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Assessment of Rock Mass Instability of Es-Sileitat Quarries, Eastern Khartoum State, Sudan

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Assessment of Rock Mass Instability of Es-Sileitat Quarries, Eastern Khartoum State, Sudan AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY Graduate Collage Assessment of Rock Mass Instability of Es-Sileitat Quarries, Eastern Khartoum State, Sudan By: Eltayeb Bashir Hassan Hamid B. Sc. (Hons.) 2014, Al Neelain University A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Collage, Al Neelain University for the partial fulfilment of the Master Degree of Geology (Engineering Geology) Jan.2020 AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY Graduate Collage Assessment of Rock Mass Instability of Es-Sileitat Quarries, Eastern Khartoum State, Sudan By: Eltayeb Bashir Hassan Hamid B. Sc. (Hons.) 2014, Al Neelain University A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Collage, Al Neelain University for the partial fulfilment of the Master Degree of Geology (Engineering Geology) Supervisor: Dr. Esamaldeen Ali M. Ahmed Signature:…............ External Examiner: Dr. Mohammd Aljack Signature:………... Internal Examiner: Dr. Ibrahim Abdelgadir Signature:……….... قال تعالى: ) َوا ْذ ُك ُروا إِ ْذ َج َعلَ ُك ْم ُخلَفَا َء ِم ْن بَ ْع ِد َعا ٍد َوبَ َّوأَ ُك ْم فِي ا ْْلَ ْر ِض تَتَّ ِخ ُذو َن ِم ْن ُسهُولِهَا قُ ُصو ًرا َوت َ ْن ِحتُو َن ا ْل ِجبَا َل بُيُوتًا ۖ فَا ْذ ُك ُروا آ ََل َء ََّّللاِ َو ََل تَ ْعثَ ْوا فِي ا ْْلَ ْر ِض ُم ْف ِس ِدي َن ( صدق هللا العظيم سورة اْلعراف- آية رقم )74( Dedication I dedicate this humble work to: My father My mother My brothers (Hassan and Omer) My sisters My wife My daughter My friends To every one helped me To everyone love Knowledge. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise Allah for helping me to finish this work. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to Dr. Esamaldeen Ali for his supervision, limitless help, scientific Guidance, continuous encouragement and fruitful comments, helped and supported during the research. Special and deepest thankful and grateful to my family for their patience and support. Also I would like to thanks my friends for support and help; EL Khider Rahamt Allah, Ezeldeen Mohamed, Abuobida Abdalkarim, Khattab Abdelrazig, and all my friends in the program of M.Sc. of engineering geology. My thank continue to reach everyone help me to finish this work. II List of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………...………I Acknowledgement……………………………………………….........................II Abstract……………………………………………………………………........III IV.…..…………….………………………………………………………المستخلص List of contents……………………………………………………………….….V List of tables…………………………………………………………………....IX List of figures…………………………………………………………………....X List of plates ………………………………………………………………..…..IX CHAPTER І: Introduction 1.1 Research Significance ……………………………………………………….1 1.2 Statements of Problem ………………….…………………...……………....1 1.3 Location and Accessibility……………………………………...………........1 1.4 Objectives of the Study……………………………………..………….….....2 1.5 Physiography……………………………………………….…...……………2 1.5.1 Topography……...……………………………...............................…...2 1.5.2 Climate and Vegetation…...……………………...…………...……….3 1.5.3 Drainage Pattern……………...……………….……………………….3 1.6 Material & Methods……………………………………...……………..……4 1.7 Previous Work………………………………………...…..…………………5 CHAPTER ІІ: Tectonic Setting and Geology of the Area 2.1 Tectonic Setting of Khartoum Region………………………………….……6 2.2 Geology of the Area………………………………………….........................8 2.2.1 Grey gneiss…………………………………………….....……………8 2.2.2 Microdiorite……………………………………….....…………….…..9 2.2.3 Riebeckite granite………………………..…………..……………….10 2.2.4 Felsite…………………………………………….....……………..….11 V 2.2.5 Quartz-syenite………………………………..……………….………11 2.2.6 Granitic pegmatite……………………..…………….………..…...…11 2.2.7 Rhyolite…………………………..……………………..…………….11 2.2.8 Nubian sediments………………..………………..………………..…12 CHAPTER ІІІ: Overview of Rock Slope Stability 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………...............….13 3.2 Required Data for Slope Stability Analyses……………………………...…14 3.3 Kinematical Analysis……………………………………………………….15 3.3.1 Planar Failure ………..…………….…...…………………………….15 3.3.2 Wedge Failure………………………………………………………...16 3.3.3 Toppling Failure ……………..…………………………………...….16 3.3.4 Circular Failure……………………………………………………….17 3.4 Rock Mass Failure Mechanisms …………………………………….……..17 3.5 Rock Slope Design Methods………………………………………………..18 3.6 Characterizations of Discontinuities………………………………………..18 3.6.1 Orientation…………………………………………………………...18 3.6.2 Persistence…………………………………………………………...18 3.6.3 Aperture……………………………………………………….……..18 3.6.4 Infilling materials………………………………………………....…19 3.6.5 Roughness…………………………………………………………...19 3.6.6 Frequency…………………………………………………………....20 3.6.7 Spacing and Block size……………………………………………...20 3.6.8 Discontinuity sets……………………………………………………20 3.6.9 Degree of weathering………………………………………………..20 3.7 Shear strength and deformability…………………………………………..20 3.8 Permeability and conductivity……………………………………………..20 VI 3.9 Methods of excavation……………………………………………………...21 CHAPTER ІV: Geotechnical Investigation and interpretation 4.1 Introduction………………………………..…………….………………….22 4.2 Pre-Site Investigation (desk study) ………….…………..…………………22 4.3 Site Investigation (field work)……………………………………………...23 4.3.1 Rock Mass and Discontinuities Measurements ……...……………......23 4.3.2 Structure Measurements……………………………………..…………24 4.3.3 Schmidt Hummer Reading (test)……………………………………....24 4.3.4 Sample Collection……………………………….……………….……24 4.4 Laboratory Testing……………………………………………………....…24 4.4.1 Thin Section Preparation from Rock Samples……………………..….24 4.4.2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength…………………………………..……25 4.5 Geotechnical Results…………………………………………………….….26 4.5.1 Results of Field Test……………………………………………..….....26 4.5.1.1 Rock Mass Discontinuities…………………………………..…….26 4.5.1.2 Structure Measurements Tables………………………….........…..29 4.5.2 Laboratory Test Results………………………………………...…...…30 4.5.2.1 Rock Type…………………………………………………...…….33 4.6 Tectonic Setting…………………………………………………...……..…33 VII CHAPTER V: Data Analysis Using Kinematic Technique 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………........................35 5.2 Data Analysis for Sites Localities……………………...………………..….35 5.2.1 Site I: Hazrat al-sham quarry ……….……………..…………………36 5.2.2 Site II: Tana-I quarry ……………………………..………………….44 5.2.3 Site III: Tana-2 quarry ……………………………..……………...…50 CHAPTER VІ: Conclusion and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………….………………...….56 6.2 Recommendations…………….................................……………………….57 References…………………………………………………….....……………..58 Appendix……………...………………………………………….…………….61 VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: The geological succession of the study area………………….…..…10 Table 4.1: Geological information of the three quarries………………………..24 Table 4.2: The average of dip & dip direction of joint sets...…...…………...…29 Table 4.3: Schimdt hummer reading……………………………………………30 Table 4.4: Result of uni-axial compressive strength (UCS) test…….………….32 Table 5.1: Discontinuities information in Hazrat al-sham quarry………………37 Table 5.2: Discontinuities information in Tana-1 quarry……………………….45 Table 5.3: Discontinuities information in Tana-2 quarry…………………….....51 IX LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: Location map of quarries sites…………………………………..…..….2 Fig. 1.2: Physiographic map of the study area………………………………..….4 Fig. 2.1: Location map of the Sabaloka and Sileitat Es-sufur inliers in relation to Khartoum………………………………………………………...…..…8 Fig. 2.2: Geological map of Excursion 12, the Sileitat Es-sufur complexes ………………………………………………………………………..…9 Fig. 2.3: Regional geological map around the quarries site……..………….…..12 Fig. 3.1: Types of failures………………………………………..………….….17 Fig. 3.2: Illustrate the roughness profiles and corresponding JRC values.....................................................................................................19 Fig. 4.1: Geological map around Es-sileitat quarries …...………………….......34 Fig. 5.1a: Stereographic projection at western wall…………….…………....…38 Fig. 5.1b: Stereographic projection at western wall…………….…………....…39 Fig. 5.2a: Stereographic projection at southern wall………………………........40 Fig. 5.2b: Stereographic projection at southern wall……………………….......41 Fig. 5.3a: Stereographic projection at northern wall……………..…..……..….42 Fig. 5.3b: Stereographic projection at northern wall……………..…..……..….43 Fig. 5.4a: Stereographic projection at northern wall…………..…….……...….46 Fig. 5.4b: Stereographic projection at northern wall…………..……….…...….47 Fig. 5.5a: Stereographic projection at southern wall……………..………...…..48 Fig. 5.5b: Stereographic projection at southern wall……………..………..…..49 Fig. 5.6a: Stereographic projection at western wall………………..………..…52 Fig. 5.5b: Stereographic projection at southern wall……………..…….……...53 Fig. 5.7a: Stereographic projection at northeast wall……………….................54 Fig. 5.7b: Stereographic projection at northeast wall……………….................55 X LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Aperture of joints……………………………………………….……27 Plate 4.2: Joint infilling materials………………………..……………….…….27 Plate 4.3: Roughness of joints…………………………………………….….…28 Plate4.4: Spacing of joints…………………………………….…………….….28 Plate 4.5: Schmidt hummer “L-type” ……………………………………….….29 Pate 4.6: Scan line technique……………………………………………….…..30 Plate 4.7: Photomicrogragh of rhyolite rocks…...…………….……………......30 Plate 4.8 Photomicrograph of olivine basalt………………...………………….31 Plate 4.9: Photomicrograph of quartz microdiorite……….…………………….31 Plate 4.10: Photomicrograph of granite……………………...…………...….....31 Plate 4.11: Examples of samples after and before Uni-axial Compressive Strength (UCS) test for the whole sites………………………...……………….32 Plate 5.1: Hazrat al-sham quarry………………………………………………..36 Plate5.2: Tana-1 quarry………………………………………………….….…..44 Plate 5.3: Tana-2 quarry………………………………………………….……..50 XI Abstract Es-Sileitat area east of Khartoum
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