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Omer Adam Mohammed Gibla (Vs CHARACTERISTICS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITON OF GROUND WATER IN RARA BASIN A thesis submitted to the Graduate College Sudan University of Science and technology For fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Omer Adam Mohammed Gibla (Vs.. Diploma, viSc. Chemism ) ipervised by Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Hassan Fl-Tayeb Professor of Chemistry Director of Sudanese Atomic Energy Corporation, Khartoum o-supervisor Dr. Abd FJ-Salam Abdalla Dafa Alia Associate Professor of Chemistry Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum January, 2007 Approval Page The Thesis of.QtfZ.ik APAKmmn£J).9i£La.... is approved 1. Externa! Examiner 0 Name MbHM.&..hU.M4$&.ti....S\gr) ..^.^)...Date i^/..?.*2C?P^ 2. Internal I Examiner Name d?W^f^^^gn /^£k*xDate 3 . Supervisor Name .V^W*l.fcWAHsrf**.ft/jjjign^^sfc.Date ^7 ecllcation an3 § OtlA DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. Content Approval page 1 Dedication i' Table of content id Acknowledgment Xi Ahsiraci ( Fnglish ) ; Abstract (Arabic) 1 NU> Declaration xv Chapter One 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1 Natural Water 1 1.1.2. The hydrosphere J 1.1.3. ] h drospheric Processes i 1.1.4. Groundwater 2 1.1.5. Common Ions Presents in Natural Water 2 1.1.6 Physical Properties of Natural Water 4 l.l.b'l. PH 4 1.1.6.2. Turbidil\ 1 I. I.6. v Alkalinil;. ! ! hA. (Flour 1.1.6.5. Water I emperaiure 1.1.6.6. Water Colour " 1.2. Ground Water in Africa (' 1.2.1. Factors Controlling The Formation of Ground Walcr in Africa 1.3. Ground water in the Sudan F* 1.3.1 Climate • • • • '•••> 1.3.2 Geology of the Sudan 1.3.3. Geological History F- 1.3.4. Description of the main formations 14 1.3.5. Crv.stalline Basement Rock '4 1.3.6. Paleozic sandstone and Nawa Formation I ^ 1.3.7. Nubian Sandstone F^ 1.3.8. Fm Ruwaba Formation F> 1.3.9. Surface deposits 1 ; 1.4.1. Rural Water Supply and Research in Sudan IS 1.4.2. Evaluation and prospects of Ground Water Resources 23 1.4.3. Sudan's Main Aquifer Systems 23 1.4.3.1. River Aquifer 23 1.4.3.2. UMM Ruwaba Aquifer 1.4.3.3. Description of the aquifers 2? 1.4.3.3.1. Bara Basin ' 25 in 1.4.3.3.2. Atshan Basin 25 1.4.3.3.3. Baggara Basin 2o 1.4.3.3.4. Sudd Basin ;__ 26 1.4.4. Ground -Water Flow _27 1 45 Properties of Umm Ruwaba Aquifer 27 1.4.6. Ground water Resources 2N 1.4.7. Ground Water Quality 2S 1.5. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer 30 1.5.1. Description of the Aquifer 3< 1 !.5.1.1. Sahara basin ... 3o 1.5.1.2. Umm Kaddada 31 1.5.1.3.E1-Nahaud Basin 3[ 1.5.1.4. Nilo-Nubian Ba sin ^' 1.5.1.5. El-Gadarif Basin 32 1.5.1.6. Nubian Aquifer Ground Water Resources 3 2 1.5.1.7. Water Quality (Chemical Composition) 53 1.6. Water Quality Requirements "4 1.6.1. Water quality criteria for individual categories 5.S 1.6.2. Raw water Drinking Water Supply >> 1.6.3. Irrigation 5o 1.6.4. Water tor Live Stock Consumption 4i 1.6.5. Recreational use 4! Chapter Two 2. Ground Y\ ater Pollution -o- 2.1. Dellnition 4 ; 2.2. Norms and Criteria I 2.2.1. The bacteriological norms of biological pollution J 2.2.2. Proposed levels of radioactive pollution 4<x 2.2.3. Toxic compounds 2.2.4. Compounds which ma\ be health ha/ard 2.2.5 Water acceptability characteristics _ 2.3. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) 50 2.4. Total Dissolved Solids 50 2.4.1. Major Constituents 5 I 2.4.2. Secondary constituents >' 2.4.3. Trace constituent 2.4.4. Industrial Effects s2 2.4.5. Health Effect 52 2.5. Major Components of an Information System needed for Ground \Y atcr 53 Management Decision 2.5.1. Hydrology 2.5.2. Water Extration (withdrawals and use patterns) 2.5.3. Potential Contamination sources and characteristics of point sources 54 IV 2.5.4. Population patterns -^4 Salinity Buildup 22-* 2.6.1. Definition ^4 2.6.2. Types of Salinity L-55 2.6.2.1. Dry Land Salinity _ 55 2.6.2.2. Irrigation Salinity '"6 2.6.2.3. Urban Salinity _..j\Z. 2.6.2.4. River Salinity ^7 2.6.2.5. Industrial Salinity 5,S 2.6.2.6. Ground Water Quality 2.6.2.7. Significance s" h(i 2.6.2.7.1. Salinity : 2.6.2.7.2. Acidity and Redox Status "<) 2.6.2.7.3. Radioactivity "! 2.6.2.7.4. Agricultural Pollution 'A 2.6.2.7.5. Mining Pollution '<2 2.6.2.7.6. Urban and Industrial Pollution rA. Salinity Generation 2.7.1. Ram fall Chemistry "4 2.7.2. Inorganic Carbon (,,> 2.7.3. Inorganic Nitrogen 11 2.7.4. Nitrification 2.7.5. Ammonillcation 1 >,s 2.7.6. I )enitrollcation ',N 2.7 7. Nitrogen ( Kidc^ in the atmosphere <=>^ Chapter Tliree Drinkin" Water ( ontaiiiinanK ~ \ Health Effect of Inorganic Minerals P{ 3.2.1. Barium ^ 3.2.2. Cadmium ?6 3.2.2.1 .Cadmium Metabolism 3.2.2.2.Cadmium and hypertension 2/ 3.2.2.3.Cadmium and reproduction so 3.2.3. Chromium vO 3.2.4. Copper ^1 3.2.5. Flouride 2 3.2.6. Iron s 3.2.7. Nitrate and Nitrite _. «j£ 3.2.K. Sulphate K$ 3.2.9 Arsenic • . s 6 v 3.2.10. Aluminum 3.2.11. Asbestos ":« 3.2.12. Lead 85 3.2.13. Manganese $0 3.2.14. Mercury 90 3.2.15. Nickel . l)\ 3.2.16. Selenium . 3.2.17. Molybdenum T'< 3.2.18. Zinc : ^ 3.2.19. Sodium y-5" 3.2.20. Water Hardness ^H- Chaptev Four 4.1. Bara Basm Rex sew 4.2 Bara Basin Cy6 4.3. Bara Basin Topograph} 59 4.4. Geological I iistory of the Basin Area \0O 4.5. Geology of Bara Basin I-11 4.6. Geological Formation L)i| 4.6.1. Superficial Deposits (Pleistocene to recent) L)Z/. 4.6.2. Um-Rawaba formation (Plio-Pleistoeene) I o 5" 4.6.3. Nubian Sandstone Formation (Mcso/oic possibly crcataccous) K1^ 4.6.4. Nawa Formation (upper - Palepzoic) I'i6 4.6.5. Basement Complex (Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian) Mi'c7 4.7. Bara Aquifer Complex 4.7.1. lUdrological Characteristic of Bara Ba^ii ... l<3g 4.".2. Ground V\ alcr Uuaiit\ Chapter Five Techniques used for Analysis of Ln\ironmental Samples ;~'£J 5.1.1. (iamma spectrometry >2D 5.1.2. The Detector I-D 5.1.3. Detector Conllguration —J 5.1.4 Detector Assembly 522 5.1.5. Electronic Package % 5.1.6. The Pulse Shape '-^ 5.1.7. Data Storage and Presentation , lj^f 5.1.8. System calibration 124- 5.1.9. Energy Calibration ': • L\- 5.1.10 Resolution '2 5 5.1.11. Efficiency Calibration \-'& SAM. Detection Limit 1 - d 5.1.13. Background 2 ^ 5.1.14. Laser Fluorimeirv 12 8 VI Chapter Six Experimental 6.1. Introduction 6.2 Aim of the Study 6.3 Collection of samples 6.4 Instrument 6.5 Methods of Analysis 6.3.1. Total Alkalinity Determination 6.3.2 Determination of chloride (Mohr method) 6.3.3 Determination of nitrate (Cadmium Reduction Method) 6.3.4. Determination of N'trite (low range) Reaction limit 6.3.5. Determination of Sulphate D.I.. (0.0 to 70 mg 1) 6.3.6. Determination of fluoride (D.L. 0-2.Omg I) Spans Method 6.3.7. Determination of Suphide (D.L. 0 - 800 tig I) Methylene blue method 6.3.8. Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen (D.L. 0 2.500 mg I N1L.X) .. 6.3.9. Atomic Absorption Elemental Analysis (Ground water) 6.3.10. Atomic Absorption of Soil Samples 6.3.1 I. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis 6.3.12. X-ray Diffraction Analysis 6.3.13 Gamma Ray Detection of Soil Samples Chapter Seven I. Results and Discussion "7.1.1. I'hy sical Properties 7.FI I nil values 7.1.1.2. lolal Alkalinity 7.1.1.5. Flectrical Conductivity. Total Dissolved Solids and I urbidity \ allies 7.1.1.4. Nitrate 7.1.1.5. Nitrite 7.FF6. Ammonia Nitrogen 7.1.1.7. Chloride 7.1.1.8. Fluoride 7.1.1.9. Sulphide 7.1.1.10 Sulphate 7.1.1.11. Macro-cations 7.1.1.1 1.1. Sodium 7.1.1.11.2. Potassium 7.1.1.1 1.3. Calcium and magnesium vii 7.1.12. Micro Cations i Jj^ 7.1.12.1 Barium '. 7.1.12.2. Chromium I$3 7.1.12.3. Manganese 7.1.12.4 Iron .. 7.1.12.5. Copper L_^°'^ 7.1.12.6. Zinc : -()& 7.1.12.7. Cadmium .•• 2o'f 7.1.12.8. Lead %c8 7.2. X-ray Diffraction Results 7.3 Conclusion ^-3% 7.4. Suggestions L_?^0 Chapter Eight 8. References \ in List of Tables Table 1.1. Sea Water ionic composition I able 1.2. Ground Water A\ ailabilitv (as shown on Map) -1 Table 1.4.1 Ground Water Resource ol'l.'mm Ruwaba aquifer Basins 2 X Table 1.5.1.
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