knowledge and his reflec- related to the specific moment, and this in part is tiful Sunday in Buchenwald, in the middle of the why there are no obvious leaders. There may be tions and makes a fundamental contribution to Nazi horror, with snow all over the concentration minor, temporary leaders, but they soon disappear. camp; Dolores Ibarruri, la Pasionaria, shouting our understanding of what has happened in this Freud suggests that one of the priorities of leaders ‘Empty-headed intellectuals!’ in a castle of the century. of mass phenomena is to create permanence. Bohemian kings, and expelling two bright members Throughout the 20th century, since Freud wrote of the Spanish Communist Party; Federico Sánchez these words, the way that leaders have sought to on secret missions in Spain; Yves Montand and Jorge Semprún is a leading expert in the fields of achieve this permanence is through the creation Simone Signoret talking with friends in La Colombe literature, of philosophy, of the arts, who masters of mass political parties. And mass parties, inde- d’Or, Saint Paul de Vence; Yves Montand being French, German, Spanish and English and whose pendently of what they represent, the relationship murdered in Athens, in Costa Gavras’ Z; the con- life is like a concentration of all the lives of the with the charismatic leader taking precedence fession and trial in Prague; Goethe talking with over the relationship between the members, have Eckermann in the Ettersberg forest ... century. His experiences are reflected in work a common component, a millenaristic element, in Semprún is presenting his lecture, talking about after work, book after book, and in some of the the sense of promising a future and crystallizing the importance of Freud’s Group Psychology for the most powerful works of contemporary cinema. the force of the masses in the service of that understanding of current cultural developments ... Those of us who have read The Long Voyage future - hence my play on words with Freud’s title, and the film shows new images, a long journey; ‘the illusion of a future’. Rafael Artigas in the streets of Paris; the border (1963), La Guerre est Finie (Film of 1966), El Desvanecimiento (1967), The Second Death of The illusion of a future Ramón Carnizet (1969), the Autobiografía de Looking back, we can see this illusion in the the whole of this great book of Freud’s, which I Federico Sánchez (1978; Federico Sánchez was his parties and situations of the socialist world - or in believe has such an important place in his works cover name while he worked as an underground the world of real socialism - and also in the early and in his century. As he himself points out, it is member of the communist party), What a texts of Marx. We can see it in the essence of a modest book, an initial study of subjects to which Beautiful Sunday (1980), Netchaiev ha Vuelto Nazism, with its ambitions of inaugurating a mil- he unfortunately never returned in such a direct lenary Reich, the famous Tausendjährige Reich, way. But it is fundamental to 20th century (1987), Federico Sánchez se Despide de Ustedes and here again we could quote Heidegger. Don’t thought, subsequently developed and modified and (1993), Literature or Life (1996), have had the think I am obsessed with him; it is just that a enriched by 20th century experience. Without this extraordinary experience of learning and feeling recent reading of this new volume of his works has book, some of the theses of Arendt, Broch what has been important about the past century. revealed to me new facts, new documents, which and even Sartre, would be difficult (Sartre never help to elucidate his relationship with Nazism. It mentions Freud, but then, Sartre did not generally He has managed to communicate the horror of the includes - apart from a series of pamphlets and mention his sources). Nazi concentration camps, the influence of the administrative texts that end with the traditional This book is also important because it shows us sadistic totalitarian political system. But he has Sieg Heil or the Nazi salute, Heil Hitler - a series of Freud’s critical spirit, his modesty and self- also managed to convey the survival of the human texts written for students or seminars in which criticism. When, in each chapter, he seems to have he uses his own philosophical concepts, the most established an analytic truth, a moment of cer- spirit under extreme conditions, and has illumi- original in terms of historicity and authenticity, tainty, he begins the next chapter by saying: let us nated the understanding of the vicissitudes of to qualify and define the national socialist revolu- not imagine that we have resolved the problem. human aggression and love in this context. tion. In one essay, The present situation and We must think it over again, we must go on in- future tasks of German philosophy, written in vestigating; what we have said up to now may November 1934, he takes up the problem of be a simplification, which could be disputed if I think we could not have found a better introduc- historicity as the foundation of being, and says: we re-examined it from a more multilateral tion to a psychoanalytic congress dealing with the “History is the occurrence that - in its occurrence - viewpoint. profound forces and currents that agitate human will be present in future, the occurrence that over- And finally, it is a delight to read such a well- written book (of course, we must not forget that life than this eminent luminary writer and poet, comes the present in the mission and following the order (in der Sendung und aus dem Auftrag). Freud won the Goethe Prize for German literature). and I welcome Jorge Semprún. He who is historic and thinks historically, thinks But, yes, it is a delight, and - without wishing to in terms of centuries” - the perfect definition of criticize anyone here - when I read some of to- OTTO KERNBERG, introducing Jorge Semprún at the millenary Reich and the purpose of the illusion day’s psychoanalytic texts, I wonder: why don’t of a future. you follow Freud’s example and write with that the opening ceremony of the Nice congress. I apologise for the sketchiness of what I have been divine clarity? saying, because of my eagerness to encompass Thank you. 22 HOME PAGES lysis, a view in which Freud’s libido theory and SEMPRÚN: life goes on most of his metapsychology was abandoned. Most of his DPG colleagues did not share Schultz- mountain in The War is Over ... but I must listen to mort qu’il faut, his most recent book, as far as I Hencke’s point of view, but now, within the orbit what the writer is saying. know (as of 2001), it is not difficult to follow him in of the Göring Institute, he was free to enlarge As I follow his ideas, I remember that he once his youth in Buchenwald and to live with him, once and teach his ‘neo-analysis’. By 1945, the Göring compared his memories to the Russian Babushka again, the strong feelings of that time and its Institute had collapsed, and immediately after doll - a set of dolls, one inside the other, all the relevance for today. the end of the war the DPG was founded anew. same but the inner ones smaller than the outer. Müller- Braunschweig was elected President. Semprún has lived the horrors of Nazism and Semprún was making the point that we still have Now the different conceptions of what psycho- Stalinism, but also the fight against them and the many forms of oppression, and that psychoanalysis analysis is all about, which were more or less solidarity of companions with a shared dream and can be a tool to understand and to denounce them. dormant during the time of the Göring Institute, a shared cause. He was not only a witness, but an Nothing could be more true, and his words, and his became obvious. actor in some of the most dramatic events of the presence at the opening of the congress, was a past century. And, through the process of creativi- happy encounter - we need more interactions of Under the chairmanship of Schultz-Hencke, a ty, he has been able to attempt the perhaps impos- this kind, with the wider culture. Among the many strong ‘neo-analytical’ group developed. Mean- sible: the working through of these traumatic situ- stimulating moments of this excellent congress, while, Müller-Braunschweig wanted to return to ations via a series of novels and film scripts in Semprún’s lecture and the chance of a brief classical psychoanalysis as taught by Freud. At which we can live and relive them, and search with conversation with him were special ones. I feel the 1949 Zürich congress, the DPG applied for him to find some meaning in them. grateful for his courage and for his sharing of his re-admission to the IPA. Schulz-Hencke gave a ‘My life is not like a river, moreover not as a river experiences with so many readers, allowing us to presentation ‘On the development and future of each day different, never the same, in whose experience them and to reflect on the greatness psychoanalytic concepts’, defending his ‘neo- waters we cannot bathe twice; my life is the time and misery of so many of our own dreams, without analytic’ views. Müller-Braunschweig, on the other of what was lived, of the repetition, of the same, losing hope that there is still a war to be won. hand, in his paper ‘The neo-analysis of Schultz- almost to exhaustion, till it becomes different, In his book celebrating his friendship with Yves Hencke seen from a psychoanalytic point of view’, strange, for being so identical,’ wrote Semprún in Montand, Semprún says that it is the story of a made a strong critique of this approach. 1980; and in fact his books are an exercise in joint voyage to reach a shared discontent, but a patience, sometimes because he repeats and goes discontent full of projects, indignation, mistakes ... The IPA rejected the DPG request, but made clear back to people, situations, experiences, places ... the desire to change things. This is one of the that if the DPG distanced itself from Schultz- and in this slow process of memory, Nachträglich- lessons one can learn from people like these two Hencke and created an independent Institute, its keit, piece by piece, an idea of the man and his life men. And that’s why I took the subtitle of that application would be favourably considered. builds up in the reader’s mind. When we read Le book. Jorge Semprún: life goes on. Müller-Braunschweig, with the support of some of his DPG colleagues, tried to persuade Schultz- Hencke to abandon his ‘neo-analytic’ ideas, but did not succeed. In 1950, he and his supporters decided to found the German Psychoanalytical Association (DPV), dedicated to the teaching of The German Psychoanalytic Society (DPG) true Freudian principles. This led to a split within the DPG. The German Psychoanalytic Society 1933, Felix Boehm took over as President, with Carl (DPG) was accepted as an IPA Müller-Braunschweig as Secretary and chair of the At the Amsterdam Congress in 1951, the IPA un- Executive Council provisional socie- Training Committee. Most Jewish analysts, having animously accepted the DPV, but Anna Freud made ty during the business meeting of been forced to leave the DPG, were trying to clear that the DPG could re-apply for recognition if the Nice congress. emigrate. In 1936 the Nazi regime recognised the it put its house in order. A letter from Heinz Despite a large majority vote in favour, a Göring Institute as the only institution allowed to Hartmann, IPA Vice-President, to Felix Boehm, number of concerns had been voiced by some provide therapy. The surviving DPG, the Jungians, President of the DPG, confirmed Anna Freud’s members during the business meeting, con- the Adlerians and other groups then fell into line statement. A reduced DPG continued teaching cerns which remained in part unanswered. under the Göring umbrella. Schultz-Hencke ‘neo-analysis’ alongside some of ANNE-MARIE SANDLER hopes that this In their effort to keep psychoanalysis and the DPG Freud’s principal concepts. The society became article, which provides some background alive, many of the non-Jewish DPG members, par- increasingly isolated from mainstream psycho- information not presented in Nice, will bring ticularly those in leading positions, were ready to analysis and its post-war developments. some clarification to the issues raised. make considerable compromises with the National In 1910, Karl Abraham founded the Berlin Psycho- Socialist Regime. Under the aegis of the Göring Confronting the past analytic Association as the first component society Institute, they helped to develop a ‘German of the IPA. The Institute and a Polyclinic admini- Seelenheilkunde’ - a ‘German psychotherapy’ - that Socio-political events of 1968 in Europe forced stered by the association, with Max Eitingon as was to become the officially recognised and only changes, and many Germans started to question Director, were founded in 1920. In 1926 the asso- acceptable form of psychotherapy. By May 1936, their elders about the Nazi era. The revelations ciation changed its name to become the German the DPG had unanimously left the IPA, although were often deeply traumatic. The confrontation Psychoanalytic Society (DPG). Besides Abraham following that decision a few efforts were made with the history of German psychoanalysis and and Eitingon, its leading figures included Ernst to reverse it. With the dissolution of the DPG in with the involvement of the German psychoana- Simmel, Franz Alexander, Otto Fenichel, Karen November 1938, the link with the IPA was finally lysts under the National Socialist regime started, Horney, Sandor Radó, Hanns Sachs and many severed. at first within the DPV, at the end of the 1970s, but others. gathered speed after the Central European With the coming to power of the Nazi regime in ‘Neo-analysis’ Congress in Bamberg in 1980. Members of both 1933, psychoanalysis became discredited, Freud’s the DPV and the DPG organised discussion groups books were burned and pressure was put on the From the end of the 1920s, Harald Schultz-Hencke to help clarify and work through the material that DPG to get rid of its Jewish members. In November had developed a ‘neo-analytic’ view of psychoana- was being unearthed, as well as investigating the 23 HOME PAGES

fate of the Jewish members who had been ex- matically be asked to become a study group was to become IPA members, but they themselves pelled from the old DPG. questioned, and in January 2001 Council approved acknowledge that at present they are short of the an additional provision to the IPA Procedural Code. necessary equivalencies. The new IPA initiative has From 1985 onwards, the DPG organised a series of It enabled the acceptance of certain societies as avoided a split in the DPG, yet clearly indicated conferences dealing with the DPG’s history under ‘Executive Council (EC) provisional societies’ if they that, while only those with IPA standards of ex- the Nazis. During this period, Israeli and DPV satisfied certain specific conditions and standards, pertise can be accepted, other members who wish psychoanalysts started to meet, mostly in Israel, to making it advisable to accept them directly as EC to join can work towards equivalencies and apply examine the past in the present in what became provisional societies rather than study groups. at any time. known as the Nazareth seminars. Later the DPG was invited to participate, and several DPG col- These provisional societies are to be differentiated With Council’s acceptance of the DPG as an EC leagues are now regularly attending these meet- from those delineated in the Constitution and provisional society, the Facilitating Committee ings. Bylaws and overseen by a Liaison Committee was immediately created. Its members are André reporting to the International New Groups Haynal from the Swiss Society, John Kafka from the Rapprochement Committee. The newly designated EC provisional American Association, Inga Villareal from the societies are closely supported and guided by a Colombian Society, Sverre Varvin from the From the 1980s onwards, some DPG members Facilitating Committee, which has to follow a Norwegian Society and me, as Chair, from the initiated contacts with IPA analysts in the US, specific mandate designed by Council. It is also British Society. Sverre Varvin, Vice-President, is our France and England. For a growing number of required to report directly and at least twice a direct link with Council. members, ‘neo-analysis’ was now a thing of the year to Council instead of reporting yearly to the past, and they wished to end their isolation from International New Groups Committee. The membership of the DPG accepted, amongst mainstream psychoanalysis. Regular supervision other requirements, the principle that every mem- groups, clinical and theoretical seminars and At the present time, together with the DPV, the ber who wishes to join the IPA has to be individu- conferences with IPA members multiplied. Early in DPG plays an important role in defending and pro- ally interviewed in depth by members of the the 1990s, the idea of re-applying for IPA mem- tecting psychoanalysis within the German Health Facilitating Committee. He or she will present bership started to be considered by an increasing Service. A growing group of DPG members has clinical material of a four-times-a-week analytic number of DPG members, and in 1998 the first over many years demonstrated a strong determi- case, seen for at least one full year. Thus the IPA substantive consultations with the IPA began. nation to re-establish high standards of psycho- can be assured that only the members who have analytic clinical and theoretical expertise within successfully passed these interviews are recog- Immediately after the settlement of the lawsuits their society. The DPG recognised that a necessary nised as IPA members. It is clear from this proce- against the American Association and the IPA in step towards acceptance into the IPA required the dure that the growth of the DPG EC provisional the late 1980s, several non-IPA psychoanalytic presentation of detailed clinical work. During the society will be appropriately paced and well groups, established for at least ten years and pro- prolonged period of investigation, the IPA controlled. viding teaching, wanted to join the IPA. New pro- Committee kept the DPV informed, and in the cedures had urgently to be drawn up, and a new spring of 2001 the DPV membership voted by a Finally, the DPG EC provisional society has accep- document was approved by Council. On the basis strong majority to support the DPG’s desire to ted a mandate which stipulates, among other pro- of this document, first used in the US, four new IPA become an EC provisional society of the IPA. visions, that the Facilitating Committee will visit at component societies were eventually accepted. least twice a year and will form a Joint Steering However, as more new institutions - the majority of Changes Committee linked to a corresponding body from whose members had not been analysed or taught within the DPG to support, advise and discuss all by IPA members - were applying to the IPA, a The hard work of two Council committees estab- aspects of training. The Facilitating Committee is revised and extended document was necessary. lished that there was a high level of corresponden- required to report regularly to Council, at least It became known as the ‘equivalency document’ ce between IPA and contemporary DPG re- twice a year, where its work will be carefully moni- and was finally approved by Council in July 1999. quirements for training. The differences that exist tored. are being addressed, and changes that will bring EC provisional societies the DPG institutes closer to IPA standards are PS I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Werner being tackled. At the present time, the DPG EC Bohleber and to Professor Franz Wellendorf for Reflecting on the actual proceedings of all new provisional society has a president, a secretary and their support in writing this article. groups, the value of insisting that they auto- 39 members. More DPG members hope eventually

The organizational maturation of the IPA

ROBERT S WALLERSTEIN, MD, an IV) task force report - an organizational restruc- on major policy directions, bylaws and procedural IPA member since 1960 and partici- turing developed over a number of years, and re- code changes - and, most importantly, elections of pant in almost every international vised several times, by a task force chaired by officers - were all made at the business meeting congress since 1967, received his Inga Villarreal of Colombia, which will inaugurate (with changes to the Constitution and Bylaws first official appointment in 1975 - a fully democratic and transparent governance requiring subsequent ratification by the entire to chair the training analysts’ pre- structure - makes it timely to review the historical membership, which invariably concurred). congress - and was elected Presi- evolution of IPA functioning that has brought us to dent in 1985. this happy point. The rationale was that only those members who actually attended the congresses (which, through Against this background, he offers a personal In the 1960s and ‘70s, the IPA was essentially an to 1975, were always in Europe) were sufficiently ‘insider’ perspective on the development of the insiders’ ‘club’. Although by 1980 there were some interested in and informed about the issues and IPA’s governance. 5,000 members worldwide, less than one thousand the personalities to cast informed votes on gover- would attend the biannual congress, and at most nance issues, including especially the election of The recent overwhelming adoption by the IPA 500 would participate in the business meetings officers. The officers comprised the IPA Executive membership of the Structure and Mission (SAM- where all governance decisions were made. Votes Council; the President (alternating then between 24 HOME PAGES Europe and the US), the Treasurer (then always in learned then that the expected contest between the first in Latin America - in 1991. Most impor- the US, where tax exempt status existed, with Joseph and Weinshel in 1977 would have been an tantly, under new instructions, the Nominating dues therefore collected in US dollars), and eight exception to the ‘custom’. Committee was charged to bring at least two nomi- Vice-Presidents (three from Europe, three from nees for each elective post for a single candidate, North America, and two from Latin America) - all Presidency and a slate for the vice-presidencies from each elected at the business meeting. There were also region consisting of more than the number to be the immediate past-President, the appointed I agreed to run again for the vice-presidency in elected - ideally, twice the number. This started Secretary, and about four appointed Associate 1981, in order to keep my options open. By 1985 I with the 1989 presidential race, won by Joseph Secretaries (at least one from each of the three had left my departmental chairmanship in the Sandler in a hotly contested election, and has been regions). These appointments were all announced medical school, becoming a senior professor with the case ever since. by the President at the business meeting, immedi- no administrative responsibilities, and I did de- ately after announcement of the election results. cide to seek the presidency. I was nominated, ran Further steps unopposed - though for a while it seemed possible Insiders that a very respected colleague and good friend, During the Sandler presidency (1989-93), two with whom I had worked in the affairs of the further steps were taken to widen the demo- Given this set-up, with the electorate restricted American Psychoanalytic Association, might also cratizing process in IPA governance. First, the by- to the 500 members who attended the biennial run - and was duly elected at the 1985 Hamburg laws were changed to require the elections to be business meeting - who were pretty much the Congress. The ‘club’ - those influential leaders who conducted by worldwide mail ballot, and this was same from congress to congress, and pretty much guided IPA affairs - had indicated its choice for the introduced in the 1993 election cycle. There are all knew each other - the conditions for the consti- presidency, and though there was ample opportu- some disadvantages, in that 10,000 members are tution of the club were of course well set. But nity for the election to be contested through other asked to choose between nominees none of within this, there was a less well-known ‘insider’ names being submitted to the Nominating whom may be known to them, especially those group, which constituted the more or less self- Committee, no one else had come forward. from other regions; this applies particularly to perpetuating leadership. I became aware of this in the vice-presidential nominees, who are less likely the late ‘70s. At the 1977 presidential election, The years of my presidency (1985-89) were marked to be known outside their region than nominees there seemed to be two candidates who would by two main currents. The most conspicuous and for the presidency. But these are outweighed by vie for the US presidential turn: Ed Joseph of New time-consuming was the famous lawsuit brought the advantage of offering every IPA member - not York and Ed Weinshel of San Francisco (which by four US psychologists on behalf of a declared just those who attend the business meeting at would have been the first contest for the presi- class of several thousands, primarily against the the congress - the opportunity to participate in the dency in many years). American Association for its exclusionary policy selection of the organization’s leadership. concerning training of non-medical candidates, but I was a friend of both, but had committed to sup- also against the IPA for allowing its American The second change was a growing sentiment port Weinshel. The contest was aborted, however, component to engage in these discriminatory within IPA ranks that, with members worldwide when his wife became seriously ill and he with- practices. That highly complex and contentious now able to participate directly in the governance drew from the race. A number of his key supporters lawsuit occupied almost the entire four-year span structure, the component psychoanalytic societies, urged me to run in his place, but I declined, citing of my presidency (recounted in my 1998 book, Lay and their chosen leaderships, had no formal role my recent assumption of the chairmanship of the Analysis: Life Inside the Controversy). within that governance. In response to widening Department of Psychiatry at the University of clamour on this matter from society presidents, the California in San Francisco Medical School, with Democratization House of Delegates (HOD) was brought into being. its more than full-time demands (counting in my Elected by the society presidents through their psychoanalytic involvements, and my clinical Less remarked, and less heralded, my admini- regional organizations (EPF, FEPAL, and the new practice). I agreed, however, to stand for a vice- stration began the process of true internationali- North American co-ordinating body - nine from presidency, and was duly elected; Ed Joseph was zation and democratization that has culminated each region), this was to be a consultative body elected to the presidency unopposed. Thus began in the present reorganization. Latin America, in liaison and interaction with the Executive my tenure on the Executive Council as an elected though the smallest of the IPA’s three regions (then Council, setting forth the consensus decisions of Vice-President. representing 23% of the world membership), the component societies on issues of IPA policy was the fastest growing; this led us to revise the and governance. Three members of the HOD (one I was re-elected in 1979, and then intended to 1949 agreement whereby the US had begun to from each region) were to sit as liaison members retire in 1981, after the customary two terms. I alternate with Europe in the IPA presidency. The on the Executive Council; and, originally, HOD therefore, when asked by the Nominating Commit- presidency was henceforth to rotate between expenses were to be borne by the societies, not tee (appointed by the President), indicated that I the three regions, with the first Latin American pre- by the IPA. didn’t intend to stand for re-election. This was fol- sident (who was to be Horacio Etchegoyen of lowed shortly by an urgent discussion initiated by Buenos Aires) to be elected in 1993, after the Costs Irene Auletta, then the IPA Administrative Director, scheduled European presidency of 1989-93. At in which she informed me that it had been decided the same time, the number of Latin American This structure proved fiscally not feasible, and (she never indicated precisely by whom) that vice-presidents was raised to three, thus also during the Etchegoyen administration (1993-97) after the presidential term of Adam Limentani of equalizing the regions. Somewhat later, the posi- which followed Sandler’s, HOD expenses were London (who was running unopposed in 1981 tion of Treasurer - until then always restricted to incorporated within the regular IPA budget. Liaison for the European turn), I would be the ‘logical’ the US - began to be rotated; Peter Fonagy of and cooperation between the HOD and the successor President (for the US turn, 1985-89). I London was elected in 1991, by which time the IPA Executive Council were not always easy, as the would therefore need to run again for the vice- had achieved tax-exempt status in the UK, and in HOD sought an increasing role in IPA decision- presidency, in 1981 and in 1983, since it was the 1999 the first Latin American treasurer, Moisés making processes. This potentially could have ‘custom’ that only sitting members of Executive Lemlij of Lima, was elected. led to a bicameral legislative process, with the Council would be nominated for the presidency. It regionally elected society leaders in the HOD vying was further expected that probably no one would Concomitantly, the congresses had begun to rotate in uneasy equilibrium with the worldwide elec- run against me, since it was also the ‘custom’ that out of Europe: first to Jerusalem in 1977, then New ted Executive Council leaders for ultimate deci- elections for the presidency were unopposed. I York in 1979, Montreal in 1987, and Buenos Aires - sion-making responsibility.

25 HOME PAGES

Additionally, the administrative operations of the with now more than 20 people, plus HOD with the worldwide membership, and the remaining IPA were absorbing an ever-increasing percentage 27) meet semi-annually, over a total of four to five Representatives to be chosen within their respec- of the IPA budget, squeezing such important prio- days, with full expenses borne by the IPA for the tive regions via mechanisms in which the societies rities as the development of new societies, out- three of those four meetings that are not in con- will play a significant role. The Nominating reach activities, publications, research, regional junction with a congress. Committees - in the past a mechanism for self- conferences, etc. In fact, internal governance was perpetuation of the leadership club - will be costing well over 20% of the budget when compa- SAM selected by the regions. rable professional and ‘charitable’ organizations The minutes of the meetings of all governing were keeping such expenses at less than 15% This is what led Otto Kemberg’s administration bodies (Executive Council and HOD) have already (albeit often for single country organizations). (1997-2001) to the creation of SAM, in an effort been made available to the total membership both to streamline IPA administration and to during the Kernberg administration, and this will of During my administration in 1985-89, the full render it even more transparent and democratic, course continue. Unicameral leadership should Executive Council (under 20 people) met only in eliminating the potential rivalry inherent in a reduce the possibilities for policy deadlock or connection with the biennial congresses, when bicameral governing process. The results - invol- fracture, and governance expenses should be cut its members paid their own transportation expen- ving widespread discussion and feedback upon very substantially, reducing the pressures on all ses, with only ‘partial meetings’ during the interim, the successive SAM proposals at all membership the other budgetary expenditures that represent consisting of those members who happened for levels, through to the overwhelming adoption of the organizational purposes of the IPA. Mostly, other reasons to be attending events such as the SAM-IV - are now widely known. The HOD and through this long evolutionary process now cul- December meetings of the American Association the Executive Council are being replaced by a minating in the creation of a fully democratically in New York, or certain meetings in London. Since single governing body, to be called the Board of chosen and operating Board of Representatives, then, the growth in membership numbers and com- Representatives, with a total membership of the IPA will have finally and fully transcended the plexity in IPA affairs has led to the current state in around 25. The President, Treasurer and some of ‘club’ structure that operated when I first became which the governing bodies (Executive Council the Representatives are to be elected directly by involved.

WORKING AT THE FRONTIERS International Psychoanalytical Congress

TORONTO, 2003 RICARDO BERNARDI But, it is frequently argued, the most urgent Chair, Programme Committee problems are scantily discussed at congresses, The core of a congress about frontiers and the real discussions take place in the cor- ‘Why attend congresses,’ asked a ridors. young colleague, ‘if one can read Colleagues who participate in the Toronto congress the authors at home with less eff- will find a new format. Many of the changes will Topics ort and expense?’ But at the same be clearly visible: the congress will be shorter (five time she added: ‘I would gladly days in total); the business meeting will take place There is a long list of problems that merit discus- make the effort to go to a con- at the beginning; the pre-congresses (for training sion. The Programme Committee has invited parti- gress if I were certain that I would analysts, IPSO candidates and research) will be cipants to propose themes for the discussion learn something new.’ integrated into the congress; the scientific acti- groups, in order to select the most popular. vities will be organized following particular Discussion of controversial themes is essential, How can we make congresses offer something themes (‘tracks’), some of which - those with an although it is not easy. The force of passion must different from what participants find in psycho- interdisciplinary character - will develop outside be transformed into the power of argumentation, a analytical publications? How can we make them the venue of the congress, at the university or in process that demands scientific maturity. As past attractive to more people? These questions led our cultural centres. discussions have shown, when this is achieved in a president, Daniel Widlöcher, to propose to the IPA I would like to comment on the spirit of these congress, the results are enriching. Council a new kind of congress: one that allows changes and why we, the Programme Committee, more participative discussion of current problems have given priority to activities which, in previous Discussion groups can go on to produce reports in psychoanalysis. Interest in such an approach had congresses and pre-congresses, permitted more reflecting the state of the art in certain topics. The already been expressed by various IPA bodies active participation for those attending. opportunities offered by new electronic media can during Horacio Etchegoyen’s and Otto Kernberg’s help here, and we hope that, with the collaboration administrations. The Toronto 2003 Congress will Small group discussions of our constituent societies, these opportunities represent a new step in this direction. will be available to all IPA members. Discussion Discussion in small groups has always been con- groups will be able to start their exchanges before By the time you read this, you will probably have sidered an unforgettable experience. An interna- the congress, and disseminate the results ob- received information about the format of the next tional congress brings together members from taining during the congress, via the IPA website. congress. You will also have received the Call for different psychoanalytic cultures, allowing us to Submissions, inviting you to send your proposals learn from the experience and reflection of our Interactive for participation in the activities of the congress. colleagues. We can identify points of agreement We hope you found some of them interesting and and disagreement with them. In fact, our discipline The other activities of the congress will be fired by that you have submitted your proposals to definitely needs to clarify points of consensus and the same spirit. The interactive nature of the Broomhills. debate relating to theoretical and practical panels will be emphasized, with the intention that problems. they should reflect a previous work elaborating a But a congress is enriched if its planning is ac- When we have a genuine debate, we discover that theme. The individual papers are to be grouped in companied by a reflection on the kind of scientific there are no unique truths but only alternative sessions, where related papers will be discussed exchange needed by psychoanalysis nowadays. hypotheses, and discussing them stimulates the together, stimulating an exchange among those The members of the Programme Committee, and development of the arguments and the reasons who share an interest in a particular topic. The other colleagues involved in preparing the Con- that support each position. Thus, this process plenary sessions will be retained, but will be fewer gress, were invited to express their views. contributes to the development of our discipline. in number. There will be courses or workshops on 26 HOME PAGES various subjects. The incorporation of the pre-con- mature debate about the notion of process and to would be able to seriously consider, if only for a gresses will enrich the congress, which will be better define the ways in which it is being declined moment, the possibility that his or her fiercest organized in ‘tracks’. The main track will be devot- at the frontiers of the discipline. What is occur- opponent may be right! ed to theoretical and clinical papers about our ring in practice may be considered from several practice (‘Analytical process: core and frontiers’). perspectives, including child and adolescent ana- Utopian? Certainly. I believe psychoanalysis has There will be other tracks on psychoanalytical lysis, group and family therapy, treatment of something Utopian at its core. And if making things education, conceptual and empirical research, and ‘severe pathologies’, institutional work. better has any sense whatsoever, what else can the interdisciplinary dialogue with contemporary we hope for, if not a rendition - no matter how gross culture and health sciences. Extending towards the ‘frontiers’ of the discipline, and earthly - of some Utopian ideal? My reading of empirical research seeks to complement clinical the Programme Committee’s collective mind is that The theme of education will be discussed in meet- investigation; controversies between these two we wish the IPA Congress to be as stimulating as ings restricted to training analysts and candidates, approaches require clarification. Yet further afield, possible for a large number of individual members. but also in meetings open to all participants. The psychoanalysis is relating in various ways to other Members will realize, we hope, that there is within contributions of research will be integrated into disciplines, notably psychiatry. At the same time, the association a genuine desire to provide the most the different activities of the congress. the acceleration of socio-cultural change and the meaningful IPA gathering possible. expansion of the discipline make it essential to Interdisciplinary debate the role of psychoanalysis within these SARA ZAC DE FILC contexts. The complexity we see when we look at Chair, Education Committee The Local Arrangements Committee, chaired by inter-national psychoanalysis from these vantage Opening up the debate on education David Iseman, is enthusiastically collaborating in points makes it difficult to narrow the focus of the organization of the programme of the interdis- a congress. The Programme Committee is not una- Toronto presents us with an extraordinary opportu- ciplinary tracks (‘Psychoanalysis and health scien- ware of the risks of dispersion, and the format of nity to develop part of our programme by giving ces’ and ‘Psychoanalysis and culture’). Special the congress has been designed with these, among us an educational track throughout the congress. facilities for the local community will be provided other things, in mind. The ‘no place for discussion and interchange on to enable them to participate in these activities educational matters’ has suddenly changed. The (see below). DOMINIQUE SCARFONE Congress will be a place where we can meet, to Co-chair, North America bring, discuss and exchange our ideas. It will be a The title ‘Working at the frontiers’ reflects the Normal, yet psychoanalytic place for training analysts, an important part of our diversity of challenges that psychoanalysis faces programme, but it will also be a place for those nowadays, with its multiple frontiers: the frontier Responding to Daniel Widlöcher’s call for a members interested in educational matters, and with the unconscious, never exhausted; the new renewed and more lively congress, we, the Pro- for joint activities with IPSO, who represent our contexts in which analytical work takes place; the gramme Committee and our closest collaborators, future. It will be a place for dialogue with the changes in society and the progress of knowledge have been working steadily towards this goal by university, within the university, to try to explain in other scientific areas. But the congress includes relying on simple and well established practices: what we train for, and what psychoanalysis does. much more than what is expressed in the title. a single congress, for the most part widely open Because of the development and diversification of to all participants; a standard selection process We will have members from different socio-econo- psychoanalysis, congresses have to be open to the based on peer review of papers, panel proposals, mic cultures, and we can learn from their expe- different dimensions of the discipline. The format etc. (except for a small number of commissioned of the congress also needs to be under continuous keynote addresses and interdisciplinary events); L-R: D. Iseman, E. Piccioli, R. Bernardi, D. Scarfone review, seeking to adapt to new demands. The the widest possible participation as the back- Toronto congress should be seen as a step in this bone of the new format, mainly through the ‘small quest, and we hope that all participants will find it discussion groups’ that are being established as a stimulating and enriching experience. you read this.

EMMA PICCIOLI A normal congress, that is. Yet we still have to Co-Chair, Europe face a more difficult challenge: to make this Behind the frontiers congress - ‘normal’ as it may be - a specifically psychoanalytic event. By this I mean a congress Though the title of this congress, ‘Working at the that relies much more on the presence and active Frontiers’, is evocative, I think there needs to be expression of live thinking rather than just the some further explanation as to the thinking behind communication of a thought that was fixed on it. The aims of every scientific congress are to paper. inform on current developments within a scientific field and to bring into focus controversial aspects Saying this, I am well aware that the vast majority requiring further debate. In this sense there is of presenters will have written their papers - and, nothing ‘new’ about the Toronto congress in com- of course, it would be ridiculous to object to that. parison with previous congresses. The sheer number of presentations would make it a terrifying experience for the organizers if we had rience and their clinical work. We have different However, current developments are defining the to rely exclusively on the spontaneous utterances ideas and different points of view, and this is what ‘research frontiers’ of the discipline, where debate of the presenters. But it is hoped that authors as gives our association its richness. and the absence of evaluation criteria are the well as audiences will be willing to give priority to norm. Consensually accepted knowledge applies genuine, live exchange of ideas and experience - Is the training of candidates our only educational at the ‘core’ of a discipline, where actual practice and this can only be achieved if analysts do what activity? Shouldn’t we have a permanent postgra- occurs. In the psychoanalytic domain this opera- they do best: truly listen to what others have to duate education programme in our societies? tional core, the psychoanalytic process, is at say. To my mind, the ideal delegate would listen Shouldn’t we have a permanent forum for discus- present multiply defined. with a measure of benevolent neutrality to each sion between institutes? Shouldn’t we share much paper and try to hear what the presenter is seek- more of our clinical work? Many questions that Though no science achieves consensus around its ing to convey, without instantly resorting to his or need to be debated will be discussed in Toronto, central tenets through congress proceedings, it is her own theoretical ‘grid’ as the decisive criterion and we hope it will be a stimulus for further deve- nevertheless indispensable to promote active and of truth. On the other hand, the ideal presenter lopment and growth.

27 HOME PAGES DAVID ISEMAN Psychoanalysis and LEE JAFFE Chair, Local Arrangement Committee (LAC) society President, IPSO Interdisciplinary programme Coming together Panels, workshops and small discussion groups The theme of ‘Working at the frontiers’ has out- made up of psychoanalysts, lawyers, jurists, jour- After thirty years of planning our meetings sepa- reach implications which the LAC has used to plan nalists, political scientists and academics, will rately, IPSO (the international candidates’ organi- an interdisciplinary programme, in addition to the examine significant topical issues such as terror, zation) and the IPA are now joining together to usual social activities that such a committee has confidentiality and other social issues. coordinate and combine the IPSO pre-congress traditionally arranged. The interdisciplinary pro- Toronto is located on a large freshwater lake, with and the IPA congress for Toronto, 2003. The result gramme will be of interest to a professional, as lakefront parks and activities that are easily promises to be an exciting, integrated programme well as a wider public audience. reached on foot from the congress hotel. And that will bring candidates, graduate analysts and Toronto in July is vibrant. Henry Moore chose training analysts together to explore psychoana- It will include: Toronto to establish a permanent exhibition for lytic education, supervision, theory, practice, and his work, which is conspicuously displayed around research. the city and in the Art Gallery of Ontario. With Psychoanalysis and these acquisitions, representing a triumph of While candidates and training analysts will still health sciences faith, determination and the pursuit of excellence, have some separate meetings, everyone will Toronto turned the corner in becoming a great have access to a greater variety of presentation Panels, small group discussions and workshops metropolis. Moore, expressing his genuine affec- and discussion formats. This new structure for made up of psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psycho- tion for Toronto in 1974, said ‘ ... to arrive here was the meetings will encourage a wider range of logists and neuroscientists will examine memory like arriving in a wide open, free atmosphere ... it perspectives and a richer dialogue. and other topical items. was something new, fresh.’ Toronto has retained the qualities that drew Moore, and remains a Concerning these changes, it’s interesting to note fresh, safe, clean, diverse, multicultural city. that, in the essay ‘On the History of the Psycho- Psychoanalysis and analytic Movement’, Freud emphatically said that culture The LAC will provide congress registrants with he created the IPA so that ‘the adherents of information about restaurants, theatre, music, psychoanalysis should come together for friendly Panels, workshops and small group discussions sports and other recreational activities. Both the communications with one another and for mutual made up of psychoanalysts and academics, as well Shakespearean Festival at Stratford and the support’ (S.E. XIV, p44). as musicians, writers and artists, will examine art, Shaw Festival at Niagara on the Lake are less than This new organization of the meetings for music, theatre, film, etc., in a variety of suitable two hours away by car or bus. The membership Toronto should promote the spirit Freud had venues. Many of these programmes will include of the Canadian Psychoanalytic and Toronto in mind, considering that candidates are gallery tours with docents, concerts, theatre, film, Psychoanalytic Societies welcomes the IPA to amongst the greatest ‘adherents’ of psychoana- and much more. Toronto in July 2003. lysis.

Working group on terrorism

SVERRE VARVIN gives a prelimin- state-organized violence and the general insecur- Working plan/format ary report from the IPA working ity that we now face. group on the consequences of 2001, October-December terrorism. Preparatory work with e-mail work and telephone Scientific objectives conference(s). The working group was established on the 2002, February 15-17 initiative of Daniel Widlöcher, President of the IPA, To gather and develop psychoanalytic knowledge Working conference in London (three days over a as a result of the tragic terror acts on September on large-group dynamics with special relation to weekend). 11 in New York and Washington. It is planned as a fundamentalism, how such groups turn violent, 2002, March-May small group which will work out a psychoanalytic social/mass-psychological consequences of terror Publishing activities. Plans for further work, possi- perspective on the problem of terrorism and further attacks and individual consequences of trauma, bly in collaboration with other IPA committees. be helpful for clinicians and others working with bereavement and loss after experiences of this this problem. Its aim is primarily scientific, al- kind of massive trauma. Cooperation though ethical and human rights issues also are We plan collaboration with other IPA committees - central. Outreach, UN committee. Practical objectives Objectives Participants Overriding objectives To work via e-mail and work-group meetings. To • Sverre Varvin, Norway (Chair) co-ordinate work done by psychoanalysts world- • Salman Akhtar, US To develop and communicate knowledge of wide on this subject. To establish working parties • Vamik Volkan, US psychological consequences of international terror in the three regions (one already exists in Europe). • Simon Brainsky, Colombia and war from a psychoanalytic point of view. To To publish a bibliography on the subject. To • Leopold Nosek, Brazil suggest measures which may be of help to those publish a glossary of pertinent terms. To publish • Abigail Golomb, Israel who have suffered trauma and loss, and also and communicate psychoanalytic understanding, • Werner Bohleber, Germany. suggest measures that may be of help for the knowledge and advice (via mass media, etc.). To Others may be included in parts of the work general public. To present knowledge that may publish in scientific journals (including psycho- be of help to politicians and decision-makers. To analytic). To prepare presentations for the IPA Reference group/persons help psychoanalysts worldwide who work with Congress in Toronto, 2003, and other psychoanaly- Scientists from other disciplines with knowledge patients directly or indirectly affected by terrorism, tic meetings and congresses. in the field; EPF working group on trauma.

28 FOCUS FOCUS

The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist The making of Middle Eastern suicide bombers

The children, who were infants at the time of the element shared by adults and children alike. attack, were saved by being hidden - four in trash cans, one under a bed - by their mothers or other This reminded me of another historical period caretakers. I met them in Tunisia, at an orphanage when intentional interference with the personal called Biet Atfal Al-Sommoud (‘the Home of identities of children occurred - when the ‘cracks’ Children of Steadfastness’) administered by the of German children’s personal identities were Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). Since filled with Nazi ideology. Official guidance, as pre- their real identities were unknown, they were all sented in Nazi physician Joanna Haarer’s books[3,4,9], given the last name ‘Arafat’, after the PLO chair- counselled parents to feed their children to a man who was a frequent visitor to the orphanage. rigorous schedule and not to rush to them when I examined them (and other orphans) for a week. they cried or encountered trouble with their surroundings. Mothers were directed to ignore When I first saw them playing together, they their children’s natural dependency needs, and appeared ‘normal’. However, I also observed that thus ruined their sense of basic trust. they remained together as a ‘team’. If one were separated from the others, he or she would be- Children were forced to experience the sense come agitated. On the fifth day of our visit, I that there was no benevolent power in their attempted to interview them one by one, with surroundings and were robbed of the opportunity the aid of an interpreter. All of them became to identify with a nurturing parent. Further, frust- VAMIK D. VOLKAN considers how ‘abnormal’ - one hallucinated, another literally rated by their parents’ behaviour, they projected environment and ideology can destroyed the interview room. As soon as they their own angry feelings onto their parents, replace personal identity with were placed together again, as a ‘team’, they imagining their elders to be more aggressive than large-group identity, and how appeared to be ‘normal’ once more. I concluded they might have been in reality. In turn, they felt ‘educators’ can exploit this pheno- that they must have difficulties in their sense of that the only way to protect themselves was to menon to develop suicide bom- personal identity; on the other hand, they appear- become aggressors, ‘tough’ kids. This process was bers. ed ‘normal’ when they were a team of ‘Arafats’. linked with Nazi propaganda: children’s ‘cracks’ in personal identity formation were directly or The psychology of present-day Islamic funda- Large-group identity indirectly filled with propaganda so that as adults mentalist suicide bombers is extremely puzzling. In they would be ‘tough’ and experience no feelings our clinical work, we see individuals who wish or This taught me a lot about replacing individual of remorse for destroying ‘undesirables’ like Jews. attempt to kill themselves, but primarily because identity with a ‘team’ or large-group identity they have low self-esteem and suffer from intense associated with ethnicity, nationality, religion or A similar phenomenon may occur without de- feelings of guilt. The suicide bombers kill them- ideology. Although this was most pronounced in liberate outside interference. Imagine a young selves in order to reach a high level of self-esteem. the five survivors, I noticed a milder version in the adult developing schizophrenia: this person loses rest of the 52 children at the orphanage. his or her existing identity and replaces it with a I began to think of the psychology of these suicide new, albeit, psychotic one - Joe is no longer Joe; bombers in 1991, when I met five children who had The intent at Biet Atfal Al-Sommoud was to he experiences himself as, and calls himself, Jesus survived the 1982 massacres at the Palestinian nurture and help the orphans. Nevertheless, the Christ. Sometimes such individuals’ identities are refugee camps, Sabra and Shatila, in West Beirut[8]. Palestinian adult caretakers - most of whom were openly replaced by religious, nationalistic or ideo- Israeli forces had surrounded the camps, which directly traumatized themselves by the Middle logical group identities - Caroline is no longer were then attacked by their allies, the Lebanese East conflict - were, if I may use a metaphor, ‘part- Caroline, but the existence of her identity depends Christian Phalangist militia, with indiscriminate ners’ in filling the ‘cracks’ in the children’s personal on her being a delusional missionary protecting killing of trapped civilians. identities with a ‘cement’ of Palestinianism, an her large-group identity. 29 FOCUS The ‘education’ of suicide bombers Religious elements and symbolizes the cutting of dependency ties, which are replaced as the youngster becomes a A few years after visiting Tunis, I began collecting Most suicide bombers are chosen as teenagers, carrier or ‘flag’ for the large group. information on how suicide bombers are trained in ‘educated’, and sent to perform their duty in their the Middle East. My observations at Biet Atfal late teens or early to mid-twenties. The ‘education’ The madrassas Al-Sommoud, what is known about Nazi child and is most effective when religious elements of the youth rearing practices, and my work with large-group identity are provided as solutions for Islamic schools for children and youth have existed schizophrenics[7] help me to understand bombers’ the personal sense of helplessness, shame, and since the beginning of Islam. What is different in psychology. Suicide bombers are not psychotic. In humiliation. Replacing borrowed elements sanc- modern Pakistani madrassas is that they include their case, the created identity fits soundly with tioned by God for one’s internal world makes that training in the service of future violence. Such the external reality and, significantly, is approved person omnipotent and supports the individual’s madrassas existed in Pakistan before Osama bin by outsiders. Like the Sabra and Shatila children at narcissism. Laden arrived in neighboring Afghanistan and play in a team, by all indications they are ‘normal’ before the Taliban took control. Their teaching and often have an enhanced sense of self-esteem. In general, the ‘education’ of Palestinian bomber was influenced by Deobandi and Wahabi versions candidates has most often been carried out in of extreme religious ‘ideology’[6]. The typical technique of creating Middle Eastern small groups, which collectively read the Quran Muslim suicide bombers has two basic steps[8]. and chant religious scriptures. Unlike most At this time, the training of the (mostly poor) First, the ‘teachers’ find young people whose per- Pakistani and Afghan ‘students’ in Pakistani students was similar to the training of the Middle sonal identity is already disturbed and who are madrassas, trained to be mujahideen in Afghanis- Eastern suicide bombers. They read the Quran in seeking an outer ‘element’ to internalize so they tan and later prepared as supporters for and Arabic for years, but since they did not know can stabilize their internal world. Second, they leaders of the Taliban, the Palestinians are able to Arabic, they had to accept the ‘interpretation’ develop a ‘teaching method’ that ‘forces’ the large- understand what they are reading in the Arabic given to them by their teachers. When they read in group identity, ethnic and/or religious, into the Quran, but for this reason their readings are Urdu, they were told that the Urdu letter jeem ‘cracks’ of the person’s damaged or subjugated carefully selected. The ‘teachers’ also supply stood for ‘jihad’; kaaf for ‘Kalashnikov’ and khy individual identity. sacred-sounding, but meaningless, phrases to be for ‘khoon’ (blood)[1]. These were the madrassas repeated over and over in chant, such as ‘I will be funded by the US and Britain to raise mujahideen Once people become ‘bomber candidates’, the patient until patience is worn out from patience.’ to fight the Soviets. The Saudis provided more routine ‘rules and regulations’ of individual Such mystical sayings, combined with selected funds for the expansion of Wahabism. The ‘grad- psychology do not fully apply to their patterns of verses from the Quran, help to create a ‘different uates’ of these madrassas would later create a thought and action. The future suicide bomber is internal world’ for the ‘students’. foundation on which the Taliban and al-Qaida now an agent of the large-group identity and will could stand. attempt to repair it for himself or herself and for Separation other members of the large group. Killing one’s A new breed self (and one’s personal identity) and ‘others’ Meanwhile, the ‘teachers’ also interfere with the (enemies) does not matter. What matters is that ‘real world’ affairs of the students, mainly by The events of September 11 caused the press to the act of bombing (terrorism) brings self-esteem cutting off meaningful communication and other begin reporting the existence of a new breed of and attention to the large-group identity. ties to their families, and by forbidding things such Islamic fundamentalist suicide terrorists. They as music and television on the grounds that they were not ‘directly’ humiliated Palestinians; they Direct and indirect support of this activity comes may be sexually stimulating. Sex and women can were mostly from Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Their from the fact that other members of the trauma- be obtained only after a passage to adulthood. In ‘profiles’ do not fit those of the standard tized society see this individual as the carrier the case of the suicide bombers, however, the Palestinian suicide bomber, a young uneducated of the group’s identity. Though Islam forbids ‘passage’ is killing oneself, not a symbolic cast- malcontent from a poor, traumatized family; they suicide, there is no lack of conscious and uncon- ration. The oedipal triumph is allowed only after are generally older, well-educated, and from scious approval of Muslim suicide bombers from death. Allah - presented as a strict and primitive wealthy, educated families. other members of their communities. David Van superego against the derivatives of libidinal drive Biema reports[2] that ‘in early 1996, only 20% of and a force to be obeyed while the youngster is In many ways, the hijackers of September 11 Palestinians supported the practice. Today about alive - allows satisfaction of the libidinal wishes (such as Mohammed Atta), all from the Middle 70% do.’ by houris (angels) in paradise. East, do appear to belong to a new breed. How- ever, I still believe that the mechanisms for There was little shortage of young men interested The ‘teachers’ refer to the Prophet Muhammad’s creating standard Islamic fundamentalist suicide in becoming suicide bombers in Gaza and the instructions to his followers during the Battle of bombers apply to the new group as well. Of West Bank. Repeated actual and expected events Badr (624 CE) - which some consider one of the course, we will not know for sure unless more humiliate youngsters, and interfere with their earliest examples of war propaganda - in order to data becomes available about the lives of Atta adaptive identifications with their parents because play the immortality card on their students. and other hijackers, some of whom we know did they are humiliated as well. The mental represen- Muhammad told his followers they would continue not even realize that they were on a fatal mission tations of external events, the sense of helpless- to ‘live’ in paradise if they died during the battle. until the last minute. My hunch, though, is that ness, and the feeling that they are being treated The youngsters are told that life continues in they were subject to psychological trauma that as less than human, create ‘cracks’ in individuals’ paradise; on the death of a suicide bomber, friends had ‘cracked’ their personal identities. Their identities. Those who select bomber candidates and family hold a ‘wedding ceremony’ to celebrate submission to an absolute leader (bin Laden) is have developed an expertise in sensing whose their belief that the dead terrorist is in the loving one aspect of the ‘cement’ that filled these personal identity ‘gaps’ are most suitable for fill- hands of angels in heaven. ‘cracks’, as he is the spokesperson for their large- ing with elements of the large-group identity. For group identity and the ‘true’ Muslim faith. example, youngsters who suffer from concrete In general, bomber candidates are instructed not trauma (caused by an actual humiliating event to inform their parents of their missions. Keeping A document left behind by some of the hijackers visited upon them by the enemy, be it a beating, secrets from family members helps create a illuminates at least one small corner of al-Qaida’s torture, or loss of a parent) are more suitable than sense of power within youngsters. It induces a training and command practices. Besides matter- those with more generalized trauma. false sense of further ‘separation-individuation’[5] of-fact advice about concealing their true identi- 30 FOCUS ties, the document also contains selected referen- ces from the Quran that seem to give permis- sion for suicide and to sanction killing enemies in FOCUS: the name of God. Between the lines, we can see how these instructions create a ritual that mixes The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist ‘God’s words’ with practical instruction in mass Terrorizing and being terrorized murder. Instructions for cleaning, besides making the trainees ‘good’ Muslims (who can only ‘meet’ the divine power when they are ‘clean’), balance against instructions for the actual ‘dirty work’ of killing oneself and others. The steps from leaving one’s apartment to hijacking and crashing an airplane have been ritualized and made psycho- logically easy. We do not know how consciously the hijackers’ trainers strategized the instruction of their underlings, but to my mind these instruc- tions alone demonstrate a certain mastery of psychologically effective ritual.

References Differentiating terror

[1] Ali T. (2001) What elements of terror emerge to differentiate Former US policies allowed the Taliban to thrive. it from severe anxiety, fear, or panic? Despite all Turkish Daily News, 25 Sep, p. 16. our emphasis on individual colourations of affects and mixtures of affects, there functions in the [2] Van Biema D. (2001) background of our clinical working minds a Why the bombers keep coming. tendency to classify them. The classification Time, 17 Dec, p. 54. accommodates the more usual mixtures of af- fects - eg, some depressive tone with anxiety, in [ 3] Haarer J. (1937) addition to Freud’s conceptually elaborated Mutterschaft und Familienpflege imneuen Reich differentiation between depression and sadness (Motherhood and family care in the New Reich), in JOHN S. KAFKA reviews the (mourning and melancholia). Beiträge zur Volkslehre und Gemeinschaftspflege distortion of psychic reality by (Essays on ethnology and community care). experience of terrorist events, The inapplicability of our background classifying Munich: Herausgegeben von der Volksbildungs- and the role of pathological schemes to the affective tone in sessions around kanzlei. projective identification and the September 11 had a disorienting effect. The ‘personal myth’ in the mind of the heavy admixture of a peculiar sense of unreality [4] Haarer J. (1943) terrorist. differentiated the affective tone from more usual Mutter, Erzähl von Adolf Hitler (Mother, tell me fear, depression and anxiety, or even panic. about Adolf Hitler). Analysts have already written, and continue to Disturbances in the sense of reality obviously Munich: JF Lehmanns Verlag. write, about the events of September 11, about highlight questions about the processes that their personal emotional reactions, the reactions of normally build and transform our psychic realities [5] Mahler M. S. (1968) their patients, the changes in what goes on be- and, therefore, reflections on terrorism lead to On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of tween analyst and patient, and analytic specula- some basic questions in psychoanalytic theory. individuation. tions about ‘the mind of the terrorist’. I will focus New York: International Universities Press. more on general psychoanalytic reflections on In this context, Freud’s concept of Nachträglich- ‘terrorizing and being terrorized’, because a crisis keit - ‘deferred action’, ‘retroactive attribution of [6] Rashid A. (2000) that provokes a profound new sense of unbeliev- meaning’, ‘après coup’ - have received much atten- Taliban: Islam, oil and the new great game in ability and unreality in the patient, and in the ana- tion in the psychoanalytic literature of recent central Asia. lyst, makes new demands on the analyst in his or years. Kettner[2] has studied Freud’s use of London: IB Tauris. her work - in the words of Caroline Neubaur[1], Nachträglichkeit and found that he sometimes ‘demands [for] new discoveries’. used it in the sense of after-effect (as in a se- [7] Volkan V. D. (1995) quence of billiard balls impacting one on the The infantile psychotic self: understanding and Assumptions about the nature of knowledge, of other), and sometimes as re-interpretation of past treating schizophrenics and other difficult patients. ‘reality’, epistemological questions, are always events, a hermeneutic meaning of the term. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. present in the psychoanalytic exploration of mind, Kettner comes to the conclusion that psychoana- but their presence is usually muted and in the lysis functions in the Spielraum, the intermedi- [8] Volkan V. D. (1997) background. They form a common conceptual ary space between these two meanings of Bloodlines: from ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. holding environment for the analytic situation. Nachträglichkeit. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. But when a sense of unreality becomes a promi- nent feature in the clinical situation, when simple I can only summarize here that my own thinking [9] Volkan V. D., Ast G. and Greer W. (2002) conviction of what is real is even temporarily has taken me further in two directions. First, while The Third Reich in the unconscious: transgenera- challenged, epistemological questions move the concept of Nachträglichkeit is usually applied tional transmission and its consequences. closer to the clinical surface. An appropriate new to the reworking of the past in a new (macro) New York: Brunner-Routledge. conceptual holding environment needs new developmental phase - eg, Little Hans’ nachträg- theoretical perspectives. liche, retrospective traumatic experience of an

31 FOCUS earlier castration threat - I think that we must raschen (over-rush), and the terrorized individual Shown photographs of people in a community, also consider a kind of micro-temporal Nach- whose temporal schemas have been damaged some of whom were believed by the other in- träglichkeit, a reworking of a psychic act or event may try to outrun, to ‘over-rush’ time. The very habitants to have the ‘evil eye’, some colleagues within seconds. title of André Green’s recent book[5], Le temps and I were asked to guess who did and who did eclaté - meaning something like ‘sparklingly not have the ‘evil eye’. We guessed correctly. After any such psychic occurrence, still devoid of expanded (expanding) time’ - gives the sense of Discussion led us to the conclusion that those developed self-other differentiation, there is an the unbounded possibilities of every moment of who had the ‘evil eye’ only ‘looked out’ and did not immediate après-coup reworking that takes into psychic life. The terrorist can produce in the terro- let us look into their eyes. (I cite this experiment account the ‘other’, real or imagined. The person rized individual a kind of implosion of time, a time to illustrate that the perception of malignancy is ascertains how he or she wants to be perceived empty of movement. attached to the lack of mutuality, not to imply by this other, a kind of genuine double-take, and that the portrayed terrorists would pass the ‘evil asks who am I really and how much am I willing The state of being terrorized eye’ test.) to ‘cheat in my presentation to others’. Secondly, if we link this micro-temporal après-coup with a An analysand once described a personal image of The personal myth hypothesis that every perceptual act, every psychic hell as ‘sitting in an airplane knowing that it is event, includes a recapitulation of its ontogeny[3] - about to crash, and this moment lasting forever.’ I Ernst Kris wrote a paper entitled The personal including but not limited to the ontogeny of self- think this image captures an essential element of myth[6]. When we speculate about ‘the mind of other differentiation - we recapitulate micro- the situation of being terrorized, a permanent the terrorist’, the question of mythical self-picture temporally our different Nachträglichkeiten, expectation of catastrophe, therefore a ‘being in’ looms large because the terrorist seems to cloak which include the history of the impact of events, the catastrophe and a paralysis in the face of an himself in the garments of a mythical being who the history of our re-interpretations of these unending pressure to outrun time. The terrorized is profoundly connected to religious myth, as an events, and the history of their interactions. individual is deprived of Nachträglichkeit. The outsider to usual humanity. Kris makes the ob- endlessly repeated (castrating) television images servation that some individuals use their auto- Reality and unreality of the planes hitting and collapsing the towers, biographical memories as a protective screen. He the viewer’s difficulty or inability to ‘to tear him- demonstrates the tenacity of the defence and the What Kettner describes as the Spielraum, the self loose’ from them, are congruent with my discovery, in analysis, of the functions it serves. playroom between the two meanings of Nach- analysand’s image of hell. träglichkeit, our back and forth between impact I think Kris is describing a universal phenomenon, and re-interpretation, is our psychic reality. This I have referred earlier to new technical demands a more or less pronounced universal defence. In concept challenges a dualistic view of inner made on the analyst in the ‘9/11’ situation. In our any case, Kris also says (p.680): ‘The relation of psychic reality versus the material outer reality. usual psychoanalytic work, the connecting, the the course of life to an infantile fantasy is a ... Our usual psychic reality involves an accustomed disconnecting and different reconnecting of general phenomenon which plays a part in any range of pendulum swings between the herme- memories and meaning, this aspect of Nachträg- analytic treatment. A special case is presented by neutic, the ‘mentalized’ (including fantasy), and the lichkeit plays an essential role. In the terrorizing individuals whose infantile fantasies later be- material, the solid, the tangible and concrete of situation, we are largely deprived of this essential come attached to patterns of biography supplied the ‘after effects’. Patients’ comments about tool but we cannot abandon our search for it. by cultural sources, patterns frequently related to witnessing either the event or the live television Nor will most of our patients. A very tentative the tradition of a special vocation.’ footage on September 11 - such as ‘I cannot be- post-9/11 impression is that some patients who lieve this is happening,’ ‘this must be a film, fiction have just experienced these ‘un-characterizable’ Since the terrorist is not our patient, we can, at or science fiction’ - illustrate the sense of un- affective states in analysis, and have sensed the best, assemble some data that permit reasonable reality concerning the reality of the terrorizing analyst’s similar experience, may have more inferences about his or her dominant infantile fan- event. access to other terrorized states, including some tasies. We then have the difficult and continuing terrors of childhood. task of combining these inferences with what we Mamoun Fandi, the author of Saudi Arabia and the already know and are still learning about some politics of dissent[4], interviewed lieutenants of Projective identification terrorists’ environments. We have good reason bin Laden and described what disturbed him to believe that these included ‘... patterns of bio- most. The interviewees spoke of bin Laden as if he I have just referred to parallel pendulum swings of graphy supplied by cultural sources ... related to were a kind of rock star. They spoke of the blood analyst and analysand, but so far I have focused the tradition of a ... vocation’, and that this voca- of terrorist acts as if describing television shows. primarily on the pendulum swings between the tion was terrorism. Just as performance, the stage, the prop, often two meanings of Nachträglichkeit that charac- have a kind of ‘hyperreality’, a plastic shine and terize the ‘normal’ psychic reality of the individual. So far, in referring to Kris’ personal myth, I have hardness in contrast to the reality of natural The individual interacts with others who, if only considered the whole (macro-temporal) auto- materials’ characteristic ‘give’, the terrorist’s ‘normal’, have somewhat similar pendulum biographical script and its defensive functions. But transformation of reality is mirrored in the initial swings. Presumably, they want to understand I believe that the hypothesis of micro-temporal, inability of the terrorized individual to accept as each other and be understood by each other. A second-to-second recapitulation of defensive reality what confronts him. kind of normal projective identification, putting processes also applies to the personal myth. They oneself in the other’s shoes, leads to gradual move between authenticity and the hope or fear The terrorist disrupts the pendulum swings of our mutual adjustments of rhythm that makes back of how one may be perceived, the equivalent of normal psychic reality that also offers a frame for and forth communication possible. the ever-present mental auditor, viewer or reader. reasonable, probable, more or less expectable I assume that such defensive fluctuations are future events, even a schema for when certain Pathological projective identification would not totally missing from the mind of the terrorist, events may happen. The anticipatory function of involve a disturbance in rhythm, one side get- but that his education is designed to alter this our psychic reality has been damaged or lost. The ting ‘stuck’ with what has been projected. Terror dynamic. terrorist has taught us that we can only anticipate represents the extreme elimination of mutuality. what cannot be anticipated: surprises. Is it possible that the terrorist, contrary to the We do have some relatively solid information rest of us, does not care if he is understood or about the preparation of the suicide-terrorist’s Surprises ‘overtake’ us; the German word is über- not? mind in the days and hours before the September

32 FOCUS 11 attack. Instructions in a terrorist’s manual were found and published in the press. They in- cluded physical and mental cleansing rituals, and techniques to achieve detachment from daily FOCUS: preoccupations, the ebb and flow of desires, The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist wishes and appetites. These instructions aimed to stabilize the personal myth during the time of the Not learning from experience: Hiroshima, immediate preparation for the act, to neutralize the Gulf War and 11 September any natural tendency to move back and forth in time, between ‘realistic’, authentic and mythical self-representation. The results would be the Why us? collapse of the expanded time that is necessary for the normal play of psychic reality, a reality One of President Bush’s first reactions was ‘Why? that would also include the psychic presence of We are good people.’ People in other traumatic the other. situations often have similar feelings - for example, after a volcanic eruption they may feel Camus expressed his gratitude to all those who ‘there is somebody out to get me’ - but this is a commit suicide without also committing homicide - delusion that can be resolved. In the case of a in a sense, to all those whose psychic reality still terrorist attack it is a fact - one’s worst night- includes an other. But, for the suicidal terrorist, this mares come true. is no longer the case. His constricted psyche no But there is another factor specific to September longer resonates with a living other, and thus he is 11, and that is the symbolism of the twin towers prepared to implode his own time and that of the and the Pentagon: ‘We are all-powerful with our other. weapons, finance, high-tech; we can dominate you completely.’ The suicide bombers sent an equally omnipotent statement: ‘I, with my little knife, can puncture your high-flying balloons and annihilate References you.’ Thus we were pushed into a world of terror versus terror, disintegration and confusion. It awakened our most primitive fears for ourselves [1] Neubaur C. (2001) and the world group we belong to. It is the deepest IPA Newsletter 10(2), p. 13. fear in a disturbed infant and a schizophrenic. Bewilderment is an important element - ‘What has [2] Kettner M. (1999) happened to me?’ But, soon after the immediate ‘Das Konzept der Nachträglichkeit’ in Freud’s shock, I had another feeling - something very Erinnerungstheorie. familiar, like Chronicles of a death foretold. Psyche 4 (April). When I listen to bin Laden and Bush exchanging HANNA SEGAL turns to the lessons boasts and threats, I am reminded of similar [3] Kafka J. S. (2000/1) of history, from the Cold War to the exchanges between Bush Senior and Saddam L’Individu traumatisé dans la société traumatisée: Gulf War, to gain insight into the Hussein. Those who don’t remember their history traitement, mémoire et monuments commémoratifs. impact of September 11 on the are condemned to repeat it. Kissinger said of Revue Française de psychanalyse 2000/1 - western world, and the pernicious Saddam: ‘We knew he was a son of a bitch, but we devoir de mémoire, entre passion et oubli, group processes that led to it. thought he was our son of a bitch.’ We have since pp 81-96. supported many Arab extreme fundamentalists because they were ‘our sons of bitches’. We have [4] Kafka J. S. (1989) In his Ernest Jones lecture, sponsored by the not learnt the lesson that it doesn’t pay. Kissinger Multiple realities in clinical practice. British Psychoanalytic Society in September 2001, said: ‘We shall bomb Cambodia into the Stone New Haven and London: Yale University Press, Justice Richard Goldstone asked why the impact Age.’ We did, and we got Pol Pot. Now we have pp 65, 77-78, 176. of September 11 was so enormous. As truly awful the disturbing idea that massive bombing of as these events were, he said, they did not com- Afghanistan will create a pathway to a new world [5] Fandi M. (1999) pare with the crimes committed on the people of of freedom, peace and democracy. Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent. Bosnia. He went on to describe other crimes he Hampshire, England: Palgrave Press; All things had investigated in his role as Chief Prosecutor of UNDERSTANDING HISTORY considered, Radio commentary, National Public the UN International Criminal Court for Rwanda Radio, December 2001. and the former Yugoslavia, crimes that had left It is not just a matter of remembering history but hundreds of thousands dead. of understanding it. Often we remember only too [6] Green A. (2000) well past wrongs done to us, real or imagined, and Le temps eclaté. This is a very important question. Why was this search for revenge. I do not think we can under- Les Editions de Minuit, Paris. particular trauma of such overwhelming signifi- stand the chaos and horror of today’s position cance? Of course, that massive attack was an without understanding something of its roots. In [7] Kris E. (1956) enormous assault on the feeling of security - like 1987 I wrote a paper, ‘Silence is the real crime’,1 The personal myth: a problem in psychoanalytic the destruction of one’s family and home. But the about the change in our mentality with the advent technique. trauma of a terrorist attack has an additional of nuclear weapons. I contended that the threat of J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc. 4, factor: the crushing realisation that there is nuclear annihilation profoundly changed the nature pp 653-681. somebody out there who actually hates you to of our collective anxieties, turning the normal fear the point of annihilation and the bewilderment of death and understandable aggression into that that causes. the terror of actual total annihilation. I suggested

33 FOCUS that a deep psychotic process underlay our group Cold War lessons The improvement is genuine, but as they get better thinking and reactions, and then addressed myself they have to face psychic reality. With the dimi- to the functioning of groups. The Cold War was full of threats. It culminated in nishing of omnipotence they have to face their a nuclear arms race and eventually in the system dependence, possibly helplessness, and the fact Freud contended that we form groups for construc- called MAD (mutual assured destruction). The that they are ill. With the withdrawal of projec- tive libidinal reasons, to bind ourselves to one contention was that there would be no war be- tions they have to face their own destructiveness, another and to address ourselves to reality (forces cause everybody was too afraid of total annihila- their inner conflicts and guilt, their internal reali- of nature), but also to solve our psychological tion. But the Cold War wasn’t that cold and the ties. Moreover, they often have to face very real problems - like merging our superego into a group nuclear threat was always there. Preparedness for losses in external reality, brought about by their superego which leaves us capable of committing war raises fear and hatred and can itself lead to illness. Formidable manic defences can be mobi- any crimes provided they are sanctioned by the war. lised against this depressive pain, with a revival of group. After 1920 he also took into considera- In the same paper I also addressed myself to the megalomania and in its wake a return of paranoia. tion destructive impulses in two ways: that the threat of fundamentalism, though at that time the Similarly, when we stopped believing in the ‘evil constructive processes are interfered with by greatest danger seemed to come from Christian empire’ we had to turn to our internal problems: disruptive attacks arising from the death instinct, fundamentalists. I considered the nefarious economic decline, unemployment, guilt about the and that groups are formed to combat man’s influence of born-again Christians on US policy, Third World. In Britain and the US in particular, we destructiveness to man. referring to literature longing for Armageddon in had to face the effect of our mismanagement of After the Second World War, Bion suggested a the form of nuclear war to destroy the work of the resources and the guilt about previous wars such more comprehensive theory of the function of the Devil (represented by Soviet Russia) - Armageddon as Vietnam. Fornari maintained in many papers group. He considered that one of its main tasks being God’s war to cleanse the earth of all wick- that an important factor in unnecessary wars is was to contain and deal with difficulties we can- edness, paving the way for a bright, prosperous repressed guilt and mourning about past wars. not contain in ourselves. He also spoke of two new order. And I am sure that bin Laden would Faced with the possibility of confronting our inner functions of the group: the work function (getting agree with that! realities, we turned to manic defences: triumpha- together to accomplish tasks) and the ‘basic Another aspect of the Cold (but not so cold) War lism. Perestroika was felt to be the triumph of our assumption group’. He contended that we project which is of relevance today is war by proxy. There superiority. Our nuclear mentality did not change. into the group psychotic anxieties that we cannot was no question of the US and Russia attacking The megalomaniac search for power, noticed by cope with ourselves, and that one of the most one another directly, but elsewhere wars and Heath, and the addiction to the bomb, noted by important functions of the group is to contain and terrorist acts were conducted by proxy, leading Kennan, were bound to create new enemies to deal with those anxieties, giving them expression to fragmentation and an anxiety that provided replace Soviet Russia - firstly, because in fact they in more innocuous ways. For instance, we all thirst the cradles for terrorists. create new enemies; secondly, because we need- for revenge if we or loved ones are hurt, but it is a ed a new ‘evil empire’ to avoid facing our depress- function of the broader group to prevent mad acts Seeking a new enemy ive problems.2 of revenge and convert them into justice, for the During perestroika my colleagues and I described good of the group as a whole. The quasi-equilibrium between the Soviet bloc and in various writings the danger of finding a new US-led West collapsed with perestroika. We could enemy - this time one we could really crush. Iraq Psychotic groups now recognise, if only briefly, that our belief in an fitted the bill because she too had lost an enemy evil powerful enemy was in fact delusional. All (Iran) and had to face intolerable internal social All groups tend to be self-centred, narcissistic and sides could give up paranoia and address them- and economic tensions. That led us to the Gulf paranoid. If individuals behaved like groups they selves to their own internal problems. Perestroika War, with its horrendous loss of life and devasta- would be classified as mad. On the whole it does was a time of hope, a possibility of change of atti- tion. Apparently we won, but that pyrrhic victory not do much harm that the French think they are tude. But there were many warnings that it was was soon forgotten and a formidable denial set in. the cleverest in the world, the British that they are also a time of possible new dangers and a search A year afterwards, in spite of the almost daily the fairest or the Americans that they are just for a new enemy. Giving evidence to the House bombing of Iraq, it was hardly ever mentioned. The ‘great’. But if the group becomes dominated by Services Committee in December 1990, Edward power of such monumental denial is not only de- those mad premises, the situation becomes dange- Heath said: ‘Having got rid of the Cold War, we are structive but self-destructive; it destroys our rous. now discussing ways in which NATO can be urged memory, our capacity for realistic perception and When a psychotic basic assumption dominates a to rush to another part of the world in which there all that part of us capable of insight, love, compas- group (and maybe the combination of the military looks like being a problem, and saying “Right, you sion and reparation. And we do not learn from and the religious is the most deadly) then the must just put it right; we don’t like those people; or experience. whole group acts on that assumption, produces they don’t behave as we do ... and so we are going leaders who represent that madness and, through to deal with it.”’ Delusions of omnipotence escalating projective processes, drives those NATO went in search of a new enemy to justify leaders madder and madder and further and its continued military power. George Kennan After the Gulf War, some of us again wrote papers further away from reality. was shocked to discover, when visiting Western on the increasing danger of another war and were Understanding these group processes is vital. In capitals, that despite the disappearance of the alarmed by a change in the pattern; triumphalism a later paper, ‘Hiroshima, the Gulf War and supposed Soviet threat, our apparent reason for turned into a more explicit megalomania. This after’ (1995), I propounded the thesis that the keeping a nuclear arsenal, the Western countries change is best summarised by General Powell’s post-Hiroshima world was acting on a psychotic could not even conceive of nuclear disarmament. It statement: ‘American soldiers will not be pawns in premise, with the USSR and the US-led West was, he said, like an addiction. Nuclear firepower the conflict of global interests.’ If he had meant producing a paranoid schizoid world, each view- was constantly increasing. that human beings are not to be used as pawns in ing the other as an evil empire and threatening global fights for power, it would have been a most total annihilation. We entered the Cold War based Manic defences beautiful statement. But that wasn’t what was on that premise, acting out typical schizoid mecha- meant. What was meant was that we have such nisms of splitting, projection, depersonalisation, So what was going on? We are familiar with powers that we can do the work by bombs from on dehumanisation and fragmentation - accompanied those moments of hope, clinically, when a paranoid high. If anyone opposes us, he can be destroyed by the proliferation of ‘Nukespeak’, the distortion patient begins to give up his delusions, or when an from the sky, while we remain invulnerable. That of language and outright lies. addict begins to give up the drug and get better. myth of invincibility was punctured on September

34 FOCUS 11, and revealed the tremendous anxiety, fear and maybe guilt underpinning the need for grandiosity that created the twin towers and the Pentagon building. FOCUS: I think September 11 was highly symbolic. We have The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist been precipitated into a world of fragmentation, and at points total disintegration and psychotic Reflections on the terrorist mind terror - and also into total confusion: who are our friends? Who are our enemies? From what quarter do we expect aggression? Old enemies, like Soviet razor issue: can we delineate the necessary factors Russia and Northern Alliance fundamentalist that make a person capable of committing the kind groups once supported by the USSR, are now our of heinous acts that took place on September 11? friends. Old friends could be enemies - Chechnya, The second is an issue of identity and identifica- for example. And are there enemies on the inside? tion: can we be certain that we will never be that The same confusion can be seen in the Arab world. person? This last is reminiscent of the anxiety I The spreading fragments of a collapsing empire have often encountered among adolescents in the were felt all over the world and imbued with evil wake of a classmate’s suicide: ‘Could I be next?’ like the plague. This is the most primitive terror in These are serious questions for the psychoanalyst. our personal development - not ordinary death, but We feel called upon to provide answers that some vision of personal disintegration imbued would explain, predict and allay such anxieties. I with hostility. And the situation is made much must, however, caution that, as I see it, the straight worse when God comes into the equation. The answer to this quest is not to be found. The sigh fundamentalist Christian longing for Armageddon of relief we wish to heave after defining ‘the is now matched by Islamic fundamentalism. Our difference that makes all the difference’ must, sanity is threatened by a delusional inner world of regrettably, be postponed. omnipotence and absolute evil and sainthood. Unfortunately, we also have to contend with the Landmarks God Mammon. It is instructive to note very briefly some landmarks What next? in the psychoanalytic attempt to understand ter- rorism. Perhaps the earliest entry of the term is We are again at a crossroads. Panic has subsided. found in Ferenczi’s phrase ‘the terrorism of suffer- Apparently we are ‘winning’ the war against the ing’. Ferenczi[4] described a relationship in which Taliban - another pyrrhic victory. At this moment we SHMUEL ERLICH reviews psycho- the adult (parent) controls and is unavailable to still have the choice of remembering the lesson of analytic attempts to understand the child by adopting a narcissistic, self-indulging, the Gulf War or blindly repeating our disastrous terrorism, and suggests that it masochistic, complaining and suffering stance. mistakes. We cannot annihilate all evil and terror arises from a quest to preserve the One possible outcome is the child’s precocious without destroying ourselves, because it’s a part purity of the self, creating a need assumption of an adult caretaker’s role, spawned of us. Even a ‘crusade against terrorism’ to obtain to re-find the self through merger by identification with the aggressor. ‘Terrorism’ freedom and democracy is as dangerous and with a greater entity. here refers to the obliteration of and disregard illusory as other fundamentalist beliefs that we for the real needs and existence of the other. will attain paradise if we destroy the evil that That the subject of the terrorist’s mind rivets we attribute to others. psychoanalytic attention is understandable. As The traumatogenic childhood of this sadomaso- The real battle is between insanity based on psychoanalysts, we are torn between opposite chistic adult is clearly implied by Ferenczi as the mutual projections and sanity based on truth. How poles: our social indignation with atrocities of root cause for thus terrorizing the child, suggesting is it that terrorism can get such massive support? I whatever sort and scope, and our professional, an endless chain of ‘exogenous’ environmental think part of the problem is that we submit to the clinical and therapeutic stance. mistreatment. Winnicott similarly linked delin- tyranny of our own groups. If we project too much Since Freud, the psychoanalytic professional and quency with early deprivation. Rizzuto[10] ob- into our group, we surrender our own experiences scientific stance has recognized a psychic con- served that ‘Present-day violence and systematic and the group tyrannises us; we follow like blind tinuum that has indirectly contributed to blurring terrorism from nations and individual groups make sheep led to the slaughter. This does not mean the boundaries between conscious and uncon- Winnicott’s observations about the connection be- that we should insulate ourselves and enjoy some scious life, between reality and fantasy, between tween emotional deprivation and delinquency an superior ivory tower of our insights; we are all murderous wishes and their actualization, between important source of reflection for those who may members of some group or other and share res- normality and aberration. We thus have a share in be interested in working preventively with children ponsibility for what ‘our group’ does. Even when the factors that undermine naïve moral distinc- who are at risk.’ A significant, currently widely we are passive and feel detached our apathy tions and allow one to totally repudiate and dis- held, psychoanalytic stance is clearly expressed in abandons the group to its fate. But speaking our sociate from violent and murderous acts. Recogniz- these formulations: mistreatment, delinquency and minds takes courage, because groups do not like ing the ubiquitous nature of projective identifica- disregard for others stem from faulty or trauma- outspoken dissenters. We are told: ‘ours not to tion further alerts us to the dangerous tendency to togenic early object relations. While this formula- reason why, ours but to do [to kill] and die’. But dissociate the self from evil and madness, while tion definitely applies to some individual terrorists, we have minds of our own. We could say: ‘ours is unconsciously maintaining strong links and invest- it is neither sufficient nor even relevant to all. to reason why, ours is to live and strive.’ ments in their continued presence. Like others, we also prefer to regard terrorists as a social aberra- The anarchism associated with the students’ revolt 1 ‘Silence is the Real Crime’. In International Review of of the late 1960s and the spate of terrorist activi- Psychoanalysis, Vol. 14 Part 1, pp. 3-12 tion, a kind of culturally staged freak show. 2 Hanna Segal, ‘From Hiroshima to the Gulf War and ties (notably in Germany and the Middle East) that After.’ In Psychoanalysis in Context, eds. A. Elliot The terrorist’s mind fascinates us because it poses followed in the 1970s gave rise to several psycho- and S. Frosch. London: Routledge, 1995. two serious problems. The first is a sort of Occam’s analytic papers. A new understanding of terrorism

35 FOCUS was advanced, which, in addition to an ‘object gion, or any idea that promises an idealized state. specific interpretation. Of the several factors relations’ perspective, re-emphasized an intra- Unlike the Western conception in which the well- affecting this merger, probably the most crucial is psychic need for a total experience of paradisical circumscribed and autonomous ‘self’ chooses and the attitude to death. It includes and shapes the bliss and perfection. adopts an idea, a choice that is then often vica- view taken of the afterlife, which in turn promi- Greenacre[7] associated this wish with youthful riously or externally rationalized in a utilitarian nently affects the attitude toward reality held and yearning for a Utopian state: ‘Except when the way, the mind of youths in general - and of these shared by the co-religionists. contagious fury of destruction takes over and be- youths in particular - works differently. An idea (an A commonly supported view in Islam, for example, comes a blind end in itself, the rationalization ideology, religious belief, philanthropic cause, etc.) regards the afterlife of a martyr as an eternal seems to be to get rid of everything that is, and becomes the vehicle for the actualization of the pleasure-filled stay in paradise, where 70 virgins something good will take its place. This appears self. Selfhood, life, and mere existence are mean- attend every shahid (martyr or self-sacrificing essentially as a death and rebirth fantasy, which ingless if not suffused with this life-giving force. hero). It is not simply the promise of eternal bliss is externalized and put upon society. But back of it as a bargain that is so attractive; it is the idea of is the eternal Utopian dream of a perfect world.’ The need to submerge the self merging with eternal bliss, the Utopian state Her thoughts are echoed by Ostow[9], who de- described by Greenacre. But it is not a psychotic scribed the powerful social tendency for an apo- There is an endless array of possibilities beckoning regression that enables the youth to throw his life calyptic experience, marked by an initial phase of to be taken up in this way, supplied by the domi- away. It is the immense power and blissful peace savage destruction followed by a phase of mes- nant culture as well as the counter-culture. It is that comes from merging oneself with the larger sianic rebirth. This dimension is exceedingly impor- where these ideological aims fail, usually because cause - this is paradise. It is a state of mind that no tant, to my mind, but suffers from the procrustean of individual and familial psychopathology, that longer needs to make calculations or instrumental constraint of casting such tendencies in a regres- there will be recourse to other means to achieve choices. It may even be characterized by calmness sive and psychotic mould. this end - from drugs to sex, from suicide to self- and serenity, as if one has been transposed to mutilation. The force behind these manifestations another realm of existence. It is the point at which A deviant mind? is always the same: the need to submerge oneself one’s self becomes part of something great - in order to regain oneself in a ‘new’ form, in which venerated and supported by one’s ego-ideal as What can we say today about the mind of the one is merged and connected with a greater, well as one’s family and community. terrorist? Certainly not that it is marked by devi- larger-than-self entity. Moreover, this is not a This does not mean that the families of these ance. I believe that the attempt to depict ‘the ter- regressive stance or need. It is a progressive, young men actively encourage their undertaking a rorist’ as a deranged, emotionally deprived and developmental stage, typically met in adolescence, suicidal mission. The same bonds of love and fears impoverished, mentally ill person is misleading and which may linger on beyond youth. of loss and bereavement operate in them as in all basically wrong. I must confess, however, that my The form this need takes varies enormously, not so human beings. The support comes afterwards, yet assertions are stronger than my evidence. I cannot much along individual psychopathological lines the youth knows it will come, and with the pain base my claims on the analysis or treatment of (though these may play a role) as culturally pre- there will be acceptance, approval and even pride. terrorists. To my knowledge, these are extremely existing moulds. There is a crucial dovetailing here It must be appreciated that, contrary to commonly rare. What I say must therefore be viewed as of intrapsychic development and culturally provi- held Western views, these deaths are not ‘suicides’ tentative. It is, however, supported by a number of ded and expected aims, transmitted and made (forbidden by the Muslim religion as well as by sources: frequent glimpses into the Jewish and available as values and ideals. Freud referred to others). They represent martyrdoms, through which Palestinian extremists who dot our news and this when he said: ‘Mankind never lives complete- personal existence becomes forever fused and newspapers and are occasionally seen and heard; ly in the present. The ideologies of the super- welded with the historical path of the community. known histories of Jewish resistance fighters ego perpetuate the past, the traditions of the race (‘terrorists’ to the British), their deeds and deaths; and the people’[6] and: ‘The ego-ideal is of great Purity disturbed adolescents in treatment; several discus- importance for the understanding of group sions within our Society; and my own and others’ psychology. Besides its individual side, this ideal A central component for understanding this pheno- psychoanalytic understanding. has a social side; it is also the common ideal of menon, which also connects it to the more general Many (though not all) suicide bombers are youths, a family, a class, or a nation’[5]. These ‘ideologies’ issue of prejudice, has to do with the notion of ranging in age from the late teens to late twenties. are the ‘glue’ of bonding and connectedness - to purity. I hypothesize a fundamental sense of ‘puri- One sometimes gets a glimpse of their families one’s family, social group and history; but also to ty-of-self’ that must be maintained and protected when they mourn their deaths. Difficult and pre- one’s self, body and identity. Without them one from threats of contamination. This purity cannot carious as this is to assess and judge, the im- shrivels, feels empty and experientially adrift; be understood or approached in logical, functional pression one gets is not of depriving or unloving equally, without this ideological fabric, society or instrumental ways. It is not an aspect of a power families, or of deprived, unloved children. Real becomes alienated and fragmented. struggle or territorial defensiveness, and attempts grief and sorrow are usually evident, often mixed The present scope does not permit me to articu- to study it along such lines are doomed. It is rather with pride. A significant corollary is the social late the ideologies involved in terrorism, nor am I an aspect of the being dimension of mind, mental support these families receive. They establish the the person to undertake such a task. Clearly, life and existence[3]. Such purity can be sought and traditional ‘mourners’ hut’ in which they receive religion is one of the factors that play a major readily found in the sphere of ideas and ideologies, visitors, family and friends who come to pay their role in this, if we understand religion not simply as rather than in pragmatic and realistic motives. respects and to support and share in their be- a code of injunctions, prohibitions and precepts, Ideologies are the breeding grounds for notions reavement. Their son’s heroic death is regarded a but as the embodiment and expression of cultural about purity/impurity. Religions are concerned noble sacrifice, the achievement of martyrdom, values that govern social relatedness. with the purity of soul and living, and thus major and has the open support and endorsement of the contributors to the formation of prejudices. community in which they live. Attitudes to death Prejudice becomes a social issue when it leads to In order to understand these young, unmarried men enactment. The need to enact stems from the (the occasional older person, married and with All religions offer the prospect of ‘joining’ by ‘impure’ aspects of the self that cannot be con- family, is not necessarily exceptional to the trends merging with a greater-than-self entity, group or tained, metabolized and tolerated, and become I will describe) several factors must be taken into Being, and this is the source of their attractive- externalized (projected) into an other as a way of account. Central among these is the need for an ness. Yet the way such merger is achieved or preserving the purity of one’s self. Hence prejudice existence submerged in something greater than enacted differs considerably from one religion to is always an intersubjective, interpersonal and one’s self. This may be a cause, an ideology, a reli- another, as well as within a religion, subject to interactive phenomenon, involving self and other. 36 FOCUS The other becomes a repository and depository for the impure aspects of oneself. Particular or specific others may be selected as targets of prejudice by virtue of actual or fantasized characteristics they FOCUS: possess, as in Bion’s notion of valency[1]. The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist In closing, I suggest that what we see in terrorist actions and in the terrorist mind is not so much An opinion from the far South a function of overwhelming rage, hatred and destructiveness - though these may indeed be encountered. More importantly, we meet a need to ‘re-find’ the self by losing it, by allowing it to obliterate its boundaries and merge with a greater entity, made possible through an idea or ideology. This need is driven by an underlying quest for preserving the purity of the self (met in notions like Winnicott’s ‘true self’ or Modell’s ‘private self’) from the contaminating impurity attributed to an other who becomes ‘the enemy’[2]. As a progressive, developmentally significant stage, this may enjoy the full support and endorsement of one’s commu- nity, and provides the link by which the individual may join and merge himself in it. What I have described may well - and rightly so - be regarded as a pessimistic view, for it implies that so long as one’s own purity requires the anni- hilation of the impure other, acts of violence and terror will not cease.

References

[1] Bion W. R. (1961) Experiences in groups. London: Tavistock Publications. MARCELO N. VIÑAR suggests that For proof of what is ordinary, we have no need to we are asking the wrong question: appeal to knowledge inherited from Freud. [2] Erlich H. S. (1997) On discourse with an enemy. In E R Shapiro (Ed.), the mind of the terrorist is not the Situating the problem in the mind of the terrorist The inner world in the outer world. place to seek answers to terror- implies a debatable and perhaps objectionable New Haven: Yale University Press, pp123-142. ism; we need to find new ways to position. Rather, Federico Mayor (Director General think the transcultural dialogue of UNESCO) and Fernando Enrique Cardozo [3] Erlich H. S. (1998) and acknowledge the plurality and (President of the largest nation in South America) On loneliness, narcissism, and intimacy. human condition of the enemy. consider that the main cause of the violence that Amer. J. Psychoanal., 58:135-162. leads to terrorism is extreme poverty and the [4] Ferenczi S. (1949) We are asked to write about the mind of the scandalous inequity of available wealth. It is here Confusion of the tongues between the adults and the terrorist, after the attack on September 11. The that we can discuss one of the principal causes child: the language of tenderness and of passion. request is made by a psychoanalyst from the first of the origins of terrorism, with causal interaction Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 30:225-230. world to one from the third world, which raises with ethnic or religious fanaticism. questions about the similarities and differences [5] Freud S. (1914) between them - not only at the level of the mind, Responding to fundamentalism On narcissism: an introduction. but also in their historic and cultural experiences. S.E., 14:73-102. By taking up terrorism now rather than before, and In the war between democracy and totalitarianism, [6] Freud S. (1933) assigning a date and a place to it, the Newsletter it is not difficult to choose the trench. What en- Lecture XXXI, New Introductory Lectures. is giving priority to one perspective. The idea of a lightened citizen could share the obscurantism S.E., 22:57-80 single and self-referred reality is always a tenden- of the Taliban, their enslavement of women, the tious truth. totalitarian dogmatism of rules that suppress [7] Greenacre P. (1970) An event of horror and human madness: suicide diversity and dissidence, and cruelly punish those Youth, growth and violence. Psychoanal. Study Child, 25:340-359. commandos reduce to ashes thousands of human who refuse to submit and be humiliated? From lives along with the twin towers, symbol of the the Inquisition to McCarthyism, the witches return [8] Hacker F. J. (1976) economic might of the leading world power. As a with many different names and apparel. Crusaders, criminals, crazies: terror and terrorism in sign of the times, the spectacle is seen for days our time. New York: W W Norton. and nights, live and direct from the scene; the The conquest of a private space, an inner and per- magnitude of the impact produced by these images sonal forum where diversity and plurality develop [9] Ostow M. (1986) prepares the way for the acceptance of the and are legitimated, was a conquest in the West of The psychodynamics of apocalyptic: discussion of papers on Identification and the Nazi phenomenon. gesture of revenge and the mandate of an ‘eye for the modern subject, engaged in enlightened or Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 67:277-285. an eye’. Avenging damage suffered has marked violent combat against the intrusion of church or human history, not just since 2001 but since the state - a conquest of our western mentality that [10] Rizzuto A. (1990) dawn of time: the urge to destroy the enemy. Are enables us to conceive of all fundamentalism with Deprivation and delinquency. we never to escape from this circular and retalia- rage, hate and disdain. The problem therefore J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc., 38:811-815. tory logic? resides in what to do with that rage and that hate,

37 FOCUS in our condition as psychoanalysts and citizens, that only its understanding will create the condi- construction of the discourse of an ‘imagined on the level of action and on the level of reflection. tions for its transformation. I consider that the community’. Its epic and passionate dimension, as specific contribution of the analytic community to well as its rational and objective representation, The political-military logic of the US and its allies this problem is to study the subjective conditions is decisive in the construction of this discourse. is the destruction of al-Qaeda and everything that lead to intolerance toward those who are surrounding it - a necessary logic, we are told. I do different, and place them in the position of ex- Hanna Arendt postulates that diversity is the not believe that the approval or condemnation of cluded and subhuman pariahs. law of human phenomena. The generation of the the analytic community would add much to this, ‘we’ involved in this identificatory construction nor would it prove crucial or indispensable. But, Historical conditions must be searched for, not only in its interior but in from the far South, I wish to insist that terrorism the disquiet of its margins, in the nature of the rela- does not begin on September 11, when the most I think that our action can go beyond obvious tionship or the agreement that we establish with prosperous and powerful nation on earth is declarations of adherence to democratic plurality the other - stranger or foreigner - who is the com- wounded. It is an endemic plague throughout the or the formulation of a taxonomy of the evil plementary and indispensable figure for the con- history of humanity, and those who are suffering mind of the terrorist. We can try to understand struction of the ‘us’. And this certainty of a binary today belong to the tradition of a particular way the prevalent characteristics in individuals who construction leads to a retaliatory circle of endless of exercising power. Its style and magnitude may are members of extremist groups and the group violence that has poisoned the history of humanity. differ from the suicides who burned the twin dynamics promoted in them; but especially, we towers, but it can also be contaminated by the must immerse ourselves in study and reflection on The epic exaltation that we are the only truth, same logic of domination of those who are dif- the historical conditions in which such abject and the excelsior of civilization - and that this justifies ferent. This is a southern opinion, based, we be- condemnable human behaviour prospers. And and legitimates the destruction of the enemy, in a lieve, on experiences in our history. we have a theoretical frame that can contribute retaliatory and paranoiac circle - gives endless to this understanding. The hate accumulated over encouragement to the martyrs sacrificed to the Binary extremes generations in processes of exclusion - so often cause. Is there no other way to think the trans- sustained by the powerful, for reasons of geo- cultural dialogue without coming to the path of Hunting down bin Laden and destroying al-Qaeda political interest - provides a fertile field for the destruction and extermination? In this globalized will be an attainable and successful military objec- mind of the terrorist. world, where information and images circulate tive. But the way this war is conducted, both on instantly, if the inequities are not mitigated and the military level and on the level of discourse - as To sustain the military campaign in Afghanistan, cultural contradictions recognized, we are heading the antinomy between good (us) and evil (others) - President Bush pronounces this terrible and totali- for a future of constant war. creates a Manichaeism that has been shown to tarian phrase, which the mass media repeat ob- be harmful both in the history of humanity and in stinately: ‘The nations that are not with us are ‘All those in love with death agree in their ob- Freudian discourse. It is not easy to dissent from with the terrorists.’ Can we not condemn this session for reducing social, cultural and national hegemonous opinions where the angelical and the simplification without adhering to terror? contradictions to military terms. In the name of diabolical seem so clearly defined and localized Martínez[1] says: ‘The phrase is not too different Good against Evil, in the name of the only Truth, beforehand. Even so, I believe that we analysts from the one preferred by Latin American dictators they all resolve everything by killing first and asking have something to contribute and propose beyond and the communists sixty years ago, which Bush questions later. And on the way, they ultimately Freudian pessimism and the condemnation of has omitted from his speeches. But what nation feed the enemy they are fighting against.’ human nature that Freud expresses in ‘Why war?’ would be so suicidal and immoral as to be on the Eduardo Galeano[3]. (Warum Krieg?). side of terror? The most fearful aspect of this phrase resides in that, by simplifying the vision ‘Humanity confronts a challenge without prece- It is this logic of binary extremes that psychoana- of the world by splitting it into two bands, Bush dents. On the base of new balances between an- lysts can disassemble and make complex, and I leaves no room for those who, although they are cestral behaviour relating to the exercise of power believe that this is our function, both academic against bin Laden’s terror and against the and the necessary requisites for survival, we must and political. The military and the politicians can abominable oppression of the Taliban, are also establish a new order of relations, compatible with give instant answers, while the function of intel- against any other form of war terror’. development and well-being on a planetary scale.’ lectuals is to resist this simplification. Of all Aldo Ferrer[4]. the illusions, writes Paul Watzlawick, the most In ‘The Greek city and the creation of demoracy’, dangerous is to think that only one reality exists. Castoriadis[2] points out: ‘Racism participates in The aim of destroying the enemy totally slips something much more universal than what is unthinkingly into condemning and defining as a usually admitted. It is a particularly acute and References devil anyone who is different. The effort to discern exacerbated offshoot, a monstrous specification between Islamic culture and terrorist integrism of a trait that can be empirically proved as being [1] is going to fail if we do not maintain a constant nearly universal in human society. It is the lack of Martínez T. E. (2001) effort of discernment. And the hate between ‘us’ capacity for being oneself without excluding the La Nación, September, p. 21. and ‘them’ will be perpetuated in wars and other, and the incapacity for excluding the other [2] attacks. There is nothing new under the sun, since without devaluing and finally hating him.’ Quoted by Viñar M. (1992) the conquest of America that also became a Identidad Uruguaya: mito, crisis o afirmación? genocide. The civilizing agent ultimately thinks Transcultural dialogue Ed. Trilce, p. 47. and acts worse than the barbarian being fought [3] against. Psychoanalysis has progressed in its study of life Galeano E. (2001) narcissism and death narcissism, and although Brecha seminar, Montivideo, Uruguay. Breaking with the dominant psychiatric tradition, it is erroneous and harmful to transpose our [4] Freud does not take up the ‘morbid’ in terms of metapsychological models to social phenomena, Ferrer A. (2001) anathema, condemnation or degenerative mental some efforts have been made and can still be De la globalización a la civilización planetaria. process; on the contrary, Freudianism is sustained made to understand the genesis of patriotic Paper read at the conference ‘At the End of by the effort to salvage the humanity of certain feelings and their healthy and morbid manifesta- the Battle’, Lima, Peru. morbid manifestations, with the implicit premise tions. ‘The fatherland’ goes above and beyond the

38 FOCUS

FOCUS: The mind of the fundamentalist/terrorist Terrorism and psychoanalysis

show, show off and make a scene, no matter what (father, mother, phallus, breasts). The terrorists the cost, causing destruction, fear and panic. justify this destruction with religious, ethnic, eco- nomic and other idealisms. In the semantic sense, terror is very intense fear provoked in the innocent victim by another, who is Obviously, the planners of terror are not the ex- considered the attacker or terrorist, who uses dif- ecutors; the latter are those willing to give their ferent methods and tools. Of course, there are pro- lives in the name of an ‘ego ideal’ (superego) that fessional terrorists trained for that purpose in a is connected with repression, narcissism, and planned, premeditated, specifically aimed way, magical, omnipotent ‘supposed sublimation’. The and the act itself may be failed, light, severe, defensive role of idealization and malignant nar- aggravated or extremely aggravated; these are the cissism is intimately related to the thanatic de- types of acts of terrorism. Kidnappings, which pro- structive instincts; thus, idealization runs parallel duce diverse degrees of fear, including panic, are to the splitting of the instincts and dissociation GUILLERMO SÁNCHEZ MEDINA obviously acts of terrorism. Some psychoanalysts of the ego objects. In this way, the instinctive takes a psychodynamic and psycho- who work in violent areas or in war zones (for representation can be dissociated into two: one social view of terrorism, its causes example, in Colombia) observe patients who come that is repressed, and another that is connected to and its effects. to our offices with large and armed security teams. the idealized object or turns into an idealization, Their lives have been threatened by kidnapping and which interacts closely with the superego and the The events of September 11 produced an extortion, as a consequence of which some have ideal ego. Understanding these dynamics from the impact worldwide and a series of interactions; they left the country; others changed their lives forever. Kleinian perspective, the mechanisms of idealiza- also initiated new reflections in psychoanalysis on tion and the former ones make up the predominant the dynamics of terrorism, which can be viewed Psychodynamics part of the paranoid-schizoid position, together from different perspectives by the different with the dissociation, omnipotent magical control, Freudian and post-Freudian psychoanalytic models. The perpetrators of terrorist acts are trained to triumph, disdain and projective identification. In all cases, we find violence, destruction and hate, to take revenge and destroy, viewing the Thanatos in terrorism, which has been observed enemy paranoically as someone bad who must Psychosocial aspects throughout individual, regional or collective history. be sacrificed for the ‘good and for others’. Political and ideological terrorism is used by sec- Unconsciously, terrorists use the organization of All of this forms the dynamics of terrorism. tors in a polyvalent, polysemic and polydimen- the psychopathological fantasy to act on the However, it is important to remember the inter- sional way, depending on specific circumstances in weakness and vulnerability of others, evidencing relation between psychoanalysis and other disci- each society. It is organized into national or inter- the omnipotence that is the executor of envy. Con- plines that makes it possible to fill empty spaces national networks of groups of extremists who re- scious and unconscious fantasies participate in in the problems, facts and phenomena that some- sort to violence to generate terror and thus attempt this, and sometimes psychotic delusions and hallu- times seem unknown and unresolved. The histori- to reach their objectives. cinations, psychopathic or sociopathic acting out, ans interconnect facts dynamically, to interpret including the wish to produce terror and project it and seek causal explanations for wars and other Definitions on the supposed persecuted enemy. For this rea- violent acts of humanity; in any case, we find our- Any violent attack that threatens the life and well- son, it is easy for them to follow instructions to selves at the limits of the psychic and physical being of human beings in an unpredictable, uncer- eliminate the adversary located at certain points of ego, from its first skin to the third, which includes tain way, and is aimed at a defenceless victim, is power (Pentagon, twin towers - symbolically: father- territoriality and identity. terrorist, no matter where it comes from. Creating mother-phallus-breasts) that function as points of fear, terror, panic, perplexity, causing an emotional external attraction; this is one interpretation. We must understand the problem of terrorism impact on the victims, identifies the act of terror- throughout history as a clash of cultures and civili- ism. The terrorist plans the terror, and the terror- From the dynamic perspective, the sum of frustra- zation, with a multiplicity of forces and a plurality ized suffer a maximum of fear because of the de- tion, rejection, disdain, physical and emotional of intervening factors. Within this perspective, we struction or because of the possibility that it may privation, ignorance of the other, discrimination must take into account that every society and happen again, in an unpredictable and uncertain between ethnic groups or between men and culture creates leaders and anti-leaders, some of way, which means there is no capacity for defence women, forge the hate and violence that produces whom become monsters for that same culture. - more so when the victim is not prepared to fight. terrorism; when it is repressed, the unconscious The terrorist has an envious psychic organization resentment takes root from generation to genera- The war against the logic and illogic of terror of hate (isolated, denied and repressed) for an in- tion. At some point, the repressed returns, awak- demands something beyond simple military, eco- nocent person. ening the primary perverse, destructive, sado-maso- nomic and technological power; it involves a new The psychological profile of those who lead terro- chistic, envious and homicidal tendencies that are global socio-cultural and educational organiza- rist groups and sects makes others feel that they acted out at planned moments by subjects with tion, thinking and intelligent, that considers every- are enlightened, messianic magicians, redeemers psychopathic or latent psychopathic mental organi- one and everything vulnerable. The dignity and and saviours, who use violence to supposedly ‘libe- zations. A malignant narcissism operates in the omnipotent narcissism of the giants, created or rate’ our planet from ‘enemies’. This psychosocial psychic configuration of these subjects, which sustained by the weak, must bend to reason in the and psychopathological phenomenon appears from awakens to destroy symbolic objects that are search for a balance that will enable us to emerge time to time in societies to produce an impact, to simultaneously idealized and hated omnipotently from chaos into a new economic, social and edu- 39 FOCUS cational order, and to use it to construct tolerance nightmares that exist in every human being with to place it in the corresponding mental space and for democracy that will make a dynamic balance different tendencies that even further impoverish allow working through. possible, so that all humanity can participate in the the ego, both internally and externally. It is also important not to adopt or remain in the creation of a better new world. temporal continuity of the traumatic experience, We do understand that poverty of the ego, lack but to wait for each patient’s time for working The role of the psychoanalyst of education and intercultural communication, through - obviously, without the omnipotence marginalization and ill-health are factors in the that may come up to manage the great trauma of Let us hope that sanity reigns in the leaders of complex and complementary series. We can also terror, which leaves us impotent for a time. Once states that defend the good, liberty and life gene- go beyond, thinking with prudence, severity and this has passed, the ego reorganizes and the rated by organizations that tend to equilibrium. less emotion, placing our opinions in favour of creation of a new design of life arises; this is the When we discuss the subject of terrorism, we use civilization, accepting anti-terrorist laws that offer Eros drive that allows us to re-join what is dis- the rhetoric that ‘no injustice justifies another greater security, including control of the mass integrated and to form unities. injustice’, although these injustices cannot be com- media that can adopt different messages of terror. pared since their nature is different, nor can they What we cannot do is enter cultural confron- In conclusion be justified since this may lead to a pseudo-legali- tations, but instead aid the drive for peace, with ty. Each kind of justice must be understood on its less envy and less pseudo-justification. There is no psychoanalytic solution for terrorism, own terms, and this includes the person or persons especially since our discipline is only useful for who are judges. This is why international courts of Clinical management of victims understanding and containing, and for helping justice are created to integrate and globalize it. the individual to seek alternatives for change. We Has this led perhaps to an idealization of interna- With respect to the technique and clinical manage- cannot treat terrorism and crime with psycho- tional justice? What is important is the magnitude ment of patients who have been spectators or analysis applied to the intellectual authors or the of the damage, the defencelessness of the victims, victims of terrorist trauma, the analyst must have executors, but the possibilities for understanding the request of the mass media for information. This the capacity to contain the persecutory and death may help healthy leaders to find positive, inte- generates another question: can wars be justified? anxieties that have been awakened, and also to grated solutions without the exclusion, marginali- Their causes are multiple and complex and, beyond place a distance, or to use each patient’s own zation and separatistic partialization that increase this, there may be just and unjust wars. temporality for the working through of the trauma, resentment, envy and hate. which involves overcoming the denial and counter- Psychoanalysis cannot give precise answers to identification that may be present for a time. The Our civilization is experiencing a time of change, avoid terrorism, and certainly cannot design poli- traumatic facts of real life can be all too close for and the criteria of globalization will have to be cies of scientific defence systems against it. It both analyst and patient; although our job is to taken into account in the different areas, if we can only interrelate conscious and unconscious take care of the unconscious psychic world and wish to have a world with diversity but with intercultural phenomena, interpret myths and its repercussions, they do influence our counter- greater capacity to tolerate frustration and better beliefs, and understand how fanatic hate groups transference. We therefore have to reorganize our tolerance, sublimation, creation and democracy - are created from dreams of liberty and progress - psyche in order to avoid assimilating and identify- which also means the participation of all in a without forgetting the illusions, anxieties and ing with the persecutory dead object, and instead better-distributed and organized world. OPINION The aftermath of September 11 A cultural implosion

MARCIO DE FREITAS GIOVANNETTI impedes our perception of what lies behind it - or violent cannibalism - the savagery of war - and the reflects on the human paradox behind the smoke and soot, as the Brazilian photo- erotic approach to what is different from our- and the need for a truly thoughtful grapher Sebastião Salgado so tellingly showed in selves. Our entire culture is built on our paradoxi- response to the shock of an article published just after the terrible tragedy, cal wretchedness. The worldwide impact and September 11. which brought out the similarity between those shock of those images result solely from their people in New York and the mud-covered gold- powerful capacity to represent this basic paradox. On September 11, the target was not the World miners of Serra Pelada here in Brazil, who feature Fiction, through the medium of the cinema, had, as Trade Center. Not the Pentagon. Not the US or in some of his most celebrated images. A carefully we know, already attempted the same represen- New York. It was neither the system nor the West. directed lens can shatter or create optical illusions. tation many times - unsuccessfully, of course. After What the television pictures and photographs all, as filmgoers we stood aloof from the action, showed in exhaustive detail might lead us to be- Paradox and the resulting space of alienation made the lieve that there was a target, just as the perpetra- On September 11, all that was demonstrated by ghastly vision palatable. tors of the unspeakable act did. Therein lies the the horrible and unprecedented pictures of the On September 11, our imagination was no longer problem: every target of a warlike act is no more planes crashing into the twin towers, and the able to disguise our helpless nakedness with the than a mirage. What is visible and manifest always towers’ consequent collapse, was the fundamental veil of our omnipotence, or that of our arrogance. has the capacity to relegate the latent to the human paradox. It is the paradox that is always The twin towers or the tower of Babel, the twenty- shadows - all the more so when the images convey present in our daily lives throughout the world, be first century or Biblical times, reality or myth - it the force of explosion and fire. it the first or the third world, the western world became obvious that our constructions, however Even if it is only burning in the hearth, we should or the eastern world. marvellous, always have a great destructive poten- not underestimate the hypnotic power of fire, which We human beings have always swung between tial.

40 OPINION Heaven and hell Both towers and planes plainly aim at the heavens. OPINION: But no one can now deny that they also aim at hell. The aftermath of September 11 After all, both heaven and hell - precisely because they take us far away from the earth - are much Treasures: a trauma response vignette more readily representable than the wretchedness of our everyday earthly existence. And it is that ABBY ADAMS-SILVAN tells of her Generosity wretchedness that the tragedy of September 11 experience ‘just listening’ to fire- demonstrated. Hence its potential as a defining men from outside New York who As they responded, they told me how no one - moment; hence its symbolic intensity - for the only came to work at Ground Zero. no one - had let them pay for gas, food or any human path to a perception of the transcendent purchase, as they raced to New York. Not too much goes no further than a crazy caricature of Mars, My first lessons in emergency trauma response longer, and they were describing to me how it felt the god of war. were on a bumpy van ride from Red Cross head- to leave home; that they were lonely, but that their The earth is not a safe place, or else there is no quarters to Shea Stadium, where I was going to wives - who were lonely, too - had encouraged safe place on earth; we have long been aware of spend the day with firemen who had come from them. They told me, too, how when they found a this truth, but have at the same time always denied outside New York to help at Ground Zero. ‘You ‘body part’ as they dug, they would step back and it. We have denied it by using our greatest asset, must engage them,’ said my experienced partner. let the New York City men ‘take care of their own’. culture, but by using it more as an illusory tool for ‘Go to them, they won’t come to you. Don’t spon- To me, all these things were spontaneous acts of our megalomanic and paranoid escapism than as a taneously identify yourself as a “mental health” generosity with humane implications that became basic tool for living together with others and with person. Chat, answer their questions, and don’t try more treasures of the day. differences. Precisely because it is not a safe place to get them to talk about their problems unless A few confidence-building hours later, I was stroll- for us, the earth presents us with such complex they specifically let you know they want to. Just ing around and I saw a young man standing alone challenges that our incipient capacity for thought listen, listen, listen. Your job is to help them hold and looking distressed, something that I knew by mostly attempts to cope with them simplistically, on to defences so they can go back to work, not to then was unusual. When I approached him, he in terms of good versus evil. help them to an insightful understanding of why accepted the offer of water with a very sad look, When man reveals by a gesture, in the full light of they are in distress,’ was the essence of my half- and told me he was just about holding himself day, that he himself is the most effective weapon of hour tutorial. together. Could he talk to me? He said he felt like war, it is essential for others, such as ourselves, to With the major exception of ‘listen, listen, listen’, I such a failure, he was so ashamed of himself. pause for thought. The only arsenal available to him was, of course, being told to do everything dif- He had been asked to ‘tag’ body parts from to combat war is the natural antidote: himself - or ferently than we analyst/therapists ordinarily the buckets that were passed down the line of himself and his thought. No amputation of his would approach our task, but I had no difficulty searchers. He had been doing all right until he had humanity will solve the problem, nor will any reac- accepting the instruction. I was very aware of my to tag a small beard held with a moustache by a tion in the same register, or of violence. neophyte status, and of what it is like to be a shred of a lip. He had become violently nauseous ‘beginner’ - a reminder of unsettling feelings that and had cried; someone else had taken over. As he Rethinking our culture we senior clinicians do well to re-experience when spoke he cried again. We must rethink our culture. Those in government and how we can. My insecurity, shyness, desire to must allow themselves to reflect upon political be of help but fear that I could not because I didn’t Just listening violence, cannibalism and human wretchedness, know how, and a deep sense of group identity ... and their counterparts - paranoid megalomania, these were my first treasures of the day. For twenty minutes or so I said nothing except to notions of racial supremacy, and the idea of pro- murmur the most general kind of encouragement gress as the central element of culture - before the Hiding the pain for him to go on talking and to let him know I was trigger is pulled by automatic responses based listening - ‘just listening’. When he was done, he on inertia. The explosive potential of thoughtless When we arrived, I was shown where the men said he felt much better; that I had helped him so reaction is immense. slept in shifts on cots, usually fully dressed be- much, that he could go back to work, and thanked If the twin towers somehow represented the West cause they were too exhausted to change into the me for everything I did for him! Indeed, his voice and the East side by side, the basic error of their sweat suits that had been provided. When they was firmer, and he looked brighter as he strode off. design was that they mirrored each other as identi- woke up they showered, changed, ate and waited So I had yet another treasure: a chronically needed cal entities. In this way, the towers arrogantly and impatiently for transportation back to work. That reminder that our apparently passive listening is overbearingly camouflaged and denied differences. was all they wanted to do. I was told they some- truly a most active therapeutic tool. If we take a closer look at nature, we soon see that times went so far as to hide serious and painful The young man had taken a few strong steps not only are not all twins identical, but that there injuries, which were often incurred because they away, and then turned back. Would I come with are in fact no identical twins. They are only seem- would go on digging after their gloves were worn him, please? There was something he wanted to ingly identical. Democracy is the possibility of living out. Above all, they would try to hide emotional show me. with difference - whether of colour, creed, race or pain. He took me to a transportation van, of which he culture. Arming myself with some bottled water and was in charge. The outside had been washed, but It is vital for those in government to get together, Gatorade from the huge tub in which they floated, when he opened the door the floor was covered not in order to decide on Manichaean lines what is I took a deep breath and walked over to a group of with thick ash and there was an unpleasant, good and what is evil and try to reach a quick and men who were chatting. ‘I’m Abby, I’m from the and very unfamiliar, odour. He reached down and illusory solution to the problem with more fire and Red Cross. Can I do anything, get anything, for picked up a congealed bit of ash that was like a soot, but instead - making due allowance for diffe- you?’ As I had been told it would be, the answer small grey stone, and held it in his hand for a rence and building on different foundations - to was a cheerful ‘No, thanks. We don’t need any- moment. ‘You never know what something was,’ construct an edifice of a kind the twin towers never thing.’ These are, however, people who have had he said. He held it out, and when I put out my hand succeeded in being. These shortcomings explain very positive experiences with the Red Cross help- he dropped it in my palm. I thanked him and said I why the towers had such a short life. ing disaster victims, and they were polite and gen- would keep it safe. tle in their refusal. I just hung around as they were I am a psychoanalyst, and I know very well that On September 11 our cultures somehow imploded talking, and eventually asked where they were there were many complex and contradictory mean- side by side. from. ings in that interaction. Since I will never see my

41 OPINION

Robert Tyson, La Jolla, USA commonly accompanied by sadistic and vengeful fantasies, primal anxieties, longing for lost objects, love and lust, worry about the future as well as revived misery about the past - and guilt: about being alive, not being more involved, finding beauty in disaster, not caring more or caring too much ... endless possibilities for unwanted but familiar character traits to inveigle themselves into the centre of my patients’ experiences, there- by conforming them to the particulars of their neurotic, historical patterns. Together, we found myriad ways to connect this most horrifying, ter- rifying assault with the rest of their psychic lives, while I quietly continued to do the same with mine.

September 11 was a day of overpowering aggres- sion - the start of a war. Much like other days of war - such as those during which Freud and his fol- lowers analysed their own patients - we all worked as best we could, trying hard not to weep, to stay steady and remember that our first concern re- mained the people in our therapeutic care. Boundaries generally remained the same, secure young volunteer again, however, and surely never when she turned and pointed to four young men yet with individual variations. In a comforting way, hear his associations, I also know that the latent sitting together, waiting to see the physician. ‘They our sense of purpose gave us the determination to substance of those meanings will never be are firemen who work at Ground Zero,’ she said. stay focused and helpful, even to one another. I revealed. None of this detracts one iota from the ‘We’ve seen a bunch of them. Their gloves wear experienced a transcendent concern on the part of overwhelming value of that amazing treasure. out, and if they can’t get new ones right away they my patients for my and my family’s wellbeing, go on digging anyhow. Sometimes they hurt them- which I understood to be real and surreal - actual- Postscript: Some days later, when there was still selves seriously. You’re a psychologist. Maybe you ly, not so different from that which exists all the hope of finding someone alive in the ruins, I had an can understand.’ time in our analytic relationships. appointment with a surgeon who specializes in Yes, I can. They are hoping to find great treasure. hand injuries. I was talking with the receptionist And they will. I remain fortified in my belief that it is folly to attempt to use this period to say something more OPINION: significant about psychoanalysis, other than to reassert that it is best defined by its basis in trust, The aftermath of September 11 its suspension of a certain kind of reality in the Being there: an analyst at Ground Zero consulting room - both of which intermingle with the shared experience of human possibilities and BARBARA STIMMEL describes for days after, we shared a sense of foreboding limitations, already a profound enterprise. how it felt to be working as a which pervaded everything we said. But the reas- volunteer with the rescue teams suring reality throughout was the willingness we The volunteer experience and the bereaved at Ground Zero. shared to slip into our roles as soon as possible From 13 September until needs tapered off in early so as to carry on our work, in the service of the November, I was assigned, for every available hour To begin, we were physically and psychologi- reality principle helping them and me to brave beyond my practice, to Ground Zero, Cantor cally alone. It was the immediate influx of e-mails the horrors outside with as much equanimity and Fitzgerald, Red Cross Hot Line, Family Mass Care which reminded me that we were still connec- fortitude as possible. Center at Pier 94. As my husband and children ted to the rest of the world, and helped more than stayed safe on the side, and sleep and food be- I would have expected before this extraordinary No one way came nuisance activities, I allowed myself to travel loss. We wrote back and forth from the dizzying Another truth shone through, which psychoana- along a compelling and headlong trajectory into a combination of anxiety, fear and affection; lysts know better than most. There was no one world I could not leave. New York and downtown psychoanalysis was not at the centre of our right way to experience and respond to this larger- had become my mantra, and the rest seemed communication. than-life assault on our senses and our sense of superfluous. I was, of course, wrong - but time had self. Our theories might have given us scaffolds, to pass for me to realise that. I trust this will also Later, as I moved beyond my private life to my but they were completely inadequate to give us be true for those who were spun into the vortex in office life, I found myself doing what I do daily, narratives. Only the unique stringing together of a way the rest of us can only imagine. with the same people, in much the same way as our patients’ past and present, infused with inner before. What we all know - that trauma is ex- and outer objects, distortions, drives, dreams, Regarding the role of a psychoanalyst as a volun- perienced within the context of history and reality and fantasy which they present to us, is teer in this time of tragedy, the most important character - was true at this time as at any other. adequate to guide us. thing I can say - perhaps for myself only - is that I There was one looming difference, though: my was first and foremost not a psychoanalyst. While patients and I knew that we had lived through the September 11 did not change any of this. Rather, never forsaking my understanding of the vast same horror at precisely the same time, and I it strengthened my appreciation of the analytic range of dynamic meaning this horror held for was as vulnerable as they. Although transference endeavour, both in its ordinariness and in its those I was assisting, my role was entirely dif- fantasies protected me a little more, or made me a possibilities for a change of one’s fate - even in the ferent from that which I made sure to safeguard bit more endangered than before, we all knew that face of horror and fear. I have many examples of in my office. Although a human, compassionate any one of us could have been killed that morning; people with whom I work expressing aggression, presence lies at the core of my office relation-

42 OPINION ships, here I was required to let go of almost all knowing that he had the freedom to hate America save the sobs - except at the centre of Ground my daily professional habits in which this core is in the midst of this most American setting. Illegal Zero itself, where the cranes never stopped. Every- contextualized. I led with my untutored humanity, immigrants, out of work since Windows on the where else, all human and machine activity came as I repeatedly reminded myself that my task out- World had plummeted into the fires of hell, saw to a complete standstill. side the office was not that of therapist but of their futures spiral downward. An office worker grief aide, listener, helper, witness. remained frozen as she was when carried down The same yet different 40 flights because she could not, would not, leave This incomplete and inadequate description of From beneath the hard hat her window, mesmerised by bodies falling past the people whose lives were transformed on Life and death in New York, with the world watch- in their futile flights of escape down the sides of September 11, and who transformed mine soon ing, overwhelmed most of us most of the time. It the World Trade Center. A now homeless woman after, cannot capture what has transpired these has been strangely difficult for me to talk of what I whose apartment was destroyed by hurtling pieces past months in New York. Still, in the middle of our saw, heard and did. I had planned to record my of airplane was ferried across the Hudson to be profoundly altered awareness, we cling to ordi- feelings and impressions into a dictating machine clothed and fed at a stranger’s home in Jersey City. nary and familiar activities as we move heavy- at the end of each day, but I was too tired and hearted from one day to the next, continuing to try too sad - and too much in need of keeping myself A lost Icelandic girl, barely speaking English, relied to make a difference. For example, along with intact so that I could slip back and forth between on her camera to capture and communicate her hundreds of colleagues, I have taken a workshop my analyst-self and my volunteer-self. Ironically, at shock and amazement. The relatives of a young preparing myself for work with the NYC police, this time of shared terror, rage and sadness, words man, whose wife was giving birth as we spoke, emergency medical technicians - and soon, hope- fail. Nevertheless, I will try to give some idea of came to the Care Center every night to eat, to not fully, firefighters. We will show up all over the that which seems fundamentally indescribable. be alone, to avoid the TV coverage which had city, in precincts, fire houses and community overtaken their lives. Children played, ate and centres, helping to explain signs of stress, to listen I wore a hard hat and a filtration mask as I trudged watched TV, and did not understand the enormity to stories, to make referrals for ongoing therapy in search of more masks for the workers we were of their losses; other children, slightly older, did. for these heroic first-responders who seem willing there to help, over mounds of debris, past demo- and in need. lished driving machines - steel ghosts strewn The city and the silence everywhere - which we all understood were infil- Encounters with these people, and countless more, We have been cruelly reminded that we have only trated by the ashes of thousands of people we were experiences of fused grief, inspiration and a little time in which to make a difference in our would never know, yet would cherish forever. quiet elation - all the while surrounded by city offices and our lives. On September 11, we all Surprised, I sang as loudly as everyone else when caretakers who were, quite simply, magnificent. began the long, hard work of healing which has led Bette Midler led us in ‘God Bless America’. I cried The Care Center, created by the mayor’s office, was me, in the end, to feel more committed to my and cheered with the rest when Muhammed Ali huge and majestic in its approach to those who work as a psychoanalyst - this most up-close and came riding through on his golf cart - unable to were suffering; it was a dignified place in which to personal interaction - while at the same time walk, barely able to speak, hugging grown men deal with the indignity of assault and loss. But the knowing I am more of the world: a tiny element and women as they walked in dazed circles, with city outdid itself by understanding the need for in a tapestry woven with billions of threads. So chest-sized photos of their lost ones hung around those grieving to be near, in any way possible, my hard hat, filtration mask and Red Cross vest their necks. Rudi Giuliani was unflaggingly every- their lost loved ones. share shelf space with psychoanalytic texts in where, his usual swagger turned into a strong and my home, quietly reflecting that truth. purposeful stride; even those of us formerly most Over several weeks, hundreds of the bereaved, and critical of him now eagerly and earnestly thanked those of us who were asked to accompany them, him. were escorted by boat to Ground Zero. Each trip was different while exactly the same as each per- The human stories son had different thoughts and worries in mind, OPINION: Most important, yet most difficult to capture on uncertain as to what it would be like upon arrival The aftermath of September 11 the page, are the people we had come to assist. at the inferno, where children, parents, siblings There was a Muslim mother from Bangladesh, and partners were incinerated, crushed and buried Parents and children missing the son who was to have taken care of her forever. The exquisite Indian summer and the in old age; she moaned continuously, alone, as her splendid city stood in stark contrast to the smoul- ELSA FIRST illustrates her observa- husband remained home, also alone, in constant dering, dead epicenter at journey’s end. Spontane- tions on the impact of September prayer. A French mother and father were unable to ous pathways were created by worker-witnesses, 11 with two vignettes revealing the speak - not just in English, but in any language - to who maintained repeated, silent vigils as the interactions between very young convey their grief. A sobbing fireman, due to return burial march of families and friends, and their children and their parents. to Chicago, found it unbearable to leave New York. hovering guides, passed by. We walked to the A woman, whose first son and husband were killed hastily-cobbled viewing stand, where the griev- As a child psychoanalyst, I learned much about 35 years ago, had lost her remaining son and grand- ing were allowed several minutes to stare at a the experience of the parents of younger children sons, leaving her finally completely alone. A young vast, dying animal whose smouldering fires had after September 11. Parents acutely realized man whose mother would not leave home, refusing consumed their loved ones. they could no longer protect their children and to accept the death of his brother, took one of the keep them safe. Nor could they promise to survive teddy bears sent by the families of Oklahoma City This hated, alien thing in our midst seemed, none- for their children. They felt undermined in their and put it in his backpack, to give to her in lieu of theless, a beloved family member succumbing in protective function as parents, and some felt his brother’s body. A couple waited to meet her the heart of this extraordinary city, at whose side entirely undone in their sense of parental compe- brother arriving from Ireland to claim the remains of they - and we - longed to remain. But there was lit- tence, suffering anxiety attacks, depressive guilt his daughter, their niece - on the fifth anniversary of tle time to linger, since the workers had to get back or dissociative symptoms. the day when their own daughter died of a stroke. to their seemingly endless task of clearing, finding and honouring. We gently escorted our charges to The circumstances of their separation from their An Afghan, living in Queens, planned for the day the makeshift memorial at the edge of the river, children during the hours of chaos and unknowing when he would return to Kandahar to pick up one where they left notes and mementos. The whole on the day had some bearing on this, especially of his ten Kalashnikovs and go to war, ironically experience always occurred in complete silence, when children were in daycare or schools near

43 OPINION

the World Trade Center which were evacuated manner. He seemed too numb or depressed to play, Dan Schechter MD, a child psychiatrist colleague before parents knew where their children had like some bereaved children. But, with a little from the Columbia Psychoanalytic Center’s gone. But the most vulnerable parents were those support of his competence at Lego, he began to Parent/Infant Psychotherapy Program, where I am for whom the traumatic events of the day evoked elaborate a story. I showed low-key interest and faculty and he is Director of Research.) prior traumatic loss, such as the suicide of a sibling verbalized affects. or parent, illness or death of a parent during their Maria intently began to scrawl in bright over- own childhood. Refugees who had known the Two Lego guys drove around in an open vehicle. lapping reds, yellows and black. She readily bombing of civilian populations or ethnic per- Many little Lego houses. Calvin then dared set up explained she was drawing the buildings that secutions also felt especially helpless, betrayed two very tall buildings. Soon, people were jumping ‘fell and burned’. She told us her father had es- and angry at this removal of safety. and falling from the tall towers, and falling on the caped from the big towers where he had houses, messing them up by leaving severed body worked, as they fell, which she had seen on TV. Children’s experiences parts all over (indicated by gestures and talk; She emphasized that father’s lungs had been details here were so gruesome, I thought Calvin filled with smoke, so he could hardly breathe. Children’s narratives of the day centred on how must have witnessed the body parts raining on While her father was running away, burning they and their friends or classmates had been Battery Park City or the open plazas). pieces of the building fell on him and burned his found by parents, and how long it was before arms - ‘He has marks from the fire on his arms!’ family members knew the others were safe. (I Guys in the truck seemed to be trying to help. I won’t try to write about those who were directly thought they might be taking people to hospital A second drawing repeated the wild scrawl of bereaved.) Children in New York City in general for fixing, but they were just clearing up the bright fire, with one addition: a thick black mono- showed heightened separation anxiety and fear of mess. These bodies were too smashed to fix. There lith - both a charred tower and a black void, as the loss of a parent, symptoms of Acute Stress was a Lego boy watching the guys. Their vehicle Dr. Schechter understood it. This child, we later Disorder, such as nightmares, and some tempora- was now a boat, ferrying bodies (as escapees had learned, was waking from nightmares too rily heightened aggressivity. They also joined with been ferried by rescue workers to New Jersey). frightened to sleep in her own bed; like very adults in passionately trying to find practical There was a sense they were going away to a many New York City children, she had been sharing ways to help, to memorialize and to console, for land of the dead. They were leaving in the boat, her parents’ bed since September 11. example by visiting firehouses. and the boy wanted to go with them but was sternly told he had to go home and stay there When father returned, Dr Schechter asked about The children of Intermediate School 89 had a clear alone with his dog. (I spoke for the Lego boy the trauma his daughter had described. He was view of the World Trade Center from their class- wanting to stay with his dad and his loneliness.) surprised. ‘I was not anywhere near the WTC,’ he room windows, where they crowded once the said, and added incredulously: ‘She told you I was second plane hit. ‘At first we were laughing and Grandmother, a worker in a relief agency on the there?’ Mr P had indeed been employed as a cook joking with each other because we thought it was Pier, came to take Calvin to the cafeteria. She at Windows on the World (the old burn scars on his a movie, like an action movie with special explained that his father and uncle were EMS arms were from splattering grease,) but he had effects,’ one 11-year-old boy said. ‘But then the rescue workers who had served at Ground Zero, exchanged the breakfast shift with a colleague the people began jumping from the windows on fire, and were so traumatized by it that they had sat week prior to the attack. On the morning of and we stopped laughing because then we knew around at home drinking beer and getting raucous September 11, while his daughter had stayed home it was real.’ Identification with the helpless falling about gruesome details in front of Calvin. Father with mother, he was out doing errands - in bodies broke the defensive depersonalization. The and uncle now were about to ship out in the army Manhattan, but not near the WTC, although he had jumpers, hundreds of Icaruses falling from the reserves. Calvin was afraid they would come back needed to walk across the 59th St. Bridge to get highest floors, were an image unique to this as body parts, she said. back home, as all bridges and tunnels had been disaster. closed to vehicles following the attacks. I remarked that she understood very well what I think many of us felt a need to know, and was in her grandson’s mind, because that was Dr Schechter also enquired how the father was thus perhaps help to contain, the experiences of pretty much exactly the story he had been playing doing. Mr P was a young man, slight and soft- victims and survivors, and to distance by denial with me, although I wouldn’t have understood it spoken, who wanted to downplay any troubles of the event, in a peculiar oscillation. Looking at all without her. That was why she had left him in of his own. It took two or three further gentle ways of coping and metabolizing trauma, I was Kids’ Corner, grandmother said, matter-of-factly - probes for him to reveal that he was profoundly impressed by how profoundly impelled children so he could play out what bothered him. distressed by the loss of his co-workers at were to create symbolic representations - espe- Windows on the World. He struggled with feeling cially of the burning and collapsing towers - in The ambiguity of whether the guys in the rescue responsible for having switched shifts, and for drawings, painting, play and narrative. A rift in boat were ferrying survivors or corpses carried having found jobs for immigrant friends at the reality had to be repaired. There is always some Calvin’s fears of losing father. This vignette also WTC. Mainly, his agonizing survivor-guilt took concern over whether children’s re-presentations indicates some limitations of brief intervention the form of feeling obliged to imagine vividly are re-traumatizing, and here psychoanalytic in an unstructured milieu. how his friends had died, from fire or suffo- understanding has a role to play. cating smoke, and what they had experienced. Also salient, as in the following vignettes from Maria’s story He had nightmares from which he would awaken the Disaster Psychiatry Outreach ‘Kids’ Corner’ at several times a night, only then to ruminate about the Family Assistance Center on Pier 94 - where Maria, a nearly 4-year-old from a Central Ameri- their deaths. ‘When I close my eyes, they are there the Red Cross and city and federal agencies served can country, was apprehensive about separating in the flames and smoke and there is nothing I families who had lost relatives, jobs or housing - from her father, Mr P, but settled readily at our can do to help them.’ was how much children’s reactions were involved play-table when given the opportunity to draw with parents’ internal states. while he spoke to a benefits counsellor at an adja- Intergenerational transmission cent booth. Mr P had lost his job as a cook be- Calvin’s story cause of the WTC attack. Mother was at home As father spoke, Dr Schechter exclaimed: ‘So your with the girl’s younger brother. Maria, a wide-eyed daughter is drawing your dreams!’ Mr. P. was quite In the play area, a five-year-old African American girl with shoulder-length black hair, spoke in an struck that his daughter’s drawings and imaginings boy, Calvin, fiddled with Lego pieces in a helpless animated manner in Spanish. (In this case, I joined (and perhaps her nightmares also) so closely 44 OPINION resembled his own nightmares, since he had not We thought this vignette a good example of how it for a complete explanation, because we are discussed them with her. a very young child could piece together a story pleased with it. Others will prefer to show the This conversation began between Dr Schechter from bits of information, including her attunement links between the WTC and previous traumatic and Mr P in Spanish, then continued with me in to father’s psychic reality. The fantasy that father experiences. English, and was carried on so that Maria could had been engulfed in smoke and flames evidently listen and be included as her father expressed his condensed her profound sympathy with her All narratives will tell us something, but none will grief for the friends he had lost. Maria turned to father’s survivor-guilt, as well as her fear that tell us everything. Some will favour the formulae of drawing a picture of her school, a low rectangle she might have lost him. We considered this a historical destiny, of economic determinism, or the with many windows and doors. She emphasized form of intergenerational transmission of trauma. pain of the disadvantaged seeking revenge. Some that there were as many doors as windows, and will claim that it is the past repeating itself in counted them. I suggested that perhaps she Father explicitly sharing the distress and sorrow order to find comfort in that form of self-soothing meant that there were many openings, many he had felt he should conceal, as well as his clari- that denies new traumas. Some will appeal to ways to get out of the school, so it would be safe fying the facts, was, we think, helpful for Maria. their belief in blind fate to pretend that the if there were a fire. I asked if she meant to show A week later, she was reported to be less anxious unique does not happen. us she felt her school was safe. She agreed, and and without nightmares. seemed to feel understood. Some will stand with their analysts on the abyss of history unfolding, and know that the abyss has no formula to define when it will yawn again. They will know that the natural, human tendency to find OPINION: a stable state in a sea of uncertain waves and storms is a dangerous illusion. As certainty about The aftermath of September 11 future dangers evaporates, they will find the most Using our experience comfort in believing they can never fully know. Instead, like analysts, they will place their reliance on the possibility of courage.

DAVID M SACHS considers how Fear and numbness The role of the analyst analysts can use their own experi- ence of the disaster to inform their What matters is that in the face of the WTC we How can psychoanalysts look back at the WTC work. are all naked. Fright does that. Those on the scene and help their patients integrate it into their lives? were traumatized directly and more intensely They can look at it through themselves. They can As a psychoanalyst looking at the World Trade than we who were distant witnesses. The shim- look at it as if psychoanalysts are not all the same. Center disaster, I ask myself: why am I selected to mering television screen conveyed, but did not They can look at it through their own unique histo- write an article? Do I have anything to contribute reveal, the depths of the horror. The traumatic ries, their own experiences with trauma, their own more than anyone else who has looked at the moment for the distant observer arises from being theories. Each analyst knows that, as they try to disaster from a distance? If I were a teacher, a compelled to witness dreadful suffering. help others understand their own responses to cook, a barber, an engineer or a homeless person, the WTC, they must take themselves back to the for example, would I not share with others the These frozen moments of overwhelming fright and inchoate numbness that we all share, and rebuild numbing experience created by the images that numbness are the legacy of the tragic event. an understanding through the people they are came across the television screen? Before assigning personal meanings to the WTC, helping. If we do this, we are faithful to psycho- it is important to remind ourselves that each of analysis and to its recognition that there are Wouldn’t everyone have been overwhelmed by my patients, viewing the horror as I did, was for a many ways of understanding the world and our looking at the face of what was happening? few moments also experiencing the event as I did. place in it. Wouldn’t everyone have been unable to com- Although many patients would have been will- Our chosen role is to help people discover their prehend the meaning of what was happening as ing to believe that I am immune to trauma, I chose way of understanding and to enrich it with poss- it happened? Would anyone have absorbed the to acknowledge that I, too, shared the same ible alternatives. Our personal Nachträglichkeit scale of the disaster as they watched it on a tiny vulnerability to overwhelming traumatic events. offers an explanation that cannot be generalized. screen? Did the bodies falling silently register as Filling the absence created by numbness requires a human beings on our flattened consciousness? Nachträglichkeit multiplicity of new experiences in terms of which Although we could not smell the smoke, breathe we discover what once happened. Against an the dust, feel the heat, or run frantically from the People vary in what causes consciousness to unpredictable future, we cannot be safe if we be- horrendous sounds, echoing and re-echoing as the collapse, but it is the same for everyone when it lieve that understanding the past offers complete direct victims ran down the street, we, the distant happens. Starting from our common experience safety. The nature of the world as it is cannot witnesses, were also overwhelmed. My work of being overwhelmed, the history of each person promise complete protection from trauma. The with trauma suggests to me that it could not have after the traumatic moment will define our future unfolds filled with similarities of details, been otherwise. unique version of it. It is here, in understanding but without the possibility of sameness of context. the disaster in terms of its subsequent mani- We, the observers, experienced the disaster festations, that we can recognize the importance The WTC disaster makes clear that one of the ana- through a double numbness: the numbness of of Nachträglichkeit (‘afterwardsness’) in our work. lyst’s tasks is to help people become strong in the falsifying electronic distance and the numbness face of the unbending fact that trauma is unpre- the images created in our psychological being. As We are still living in the time of Nachträglichkeit dictable. The recognition of the certainty of un- the towers disintegrated, our consciousness also created by the WTC, and will be doing so for the certainty is one of the hallmarks of a psychoanaly- crashed. Thus by-passed, the experience pene- rest of our lives. We will tell our tales of meaning, tic point of view. It stands against the belief that trated into the recesses of subthalamic pathways, construct skeins of explanation, argue over which there is a narrative that can make expectable the perhaps into physicochemical structures, forever is better, more accurate, more complete. We will unexpected intrusions of traumatic experiences. It in unpredictable motion, forming an infinity of never be finished. Some may favour a psychoana- returns psychoanalysis to its origins as it confronts possible memories. lytic narrative to explain the numbness, mistaking the role of trauma in the human experience. 45 OPINION 11, I wish to speak of two which, when I first be- OPINION: came aware of them, surprised me. One was a The aftermath of September 11 tendency to want to rush to think about and pos- sibly interpret the potential intrapsychic meanings The view from Washington DC for the patient. Rather than to sit with the feelings as I usually would, I seemed to want to distance HARRIET I. BASSECHES considers associated with transference, with fantasy, and myself from the patient’s experience in the here the unexpected responses pro- with genetic memories; then there is the inter- and now, as though I could ward off the possibility voked by September 11 in herself personal, the actual and shared reality between of arousing my own anxiety. This is the let’s-look- as well as in her patients. analysand and analyst. In addition, as in this parti- at-YOUR-problems-this-is-YOUR-analysis attitude, cular instance, there is the actual and shared complete with unconscious countertransference I had already seen several patients that September reality outside of the consultation room impinging denial. The other - perhaps one might say, the 11 morning before the first attack. After a tele- on both analysand and analyst. It is this last, some- opposite - was an experience of what I would phone call alerted me, I spent the rest of the day thing happening to both participants that interfaces call anxiety contagion, during which I had to alternately listening to radio reports and listening in a particular dramatic and unique way with the resist the urge to say: ‘Me too, I’m frightened too. to those patients who did not cancel. I heard about analyst, that I wish particularly to address. Let’s get out of here.’ the second attack and the horrifying report of the collapsing towers; it was not long before I heard As an analyst, one is accustomed to listening to My grief reactions also caught me by surprise. For the news that the Pentagon had been hit. The fede- the intertwining of fantasy and reality in the ma- example, when a patient wept describing how she ral government and private firms sent their workers terial offered by an analysand. Among the many learned that the beloved director of the camp she home in a mass exodus from the city. The attacks questions that float through one’s mind during that had attended throughout her childhood had been had come home to my town, Washington, DC. process of listening are ideas about the develop- one of those killed, I found myself welling up with ment and childhood traumas of the patient that my own tears, as if the death of this unknown man In the week that followed, my patients and I resonate in the transference and countertrans- was my deeply felt loss, too. In some way this seemed to experience shock and disbelief, but not ference with the present circumstances being patient’s loss of the valued and admired childhood much more. The following week, however, fears described. They are absorbed by the analyst in part hero resonated with my own lost illusions of sup- began to emerge from many of my patients. The as trial identifications. These are among the basics port and protection from life’s painful realities that responses ranged from denial - ‘This doesn’t of one’s listening. re-emerged from my past in the wake of the terro- matter to me’ - to panic: ‘I’m going to die; we are rist attacks. Certainly I felt aware that my identifi- going to die — soon.’ Meanwhile, although all What happens to that listening process, however, cation had moved me well beyond neutral, bal- commercial plane travel was cancelled, my when the current experience being described is in anced, analytic listening. patients and I could hear the droning overhead of some greater or lesser extent consciously identi- fighter planes, circling every few minutes day and cal to the current experience of the analyst, even One may take comfort in the idea that such diffi- night. I had to remind myself many times that though unique at an intrapsychic level? Further, cult times inevitably produce unexpected respon- those planes were there to protect, not to threaten. what happens when the experience being de- ses. It nevertheless seems vitally important to scribed is both current and traumatic, in the sense understand as much as possible the effects of In the days and weeks that followed, anthrax that Freud used the word, as a blow to the mind? traumatic current events on the analytic situation. scares led to the evacuation of Congress and other This intersection of publicly similar and acknow- It has left me with a desire to learn from the ex- agencies of government; daily announcements ledged trauma with the inevitably dissimilar perience and wisdom of others who have faced heralded potential further threats. Patients were private trauma (dissimilar because of the privately such travails and continue their analytic work. reporting personal losses, and losses for people unique connections with past traumas for each of they knew. More than one patient expressed con- the participants) creates an added challenge for In closing, I wish to highlight the importance of cern that Washington was no longer a safe place the psychoanalytic situation. this dramatic and unique shared reality, which to live; that we were exactly in the target zone for had such a profound impact on my analytic work. terrorist attack. Since then, direct reference to Internal reactions It stands in a completely different category from September 11 gradually ceased, and yet associa- the effects of the usual realities of everyday life tions do emerge occasionally. As an example, at Although there were a variety of internal reactions that analyst and analysand share in the consulta- the end of December 2001, one patient, in our first I experienced with patients on or after September tion room. meeting after a two-week interruption, remarked that there certainly would be a terrorist attack on Washington in the next ten years, and he conse- quently was not going to stay in DC. OPINION:

At a manifest level, I thought he was telling me The aftermath of September 11 that September 11 and its aftermath continued to Yet again ... be on his mind and that it frightened him to pic- ture staying in its orb. At a latent level, I thought perhaps that he had found our interruption in- RUTH F. LAX found that the events easy, opened the door. My father was in the hall- tolerable and that ten years was all that he could of September 11 revived old, pain- way. I asked: ‘Is it thunder?’ He looked at me, picture bearing of such upsets. ful memories of loss and a sense shook his head and said: ‘Bombs.’ I felt bewildered, of betrayal. though talk about war had been constant. He re- Multiple levels peated: ‘Bombs’. I asked: ‘What are we going to Friday 1 September 1939 do?’ He shook his head and said: ‘I don’t know yet.’ From an analytic point of view, it is obvious that Krakow, Poland Then he got on the phone and spoke to many there are many levels at which to understand each I woke up and thought I heard some terrible thun- people. He was silent for a while and then said: individual patient’s associations, not just one or der. I got out of bed and looked out of the window. ‘We will wait. It will probably be a siege. We pre- even two: intrapsychic and symbolic meanings It was 5am, still misty, darkish, no rain. I felt un- pared for that with food and water. We have an air 46 OPINION raid shelter, we’ll be okay. I’m going out. Go to Tuesday 11 September 2001 so cruel not to tell me? I feared for our fate. I be- the shelter when you hear an alarm.’ He dressed New York City, USA lieved we’d be destroyed if he did not devise a and left. plan. The conference had ended. I was on 70th Street How could he let us down this way? I wanted to My mother, the women of the family, the small and First Avenue. The crowd pulled me along, pound on his chest. Scream at him that he was a children and my grandparents had left some weeks hundreds, thousands, going North, North. I started cheat, that he misled me, that he had no right to ago for a town in the centre of Poland pronounced crying. I now felt what I had known and could make me think that he always knew the answers. I ‘safe.’ After listening to official Polish reports on not believe. The destruction of the towers, the felt so helpless, I cried. I was terribly afraid and the attack, I spent time trying to get the BBC. The devastation, the trapped people, the people jump- there was no one, not even my father, to reassure Germans were moving rapidly with little op- ing from windows to escape into death, and the me. When I was little, he always made me feel position. Krakow is only a short distance from thousands going North to escape back into their safe. He fought, by putting on the light, the terrible the border. I was very frightened. My father was homes. Home ... I heard myself say: ‘We had left creatures that crawled out of the dark to hurt me. on Hitler’s ‘kill list.’ He had agitated against the home to escape ... but we did not know where and He sat on my bed and held my hand, and with the purchase of German machinery. when we would find a home again.’ That was 62 other pointed to all the corners to show me no one years ago, more than half a century. And ... now I was there to hurt me. When I stopped crying, since When he got home, Father looked tired and was again in the midst of a surging crowd hoping he convinced me and I no longer was afraid, he worried. He was very silent. Bombs were ex- to escape, this time to their own homes. Was this kissed me and left a light to dispel the darkness of ploding. I asked did he think there’d be a siege? the beginning of my second escape? the night. He shook his head, said: ‘Perhaps.’ We could not get the BBC. Saturday was spent waiting for the When I came home, I found everything exactly as Now, because my father did not know, there was unknown. Father woke me early Sunday morning, I had left it that morning. Or did it only seem that no one to reassure me and make me feel safe. He handing me a suitcase. He said: ‘We got one of our way? Filled with disbelief, I went from room to had misled me and betrayed me. I was angry in my trucks back, pack what you most need and want room seeking reassurance. I picked up the phone. helplessness. to take. You have thirty minutes.’ I stood feeling The jammed telephone lines carried the message: confused, not knowing what to take. My favourite I was isolated from family and friends in the midst September/October 2001 book? The little special ivory figure? What clothes? of the crowd of calling voices and outstretched I looked at my room... so much to leave... the arms. I began to leaf through albums of old photo- The phones are ringing again. We can reach our memories... I could take the memories, but would I graphs. Each brought memories and thoughts, an dear ones, family and friends, we who are fortu- keep them? anchorage with the past. In one of them, my father nate not to mourn amidst the ruins. But even for holds me in his arms; I, a two-year-old, am ab- us, the lucky majority, nothing is the same. An Evil Our driver, whom I knew since childhood, was at sorbed, gazing at him with his talis and tfilim Presence is lurking. We feel it when the pretence the wheel. Father and I got in with him. My uncles, (prayer shawl and phylacteries). What greater of the day we name ‘same as always’ comes to an the suitcases, other cases, food, were in the open safety could there be? end. It, the Evil Presence, lurks in the corners of part of the truck. I felt a big lump in my throat and our brains; it jumps out of TV screens, from the tried to swallow. My father gave me a sourball - Then other thoughts came to mind. I remembered newspaper headlines which spin around. There is my mouth was so dry ... At the outskirts of the city the days of September 1939, after the family, in the no light to dispel these fears. Invisible terrorists there were swarms of people, some on bicycles, midst of the war, was reunited in Chelm. We were shoot invisible arrows which hit alarm buttons. some pushing wheelbarrows with belongings, sitting around the table in the kitchen, listening Anthrax there, maybe here, in the Senate, in the horses and buggies; but mostly, people walking, to the radio we had brought from home. It was House, in the Supreme Court, in the Pentagon. How carrying bundles and suitcases. A few cars were very powerful and we could sometimes get the can we be protected if even the Nation’s Fathers honking to get through. The road got more and news from England. The Allies had declared war don’t know what to do? more crowded, people trying to escape, leaving on Germany, but the Germans were winning. The Some run away from town into the simplicity of homes to go, to get to somewhere away from West of Poland was occupied. It was uncertain remoteness. Some stay in town but become re- the enemy. whether Chelm would become German or Russian. mote, immersed in the charade ‘let’s pretend I asked: ‘What are we going to do?’ My father nothing changed, do what we always did...carpe Driving was very slow because of the crowd, but, shook his head and said nothing. My grandmother diem.’ Some ruminate, while thousands lose their as we began to get farther from the city, the crowd said: ‘God will help.’ My grandfather pulled out livelihoods and worry how they will eat and feed thinned. People were walking on the sides of the the prayer book. My father still said nothing. Every- their families. No light dispels the darkness in road, the horses and buggies in the centre loaded one went to sleep. which bombs fall, exploding in remote places, with people and belongings. At times, the people while we constantly fear the bomb threatening walked and helped the horse by pushing. I asked I was very upset, since my father always used to us. In those remote places they know the enemy, where we were going. Father said: ‘East’. The have an answer and everyone used to listen to they call him the White Devil, US. We fear and moving wave of people, horses, dogs, bicycles, him. A few days passed. My father and I talked. fear because we don’t know who the enemy is, were all going East to try to escape the Germans. The more we talked, the more upset I became, from where the strike will come. Helpless, we because my father really did not have an answer. regress into anger and despair. Then the Messerschmitts came and started cir- He said to me: ‘I don’t know.’ I had believed he cling. They were low-down. The moving crowd would always know. I also believed that what he What to do? Like little children, we tremble and stopped. Everyone ran into the fields, threw decided would be the right thing to do. I felt lost. cry; we feel betrayed. What happened to our themselves to the ground, face down, heads mighty father, the US, which was the world’s super- buried in their arms. The wheat stood high bet- I thought a lot during those days. The Germans power? Why doesn’t this power know the answer ween the bodies. The Messerschmitts flew sorties, were the frightful enemy, especially for us Jews. which would protect us from the unseen Evil strafing with machine gun bullets... there were What would we do? How could we escape them? I Presence? We feel like children abandoned and screams, loud prayers; God’s name was called was both desperate and angry. How was it possible helpless, searching for safety and silently calling: many times. Then the planes flew away. The Father did not know? He always knew. Everybody ‘Daddy, where are you? Come, get the Evil wheat got trampled, the crowd struggling to get did what he said. Was he just fooling us, con- Presence away,’ and the cry is answered with away. Some horses were dead. I did not know cocting a plan he was keeping secret? I hoped so. silence. Calling and crying, we fall asleep. about the people. We got back into the truck. But the thought made me furious. How could he be We grow up when daylight comes.

47 OPINION

out everything and everybody.’ OPINION: ML-W: ‘Sounds like he felt overloaded.’ The aftermath of September 11 The Greys were understandably distressed — Adolescents respond to the tragedy both by of the loss of their friend and by the be- haviour of their son. Their son, both in his initial reaction to the loss of his godfather and the sub- MARSHA H. LEVY-WARREN com- her mother, who worked in a building adjacent sequent tuning out, seemed to be acting just as pares the responses of early and to the World Trade Center, had safely escaped the many of the middle adolescents I saw or heard middle adolescence. tragedy. It had thus become very hard for her to about were acting. Unlike Anna Rose, who was maintain her typical ambivalent position vis-à-vis angry at the grown-ups of the larger world and the When I think about the adolescents and the her mother - the possibility of her mother actually world of her family, these middle adolescents are parents of adolescents that I have seen since being killed was overwhelming to this young acting as though they couldn’t care less about September 11, I am repeatedly struck by how adolescent, who had been symbolically killing off what was going on. They are focused, as they need strong the developmental thrust is for these young her childhood mother with great regularity. to be, on themselves and each other. people. Surrounded as they are by tragedy, des- truction, fear and an ambiguous future, they usual- Middle adolescence The Grey’s son showed that he was not actually ly manage to plough ahead and accomplish what unfeeling, when he burst into tears with his they need to accomplish (from a developmental Anna Rose demonstrates issues typical of early mother upon hearing about Jim; but that he standpoint) even when they are momentarily adolescents; middle adolescence poses a different couldn’t afford, psychically speaking, to remain stunned by crisis. This was the case for Anna Rose. set of challenges for families. The Greys came to focused on Jim or the ramifications of the World It is the late afternoon of 12 September 2001. see me with concerns about their son in this Trade Center tragedy. He needed to keep his atten- Thirteen-year-old Anna Rose was not her usual phase. They were appalled by his apparent indif- tion focused on the more significant aspects of sassy self. She looked wide-eyed and seemed ference to the events of September 11. his life - ie, his friends, his evolving capabilities, frightened as she came into my office. his likes and dislikes - in order to continue to ‘You all really messed things up this time. Why Mr G: ‘What is his problem? He’s sixteen years old, develop in a healthy manner. did this happen, anyway?’ ‘You all? Who is the and all he cares about is his friends and his music!’ “you all”?’ ‘You and the rest of the grown-ups ... as Development and tragedy usual.’ Mrs G: ‘What did we do wrong? And what can we now do about it? He used to be so thoughtful. In The Grey’s son shows us how development can Anna’s parents had divorced when she was eight fact, if anything, we used to worry that he cared proceed amidst tragedy. Those who are tempo- years old, but were still vindictive with one an- too much about what other people thought and rarily undone by it, like Anna Rose, seem - most other a good portion of the time that they were felt.’ often - to have already been in extremis develop- in contact. A by-product of the ongoing tension mentally. In these instances, September 11 pushed between them was that Anna had great disdain Mr G: ‘Well, he’s a far cry from that now. I don’t them over a precipice upon which they were for both of her parents, as well as adults in gene- even recognize him any more.’ already tottering. There are also the few but very ral. This had gotten her into trouble in school, present adolescents for whom September 11 was with the parents of her friends, and in both of her ML-W: ‘I can see why he seems so different to you itself traumatic, such as those who watched as parents’ homes. from how he used to be, but to me he actually the towers fell and people threw themselves sounds very much like the same person - though he from the burning, toppling buildings, and those who Early adolescence is moving from being an early to a middle adoles- had direct losses as a result of the events of that cent. There are very different developmental needs day. These individuals were overwhelmed by what Since her arrival in treatment three months be- in these two phases. He’s now at a time in his life they saw and felt, and their development was fore, I had been struck by how Anna’s particular when it is most important to focus on himself and derailed. family situation dovetailed with the typical separa- his friends, so that he can establish himself among tion/individuation issues of early adolescence. his peers and define his own sense of who he These have been and continue to be quite extra- Many early adolescent girls demonstrate - by alter- wants to be. It becomes very hard to do this if ordinary times for those of us who are psychoana- nately being explosive with parents and accom- middle adolescents are too focused on their lysts working with children and their parents. We modating and cuddly with them — that they are parents or other adults’ wishes.’ are at once deeply saddened and frightened our- caught up in struggles between being children selves by what has happened in the world, and and moving ahead to become adolescents. They Mr G: ‘But, given the state of the world, doesn’t engaged with the multiple levels upon which our externalize their conflicts with some regularity. this seem rather extreme?’ patients have experienced the events of these Anna clearly was not only not an exception, she days. virtually caricatured the rule; she was alternately ML-W: ‘If he were a couple of years older, I would quite impossibly contemptuous with her parents probably say that I did think it was extreme - or, at There are those who have incorporated what (and almost as difficult with other adults), and least, a rather defensive response to what has they experienced without apparent significant endearing in expressing her wishes to be hugged, happened. But given his age, and how you descri- impact on their development, such as the Grey’s held and admired. be him in the past, his reaction actually makes son; those who were already strained in their sense. I think he’s just trying to stay on track.’ developmental progress, like Anna Rose, for The World Trade Center tragedy, however, affected whom September 11 was undoing; and those her deeply. Though she had her usual edge, she Mrs G: ‘I can see what you’re saying. And, actual- whose development took a downward turn be- was now upset in a way that was markedly dif- ly, when he first heard that a good friend of ours cause of traumatization. In each instance, our ferent. She was having trouble sleeping, she was died that day, he burst into tears - and the two of knowledge of development and the workings of preoccupied with ways that she or her parents us just sobbed. Jim was his godfather, and they the mind can and do contribute to healing and might be in danger, and she was reluctant to go were close. I think part of what has been bothering greater closure. This can be a deeply satisfying anywhere without adult company. Until the end of me is that he just closed right up after that. It was way of responding to our personal sense of shock the day on September 11, Anna had not known that as though he put on those headphones and shut and impotence in the face of tragedy. 48 OPINION an escalating problem that had begun with the OPINION: development of nuclear arms and the psycho- The aftermath of September 11 logically failed outcome of the Gulf War [see her Terror, trauma, revenge and repair article on page 33]. The international situation DAVID TUCKETT reviews some of as part of the first stage. Usually, the early the theories and ideas raised at a optimism of survivors - encouraged by waves of Two outside experts were also invited to speak, conference in London organized to incoming resources and VIP visits - diminishes and made telling contributions which captured reflect upon the events and their after a few weeks and turns into disillusionment, the audience. First, Dan Saxon, a US citizen consequences. with fears of abandonment and lack of justice working as a prosecutor at the UN War Crimes and bureaucracy. tribunal at The Hague, gave an account of some of To respond in any depth to the terrible events of Life usually stabilizes in due course, generally his work with victims of the war and attempted September 11 is a great challenge. What we after 18 to 36 months. At this point, there may be a genocide in the former Yugoslavia. His task had witnessed and felt on September 11 terrorized third stage of disaster, wherein the sociocultural involved visiting mass graves and talking to wit- and traumatised us. The aftermath and the rami- losses threaten the existing collective ideology nesses. In a moving personal account, he ad- fications will be considerable. and identity (eg, religious identity of generations dressed the role of international law and the Three months after the events, on 14 and 15 of Holocaust survivors). Laor described how under- function of international justice in the context of December 2001, the Psychoanalysis Unit at standing the social and psychological forces in- the attack on the World Trade Center and the University College London hosted a preliminary volved in each stage can help a community to subsequent ‘war on terrorism’. In this respect, as a attempt to take stock. Two hundred and fifty adapt, and illustrated this with film from the US citizen, he raised questions about the wisdom colleagues attended from across Europe - psycho- Turkish community with which he has worked. His and consequences of appearing to create dif- analysts, academics, psychotherapists were ideas were sensitively discussed by Dr Margaret ferent rules for the US and other combatants in among a spectrum of people drawn to reflect. Rustin, who reported close interpretative work the Afghan war - questions which have become The meeting began with an erudite and highly with a violent child whose family had been caught still more salient in recent weeks. evocative talk by Nathaniel Laor (a psychoana- up in the Holocaust in a previous generation. Saxon was followed by the Middle East specialist lyst, Director of the Tel Aviv Mental Health Center, Fred Halliday (Professor of International Relations Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Philoso- Concerns in Europe at the London School of Economics; author of The phy, Tel Aviv University and Associate Clinical World at 2000 and a new book, Two Hours which Professor, Yale Child Study Center.) Laor chose to Chris Mawson and Caroline Garland, two psycho- Shook the World) who provided an erudite view of present his complex psychoanalytic theory of analysts working in London, then presented the situation in the Middle East and of the inter- social disaster, and illustrated it with the work he complementary papers setting out ideas about the national situation from which bin Laden and his and his team had undertaken with victims of a reaction to trauma and hostile attack. Mawson, al-Qaeda organisation had been born. Halliday recent Turkish earthquake. who dedicated his paper to the passengers who stressed the potential role for reason in assessing succeeded in forcing the hijackers to crash the the conflicting claims, and particularly emphasised Disaster in three acts plane aimed at the White House, was mainly inte- what might be termed the need to de-cathect rested in discussing how it is possible to retain a nationalism and to question cultural relativism. Laor argues that the first stage of a disaster con- realistic capacity to think and assess the conse- sists of the damaging event itself, the primary quences of action when being terrorized and pro- The conference, during which there were many disaster, and the attempts to alleviate its effects - voked. He based his ideas around a discussion of thoughtful interventions from distinguished collea- that is, rescuing as many victims as possible and the role of Klein’s depressive position. gues in the audience, closed with talks by John providing basic needs (food, water, shelter) to the Similarly, Garland used her knowledge of group Steiner and Susan Orbach. A book of the main affected population. The second stage consists of phenomena to explore how a traumatized group papers, which will also include a paper given in massive changes in societal structure and function regains an ability to think. The two papers reflec- London by Justice Goldstone from South Africa, is (eg, establishment of evacuation centres and tent- ted concern in Europe that the response to now planned. It seems likely that the challenge to cities, movement of refugees), which may lead to September 11 could breed a cycle of worse vio- think and reflect under conditions of panic, trauma loss of norms, structures and functions. This loss, lence - a theme powerfully and rhetorically argued and terror will still be with us for some time to reflected in societal regression, may be viewed as by two other speakers: Dr Hanna Segal and Dr come, and that psychoanalysts have an important the secondary disaster, and may appear early, even Michael Rustin. Segal saw the US caught up in outreach role to contribute to social debate.

OPINION The paradoxical concept of the ‘training institute’

AHMED FAYEK argues that the that same model, a person interested in getting internal institution of psychoanalysis - a recog- debates on the subject of training, training in analysis does not need an institute. He nition that entitles the trainee to the title of pertinent and germane as they can have personal analysis with a training analyst ‘psychoanalyst’. There is a second paradox in this are, seem to be overlooking an of his preference, have three favourite training situation. Since the title ‘psychoanalyst’ does not important element in the prevail- analysts to supervise him, and read the literature entitle the person to any special professional ing system of training. either alone or in a study group of peers of his privileges above what he gains from his licence liking, with tutors of his or their choice. to practice (acquired through his professional Eitingon’s tripartite model of training is paradoxi- body, not from the institute), then the acquired title cal. It was meant to be the model that rationalizes Why do we need institutes to organise such a has only a moral significance (narcissistic!!). the establishment of training institutes. It actually clear and simple regimen of training? The obvious Training, in the tripartite model, could be acquired did. Presently, training takes place in institutes that answer is: to give it legitimacy and recognition outside the institutes, but the institutes are neces- adopt the tripartite model. However, according to from peers, the society of psychoanalysts, and the sary to claim the title ‘psychoanalyst’.

49 OPINION To be the best

Until the late sixties, psychoanalysts were con- sidered a special breed of mental health providers and academicians. There is some evidence that WIDE PAGES this was true to an extent. The ones who sought training were usually among the best in their field - so seeking training in analysis became synonymous with being among the best in the field. A situation like that was easily reversed: the ones who wanted to be considered the best in their field started to seek training. This reversed trend took hold of training from the ‘70s, and the quality of training had to drop to accommodate the ‘not- so-good’ candidates. Another serious phenomenon crept into the field. The increased number of candidates looking for WORLD training turned training analysis into a ‘profession in its own right’, and training analysts dedicated most of their time to ‘didactic’ analysis. Even if we try to ignore the political effects of that change on the politics of the community of training New lines of advance (which is a main topic in the current debates), we in psychoanalytic therapy in China cannot fail to see its effect on teaching, training, and the structure of curricula.

Psychoanalysis in crisis TERESA YUAN reports on the peutic currents and was a clear demonstration of Psychoanalysis as a whole is going through a direction which psychoanalysis is interest in mental health and its current develop- crisis, and not only training. Psychoanalysts are taking in China, and how it differs ments in the People’s Republic of China. relating the crises to several external reasons that from that in the West. have nothing to do with psychoanalysis itself. The The psychoanalytic line had a protagonic role, crisis of the decline of psychoanalysis is blamed since two IPA psychoanalysts - Sudhir Kakar from on ‘managed care’, a new financial atmosphere, Psychoanalysis entered China with great impe- the Indian Psychoanalytical Society and Teresa new psychopharmacological advancements, poor tus during the second decade of the last century Yuan from the Argentine Psychoanalytic public awareness of psychoanalysis, etc. The trend (1910-1920), and the ideas of Freud were initially Association - had the honour of participating in to put the blame on something outside the event seen in relation to the problems of the agitated the key lectures, as well as members of the China itself is what is prevailing in the debates on society of those times. Despite the politico-social division of the IPA, who coordinated and presen- training, too. If we put the two crises together, we obstacles that stopped its development, it stayed ted interesting workshops. Together with col- might see things differently. alive and latent for over fifty years. It never failed leagues from the DPV, we developed intense to awaken the curiosity and interest of profess- activity with clinical supervisions for profess- Is there a role for training in the present crises of ionals and scholars, who read and translated ionals from different provinces and cities with psychoanalysis? Is it one of the causes or one of Freud’s writings and those of his followers. His whom we had the pleasure of meeting again. the effects? The tripartite system of training is answer to a letter from Zhang Shishao, dated 27 missing and not addressing the fundamental ele- May 1929, reflects this interest. (Zhang, the only Ending the year of activities, I was again honoured ment of the candidate’s genuine desire to be intellectual who corresponded with Freud, also with an invitation to participate in the opening trained in psychoanalysis, and not just to become translated his 1925 autobiography, published in plenary session of the Third International Pan Asia an analyst. Overlooking that aspect in training resulted in poorly trained analysts, poor psycho- 1930 (Yuan, 2000).) Conference on Mental Health in October 2001. It analytic therapy delivered to the public and, as a was the first time that a psychoanalytic paper consequence, a decline in demand for it. The start of the new millennium was replete with was included in a mental health event in China. I meaning for psychoanalytic meetings in China. was moved and thrilled. My family history again It is true that there is some abuse of power, control Two important events in the field of mental health mixed these different Weltanschauungen that of curricula, bias towards personal theoretical and two training programs in psychoanalytic inhabit my inner world: orient and occident were preferences by the training analysts and the psychotherapy indicate the presence of psycho- both present. faculty, resulting in poor training and general analysts in the IPA who are working on this main dissatisfaction. However, the choice of candidates, area of development of our science. and what they expect of the institutes, play a Reaching a new audience major role in the decline of training. There would be nothing inherently wrong with the tripartite East-west dialogue How to begin to convey all the many things I want- concept of training if the genuine desire for train- ed to say about our science? How to reach the ing were properly considered, assessed and The International Congress of Psychotherapy, heart of that audience, many of whom would be addressed, and if becoming a training analyst ‘Dialogue between East and West’, was held In coming into contact for the first time with psycho- would not change much of the nature of the August 2001 in Kunming, the city of eternal analysis and its possible contributions to mental analyst’s practice. Those two elements are not spring. Organized by the German Chinese health? Presented by Professor Cai Zuoji, Presi- difficult to address, if there is a genuine will to Academy for Psychotherapy and the Kunming dent of Mental Health of China, my responsibi- improve training. College, it brought together different psychothera- lity and engagement with Chinese society as well

50 WORLDWIDEPAGES

as our dear IPA transcended the scientific event at today’s clinical practices’. These are points of great which I think, nevertheless, deserves that we hand. importance, which highlight the questions that should be prepared for it in our minds ... It is very I decided to base my paper on the concepts of men- contemporary psychoanalysis formulates both for probable, too, that the large-scale application of tal affections of traditional Chinese medicine, the psychoanalytic community in the West and for our therapy will compel us to alloy the pure gold of grounded on their millenary philosophical thought its current development and practice in China, analysis freely with the copper of direct suggestion and on the lines of psychoanalysis that would en- which we are now in the process of investigating. ... But, whatever form this psychotherapy for the able me to approach their intellection without try- people may take, whatever the elements out of ing to compare or make theoretical or philosophical At the Congress of Budapest in 1918, at precisely at which it is compounded, its most effective and transpolations of any kind. the time when psychoanalysis was developing its most important ingredients will assuredly remain initial impetus in China, its creator initiated a those borrowed from strict and untendentious I must say that the effect was really surprising. debate which continues to this day: ‘... I will cast a psychoanalysis.’ (S. Freud, Lines of advance in With great emotion, I witnessed the rapproche- glance at a situation which belongs to the future - psychoanalytic therapy, 1918; the emphasis is ment of professionals from far-away cities and one that will seem fantastic to many of you, but mine.) journalists from scientific journals who, just as I imagined, had never heard about the contributions that our science could provide for human mental health in this cultural frame, or the possible bene- fits for their society. A significant sensitization and communication had taken place in that important audience.

Teaching and transmission

On another front, a different level and degree of teaching and transmission is developing in two main cities, Beijing and Shanghai, with training programs in psychoanalytically-oriented psycho- therapy for colleagues from psychiatric and psycho- logical settings in different mental health institu- tions. Because of the nature of our practice in the occident, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are subjects of intense debate in our psychoanalytic community, but in China the development of Opening ceremony. Luis Millones (SIDEA), Daniel Widlöcher (President IPA), Robert Dañino (Prime Minister of Peru), Patricia Uribe (UNESCO Representative), Moisés Lemlij and Max Hernández (SIDEA) learning and practice in our science has begun with psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, which means teaching professionals who use it in their At the end of the battle clinical practice. Some colleagues, invited by insti- tutions in other countries, have received brief MOISÉS LEMLIJ reports on an international multi- periods of analysis and psychoanalytic psycho- disciplinary conference held in Peru in November 2001. therapy abroad, and other participants in today’s teaching programs are now receiving individual Who is wise? counselling sessions and brief psychotherapies. He who is willing to receive instruction from all sources. Pirke-Avot In an interesting lecture, ‘The psychoanalytic pro- cess in psychoanalysis and in psychotherapy: from The words of Roberto Dañino, Prime Minister of Apart from a sizeable contingent of psychoanalysts, the interpersonal to the intrapsychic’, given in Peru, Daniel Widlöcher, President of the IPA, and headed by Daniel Widlöcher and Alain Gibeault, Buenos Aires in November 2001, the IPA Secretary, Patricia Uribe, UNESCO Representative, opened President and Secretary of the IPA - and including, Dr. Alain Gibeault, discussed concepts of funda- the international conference ‘At the end of the among others, past President Otto Kernberg, Vice- mental importance, such as the capacity for topical battle’, continuing what is becoming a tradition in Presidents Claudio Eizirik, Bob Pyles and Álvaro Rey and formal regression, and consequently for tem- Peru of multi-disciplinary events, co-sponsored de Castro, and the President of FEPAL, Marcelo poral regression as well, which brought together by the IPA and UNESCO. With more than 250 Viñar - there were also renowned experts from concepts of theory and metapsychology that are speakers from Peru and 22 other countries, and Europe, the US and Latin America, who attended the foundations of our clinical practice, both for some 1,400 registered participants, the conference despite the understandable reluctance, particularly psychotherapy and for psychoanalysis specifically. took place on 15-18 November 2001, in two of those living in the northern hemisphere, to leave venues: the hotel ‘Los Delfines’ and the hotel ‘El their homes after the then recent events of Also, the research report of the Committee on Libertador’ in Lima. September 11. Psychoanalysis and Related Therapies, chaired by Dr. Paul Israel (Newsletter 8 (2)), concludes with There were 67 separate strands, organized in up to It was inevitable that September 11 and its conse- recommendations regarding ‘the training of ana- seven simultaneous sessions, on themes relating quences would occupy the attention of many lysts, the training of persons who are not analysts, to the prevention, management and resolution of specialists during the conference, and that com- and technical concepts that form the basis of conflict. parisons with similar circumstances in other parts

51 of the world would be the order of the day. This was the case for the panel entitled ‘The growing threat of terror’, featuring our colleagues Otto Kernberg (with an interesting paper on ‘Being a psychoana- lyst in New York before and after September 11’), Néstor Goldstein from Argentina, and Bob Pyles from the US; other panellists were the distinguished British psychiatrists Maurice Lipsedge and Julian Leff, and Denis Jett, former US Ambassador to Peru during the period of terrorism. Another example was the panel on the Middle East, organized by the World Bank, with the participation of Harvey Rich, among others.

Panel “The Growing Threat of Terror”.Néstor Goldstein (APA), Robert Pyles (APsaA), Maurice Lipsedge (UK), Julian Leff (UK), Otto Kernberg (APsaA) and Denis Jett (USA) Double themes

Hugo Neira, prominent Peruvian intellectual and journalist, wrote in a summary of the conference published in a political magazine: ‘I heard an in- spired participant, in a hallway conversation, draw a comparison between the terror in the attack on the World Trade Center and the Tarata bombing in Miraflores (Lima). The macabre that unites, the strange neighbourhood of diverse fears - this is perhaps what stood out most from the issues being addressed: that the international scene is not alien to us, and the national scene is not ours alone. The human and inhuman are everywhere. There is only one history.’

Neira continues: ‘The areas of double themes stood out as the richest - and certainly, in meaning and reflection, the most abundant - in the conference. By that I mean the ones that combined, for ex- ample, ethics and power, justice and psychoana- lysis; the anxieties of ‘the transition’ [to democracy, in Peru and in other countries], or democracy as During the conference. Max Hernández and Nicolás Lynch (Minister of Eduction) a conflict of conscience; therapeutic work in the framework of human rights, ethics and the economy ... this intertwining of senses seemed to me a revelation. And it is not just about psychoana- lysts, anthropologists, sociologists, historians and politicians (mayors, journalists, military men and religious men) being able to get together and discuss. If we really want to understand what went on at this conference, we have to go beyond the celebration of freedom and respect for the ideas of others, and of a certain, healthy eclecticism.

‘We have to begin by admitting that the main reference points, philosophical and religious, are no longer clear - and this is why we met. All of us, from New York to Buenos Aires or Lima, now live in a society or a world in which - as Giddens says - not even the greatest experts know what will happen next. We are all living history as a

During the conference. Moisés Lemlij, Roberto Dañino (Prime Minister) and Otto Kernberg

52 WORLDWIDEPAGES

traumatic experience, and in this meeting, in this consolidate links with prominent personalities, city, Lima, there were discussions of the Holo- experts and representatives of major institutions caust, of victims and perpetrators; there were in the academic, political, business, social, pro- meetings between Palestinians and Jews ...’ fessional and media communities. At the same

time, they had the benefit of the specialist psycho- 28 September 2001 - 28 February 2002 February 28 - 2001 September 28 analytic strands of the conference, with discus- In Memoriam died have who Members Events sions of clinical topics, supervision sessions and seminars for candidates, psychotherapists and Europe In addition to intellectuals and specialists, the students of psychology and psychiatry. speakers included politicians such as Álvaro FRANCE Quijandría, Minister of Agriculture, and Alberto The project ‘At the end of the battle’ included a Jacques Bril Andrade, Mayor of Lima, along with the mayors series of preliminary events, inaugurated by the Yves Dalibard and representatives of other Ibero-American visit of Lord Alderdice, then Speaker of the Maria Pasche capital cities - Lisbon, San Salvador, Rio de Northern Ireland Assembly, and also involving GERMANY Janeiro - and Nicolás Lynch, Minister of Education, Jon Juaristi, distinguished Basque intellectual, Ursula Peiler who closed the conference. and two round tables between prominent Peruvian political and intellectual personalities. In some GREECE Frosso Carapanou Parallel to the scientific programme, other cases, these activities were organized jointly academic and social activities took place. On with major institutions, such as the Institute of ISRAEL Thursday 15 November, the Peruvian Psycho- European Studies and the Cultural Centre of the Rafael Moses analytic Society gave a cocktail party in honour Universidad Católica and/or under the auspices NETHERLANDS of Daniel Widlöcher, who was incorporated into of the British Embassy, the Spanish Embassy, Louis H. Dorrenboom the institution as an honorary member; the guests the US Development Agency, the Museum of Art M. J. M. Koenen included foreign psychoanalyst colleagues. That in Lima and Telefónica Peru. evening, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a NORWAY reception for all the overseas and Peruvian parti- This model for organizing and financing the Tove Wokter Helmers Guttorm Thorbjornsrud cipants. main event in November made it possible to count on the valuable participation and contribu- PORTUGAL At midday on Friday 16 November, the Pontificia tion of a number of institutions. Apart from the Teresa Andrade Ferreira Universidad Católica of Peru presented Daniel two main sponsors, the IPA and UNESCO, support SWITZERLAND Widlöcher with his credentials as an honorary was received from foreign and multilateral organi- Emil Grütter professor, in a ceremony at the university zations (such as the World Bank, the US Embassy, campus. In the evening, Isabel Guerrero, repre- the British Council and the Union of Ibero- UK senting the World Bank, held a reception for American Capital Cities), the private sector M. B. Conran Lydia James foreign guests. (such as the Merhav Group of Companies and the Banco de Crédito del Peru) and government Latin America On Saturday 17 November, a working lunch was agencies (the Municipality of Lima, the Ministry held on the premises of the World Bank to discuss of Foreign Affairs and PromPerú). This model ARGENTINA topics related to violence and terrorism. It was could serve as a basis for similar activities or Rauny Campos Quaggio attended by a substantial number of psychoana- projects, which would enable the IPA to enhance BRAZIL lysts, Peruvian and international, among other its presence in different spheres and to widen Inaura Vaz Carneiro Leão specialists. In the evening, Alberto Andrade, Mayor its area of influence, for a modest investment of Lima, held a reception for all the conference relative to results obtained. PERÚ Jaime Heresi participants in the Municipal Palace. On Sunday 18 November, to close the event, the con- We are now editing the conference proceedings. North America ference Co-ordinating Committee offered a toast Having learned from past experience, we intend in honour of the occasion. to make this publication easier to finance and USA Stuart S. Asch distribute by making it available in sections Donald J. Cohen containing the contents of each strand, rather Cecil C. H. Cullander Positive outcome than three or four bulky volumes. Helen E. Daniells Rex D. Hammond Carol G. Jacob ‘At the end of the battle’ received favourable Ernest Kahn comments in both the media and the academic More information Howard Krouse world. The multi-disciplinary line of the conference can be obtained from Sterrett Mayson enabled a significant number of psychoanalysts Allen C. Miller from diverse countries to once again lead a cross- [email protected] Paul G. Myerson Arnold Z. Pfeffer disciplinary debate on matters of vital importance William S. Robbins in today’s world. They were able to establish and Robert Rubenstein Roger L. Shapiro James C. Skinner Rebecca Zinsher Solomon Zelda Teplitz Lance S. Wright 53 WORLDWIDEPAGES Dubrovnik summer school

LILO PLASCHKES describes the over the longings for the beautiful woods of my Diversity Dubrovnik summer school focused home’[1]. Pribov is a few kilometres from Olmouc, on child and adolescent psychoana- the town where I was born. One of the most important contributions that the lysis in eastern Europe, reports on I was certainly interested in this ACP project from Dubrovnik summer school makes is to expose and its current status, and outlines the start, but I think this visit to Prague gave it a introduce the participants to a variety of teachers some ideas for future development. special impetus. My interests and beliefs in the with differing cultural, clinical and theoretical value of child analysis must also have some reso- experiences, approaches and techniques. I think I am pleased to write about the Dubrovnik nance from my life experiences. In 1994 I attended this has been invaluable in creating an atmos- school, in particular as it follows the articles on the eastern European seminar in Vilnius; this was phere of thinking, curiosity, learning and inquiry. child analysis and Peter Blos’ description of the my introduction to the eastern European communi- The atmosphere has always been congenial and work of the COCAP Committee. Although the ty. Han Groen-Prakken asked me if I would partici- friendly, respectful but not doctrinaire. We believe school preceded the establishment of the pate in the general summer schools, to emphasize that ‘those who learn to talk like parrots will never Committee’s standards for training, it aligns with and present work on child development and child learn to sing like larks.’[4] one of its mandates: to offer assistance to new psychoanalysis. I enthusiastically accepted, seeing As the IPA is developing its European Institute, we groups who wish to develop child/adolescent this as an avenue toward child and adolescent now have a new challenge. I feel that we should training. training, and have continued to participate in all try to integrate the teaching of child development subsequent general summer schools. with adult training, and formulate a direction for Background those who wish to train in child analysis. It could When the COCAP Committee was established, be considered that those training in adult analysis Han Groen-Prakken, in a comprehensive account[2], Anne-Marie Sandler and Veronica Mächtlinger might also have a child in a supervised analysis describes the development of the psychoana- asked me to explore what actual work was being parallel to that training. lytic movement in central and eastern Europe be- done with children and adolescents in eastern tween 1987 and 1996: ‘Beginning in 1991, there European countries. So, at the next general sum- With these thoughts in mind, at the Dubrovnik were five seminars, hosted by Poland, Slovenia, mer school, in Croatia, I met with those working in school in summer 2001, Terttu Eskelinen de Folch Vilnius and Romania. In 1994, an annual general this field and they suggested that we add a sepa- (who was one of the teachers) and I decided to summer school was established. It became clear rate one-week summer school, focused on work explore who might be qualified, according to the that there was no place where future analysts from with children/adolescents. COCAP standards, to begin supervised cases of a the east could train in their home countries. child in analysis. We sent out a questionnaire to Training abroad, in the west or in the US, had al- A new direction everyone from past summer schools to gather ready shown that very few of these people would data on who was in a personal analysis and had ever go back home. In 1992, the IPA Council estab- Now began, to my mind, a serious direction for cases in supervision, together with experience of lished the possibility of direct IPA membership for child and adolescent psychoanalytic training, working with children and adolescents and theo- east Europeans, on the basis of personal analytic which I embraced heartily, becoming one of the retical seminars in psychoanalytic theory. The 30 experience and on the quality of analytic work organizers of the first Dubrovnik summer school questionnaires returned so far fall into two presented to and evaluated by three IPA training in 1999. The participants and teachers decided groups: those with potentially qualifying ex- analysts.’ that teaching of basic child development, and of periences, and those who are interested but at pre- characteristics pertaining to different ages and sent would only partially qualify. The week-long annual general summer school pro- stages, was needed. vides opportunities for individual consultations, For the second school, the topic was transference The fourth European Psychoanalytical Federation and introduces a basic experience for learning and and development, illustrated by clinical work and school for eastern European colleagues working the beginning for a direction for training psycho- characteristics in different phases of development. with children and adolescents will be held in analysts. But there was no specific training in We had eight teachers representing different summer 2002 in Dubrovnik. All the teachers and child/adolescent analysis. The Association for countries. The topic of the third school was participants from the first three schools have Child Psychoanalysis (ACP) was approached to see ‘Psychoanalytic treatment of children and adoles- expressed enthusiasm for the vibrancy and the if it and its members could help the development cents: criteria and assessment as viewed against atmosphere of the event. It is the spirit of the of child analysis in east and central European the background of normal development’. The eight future for psychoanalysis for adults, youth and countries, and its then president, Peter Blos Jr, teachers were asked to present clinical papers children, as expressed by our eastern European appointed me to chair a new committee for this with theoretical conceptualisation; readings were colleagues. task. suggested and provided.

Introduction In the first year there were 24 participants; despite References the war in Kosovo, some people travelled for 17 Michael Sebek and Helena Klimova, both of hours to attend. In the following years there were [1] Freud S. (1899) in: Gay, Peter (1989) Freud: A Life for our Time. Prague, invited me in 1992 to visit Prague and 40 participants. The level of experience varied. Anchor Books, Doubleday, p. 9 introduce psychoanalytic work with children and Some have attended both the general and [2] Groen-Prakken, Han adolescents. Since I was born in Czechoslovakia, child/adolescent summer schools for three years ‘Towards a pan-European psychoanalytical which I left as a child in 1939, I was eager to running. There is great interest and enthusiasm, federation’. On the development of the psycho- accept the invitation. I have many memories of this and a serious demand for further training is promi- analytic movement in central and eastern visit, but the one that stands out most particularly nent. ‘The challenge facing eastern Europeans Europe 1987-1996 was of the clinic adjacent to the famous Jewish right now, as well as those who seek to understand [3] Gardner Robert M. (1997) On Trying to Teach. Analytic Press, p. 162 Cemetery in Prague. Dr. Burianek there gave me a them, is to adjust the categories, lenses, even the [4] photograph of a hill and a tree in a field from emotions through which to comprehend their Hoffman Eva (1993) Exit into History. Penguin Books Pribov, where Freud loved to play: ‘I have never got experience.’[5] 54 WORLDWIDEPAGES IPSO News LEE JAFFE reports on recent and forthcoming activities of IPSO, the international candidates’ organization.

Nice 2001 Research seek a space in the oncoming OCAL FEPAL congress in order to involve candidates more in The 16th IPSO pre-congress meetings took place in There is much agreement about the need for the programme. Nice alongside the IPA training pre-congress and psychoanalytic research, and IPSO is doing its part the IPA congress. The theme was ‘Difficult to contribute to our knowledge base. Currently, In North America, there has been so much candi- Moments’ in psychoanalytic training. As has been under the direction of Andrea Pereira from Buenos date involvement in the American Psychoanalytic the case for the past 30 years, these three days of Aires, past President of IPSO, a research project is Association that IPSO has historically been less candidate-organized scientific meetings continue underway to study ‘psychoanalytic training cul- active than in other regions. Due to a recent policy to provide a unique, exciting opportunity for tures’ around the world. Using internet technology, change, however, the candidates of the ‘American’ analysts-in-training to experience and explore candidates can access a questionnaire and de- now have IPSO membership included with their the multiple perspectives offered by our diverse scribe aspects of their training experiences. When affiliate membership unless they opt out. Also, training programs around the world. they submit their information on-line, it becomes there are four IPA institutes in the US that are not part of an international database from which affiliated with the American regional association, For candidates, the IPSO pre-congress meetings questions can be explored to compare different along with the Canadian training institutes. As a contribute a rich international experience that aspects of educational policies and experiences result, IPSO is working to increase the level of enhances and strengthens both creative thinking that impact classroom education, supervision, the activity for North America, and to thereby increase and analytic identity. In Nice, for example, there training analysis and graduation. the American candidates’ awareness of the inter- was a panel in which candidates discussed and national scene. compared difficult moments that caused the The differences between our various training insti- premature termination of their own training ana- tutions are fascinating and provide a great poten- Organization lyses - in one case caused by the analyst’s death, tial for learning. In Hungary, for example, the can- in another the analyst moved away, and in the third didate has to gather a certain number of points in In addition to all these activities, IPSO produced a a candidate decided to change training analysts. order to qualify for membership of the society, scientific journal in the past two years, and work is points being rewarded for various activities such underway on another journal. Also, there is an IPSO also worked with the IPA to co-ordinate as writing papers and participating in congresses. IPSO website that is currently being refurbished in vivo supervision sessions during the congress, (www.ipso-candidates.org). This website is IPSO’s with each candidate presenting clinical material Europe principal way to communicate with candidates to a supervisor from a different region. This was around the world, but we hope all members of the followed by a lively international discussion of On a regional level, in Europe IPSO is available to IPA will visit us as well. the clinical material and the supervisory process be a vital, active part of each candidate’s training itself. experience. For eight years there has been an During the IPSO business meeting in Nice, new annual IPSO regional conference, this year in officers of the organization were elected. All the Madrid in February. These are scientific and social officers are available to promote the interests and Toronto 2003 gatherings that provide an opportunity for candi- training experiences of the candidates. Please feel dates all over Europe to meet and exchange ex- free to contact any of us. For our next meetings in Toronto, some exciting periences and thoughts. Inspired by these regional changes are taking place. After 30 years of plan- meetings, candidates in many societies have Lee Jaffe, President ning our meetings separately, IPSO and the IPA begun to organize similar encounters locally. (San Diego, USA) will now be joining together to co-ordinate and Moreover, this year, for the first time, a space for Susan Loden, Treasurer combine the IPSO pre-congress and the IPA con- an IPSO sponsored workshop was provided at the (London, UK) gress. The result promises to be an exciting, inte- (biennial) congress for French-speaking analysts, grated program, bringing candidates, graduate which was held in Brussels in May 2002. Carmen Maza, Editor analysts and training analysts together to explore (New York, USA) psychoanalytic education, supervision, theory, IPSO is also reaching out to Eastern Europe by of- practice, and research. While candidates and fering a professional and social framework for Bernard Keuerleber, President-elect training analysts will still have some separate candidates who are often scattered and isolated, (Giessen, Germany) meetings, everyone will have access to a greater and by helping these candidates attend interna- Virginia Youngren, Vice-President, variety of presentation and discussion formats. tional conferences through logistic and financial North America (Boston, USA) support. In May 2002, IPSO will organize a profes- This new structure for the meetings will encourage sional encounter in Moscow. Also, there is an Gabriela Goldstein, Vice-President, a wider range of perspectives and a richer dia- active effort underway to increase IPSO involve- South America (Buenos Aires, Argentina) logue. Concerning these changes, it’s interesting to ment in Austria and Switzerland, as well as in the note that in the essay ‘On the history of the psycho- French-speaking countries. Claudia Spadazzi, Vice-President, analytic movement’, Freud emphatically says that Europe (Rome, Italy) he created the IPA so that ‘the adherents of The Americas Laura Borenstein, Vice-President elect, psycho-analysis should come together for friendly South America (Buenos Aires, Argentina) communications with one another and mutual In Latin America, there was a very successful support’ (SE XIV, p44). In this spirit, the new regional IPSO conference in Montevideo in Talia Fruehauf, Vice-President elect, organization of the meetings for Toronto should September 2001, and during his visit to Argentina, Europe (Tel Aviv, Israel) promote Freud’s vision, considering that candi- Alain Gibeault, current IPA secretary, had a special Zoltan Keresztes, Vice-president, dates are amongst the greatest ‘adherents’ of meeting with candidates to discuss issues of train- 4th Region (Budapest, Hungary) psychoanalysis. ing. For 2002, IPSO’s regional representatives will

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New members 1 September 2001 - 28 February 2002

EUROPE

AUSTRALIAN Thilo Eith DIRECT MEMBERS NORWEGIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Michael Ermann Christine Butteerfield-Meissl PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Vivienne Elton Ingo Focke Brigitte Grossmann-Garger Nina Anne Berge Jyotsna Field Eva Frost Marek Jasinski Mark Howard Gabriele Gilch-Geberzahn Marzenna Kaim PARIS Andrew Michael Singer Klaus Grabska Pavel V Katchalov Sibylle Grüner Eveline List PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Michaela Gütig Javier Mazuera Roberto Cunha BELGIAN Josef Bernd Gutmann Lucia Pardo Posse Frédérique Durieux PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Lore Hemprich Walter Parth Myriam Fischer Claire Remy Annemarie Jehle-Gebhardt Traude Parth-Wille Gérard Jover Astrid Kloth Victoria A Potapova Elisabeth Levy Jürgen Körner Marianne Schwager-Scheinost Hede Menke-Adler BRITISH Ursula Kreuzer-Haustein François Pelletier PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Michel Sanchez-Cardenas Rudolf Lachauer DUTCH Gordana Batinca Herbert Laubrock Simone Sausse-Korff PSYCHOANALYTICAL Elizabeth Gibb Ute Laubrock Françoise Seulin ASSOCIATION Francis Grier Wulf Lindner Danielle Sfez Aurelia Ionescu Regine Lockot (GENOOTSCHAP) Monique Totah Karen Kaplan-Solms Christiane Ludwig-Körner H A W de Kroon Bernard Touati Susan Loden Eva Mack J C M L Dirkx Christos Zervis Eileen McGinley Beate May N J Nicolai Antje Netzer-Stein Sibylle Ohr PORTUGUESE Helga Skogstad Susana Olmedo-Budde FINNISH PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Wilhelm Skogstad Reinhold Ott PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Maria da Conceição Almeida Elizabeth Wolf Michael Pavlovic Leena Hägglund Nelson Herlander Barros Franz Peter Plenker Maria António Castro Carreiras Armin Pollmann Manuel Pires Matos DPG/IPA Christa Rohde-Dachser GERMAN Maria Rosina Pereira EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Friedrich Roller PSYCHOANALYTICAL (PROVISIONAL) SOCIETY Siegfried Schmieder ASSOCIATION Thomas Beckh Christa Studt Regine Altenstein SPANISH Friedrich Beese Helmuth Thiel Lothar Bayer PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Leila Beka-Focke Franz Wellendorf Francisca Castano Munoz Francesc Sainz Angelika Berghaus Herbert Will Elisabeth Egelhof-Rauch Elisabeth Bürgler-Wyss Anna Katharina zur Nieden Vera Yvonne Gatzenmeyer Ingeborg Goebel-Ahnert SWEDISH Susanne Halm PSYCHOANALYTICAL Stephan Hau (PROVISIONAL) ASSOCIATION Axel Holicki Anders Almegård Members who have left Christina Huber Madeleine Bachner Ewa Koblyinska Kersti Flygare 1 September 2001 - 28 February 2002 Hans-Joachim Koraus Gunel Friberg Brigitte Leyendecker Per Hilton-Brown Sabine Lorenz Annika Künstlicher-Hirdman EUROPE Marion Mayer-Hanke Lena Necander-Redell Katharina Mohr Eva Öhrner Aydan Özdaglar Sven Pearson AUSTRALIAN PARIS Katrin Rabes Sara Wasersztrum PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Ulrike A Runzheimer-Dietzsch Helen Kvelde Marie-Thérèse Baron-Solasse Jochen Schade Christian David Christiane Schrader SWEDISH Jean-Michel Porte Gerlinde Schulz PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY DUTCH Josette Ramel-Morel Reinhold Schwarz Inga-Lill Lindstrom PSYCHOANALYTICAL Françoise Roullet Hildgund Schwarz-Köhler Maria Angel Sahlberg ASSOCIATION (GENOOTSCHAP) Nicole Treizenem Jutta von Steimker P Bierenbroodspot Andreas Weber-Meewes Hannelore Wruck SWISS Peter Wruck PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY GERMAN SPANISH Ernst Abelin PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY HELLENIC Jean-Pierre Bachmann Viviane Dichy ASSOCIATION Victòria Lerroux PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Christophe Dolivo Heinz Fast Bazaridis Konstantinos Ulrike Wingerter-Richter Franceline James Gisela Zenz SWEDISH Anne Paccaud-Guisan PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY ISRAEL Bernard Reith Gunnel Edgardh PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Marion Righetti-Veltema ISRAEL Ahuva Schul Anne-Lise Rod PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Ben-Ari Smira Kareen Wolfgang Walz David Joel 56 WORLDWIDEPAGES

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LATIN AMERICA

ARGENTINE BRAZILIAN BRAZILIAN MENDOZA PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Patricia Alkolombre OF RIO DE JANEIRO OF SÃO PAULO C Naly Durand Ana María Ballesteros Maria Cristina Reis Amendoeira Katia Burle dos Santos Guimarães María del Carmen Beltrán Vera Lúcia Calixto de Campos Ana Maria Trapé Trinca MEXICAN Clara Graciela Benseñor Carmem Dolores Bittar Capato Edna Maria Romano Wallbach PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION María Gloria Chá de Donato Vanessa Montenegro Carvalho da Esther Geifman Stein Ana Norma Delgado Fontoura Jorge de la Parra de la Lama Beatriz Rosa Diament Tatiana Fichman Socorro Ramonet Rascón Laura Escapa de Souse Iraceia de Oliveira Guerra BRAZILIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY Marcela Sánchez Darvasi Lucía G Faría de Jorge Marilia Machado de La Cal Leticia Villagomez Tovar OF PORTO ALEGRE Mirta Liliana Fattori de Levy Yeyati José Muniz Junior Rogelio De León Villarreal María Teresa Florin Tornquist Maria Elizabeth Pereira Monteiro Cesar Augusto Antunes Mireya Zapata Tarragona Noemí Hartman de Ganapol Ivone Stefania Ponczek Vera Dolores Mainieri Chem Patricia R Menelli Goldfeld Mirta Alicia Iglesias Carlos Tamm Lessa de Sá PERÚ Silvia Stifelman Katz Juan Jorge Knoll PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Silvia Elena Leguizamón Geraldo Rosito Patricia de las Casas Marizul Martínez Gilda Maria Fogaça Soares Marga Stahr Samanez Alicia Ester Neer BRAZILIAN Rovena Gazola Tavares María Luisa Silva Alicia Orman PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Jacques José Zimmermann Adriana Ortiz de Silva OF SÃO PAULO Nora Edith Russo Carlos Alberto Gioielli Irene Sapoznicoff Mônica Mehler Mónica Schvartzapel Reinaldo Morano Filho CHILEAN Mirta María Szober Eda Marcia Palacin Pagliuso PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION Carlos Tewel Josefina Paulon Marta Duque

NORTH AMERICA

AMERICAN AMERICAN Members who have left PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION (APSAA) (APSAA) 1 September 2001 - 28 February 2002 Shoshana Shapiro Adler Bettina Soestwohner Nancy Blieden Daryn N Sperling LATIN AMERICA Michael A Brog Julie B Stahl Randall D Buzan Jefferey Stern Gregory A Cohen Karen R Strupp ARGENTINE MENDOZA Van Dyke DeGolia Jennifer Stuart PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOANALYTIC Constance E Dunlap Jeffrey Taxman Steven Elig Amy A Tyson ASSOCIATION SOCIETY Susan E Farmer Shirah Vollmer Diana María Averbuj Ana María González de Olagaray Darlene Fortune Chao-Ying Wang Jorge A Bandin Michael K Friedman Elizabeth F Weinberg Teatske A Boer George K Ganaway Julie Weinshel Tepper Alicia Ciocci de Santoro Holly Gordon Karen Weisgerber Oscar de Alva NORTH AMERICA Peter Williams Grant Eric Weitzner Gustavo Enrique Dupuy Paula Jean Hamm Ricardo Winkel María Paulina Feldberg de Calvin H Harrah Gisela B Zerykier Kaminsky AMERICAN Irene N Harwood Estela Goldschläger PSYCHOANALYTIC Kaia M Heimarck Delia Zulema Gómez ASSOCIATION (APSAA) Marta Kreszes Sybil Houlding PSYCHOANALYTIC CENTER Charles A De Leon Esther A Pachano Ann Kaplan OF CALIFORNIA (PCC) Lauren R Kern Mario C V Peretti Joseph Aguayo Mary Lemaster Thomsen Beatriz Quéhé de Francese Elizabeth Toole LOS ANGELES Viriginia M Linabury Luis María Rosas INSTITUTE AND SOCIETY FOR Gary A Lucchese Claudio Martín Yazlle PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES Nels Magelssen INSTITUTE FOR (LAISPS) Kay McDermott Long Judith K Welles John L Perri PSYCHOANALYTIC TRAINING BRAZILIAN Judith L Pitlick AND RESEARCH (IPTAR) PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY Ronald R Rawitt Margaret Beaudoin OF RIO DE JANEIRO NEW YORK Barry C Ross Marika Handakas Jaime Ribeiro Daisson FREUDIAN SOCIETY (NYFS) Molly Anne Rothenberg Thrae Harris Regina Guedes Moreira Guimarães Michael Beldoch Alina Rubinstein Karen Komisar-Proner Marielena Alfradique Legey Leite Karen Trokan Laurence R Saul Elizabeth Reese José Roberto Muniz Jacqueline Schachter Madhu Sarin Rosa Beatriz Pontes de Miranda Janet L Sharp Ferreira PSYCHOANALYTIC CENTER Susan B Shelton Moisés Tractenberg OF CALIFORNIA (PCC) Diane Laughrun Antonio Younis 57 WORLDWIDEPAGES

Norwegian German Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytical Society Association (DPV)

The society held 16 scientific meetings during In March 2002, members of the DPV and the 2001, which brought contributions from well- DPG met at a joint clinical conference. Two parallel known international figures as well as developing clinical seminars were led by Inge Wise (London) the society’s internal scientific and organisational and Federico Flegenheimer (Turin). affairs. The Board, on behalf of the General Assembly, The spring conference of the DPV took place for also arranged open meetings for further discussion the first time in east Germany, and was organized in by candidates and members of key issues such as co-operation with colleagues from Leipzig, Jena ethical principles/procedures, psychoanalytic orga- GERMANY and the Kassel Institute. The theme - ‘Beyond nisation and education/training. borders, splitting and integration in a globalized During 2002, the society will further develop its world: political and psychoanalytical thoughts on German organizational processes, and the scientific pro- September 11’ - gave attendees an opportunity for Psychoanalytical Association gramme will consist of a mixture of locally-based topical debate. (DPV) and international contributors. 07-08 June 2002 Scientific conference: The conference was preceded by a study day, at ‘The focus and its applica- which Professor Georg Bruns, President-elect of the tions: taking stock, concepts, DPV, led the University Commission of the DPV in a experiences´. Swedish public scientific colloquium. The day was organized Organized by Rolf Klüwer Psychoanalytical by Professor Horst Kächele of the University of Ulm and Rudolf Lachauer, Jena. Society and Professor Michael Geyer of the University of Information Leipzig, who had already been involved in scientific CCM-Congress + Convention Management, The society has continued its outreach activi- exchanges. Two colleagues from the University of Esslinger Str. 40, 70182 Stuttgart. ties, with open seminars four to five times each Leipzig, and two representatives of the Sigmund Freud Institute, Frankfurt, gave lectures on dream tel 0711/23 73 55-42 term, aiming to present psychoanalytical view- fax 0711/23 73 55-43. points on a variety of well-known or everyday sub- research. jects. Recent topics have been ‘Groups and group Preparations for the establishment of a DPV 06-08 Sept. 2002 Meeting processes’, ‘Burnt-out syndrome’ and ‘Society and DPV East/West Committee working group in Leipzig were further outlined. violence’. meeting, Jena Winfrid Trimborn and Gudrun Behrens Hardt took up The autumn 2002 term will start with a seminar their work as supervisors of the Leipzig colleagues. 20-21 Sept. 2002 3rd Clinical Symposium on ‘Psychoanalysis and art’, a theme which we of the Munich Work Group: intend to explore further. Peter Fonagy, André Green The anniversary edition of the DPV, which con- and Otto Kernberg on tains the papers of the conference celebrating the ‘Aggression, deobjectali- association’s 50th anniversary, is now available: zation, death drive: towards British a metapsychology and clinical assessment of the Psychoanalytical annihilatory position’. Society Information On 25 September 2001, Justice Richard tel 089/99 75 07 34 Goldstone gave the 46th Ernest Jones Lecture. www.pam.dpv.de Goldstone, distinguished jurist and one of the 18 October 2002 Memorial Lecture leaders in the movement to establish an interna- Bohleber W. tional court to try war crimes, was chief prosecutor Wolfgang Loch and S. Drews (eds.) (2001) Memorial Lecture: for the International War Crimes Tribunal at The Janine Chasseguet- Hague for both the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Smirgel; topic to be He spoke on ‘Crimes against humanity: forgetting Die Gegenwart der Psychoanalyse: announced, the victims’. die Psychoanalyse der Gegenwart. Tübingen It was a moving and sobering evening, much appre- 01 November 2002 16th Sigmund Freud ciated by the audience, a mixture of colleagues, the (The Presence of Psychoanalysis: Lecture: public and the press. In thanking Justice Goldstone, Psychoanalysis of the Present.) Harold Blum: ‘On reconstruc- Don Campbell, president of the society, said, ‘What tion in psychoanalysis.’ seems more important to victims than revenge is Stuttgart: Johann Wolfgang Goethe having their story told, having the truth come out, Klett Cotta. University, Frankfurt, 18.00 so that they, the survivors as well as the victims, ISBN 3-608-94349-8. can know what really happened and the world can 20-23 Nov. 2002 DPV autumn conference: know what really happened. It is that kind of know- ‘Symbolization and its ledge of one’s story that we as psychoanalysts 25 Euros disturbances’, believe can make one free’. Bad Homburg

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Dates EUROPE

AUSTRIA International Association French for the History of Psychoanalysis Judith Dupont (France), Nicolas Gougoulis (France), Florian Houssier & Monique Avant (France), 22-24 Nov. 2002 Third international Michèle Moreau-Ricaud (France), Lya Tourn symposium: 24-27 July 2002 9th International Meeting: (France), Hélène Trivouss-Widlöcher (France) ‘Psychoanalysis as an ‘Psychoanalysts in exile: empirical, interdisciplinary elements of a history’, German science’. Barcelona. Cristina C Burckas (Germany), Eugenia Fischer, Simultaneous translation Hans-Heinrich Otto (Germany), Hans-Joachim Continuing a series of discussions on empirical English/French/Spanish. Rothe (Germany) research in psychoanalysis, and the interdiscipli- nary co-operation between psychoanalysis, the Supported by Asociación Española de Historia del Spanish philosophy of the mind and cognitive neuroscience. Psicoanálisis, Asociación Latinoamericana de Simón Alám Eljuri, Alberto Alvarado Cedeño & This year’s event, organized by the Austrian Historia del Psicoanálisis, Asociación Psicoana- Gerardo Guido Wainer (Argentina), Daniela Academy of Sciences, will focus on the interface lítica de Madrid, Association Internationale de Aparicio, Ana Martinez, Clotilde Pascual & Lourdes between Anglo-American and European research. Psychologie Analytique, Association Psychanaly- Rubio (Spain), Samuel Arbiser (Argentina), Ricardo tique de France, Deutsche Psychoanalytische Avenburg (Argentina), Lidia Haydee Bruno de Speakers will include: Jorge Canestri, Gerald Vereinigung, Espace analytique, Hellenic Society Sittlenok (Argentina), Graciela Graschinsky de Edelman, Martha Farah, Peter Fonagy, Patrizia of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, International Cohan (Argentina), L Vicente Mira (Spain), Ramon Giampieri-Deutsch, Enrico Jones, Stuart Hauser, Psychoanalytical Association, Sociedad Española Riera I Alibés (Spain), Gabriela Roth, Luis Minuchin Rainer Krause, Jaak Panksepp, Karl Pribram, de Psicoanálisis, Société Suisse de Psychanalyse, (Argentina), Ana Rozenbaum de Schvartzman Gerhard Roth, Sverre Varvin. Quatrième Groupe OPLF, Société Psychanalytique (Argentina), Manfredo Teicher (Argentina) de Paris Venue: Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Opening Valentin Barenblit (Spain), Ramón Bassols Round table and final discussion: Information and Registration (Spain), Alain de Mijolla (France), Sophie de Mijolla- Mellor (France), Anne-Marie Sandler (UK) Salman Akhtar (USA), Harold P Blum (USA), [email protected] Guillermo Bodner (Spain), Roberto M Goldstein Emigration linked to Nazism Jacqueline Amati (Spain), Alain de Mijolla (France), Gianfranco Mehler (Italy), Harold P Blum (USA), Pedro Boschan Nicolussi (Italy), Gilda Sabsay de Foks (Argentina), (Argentina), Roberto Doria Medina Ponce Felipe Votadoro (France) SPAIN (Argentina), Cláudio Laks Eizirik (Brazil), Volker Friedrich (Germany), James & Eileen Goggin (USA), Information Nicolas Gougoulis (France), Riccardo Steiner (UK) Madrid AIHP, Psychoanalytical Association Emigration linked to dictatorships Léopoldo 8 rue du Commandant Mouchotte, (APM) Bleger (France), Yolanda Gampel (Israel), Ana G de 75014 Paris, Kaplan (Argentina), Maria Luisa Muñoz (Spain), France. Panayiotis Sakellaropoulos (Greece), Jacques 02-06 October 2002 7th Iberian Psychoana- tel/fax +33 1 40 47 89 33 Sédat (France), Manuella Utrilla (Spain), Henri lytic Congress: Vermorel (France) [email protected] ‘Interpretation and psycho- www.aihp-iahp.com analytical change’, Testimonies of emigration Harold P Blum (USA), organized by the Spanish Ernst Federn (Austria), Elke Mühllheitner (Austria), Psychoanalytic Society, the Eva Maria Spitz-Blum (USA) Portuguese Psychoanalytic NORWAY Society and the Madrid Psychoanalytical Workshops in four languages: Association. Norwegian Psychoanalytic Society English 23-24 Nov. 2002 11th Annual Symposium Joseph R Aguayo (USA), Geoffrey H Blowers of the Madrid Psychoana- (China), Klaus Hoffmann (Germany), Jan Hlousek 01-03 Nov. 2002 EPF Council Meeting lytical Association: with the & Eva Laible (Austria), Thomas Kirsch (USA), to be held for the first time participation of members Roland Knebusch (Germany), Ilany Kogan (Israel), in Oslo. and training analysts of the Judit Mészáros (Hungary), Elke Mühlleitner, APM. Ulrike May, Danielle Knafo, Aleksandra Wagner Information & Michael Schröter (Germany), Michael Schröter Information (Germany), Eva Maria Spitz-Blum (USA), Judith www.psykoanalytisk.no www.apmadrid.com Vida, Gershon J Molad (Israel)

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SWEDEN (This seminar was planned quite independently will give an overview of current thinking in the area of the British Society - the English Speaking of attachment, and consider the implications across Conference in October has a very similar theme. a variety of health professions. Swedish Maybe the Zeitgeist phenomenon has to be Psychoanalytical Society considered again!) Information Deborah McIntyre, Chair, August/September, there will be two open Scientific Committee conferences on ‘Sexuality FINLAND [email protected] and gender’, plus a separate research day. Finnish BELGIUM 30-31 August 2002 Open conference: Psychoanalytical Society ‘Sex and gender issues related to femininity Belgian and masculinity’. November 2001 EPF Joint Council Meeting the society hosted the EPF Joint Council Meeting. EPF Psychoanalytical Society Arranged by IPA-COWAP, the Committee on President David Tuckett gave the lecture ‘The Women and Psychoanalysis, with the participation search for understanding the human subject: 14-15 Sept. 2002 Clinical psychoanalysis of Jessica Benjamin, Colette Chiland, Gisela towards a more facilitating peer environment’ on workshops: Kaplan, Julia Kristeva, Iréne Matthis, Joyce 2 November. clinical working in small McDougall, Juliet Mitchell, Toril Moi, Paul groups, Brussels. Verhaege and Ebba Witt-Brattström. There will be small discussion groups. 01-04 August 2002 Conference The aim of these workshops is to facilitate ex- changes between analysts from different psycho- 01-02 Sept. 2002 Open conference The society will host the analytical cultures, and to give each participant The conference will attempt Scandinavian Conference at the opportunity to present a case which raises to reconcile psychoanalytic Oulu. questions for them. There will be five small group approaches with modern sessions (in French, with the possibility of one neuroscientific findings on October 2002 Visit Dutch-speaking group) plus two plenary sessions the following subjects: Otto Kernberg will visit the (in French). homosexuality, infantile society. sexuality, masculinity and Information femininity, maternal attach- 2004 Helsinki Conference [email protected] ment, paedophilia, the The society will host the EPF sexual drive. Main Conference. Arranged by the Neuro-Psychoanalysis Danish Centre for the International Neuro- AUSTRALIA Psychoanalytical Society Psychoanalysis Society. The speakers will be Jacob A. Arlow, Eleanor Galenson, Richard In the autumn of 2001, the scientific meetings Green, Robert Hale, Jaak Panksepp, Donald Pfaff, Australian took place locally, with the exception of the visit of Lesley Rogers, Mark Solms and Stephen J. Suomi. Psychoanalytical Society Anne-Marie Sandler (UK). Like our other regulat 03 Sept. 2002 Research day visitors, Martin Miller and Paulina Sauma (UK), she with a series of presen- 25-29 July 2002 Annual conference: held clinical seminars and, in addition, gave us tations on a range of neuro- ‘Attachment 2002’, advice about the creation of a clinic, to be part of psychoanalytic topics. Melbourne. our Society. The aim is to explore Information Our efforts to further develop Danish psycho- contemporary attachment Paula Barkay analysis will be continued in 2002. In addition to theory and its clinical and The Anna Freud Centre, our regular visitors, this will include the invitation broader applications. 21 Maresfield Gardens, of guests to hold clinical seminars. In May, Irma London NW3 5SD, UK The conference will continue with an Open Day, and Eric Brenman will lead seminars. This event tel +44 0 20 7794 2313 involving the presentation of papers by both invit- will be held jointly between the Norwegian and fax +44 0 20 7794 6506 ed guests and our own members, and a concluding Danish Societies. In September, Dana Birksted- response by Dr. Target. The conference will con- Breen (UK) will visit us. Paula. [email protected] clude with several days of ‘closed session’ papers, At the beginning of 2002, we have started the workshops and clinical presentations for the 08 Nov. 2002 One-day seminar: introductory course “Psychoanalytic Perspectives” psychoanalytic group. ‘Love and other difficulties’, for younger psychiatrists and psychologists. reaching out to profession- Guest speaker: Further courses will follow upon this initiative als in psychotherapy and Dr. Mary Target, who will begin the conference which aims at reinforcing the interest in psycho- psychiatry. with a public lecture, open to the community. She analytic thinking.

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ARGENTINA 04-05 October 2002 All-day event: VENEZUELA ‘Hospitals and institutions’. Argentine Caracas Psychoanalytic Association 18-20 October 2002 Meeting Psychoanalytic Society Latin American meeting: 01 June 2002 All-day event: ‘Winnicott’. 5 October 2002 Discussion ‘The psychoanalyst in Theoretical-technical hospitals’, 30 Oct.- 02 Nov. 2002 24th Symposium discussion on clinical Buenos Aires. and Internal Congress material.

20 Sept. 2002 9th all-day event: 02 November 2002 Discussion ‘Psychoanalysis and the 2002 Awards Use of interpretation, community: social suffering analyzed from several and mental health’, perspectives. Buenos Aires. . 07 December 2002 Movie forum. Entries will be accepted up to 30 September 18 October 2002 30th Internal Congress 2002 for the following awards: and 40th Symposium: ‘Theoretical practice in COLOMBIA • Prof E Evelson Psychoanalysis with children present-day psychoanalysis: and adolescents. theoretical crossroads and concepts in tension’. Colombian • Dr D Liberman Theoretical,clinical and/or Psychoanalysis Society technical work on the 10 December 2002 Anniversary: activity of Centro Liberman. Celebration of the 60th September 2002 Conference cycle anniversary of the APA. Conference cycle on the theme ‘Violence and 2002 Awards psychoanalysis’. MEXICO 26 November 2002 3rd Psychoanalytic Symposium: Mexican ‘The concept of trauma’. Entries will be accepted up to 30 October Psychoanalytic Association 2002 for the following awards: Colombian Psychoanalytic Association • Dr J Bleger Applications of psychoana- September 2002 6th annual Francisco (Prov. Soc.) lysis from the pedagogical Gonzalez Pineda and institutional point of Conference: 10 August 2002 Forum: view. ‘The psychosocial dynamics ‘Investigation in psycho- of Mexicans’, at the analysis’. • Sr A Liniado Psychoanalysis and psycho- Auditorium of the Mexican therapy of the third age. Psychoanalytic Association. 14 September 2002 Conference of Teaching Psychoanalysts: • Dr A Aberastury Psychoanalysis with children 31 Oct. - 02 Nov. 2002 42nd National Congress ‘Supervision theory and and adolescents. of Psychoanalysis technique” and • Dr L Storni Psychoanalytical Theory. 4th Latin American 16 November 2002 Annual congress: Intergenerational ‘Frontiers of Dialogue psychoanalysis’. Buenos Aires between Men and Women: Psychoanalytic Association ‘Psychoanalysis and Gender (APdeBA) Relations’. URUGUAY 03 August 2002 Anniversary: International guests include Celebration of the 25th Cesar Botella (Paris); Alcira 20-28 Sept. 2002 FEPAL congress: anniversary of APdeBA: Mariam Alizade (Buenos ‘Permanence and change in ‘Contributions to culture’. Aires, Chair COWAP) and psychoanalytical Matilde Ureta de Caplansky experience’, 30-31 August 2002 All-day event: (Peru, Latin American Co- Montevideo. ‘Piera Aulagnier’. Chair COWAP).

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Dates NORTH AMERICA

Canadian Institute for Psychoanalytic 14-15 Sept. 2002 Meeting: Psychanalytic Society Training and Research (IPTAR) ‘The effects of terror’.

The five IPA Societies in the New York City area June 2002 Annual General Meeting 18 October 2002 Address (Columbia, IPTAR, NYFS, New York Psychoanalytic, and Annual Scientific Harold Blum, and PANY) are to collaborate on a meeting which Meeting IPTAR’s Clinician of the will focus on the impact of September 11 on clini- To be held the first week- Year, will deliver an cal work with adults, children and adolescents, end of the month. The key- address titled ‘Psychic supervision, and the experiences and determinants note address, titled ‘Things: trauma and traumatic of volunteerism. There will be a conceptual section developmental, clinical and object loss’. on terrorism, and guest speakers from other cities technical aspects of the which have experienced terrorist activity. inanimate world’ will be Information given by Salman Akhtar. Isaac Tylim Information A panel will be held on [email protected] Rita Frankiel ‘Disruptions: origins, [email protected] manifestations and technical handling’. The Psychoanalytic Center of California Information Dave Schaffelberg INTERSOCIETAL [email protected] PCC announces a one-year advanced and intensive ANNOUNCEMENTS training course in psychoanalytic psychotherapy from an object relations perspective. Erma Brenner award

Independent Psychanalytic 09 November 2002 Fifth Annual Frances Societies of North America (IPS) Tustin Memorial Prize lecture To be delivered by Vincenzo 1-3 November 2002 Conference: Bonaminio (Italian Psycho- Dr. John Rosegrant, ‘International terrorism’, at analytic Society, Rome). His La Mancha Village, Palm title is ‘The child who had a member of IPTAR and the NYFS, has won the Springs, California. fallen into a ravine’. award, which carries a prize of $5,000 and is off- Speakers to be announced. ered by the Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis for The discussant is Yvonne Hansen. Dr. Bonaminio the best paper on the psychoanalytic play state. Information will also conduct a master class on 11 November, Maurine Kelly with material presented by Leigh Tobias. Rosegrant’s paper, ‘The psychoanalytic play state’, +00 1 301 649 1896 was read at the New York Psychoanalytic Society E Lisa Pomeroy Information meeting on 26 June 2001, and will be published in +00 1 310 445 9601 [email protected] the Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis.

Institute for Psychoanalytic Training New York and Research (IPTAR) Freudian Society IPTAR is to form an Advanced Institute to In response to September 11, IPTAR held The society is no longer a member of IPS. serve as an institutional context in which special education meetings that enabled mem- IPTAR analysts can collaborate with bers to work directly with those traumatized by The society announces a training programme leading analysts in the wider community the attack. in psychoanalytic psychotherapy which will be on projects intended to contribute to the The Doris Bernstein Annual Memorial lecture inaugurated for the academic year 2002-2003. advancement of psychoanalytic knowledge. was delivered by Carolyn Ellman. Her topic was The programme is organized around a core curri- Two projects are currently being undertaken: ‘Shame, envy and women’. culum devoted to the life cycle. ‘The present state of psychoanalytic develop- The Society has developed a Division of mental theory’ and ‘Current approaches to The Ed Weill Annual Memorial lecture was Clinical Services, which will focus on outreach, psychoanalytic technique’. Publication of final delivered by Marvin Hurvich. His topic was ‘The treatment and education for professionals and the reports is anticipated. case for annihilating anxiety as a basic danger’. lay community. Child development and legal 62 issues such as divorce, child custody etc. will be especially emphasized. Sigmund Freud, London, UK The Society organized a Volunteer Corps of members and candidates to provide pro bono services to members of the police and fire departments in response to the September 11 attack. The Institute now has two divisions with a single Board and identical standards and procedures, one in New York and one in Washington D.C.

Information Connie Straboulis [email protected]

Colombian Psychoanalytic Freudian Group

A number of conferences (Bion, Winnicott), presentations of clinical work and supervisions will take place in association with the two visits programmed by the Sponsoring Committee (Dra. Andrade de Azevedo, Dra. Medici de Steiner). There will be several diffusion conferences for doctors and for the general public.

Couch photographs wanted You will have noticed that the cartoon photographs (at least 10x15 cm) of the couch area indicate whether they would like their name to couches have been replaced by real or the entire consulting room from any member appear with the photo or not. couches. who would like to have it published in a future issue of the Newsletter. Please send your photo to the Editor’s address The Editor would be pleased to receive coloured Members who send in a photograph should (see below).

Notes for 2. Deadlines 3. Methods 4. Addresses 5. Exceptions ...of submission. ...for contributions. contributors The two annual issues Contributions must be All contributions have to be Contributions from of the Newsletter have submitted to both addresses sent to Component Societies to the deadlines for the submission listed under 4. below — which are part of the of contributions which must — either (a) The Editor news and calendar of IPA be strictly adhered to. of the Newsletter events section should, (a) as an Dr. Alex Holder in the first place, be Newsletter Failure to do so may mean e-mail attachment Körnerstr. 17 sent to one of the that the contribution will 22301 Hamburg three Regional Editors. have to be held over until or Germany the following issue or have E-mail: to be scrapped altogether. (b) on a diskette in [email protected] RTF format The deadlines for (Richtext format) (b) International 1. Languages submission of contri- Psychoanalytical butions are as follows: Association Contributions can be “Broomhills“, submitted in any of the 31 January Woodside Lane four working languages for the first issue London N12 8UD of the IPA, i.e. English, England French, German or 31 August E-mail: Spanish. for the second issue [email protected]

Editor: Alex Holder IPA: Körnerstraße 17, 22301 Hamburg, Germany “Broomhills“ Woodside Lane, London N12 8UD, U.K. Fax: + 49 40 410 5687 Fax: + 44 (0) 20 8445 4729 The IPA Website: http://www.ipa.org.uk Photo: Lutz Kleinhans

Alexander Mitscherlich