DOCSLIB.ORG

Anatomical Investigation of Root, Stem and Branch Wood in 10-Year-Old Inga Laurina in the Context of Anatomical Adaptation to Hydraulic and Mechanical Stresses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anatomical Investigation of Root, Stem and Branch Wood in 10-Year-Old Inga Laurina in the Context of Anatomical Adaptation to Hydraulic and Mechanical Stresses Anales de Biología 40: 31-39, 2018 ARTICLE DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.40.04 Anatomical investigation of root, stem and branch wood in 10-year-old Inga laurina in the context of anatomical adaptation to hydraulic and mechanical stresses Eduardo L. Longui1, Ana T. D. Galão1, Kishore S. Rajput2 & Antônio C. G. de Melo1 1 Instituto Florestal, CEP 02377-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India. Resumen Correspondence Investigación anatómica de la madera de la raíz, el tallo y la rama E.L. Longui en ejemplares de 10 años de edad de Inga laurina en el contexto E-mail: [email protected] de la adaptación anatómica al estrés hidráulico y mecánico Received: 5 September 2017 La madera varía entre las especies, desde la médula hasta la cor- Accepted: 5 February 2018 teza, desde las raíces hasta la corona dentro de la misma planta, Published on-line: 7 March 2018 para garantizar la seguridad y la eficiencia hidráulica. La heteroge- neidad de la madera de Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. es aquí investiga- da, siendo una especie que prospera bien en todos los bosques brasileños importantes. La madera de tallo de I. laurina poseía va- sos estrechos; fibras de paredes gruesas; rayos más anchos, altos y en mayor frecuencia, características que proporcionan ajustes hi- dráulicos y mecánicos. Las fibras de paredes gruesas y menos pa- rénquima, en comparación con la raíz, brindan la fuerza suficiente para apoyar la corona grande. Una mayor proporción de células de parénquima en las raíces da como resultado una gran capacidad de almacenamiento de almidón, que es importante para la recupe- ración de los brotes después del daño por fuego, común en el Ce- rrado. Palabras clave: Cerrado, Conductividad hidráulica, Densidad, Estructura arbórea, Madera tropical o subtropical. Abstract Wood varies between species, from pith to bark, roots to crown within the same plant to ensure hydraulic safety and efficiency. Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. is investigated herewith for the structural heterogeneity of the wood, since this species thrives well in all ma- jor forests of Brazil. I. laurina stem wood possessed narrow ves- sels; thick walled fibres; wider, taller and higher frequency of rays, features that provide hydraulic and mechanical adjustments. Thick walled fibres and less parenchyma as compared to root provide enough strength to stem to support the large crown. Higher propor- tion of parenchyma cells in roots results in a high storage capacity for starch, which is important for the shoot recovery after fire dam- age, common in the Cerrado. Key words: Cerrado, Hydraulic conductivity, Density, Tree structure, Tropical or subtropical wood. 32 E.L. Longui et al. Anales de Biología 40, 2018 Introduction variation in the hydraulic conductivity and wood density of I. laurina wood at different positions Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (Fabaceae) is a native viz. root, main stem and branch. We hypothesize species of Brazil (Pennington 1997, Garcia 1998). that I. laurina, a species with a large crown is able It is distributed from north to south of Amazon, in to adjust its stem wood to perform necessary func- Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Rainforest. It also tions that are associated with hydraulic conductiv- grows naturally in Rupestrian Field, Semi-decidu- ity. However, available literature indicates that ous Forest, Ombrophylous Forest and Restinga trees are able to regulate one parameter without (Garcia & Fernandes 2014). Typically, this species affecting the other that is associated with former is found on river margins or on dry fields, as well one (Awad et al. 2012, Badel et al. 2015). as interfluve regions of the Cerrado (Pennigton 1997) and in gaps in the Amazonian Forest (Souza Material and methods et al. 2011). In all these forests, amount of annual precipitation varies from region to region, yet the Study area present species thrives well in all these forest types. The study was carried out in the Cerrado area of the Assis State Forest (22º39”42’S, 50º24”44’ W), Structurally, the secondary xylem is heteroge- Assis, São Paulo (Max et al. 2007). According to neous (i.e. non-uniform); particularly variation in Bognola et al. (2003), the soil in this region has xylem structure from pith to bark, root to apical low organic matter with good permeability and meristem, and from stem to branch. Therefore, good water holding capacity. The climate is Cwa this heterogeneity in the secondary xylem struc- by the Köppen climate classification: warm with ture results in spatial variation in hydraulic and mechanical performance of the xylem (Gartner dry winters, mean annual temperature of 20 °C, 1995). For instance, concerning hydraulic effi- mean maximum of 25 °C and average minimum is ciency and mechanical strength trade-off, high of 18 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1441.5 frequency of large vessels has positive influence mm (CEPAGRI 2017). The region has a dry sea- on hydraulic efficiency and negative influence on son between April and September (see Fig. 1). mechanical strength (Baas et al. 2004). In con- Sampling trast, variation in abiotic and biotic environments often compels trees to respond through growth Transplantation of I. laurina planting was esta- rate like height, stem diameter, canopy cover, and blished in 2002 at a distance of 3 m x 2 m. After root depth (Hinckley et al. 2011) to compete for 10 years, 11 trees were felled and circular discs of above and below ground resources. the root at 0.3 m depth from ground level and Recent studies are focused on the structural above ground samples were obtained from two variation in the axial conducting elements of different positions i.e. at 0.5 m (stem) and 1.5 m plants, which attempt to explain how xylem struc- i.e. from main branch (branch which forked more ture provides hydraulic safety and water conduct- centrally in relation to the stem) in height (Fig. 2 ing efficiency from roots to leaves for plants and Table 1). growing under higher salinity, water limitation or Wood anatomy, hydraulic conductivity and high levels of rainfall variability, and in drought- density tolerant conditions (Robert et al. 2009, von Arx et al. 2012, Abrantes et al. 2013, Anfodillo et al. Small wood pieces (outermost 2-3 yrs. growth 2013). increment) adjacent to bark were cut from the four Such findings open up a vast field for new different sides of the disc that were obtained from research into the axial variations of vessels and roots, stem and branches. Thin slices of wood tracheids a as water conducting cells and varia- material were obtained with the help of razor tions in fibers and parenchyma cells that together blade and macerated according to the modified forms the wood structure. Thus, it is challenging Franklin method (Berlyn & Miksche 1976) to to the wood researchers to focus their attention on obtain dimensional details of the individual wood plant species living under different conditions, elements. Thirty measurements were taken ran- whether in natural forests or artificial forest plant- domly to obtain mean and standard deviations. ings. Present study anatomically investigated the For sectioning, as mentioned above, outermost 2- Anales de Biología 40, 2018 Wood axial variation of Inga laurina 33 Tree nº 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tree height (m) 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.8 6.3 ø 1.5 m (cm) Main branch 8.5 7.1 9.9 9.7 9.0 7.2 5.0 6.4 4.7 7.8 7.5 ø 0.5 m (cm) Stem 11.8 11.6 12.6 11.7 12.5 10.5 7.9 8.8 6.3 9.1 12.4 ø Root (cm) 30 cm depth 3.6 5.3 4.6 3.8 9.8 5.7 4.9 8.3 5.8 4.0 4.7 Tabla 1. Altura del árbol y diámetro de la raíz, tallo y rama principal de Inga laurina con 10 años de edad. Table 1. Tree height and diameter of root, stem and main branch of 10-year-old Inga laurina. Figura 2. A: Árbol de Inga laurina y muestreo; B: Ilustración esquemática que muestra los puntos de extracción de las muestras de madera para su investigación. Figure 2. A: Inga laurina tree and sampling; B: Schematic illustration showing the points of removal of wood samples for investigation. The terminology and characterization of wood is followed as per the IAWA list (IAWA Committee Figura 1. A: Localización del Bosque Estatal de Assis (*) en el 1989). All anatomical measurements were Estado de São Paulo, Brasil; B: Precipitación media mensual, obtained using an Olympus CX 31 microscope déficit hídrico DEF(-1) (abril y agosto), excedente hídrico EXC y temperatura media en el Bosque Estatal de Assis desde 1961a equipped with a digital camera (Olympus Evolt E 1990 (CEPAGRI, 2017). 330) and image analyzer software (Image-Pro Figure 1. A: Location of Assis State Forest (*) in São Paulo 6.3). State, Brazil; B: Mean monthly precipitation, water deficit DEF(- 1) (April and August), water surplus EXC and mean temperature Vessel grouping index was calculated as at Assis State Forest from 1961-1990 (CEPAGRI, 2017). described by Carlquist (2001) and according to the equation of Scholz et al. (2013): Vg = N ves- sels/N groupings, where Vg = vessel grouping and 3 year’s wood increments were cut from the four groupings = solitary, multiples of 2, 3 and multi- opposite sides of all 11 wood disks each that were ples of 4 or more vessels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Branching in Nature Jennifer Welborn Amherst Regional Middle School, [email protected]
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Patterns Around Us STEM Education Institute 2017 Branching in Nature Jennifer Welborn Amherst Regional Middle School, [email protected] Wayne Kermenski Hawlemont Regional School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/stem_patterns Part of the Biology Commons, Physics Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons, and the Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Welborn, Jennifer and Kermenski, Wayne, "Branching in Nature" (2017). Patterns Around Us. 2. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/stem_patterns/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the STEM Education Institute at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Patterns Around Us by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Patterns Around Us: Branching in Nature Teacher Resource Page Part A: Introduction to Branching Massachusetts Frameworks Alignment—The Nature of Science • Overall, the key criterion of science is that it provide a clear, rational, and succinct account of a pattern in nature. This account must be based on data gathering and analysis and other evidence obtained through direct observations or experiments, reflect inferences that are broadly shared and communicated, and be accompanied by a model that offers a naturalistic explanation expressed in conceptual, mathematical, and/or mechanical terms. Materials:
    [Show full text]
  • National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996
    National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for Growing a High‐Quality Root System, Trunk, and Crown in a Container Nursery
    Strategies for Growing a High‐Quality Root System, Trunk, and Crown in a Container Nursery Companion publication to the Guideline Specifications for Nursery Tree Quality Table of Contents Introduction Section 1: Roots Defects ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Liner Development ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Root Ball Management in Larger Containers .......................................................................................... 6 Root Distribution within Root Ball .............................................................................................................. 10 Depth of Root Collar ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Section 2: Trunk Temporary Branches ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Straight Trunk ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Section 3: Crown Central Leader ......................................................................................................................................................14 Heading and Re‐training
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Branching Pattern and Branching Density in 30 Woody Trees and Shrubs in Tamulipan Thornscrub, Northeast of Mexic
    rch: O ea pe es n A R t c s c Maiti et al., Forest Res 2015, 4:4 e e r s o s Forest Research F Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000160 ISSN: 2168-9776 Research Article Open Access Perspectives of Branching Pattern and Branching Density in 30 Woody Trees and Shrubs in Tamulipan Thornscrub, Northeast of Mexico Maiti R1*, Rodriguez HGM1, Aruna Kumari2 and Díaz JCG1 1Faculty of Forestry, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Carr. Nac. No. 85 Km. 45, Linares, Nuevo Leon 67700, México 2Agricultural College, Telangana State Agricultural University, Polasa, Jagtial, Karimnagar, Telangana, India Abstract In the context of the ecological perspectives, there is growing attention in the modelling of the morphological structure of the plants for developing the model of the functional processes of plants. The branching pattern functions as solar panel in the capture of solar radiation for the production of biomass and timber. The present study undertaken with the objective of determining the density of branching and types of branching of 30 tree species (trees and shrubs of Tamaulipan thorn scrub such; Helietta parvifolia, Sargentia gregii, Guaiacum angustifolium, Ebenopsis ebano, Harvadia pallens, Condalia hoockeri, Zanthoxylum fagara, Cordia boissieri, Acacia berlandieri, Diospyros texana, Celtis pallida, Forestiera angustifolia, Diospyros palmeri, Parkinsonia texana, Acacia farnesiana, Sideroxylon celastrina, Caesalpinia mexicana, Karwinskia humboldtiana, Croton suaveolens, Amyris texana, Leucaena leucocephala, Ehretia anacua, Gymnosperma glutinosum, Celtis laevigata, Acacia rigidula, Acacia shaffneri, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Prosopis laevigata, Bernardia myricifolia and Leucophyllum frutescens located at the experimental field of Forest Science Faculty of Autónoma de Nuevo en Linares, N.L., México has shown a large variability in the density and branching patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Morphology of Some Fabaceae Species from Patos De Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil1
    Hoehnea 45(1): 103-114, 2 tab., 57 fi g., 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-54/2017 Pollen morphology of some Fabaceae species from Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil1 Higor Antonio-Domingues 2,5, Angela Maria da Silva Corrêa2, Rubens Teixeira de Queiroz3 and Norma Aparecida Borges Bitar4 Received: 25.08.2017; accepted: 19.12.2017 ABSTRACT - (Pollen morphology of some Fabaceae species from Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). This paper presents a palinologycal study of 16 Fabaceae species (Bauhinia variegata (L.), Caesalpinia echinata Lam., C. pulcherri- ma (L.) Sw., Calliandra surinamensis Benth., Cassia grandis L. f., Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Inga vera Willd., I. laurina (Sw.) Willd., Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth., M. pudica L., Myroxylon peruiferum L. f., Platypodium elegans Vogel, Poincianella pluviosa (DC.) L.P. Queiroz, Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, S. polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby and Senna trachypus (Mart. ex Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby), which occur in the Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas Campus I- UNIPAM, and in the urban area of the city. The results showed that Fabaceae is euripalinous, displaying small, medium, large and very large sized pollen grains, dispersed in monads, tetrads and polyads, 3-colporate, 3-colpate, 4-(5)-(6)-24-porate, and with psilate, rugulate, reticulate-rugulate, retipilate to striate-reticulate sexine. Keywords: Cerrado, Landscaping, Leguminosae, Palinology, Urban area RESUMO - (Morfologia polínica de algumas espécies de Fabaceae de Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil). Esse trabalho apresenta o estudo palinológico de 16 especies de Fabaceae (Bauhinia variegata (L,.), Caesalpinia echinata Lam., C.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Inventory and Analysis National Core Field Guide
    National Core Field Guide, Version 5.1 October, 2011 FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NATIONAL CORE FIELD GUIDE VOLUME I: FIELD DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES FOR PHASE 2 PLOTS Version 5.1 National Core Field Guide, Version 5.1 October, 2011 Changes from the Phase 2 Field Guide version 5.0 to version 5.1 Changes documented in change proposals are indicated in bold type. The corresponding proposal name can be seen using the comments feature in the electronic file. • Section 8. Phase 2 (P2) Vegetation Profile (Core Optional). Corrected several figure numbers and figure references in the text. • 8.2. General definitions. NRCS PLANTS database. Changed text from: “USDA, NRCS. 2000. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 January 2000). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. FIA currently uses a stable codeset downloaded in January of 2000.” To: “USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 January 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. FIA currently uses a stable codeset downloaded in January of 2010”. • 8.6.2. SPECIES CODE. Changed the text in the first paragraph from: “Record a code for each sampled vascular plant species found rooted in or overhanging the sampled condition of the subplot at any height. Species codes must be the standardized codes in the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS database (currently January 2000 version). Identification to species only is expected. However, if subspecies information is known, enter the appropriate NRCS code. For graminoids, genus and unknown codes are acceptable, but do not lump species of the same genera or unknown code.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Inventory and Analysis National Core Field Guide Volume I: Field Data Collection Procedures for Phase 2 Plots
    National Core Field Guide, Version 6.0 October, 2012 FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NATIONAL CORE FIELD GUIDE VOLUME I: FIELD DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES FOR PHASE 2 PLOTS Version 6.0 National Core Field Guide, Version 6.0 October, 2012 Changes from the Phase 2 Field Guide version 5.1 to version 6.0 Changes documented in change proposals are indicated in bold type. The corresponding proposal name can be seen using the comments feature in the electronic file. These change pages are intended to highlight significant changes to the field guide and do not contain all of the details or minor changes. Introduction. Field Guide Layout. Made the following changes: Old text New text 0 General Description 0 General Description 1 Plot 1 Plot Level Data 2 Condition 2 Condition Class 3 Subplot 3 Subplot Information 4 Boundary 4 Boundary References 5 Tree Measurements 5 Tree Measurements and Sapling Data 6 Seedling 6 Seedling Data 7 Site Tree 7 Site Tree Information 8 Phase 2 Vegetation Profile (core 8 Phase 2 (P2) Vegetation Profile (core optional) optional) 9 Invasive Plants 9 Invasive Plants 10 Down Woody Materials 0.0 General Description. Paragraph 5, Defined NIMS (the National Information Management System). Also Figure 1. Figure 1 was replaced by a plot diagram including the annular ring. 0.2 Plot Integrity. Copied the following paragraph (as it appears in chapter 9) to the end of the section: “Note: Avoid becoming part of the problem! There is a risk that field crews walking into plot locations could pick up seeds along roadsides or other patches of invasive plants and spread them through the forest and on to the plot.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto De Biologia
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Biologia TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA COMO A VARIAÇÃO NO NÚMERO CROMOSSÔMICO PODE INDICAR RELAÇÕES EVOLUTIVAS ENTRE A CAATINGA, O CERRADO E A MATA ATLÂNTICA? CAMPINAS 2020 TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA COMO A VARIAÇÃO NO NÚMERO CROMOSSÔMICO PODE INDICAR RELAÇÕES EVOLUTIVAS ENTRE A CAATINGA, O CERRADO E A MATA ATLÂNTICA? Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Roberto Martins ESTE ARQUIVO DIGITAL CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO/TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO TIAGO PEREIRA RIBEIRO DA GLORIA E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. FERNANDO ROBERTO MARTINS. CAMPINAS 2020 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Biologia Mara Janaina de Oliveira - CRB 8/6972 Gloria, Tiago Pereira Ribeiro da, 1988- G514c GloComo a variação no número cromossômico pode indicar relações evolutivas entre a Caatinga, o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica? / Tiago Pereira Ribeiro da Gloria. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2020. GloOrientador: Fernando Roberto Martins. GloDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. Glo1. Evolução. 2. Florestas secas. 3. Florestas tropicais. 4. Poliploide. 5. Ploidia. I. Martins, Fernando Roberto, 1949-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: How can chromosome number
    [Show full text]
  • Shrubs of the Chicago Region
    A Selection of Native Shrubs and Noteworthy Non-Native Shrubs 1 WEB VERSION Shrubs of the Chicago Region Volunteer Stewardship Network – Chicago Wilderness Photos by: © Paul Rothrock (Taylor University, IN), © John & Jane Balaban ([email protected]; North Branch Restoration Project), © Kenneth Dritz, © Sue Auerbach, © Melanie Gunn, © Sharon Shattuck, and © William Burger (Field Museum). Produced by: Jennie Kluse © vPlants.org and Sharon Shattuck, with assistance from Ken Klick (Lake County Forest Preserve), Paul Rothrock, Sue Auerbach, John & Jane Balaban, and Laurel Ross. © Environment, Culture and Conservation, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [http://www.fmnh.org/temperateguides/]. Chicago Wilderness Guide #5 version 1 (06/2008) EVERGREEN SHRUBS: GROUP 1. LEAVES ARE NEEDLES or SCALES. 1 Juniperus horizontalis TRAILING JUNIPER: 2 Juniperus communis COMMON JUNIPER: Plants have a creeping habit; some leaves are needles but most are Erect shrub or tree (up to 3 m tall); needles whorled on stem; scales with a whitish coat; fruit a bluish-whitish berry-like cone; fruit a bluish or black berry-like cone; grows only in dunes/bluffs male cones on separate plants; grows in sandy soils. bordering Lake Michigan. DECIDUOUS SHRUBS: GROUP 2. LEAVES COMPOUND (more than one leaflet per stalk). STEMS ARMED. 3 Rosa setigera ILLINOIS ROSE: 4 Rosa palustris SWAMP ROSE: Mature plant with long-arching stems; sparse prickles; leaflets Upright shrub; stems very thorny; leaflets 5-7; sepals fall from usually 3, but sometimes 5; styles (female pollen tube) fused into mature fruit; fruit smooth, red berry-like hips; grows in wet and a column; stipules narrow to tip. open ditches, bogs, and swamps.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Morphology-I (Root, Stem and Leaf) 12
    12 Plant Morphology-I (Root, Stem and Leaf) The flowering plants are dominant plants on the earth with 3 lac species. They exhibit great variety as shown below : · Variety by size : The smallest gymnospermic plant is Zamia pygmaea with 2030 cm length while greatest gymnospermic plant is Sequoia sempervirens with 150 meter height. The smallest aquatic angiospermic plant is Lemna which is less than 1 cm and Wolffia globosa is about 25 mm in size and the tallest angiospermic plant is Eucalyptus sp. with 90100 meter length. · Variety by forms : Some plants are of Herb, Shrub or tree type, while some are of climber type. · Variety by life-span : Some plants are Annual, while some are Biannual or perennials. e.g., Bodhigaya (Pipal) tree is 2500 years old. · Variety by Habitat (Life-style) : Some plants are terrestrial, aquatic, xerophytic, epiphytic, parasitic, Halophytic in reference to their Habitat. Normally, phanerogames have two parts : (1) Above ground axis (shoot system) and (2) Underground axis (Root System). Root system develops from Radicle and shoot system develops from plumule. (1) Which option is correct for root which is developed from Radicle ? (A) Assimilatory root of Tinospora (B) Prop root of Banyan tree (C) Food storage root of carrot (D) Haustoria of cuscuta (2) Which option is correct for classification of plants according to their forms ? (i) Vinca (ii) Banyan (iii) Ocimum (iv) Eucalyptus (v) Papaya (vi) Bittergourd (vii) Pea Herb Shrub Tree Climber (A) (i), (iii) (vi), (v), (iv) (ii) (vii) (B) (iii), (vi) (iv), (v) (ii) (vii), (i) (C) (v), (vi) (i), (ii) (ii), (iv) (vii) (D) (i), (iii), (vii) (v) (ii), (iv) (vi) (3) Which option is correct for given Assertions ? x : Bodhigaya tree (pipal) is 25,000 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY of Inga Laurina (Sw.) Willd. SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE METHODS
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com International Journal of Development Research ISSN: 2230-9926 Vol. 11, Issue, 02, pp. 44650-44655, February, 2021 https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.21032.02.2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE METHODS *Catarina Carvalho Silva, Flávio Ricado da Silva Cruz, Edna Ursulino Alves, Rosemere dos Santos Silva, Maria Lúcia Maurício da Silva, Maria das Graças Rodrigues do Nascimento Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Campus II da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Rodovia PB-079, Areia – PB, 58397-000, Brasil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The species Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. belongs to the Fabaceae, popularly known as ingá, is Received 14th December, 2020 widely distributed in Brazil, has wood of good quality, fruit with sweetened pulp, and can be used Received in revised form in the reforestation of riparian forests and recovery of degraded areas. Considering the 19th December, 2020 importance of this species, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of Accepted 20th January, 2021 th Iinga laurina seeds stored under different conditions. The experiment was carried out at Published online 28 February, 2021 Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, with the treatments distributed in a factorial scheme 3 x 6 Key Words: (seeds inside the pods, seeds outside the pods with sarcotesta and seeds outside the pods without sarcotesta) and storage periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days). Water content, percentage, first Fruitful. Viability.Vigor. Recalcitrant species. counting of germination, germination speed index, root and shoot length, dry matter of roots and shoot were evaluated.
    [Show full text]