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Hydrogeological Investigation of the East Nile Area { Khartoum State – Sudan }

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Hydrogeological Investigation of the East Nile Area { Khartoum State – Sudan } Hydrogeological Investigation of the East Nile Area { Khartoum State – Sudan } Prepared By KHALID ABDALLA MOHAMMED KHALID B.Sc. (Hons.). Hydrogeology Supervisor Dr. MOHAMED ALI HASSAN DAHAB A Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Graduate College For the Master Degree in Geology (Hydrogeology) Department of Hydrogeology Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals Al NeelainUniversity – Sudan May 2017 11 اﻷيت بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم قال تعالي: )أوَلم يَروا أنًا نَسى ق ألماءَ إلى اﻷر ض ا لجر ز فنخرج به زَرعًا تأ كل منه أنعامهم وأنفسهم أَفﻻ يبصرون)) سىرة السجدة / آيه٧٢ ) (Do they not see that we do drive rain to parched soil bare of herbage, and produce there with crops, providing food for their Cattle and themselves? Have they not the vision?) English translation of meaning and commentary of the Holy-Quran, Bechtel Translation.URL.www.turath.com I Dedications To my Mother To my Father To my brothers sisters and fiancé And Best Friends II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Al Neelain University for support and help. I would like to express deep gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Mohamed Ali Hassan Dahab for his close supervision and guidance throughout this work, special thanks and appreciation to Dr. El Nzeer Gusmelseed Adam. I wish here to thank Mr. Moataz Amer and Mr. Mohammed Adlan for their assistance during this study. Finally, I thank everyone to help me in the completion of this work. Khalid Abdalla III ABSTRACT The study area is located east of the Nile in the east of Khartoum state, which is located in central Sudan, it lies between latitudes 15 ° 24' 00″ N and 16 ° 00' 00″ N and longitudes 32º 24′ 00″ E and 32º 54′ 00″ E. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the ground water in term of quantitatively and qualitatively throughout geology, hydro geological, hydro chemical. Aim to study; Understanding, Knowledge and situation the hydrogeology in the area. The study results showed that main the water bearing strata are sand stone and conglomerate in the Nubian Sand stone formation with thickness range from few meters in the northern part to 300-400m in the southern and south eastern part. It forms two aquifers zone, upper one compose of super facial deposit and lower one basically Nubian Sand stone formation which is main aquifers in the study area. The static water level is shallow near the River Nile and Blue Nile and increase gradually to the East and south east, the maximum static water level depth is 66 m in SALAMET ELSHETAT The hydraulic properties of the aquifer system were estimated from the pumping test data analysis using aquitest software which showed the transmissitivity has low value near the River Nile and Blue Nile and increase toward the east and the south east of the study area, this variation related to the lithology of the aquifer. The transmissitivity range in the study area between0.00198 and 0.28 m²/min and the recharge in the study area is approximately (5.2×108) m³/day while the discharge (Annual ground water consumption) is only (720×106) m³/day Ground water in the study area is generally suitable for domestic and other purposes, because it contain small amount of soluble salt. However there are saline zone extend from the south east part to the north east where ground water is not fit for human consumption. The recharge source result was confirmed by hydro chemical analysis, which showed that the water (Na-HCO3) to (Na-Cl) water type near the River Nile and (Na-HCO3) and (Na-Cl) water type at the centre and the south eastern part of the area. IV الخﻻصت ″ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ V List of Contents Content Page I.…………..………………………….…………………………………………………… اﻷيت Dedication……………………………………...…………..…………...…….…………..…..II Acknowledgement…………………….……………..……...………………………………..III Abstract…………...………………...………………..………………………………….…...IV V....….………………………………..……………...…………..…...……….…………الخﻻصت List of Contents…………….……...……………..………...…………………………..……..VI List of Figures…………………...………………..………………………………………..…IX List of Table…………………..…………………………….……………………………....…X List of abbreviation……...…….………………………………..………………………….... XI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION….….….….….………...…...………………….….....1 1.1 General………………...……………….………….…...………………..…….………1 1.2 Location of study area……………………...…………………….………..….……….1 1.3 Climatic conditions…………………………..……………………………...…..…….3 1.4 Physiographic features……………………….……………………………...….……..3 1.4.1 Topography and Soil …………………………………………………….………….3 1.4.2 Drainage Patterns…………….…………………………………………..…...……..4 1.4.3 Vegetation cover…………………...…………………………………..…...…...…..6 1.5 Population Socio-Economic activities…………..…………………….…….……..….6 1.6 Previous work…………………………………………………………........................6 1.7 Statement of the Problems…………………………………………….………………7 1.8 The research objectives……………………………………………….…………….…7 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY…...……………………………….……………...…8 2.1 Material and Methods of Investigation…………………………….……….…….…...8 2.2.1 Collection of data……………………………………………….……………..…….8 VI 2.2.2 Field Investigations…………………………….……………….………………..….8 2.2.2.1 Hydrogeological Investigations………………….………….………………….…8 2.2.2.2 Geophysical Investigations……………….……………….………………….…...8 2.2.3 Laboratory Analysis…………………………………….…………………..............9 2.2.4 Softwares………………………………………………..………………………..…9 CHAPTER THREE: GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING………………..…....…11 3.1 Geological Setting……...………………………………...…….…..….……..……....11 3.1.1 Basement complex…………………...………………………….………….……...13 3.1.2 The Nubian Sandstone Formation…………………,,…….…….…………..…..….13 3.1.3 Tertiary Volcanic Rocks…...…………………………..………………..…............18 3.1.4 The Gezira Formation……………..…………………………....…...……....……..19 3.1.5 Superficial Deposits……………………………………………….……..….......…20 3.2 Tectonic Setting……………………………………………..…….………..……......21 CHAPTER FOUR: HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION……….……….....…..24 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………….……….…........................24 4.2 Groundwater Resources in study area……………….………...………….……….....25 4.3 Aquifer………………………………………………...…………….....………....….25 4.4 Water Table measurements………….………………………………….................…26 4.5 Aquifers Characteristics (Hydraulic Properties)…...………………..…….....…....…28 4.5.1 Hydraulic conductivity (K)……………………...………………..……....…...…...29 4.5.2 Transmissivity (T)……………………………….…….….……….…....…….....…30 4.5.3 Storativity (S)………………………………...……………………..…..…...……..30 4.6 Specific Yield………………………………………..……...……………….…….…31 4.7 Regional Recharge………………………………………..……...……….....…….…31 4.8 Geophysics Investigation…………………..…………………………...…....…...….33 4.8.1 Interpretation of resistivity data…………..……………………………....…..……33 4.8.2 Pseudo Sections….……………………...…………………………....…...….……34 VII CHAPTER FIVE: HYDROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION………....……...……...….38 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………..................……....38 5.2 Physical characteristics of water……………………………..…...…………...…......38 5.2.1 Temperature…………………………………………………………..………....…38 5.2.2 Colour ……………………………………………………………………………...38 5.2.3 Density………………………………………..…………………………................39 5.2.4 Taste and Odour………………...……………………..……….……………..…....39 5.2.5 Turbidity ……………………………………………………………………...……39 5.3 Suitability of Groundwater for drinking and domestic uses …………….……...…....40 5.3.1 Hydrogen-ion concentration (PH)………………...………………………..…....…40 5.3.2 Total Hardness (TH)…………………………...……………..…………….…....…41 5.3.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)……………………..………...…………………..…..42 5.3.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)………………………....……………..……………...44 + 5.3.5 Sodium (Na )………………………………………..…………………………..….46 + 5.3.6 Potassium (K ) ………………………………………...……………..…….…..….47 +2 +2 5.3.7 Calcium (Ca ) & Magnesium (Mg )…………………...….……..........................48 - 5.3.8 Chloride (Cl ) …………………………………….……………....……...…………51 - 5.3.9 Bicarbonate (HCO3 )………………………..…………….……....……….………52 - 5.3.9 Nitrates (NO3 )……………………………………………………...……….…..…53 5.4 Suitability of Groundwater for irrigation uses (SAR) ……………….……...……….54 5.5 Groundwater Type……………………………………………………..…………….55 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...……......….…....56 6.1 Conclusions.....………………………….…………..……………………...…...……56 6.2 Recommendation………………………………..………..……….……………........57 REFERENCES ……………………………………..………………………...…………......58 APPENDICES……………………………………..…………………………………….......61 VIII List of Figures Page Fig (1.1): Location map of the study area…………...………….………………….…….…….2 Fig (1.2): Drainage pattern of the study area……………………………………….……….…5 Fig (2.1): Flow chart showing the methodology of the study area………………….………..10 Fig (3.1): Geological map of study area………………………………...………….……...…12 Fig (3.2): Sketch block diagram for part of the Khartoum basin. Shows the geological and stratagraphical units in study area.………………………....…………...………………...….17 Fig (3.3): Structural map showing the interior rift basin of the Sudan……….…….………...23 Fig (4.1): Two profiles of subsurface geology and showing the aquifers at some villages in the study area……………………………………………….……………..………..………....26 Fig (4.2): Groundwater flow directions in the study area (Contour value in m, a.m.s.l)…..…27 Fig (4.3): The well location in the study area…………………….………………..…..…......29 Fig (4.4): Location of VESes (Northern part of study area)…….………………….………...35 Fig (4.5): Values on contour lines showing the resistivity variations from west to east with Depth………………………………………………………………………………………….36 Fig (4.6): Values on contour lines showing the resistivity variations from west to east with Depth…………………………………………………………………………..…………...…36 Fig (4.7): Location of VESes (Southern part of study area)……….…………………...…....37 Fig (4.8):
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