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Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Ummbadda Member, Omdurman Area, Khartoum State, Sudan

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Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Ummbadda Member, Omdurman Area, Khartoum State, Sudan Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Ummbadda member, Omdurman area, Khartoum State, Sudan. By Abubakr Alsiddig Bashier Alfadil B.Sc. Geology A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College – AlNeelain University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Hydrogeology (Hydrochemistry). Department of Hydrogeology Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals Al Neelain University 2017 I ABSTRACT The study area lies in Omdurman town which bounded by latitude (15° 33ʹ – 15° 37ʹ) and longitudes (32° 21ʹ – 32° 30ʹ), which constitutes part of northern Khartoum basin. The study has been conducted on Ummbadda member to investigate groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation uses and to study hydrochemical evolution (mechanism and process), in addition to calculate aquifer hydraulic parameter and determine groundwater recharge zones. Evaluation of lithological logs and groundwater characteristics revealed that, the main water bearing strata occur at a depth between 550 to 1000ft. Aquifers system in the study area are characterized by their confining nature, considerable thickness and confined by mudstone. Flow net analysis of the aquifer indicated that the general flow direction of groundwater is to the south west and the main recharge area is the Nile. Pumping test data analysis indicate that there is slight variation in storage coefficient within the aquifer but generally indicates confining condition and their variation may be due to geological and structural setting in the basin. Physio-chemical parameter such as (pH, TDS, and EC…etc.) in addition to the major ions conveniently used to assess groundwater quality indicate suitability for human exploitation based on the WHO guideline for potable water. Many factors were used to identify the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes such as (SAR, SP, RSC, MAR, KR, and PI) and the results generally indicate that the water is suitable for irregular purpose. In addition, majority of samples fall within the field of good to excellent water class. The water type in the area is calcium bicarbonate, which characterized by the alkalis exceed alkalis earth and mixed type. The processes controlling the groundwater quality have been found to be an ion exchange process deduced from negative chloro-alkaline indices which supported the result from Durov diagram except one samples, which has positive, value that indicates normal ion exchange. Depending on Gibbs plot, water rock interactions is main process in the study area in addition to reduction process control the concentration of sulphate in the study area. I الخﻻصـــــــــــــــــــــــة تناولت الدراسة هيدروكيميائية منطقة امدرمان الواقعة بين دائرتي عرض (ʹ37 °15 – ʹ33 °15) و خطي طول (ʹ30 °32 – ʹ21 °32) والممثلة للجزء الشمالي من حوض الخرطوم الرسوبي. أجريت الدراسة الحالية للمياه الجوفية في عضو امبده لمعرفة نوعية المياه وصﻻحيتها لﻻستخدامات المختلفة )المنزلية-الزراعية( وفقا للمعايير العالمية, كما ركزت الدراسة على معرفة التطور الهيدروكيميائي من خﻻل العمليات التي تحدث اثناء حركة المياه في الخزان الجوفي باﻹضافة لحساب قيم المعامﻻت الهيدروليكية و تحديد نطاقات التغذية. الدراسة التفصيلية للقطاعات الصخرية تؤكد وجود طبقة حاملة للمياه الجوفية تقع في أعماق تتراوح بين 550 الى حوالي 1000 قدم محصورة بين طبقتين من الطين والتي تمثل ظروف خزان جوفي محصور. تحليل شبكات الجريان يشير الى ان التصريف العام في اتجاه الجنوب الغربي كما ان الخزان يتغذى تغذية مباشرة من النيل الذي يمثل مناطق جهد هيدروليكي عالي. اعتمدت عملية تقييم نوعية المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة ﻷغراض الشرب على مجموعة من المعامﻻت الفيزيوكيميائية مثل اﻻس الهيدروجيني و مجموع اﻻمﻻح الذائبة و غيرهما, باﻹضافة لمجموعة اﻻيونات الذائبة و مقارنتها بمعايير منظمة الصحة العالمية و التي اشارت الى ان المياه صالحة ﻷغراض الشرب, كما تم حساب عدد من المعامﻻت الخاصة بصﻻحية المياه ﻷغراض الري مثل نسبة امتصاص الصوديوم و غيرها و التي اشارت في مجموعها الى ان المياه صالحة ﻷغراض الزراعة. استخدمت عدة طرق لتصنيف المياه والتي اشارت الى ان المياه يغلب عليها طابع بيكربونات الكالسيوم باﻹضافة الى نوع خليط (mixed type). العمليات المتحكمة في نوعية المياه تشير الى تأثير عملية التبادل اﻻيوني حيث يمثل العملية الرئيسة في توزيع اﻻيونات في منطقة الدراسة باﻹضافة الى تأثير عملية تجوية السليكات وذوبات الكربونات. توزيع الكبريتات يتأثر بصورة مباشرة بعمليات اﻻختزال التي تحدث في إتجاه الجريان. II DEDICATIONS To MY FATHER TO MY MOTHER BROTHERS SISTERS AND FRIENDS III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and above all, I praise Almighty Allah, the almighty for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. This thesis appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several peoples. I would therefore like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them. I would like to express my deep thanks to my esteemed supervisor Dr. Hago Ali Hago for the trust, insightful discussion, offering valuable advice, for his support during the whole period of study, and especially for his patience and guidance during the writing process. Dr. Osman M. Elhassan, I greatly appreciate your excellent assistance, your spiritual supports for excellent advices, detailed review, and me during the preparation of this thesis. Special thanks to Mr. Omer Bashier for his assistance and supporting at the initial steps. My gratitude to Mrs. Qurashi T. K. for her assistance during preparation of the thesis. I cannot finish without express my deep appreciation and thanking to my father Mr. Bashier A. Mohammed for his moral and spiritual support during the preparation thesis. IV LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract I II الخﻻصـــــــــــــــــــــــة Dedication III Acknowledgement IV List of contents V List of figures X List of plates XIII List of tables XIII List of abbreviations XV 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1General Overview 1 1.2 Study area 1 1.2.1 Location 1 1.3 Physiography 3 1.3.1 Topography 3 1.2.3 Drainage pattern 5 1.3.3 Climate 5 1.3.4 Vegetation 5 1.4 Population and their economic activity 6 1.5 Previous studies 8 V 1.6 Objectives 9 1.7 Methodology 10 11 2. GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING 2.1 Geology 11 2.1.1 Basement complex 11 2.1.2 Omdurman Formation 12 2.1.2.1 Umm Bada member (late Albian – early Turonian) 13 2.1.2.2 Merkhiyat Member (Turoian – Early Senomanian) 13 2.1.3 Volcanic Rocks 15 2.1.4 Superficial Deposits 16 2.2 Tectonic Setting 17 3. HYDROGEOLOGY 19 3.1 Overview of the freshwater resources of Sudan 19 3.2 Hydrogeology of the study area 22 3.3.3 Groundwater movement and Recharge 25 3.3.4 Hydraulic aquifers properties 28 3.3.4.1 Hydraulic conductivity 28 3.3.4.2 Transmissivity 29 3.3.4.3 Storage Coefficient 29 3.3.5 Pumping test analysis 29 3.3.5.1 Cooper and Jacob method 30 VI 3.3.6 Pumping test results 31 32 4-GROUNDWATER QUALITY 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 Accuracy of chemical analysis 32 4.3 Quality of groundwater for Municipal use (Drinking purposes) 33 4.3.1 Hydrogen-ions activity (pH) 33 4.3.2 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) 36 4.3.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 38 4.3.4 Hardness (HT) 40 4.3.5 Major dissolved ions in groundwater 43 4.3.5.1 Cations 43 4.3.5.2 Anions 51 4.4 Quality of groundwater for irrigation 58 4.4.1 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 58 4.4.1.1 Sodium (Hazard) vs Salinity hazard Classification 59 + 4.4.2 Percent Sodium (% Na ) 61 4.4.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) 61 4.4.4 Permeability index (PI) 62 4.4.5 Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) 63 4.4.6 Kelley Ratio (KR) 64 5. HYDROCHEMISTRY 66 VII 5.1 Classification of hydrochemical data 66 5.1.1 Stiff Diagrams 66 5.1.2 Durov Diagram 69 5.1.3 Trilinear Diagram (Piper Diagram) 70 5.1.4 Chadha classification 71 5.1.5 Saturation indices 73 5.2 Graphical solutions of relationship between different chemical 77 parameters 5.3 Hydrochemical processes and mechanism controlling groundwater 80 quality 5.3.1 Silicate weathering process 82 5.3..2 Ion exchange process 83 5.3.2.1 Chloro-alkaline indices 83 5.3.3 Sulphate reduction/oxidation process 87 89 6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Summary and conclusion 89 6.1.1 Aquifer geometry and its hydraulic characteristics 89 6.1.2 Water quality for domestic use 89 6.1.3 Water quality for irrigation 90 6.1.4 Water classification 90 6.1.4.1 Stiff diagram 90 6.1.4.2 Piper diagram 91 6/1.5 Saturation indices 91 6.1.6 Hydrochemical processes 91 VIII 6.2 Recommendations 92 References 93 Appendices 101 IX LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Location of studied wells. 2 1.2 Digital Elevation Model of the study area and their surrounding. 4 1.3 Population in the study area 7 2.1 Geological map of the study area and its surrounding 16 2.2 Topographic map showing the location of the mesozoic rift 18 3.1 Groundwater basins in Sudan 21 3.2 Section directions in the study area 23 3.3 Cross-sections in the study area 24 3.4 Strip logs for wells in the study area 25 3.5 Flow net map of the the study area 27 4.1 pH concentration in the study area. 35 4.2 Spatial distribution of pH in the study area. 35 4.3 TDS compared with the WHO in the study area. 37 4.4 Spatial distribution of TDS in the study area 37 4.5 Distribution of EC compared with WHO (2011) in the study area. 39 4.6 Spatial distribution EC in the study area 39 4.7 Distribution of Total hardness compared with the study area 42 4.8 Spatial distribution of TH in the study area 42 + 4.9 Distribution of Na in the study area 44 + 4.10 Spatial distribution of Na in the study area.
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