DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Prune Young Shade Trees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How to Prune Young Shade Trees How to Prune Young Shade Trees No.1 Editor: Dr. James R. Fazio • $3.00 An unpruned A 15-year-old shade tree that was 15-year-old shade tree. properly pruned when young. s the twig is bent, so grows the tree.” This insightful old bromide about children might just as well serve as the cardinal principle for pruning young shade trees. What you do to your tree in its first few years of life will “A affect its shade, strength, and even its life span. In importance, early pruning must rank just after selecting the right tree for the site and careful planting. The sketch of the tree on the right represents what What made the difference? we like shade trees to look like 15 years or so after planting: a tall, straight trunk and a full, healthy crown The tree at the right was properly pruned when it with strong, well-spaced branches … a tree that casts a was young. The tree at the left was neglected. broad expanse of sheltering shade, that resists damage by wind and ice, that is easy to maintain. This bulletin explains how pruning young shade trees is a simple, straight-forward task. It is a job The sketch at the left also represents a 15-year-old that needs to be done, whether by you for the trees tree. But it looks more like a big, rambling bush than in your yard or by your community for the trees on a well-groomed shade tree. Its low-growing branches public property. In any case, proper pruning will obscure streets, driveways, and walks, posing traffic save money in the long run and give you safer, more hazards. Many branches have been damaged during beautiful, healthy, easy-to-maintain trees. storms, and weak, unsightly shoots sprout in abundance. Maintenance is badly needed and will now be expensive. A Tale of Two Trees One happy day in May the all-American dream came new starts in life. Unknown to each other, both families left alone, just as it is in the forest. Family B knew The new transplant is probably on poor soil that is then true for two families. Brand new houses of their own in planted trees that were the same species and the same age. better. They realized that a tree in the yard or along a subjected to the trampling of hundreds of footsteps. It the suburbs. The good life for their kids. New friends street is not growing there because ecological sorting most likely is not enjoying the optimum conditions of and neighbors. More space and comfort. And good Looking ahead, we would expect the twin trees to matched its needs to the site. It is there because it sunlight or shade, and it certainly does not have the investments, too. eventually make a nice contribution to the neighborhood, was planted there; nature’s method was circumvented. advantage of forest neighbors to shield it from wind, each spreading its shade to grateful residents for prune its lower branches, and form the outline of its Now, it happened that both families loved trees, so generations to come. But, it was not to be. Unfortunately, crown. In short, it needs help. they each promptly planted one to commemorate their Family A had the misguided belief that a tree should be FAMILY A’S TREE — NOT PRUNED WHEN YOUNG FAMILY B’S TREE — PRUNED WHEN YOUNG AT PLANTING AFTER 3-4 YEARS AFTER 5-7 YEARS 15 YEARS AFTER PLANTING AT PLANTING AFTER 3-4 YEARS AFTER 5-7 YEARS 15 YEARS AFTER PLANTING Family A didn’t ask By the time many The baby is quickly Family A’s tree is now for planting instructions. transplants are in their becoming an adult. The not only unattractive, but Family B also Root growth should be Lower limbs are pruned Family B was amazed to They knew how to plant new homes for two to results of not making dangerous, especially planted their tree well on its way to anchoring off to “raise” the bottom see their tree survive a major a tree. When that was four growing seasons, corrections early in life when the wind is blowing. correctly, but they the transplant and expanding of the crown well out of windstorm one summer day. done, they believed their sprouts and suckers may are now quite visible, Lopsided and dense, the tree also noticed a broken to the size necessary to the way of human heads. While many other trees in work was done. appear. The root suckers although some are in full leaf catches the wind branch and a branch nourish the growing branches. The lowest limbs are now the neighborhood suffered protruding near the still not obvious to the like a sail. Also, the narrow that was competing Family B decides to cut off permanent. An important split tops and broken limbs, Actually, they were base sap strength from untrained eye. To the branch angles and multiple with the leader. the root suckers and sprouts fact is recognized here. theirs stood strong and firm. partly correct. You may the tree. The sprouts more careful observer, leaders have resulted in Both were pruned in the crown. Excessive Branches do not move Proper pruning gave strength receive instructions to are disproportionally the form of the future a weak top. The broken close to the trunk. branches are thinned to upward as a tree grows to the branches and allowed the contrary, but little vigorous and weakly crown is apparent. branch not only attracted Another, swollen reduce competition for light, taller. The center of a the wind to pass harmlessly should be done to the attached to the tree. And insects, but may soon break from the sting of an water, and nutrients, and a branch at 5 feet will always through the thinned crown. tree at this stage. In look at the broken limb. off under the weight of too insect laying eggs (a codominant leader is removed. be at 5 feet. Early each spring, the tree most cases, it is best to By now, it has sprouted many sprouts. Decay has gall), was snipped A few of the lowest limbs are gets scrutinized and dead leave all the leaf surface numerous branches just entered the trunk where off. Otherwise, also removed, but others are Higher up, a few or damaged limbs are cut possible to manufacture below the break — too the little bent branch tore all branches temporarily left to help the overzealous branches are off using proper pruning food that will build a many, in fact. off many years ago and a were left intact to trunk develop more taper and cut back so they do not methods. Otherwise, Family larger root system. It has jagged stub protrudes just provide maximum strength. Growth is far enough protrude beyond the outline B has only to enjoy their been found that both above it. The tree is an leaf surface to along to reveal branches that of the crown. A branch here tree. And what do you roots and top will be accident waiting to happen. manufacture food rub or are growing in an or there is removed for more know? Just before they larger after one year if It is becoming more of a during the first undesirable direction. Narrow even spacing, but basically moved recently, the realtor left unpruned. liability than an asset for year of life in its angles are also eliminated for the job of sculpturing the told them it was their trees the property. new home. reasons explained on page 4. tree is now complete. that helped sell the property so quickly. 2 • TREE CITY USA BULLETIN No. 1 • Arbor Day Foundation TREE CITY USA BULLETIN No. 1 • Arbor Day Foundation • 3 Pruning for Strength Pruning for Form The first guide to pruning a young shade tree is to have a clear understanding about what pruning can do for The objective in pruning for form is to help shape a the tree — and you. tree that is aesthetically pleasing and serves well in the space it is to occupy. After pruning with strength in mind, For example, we know to prune modestly — if at all After the first year, pruning should begin in look for ways to help shape the most desirable tree. — when transplanting a new tree. An immediate objective earnest. Pruning with strength as the objective is must be to strengthen and expand the root system which the best way to avoid weak branches later on and is often reduced by 80-90 percent during transplanting. To to prevent expensive corrections that will otherwise 2/3 meet this objective, as much as possible of the leaf surface become necessary. (the tree’s food factory) is left intact. Only damaged or dead limbs should be removed. What to look for: WATERSPROUTS AND BRANCH ANGLES AND SIZE Narrow angles signal a SUCKERS point of future weakness, whether in the trunk or These “parasite” sprouts crown. As the two branches can occur at the base or Before After Pruning Pruning grow, neither has sufficient inside the crown. They are space to add the wood rapidly growing, weakly 1/3 needed for strength. attached, and upright. Instead, they grow against Usually they use more each other. The effect is energy than they return similar to hammering in to the tree. It is best to a wedge. To prevent this remove them as soon THINNING AND SPACING INGROWERS, PROTRUDERS, AND CROWN RATIO and the expensive problems as possible when it is that are sure to follow, obvious they are Most trees benefit from thinning — removing a When a crown is dense, look for limbs that turn simply remove one of the vigorous sprouts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recovering from Wildfire a Guide for Arizona’S Forest Owners Tom Degomez
    ARIZONA COOPERATIVE E TENSION AZ1294 Revised 12/11 Recovering From Wildfire A Guide for Arizona’s Forest Owners Tom DeGomez What Do I Do Now? Wildfire, the disaster so many forest owners fear has occasional pockets of moderate to high intensity burn. happened—to you. Fire may have burned all or just a Occasionally, fires do burn at high intensity over large portion of your property, over many acres of your land or areas. Fires which burn at low intensity do not burn up just your homesite, burned it completely or only partially. the forest canopy. Most leaves or needles remain on trees, Whatever the circumstances, you’re now left wondering, even though some may be brown and the lower branches “What should I do now?” may be scorched. The ground is still partially covered by After the fire is out, it’s time to start making some old needles, leaves, and decaying wood. decisions. Although you may feel that the worst has happened, there are actions you can take now to protect Low-intensity fires are in the long run, beneficial to your property from further impacts and to recoup some maintaininga healthy forest. In fact, many Arizona tree of your losses. species and plant communities evolved with low-intensity This publication discusses issues property owners should fire as part of the natural system. These fires clear out consider following a wildfire on their property, including the underbrush, thin out young trees which may be too how to protect your valuable property from further damage numerous, and reduce the amount of fuel accumulating on due to erosion, where to go for help and financial assistance, the forest floor, thereby lessening the chance of future high how remove or salvage trees that were lost or damaged, intensity wildfires (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Pest Management Strategic Plan for Christmas Trees In
    Pest Management Strategic Plan for Christmas Trees in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho Lead Authors: Joe DeFrancesco and Katie Murray, Oregon State University Editor: Diane Clarke, University of California, Davis Summary of a workshop held on February 2 nd and 3 rd , 2009 Aurora, Oregon Issued: August 2009 Contact Person: Joe DeFrancesco Integrated Plant Protection Center Oregon State University 2040 Cordley Hall Corvallis, OR 97331-2915 (541) 737-0718 [email protected] This project was sponsored by the Western Integrated Pest Management Center, which is funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. Table of Contents Work Group Members ................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Critical Needs ............................................................................................ 5 Introductory Pages: Process for this Pest Management Strategic Plan ............................................. 6 Regulatory Background ...................................................................................... 7 Christmas Tree Production Overview ............................................................... 8 Christmas Tree Export Markets ........................................................................ 13 Targeting Pests in Christmas Tree Production................................................ 15 Christmas Tree Pests Outline ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SFI 2020 Annual Report
    SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY INITIATIVE 2YEARS SFI-00001 1995-20205 BETTER CHOICES FOR THE PLANET 2020 SFI PROGRESS REPORT 18-month calendar July 2020–December 2021 SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY INITIATIVE 2YEARS SFI-00001 1995-20205 IT IS CRITICAL THAT WE WORK TOGETHER TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF OUR PLANET. People and organizations are seeking solutions that don’t just reduce negative impacts but ensure positive contributions to the long-term health of people and the planet. SFI-certified forests and products are powerful tools to achieve shared goals such as climate action, reduced waste, conservation of biodiversity, education of future generations, and sustainable economic development. SFI PROVIDES PRACTICAL, SCALABLE SOLUTIONS FOR MARKETS AND COMMUNITIES WORKING TO PURSUE THIS GROWING COMMITMENT TO A SUSTAINABLE PLANET. When companies, consumers, educators, community, and sustainability leaders collaborate with SFI, they are making active, positive choices to achieve a sustainable future. Our mission is to advance sustainability through forest-focused collaborations. For 25 years, SFI has been a leader in sustainable forest management through our standards. In recent years, we have built on our successes and evolved into a solutions-oriented sustainability organization that addresses local, national, and global challenges. Our recently updated mission, to advance sustainability through forest-focused collaborations, reflects this focus. Climate change, biodiversity, strength in diversity, clean water, the future of our youth, the importance of a walk in the forest, and the sustainability and resilience of our communities—these are some of the important issues that the SFI community is working to address. Thank you for We also realized that we will need a new generation of leaders to help us tackle the future challenges being a part of facing our planet.
    [Show full text]
  • 4009-Uandcf Guidebook New2
    MULTI-CULTURAL COMMUNITIES ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF ALL CHAPTER FIVE ester Brown of the World WatchL Institute once wrote, “Tree planting fosters community spirit and pride, bringing people together for a meaningful purpose that can build bridges and promote understanding...” In a living example of Brown’s vision, it was trees that brought together people of diverse ethnic backgrounds in a Long Beach, California, tree planting campaign that won a 1993 National Arbor Day Foundation Project Award. The project demonstrated bridge- building cooperation among 28 local organizations that included city bureaus, civic organizations and neighborhood associations. It was reported that during this project people of different ethnicities from the same neighborhood worked together side by side toward a common goal for the first time ever. The Trees benefit everyone equally and tree project even found its way into projects can be the builder of bridges local school curricula and between cultures. resulted in educational tree materials being printed in English, Spanish and Khmer. 30 To build any strong, sustainable urban forestry program a different approach is needed today than has been used traditionally. The foundation for today’s program Terms Intended to Help must not only be ecologically and economically sound, Communicate Sometimes it must also be embraced by all segments of the society Don’t Work it is intended to serve. To succeed, urban forestry must reflect the social makeup of the local community. It To address and overcome the must be understood, supported and guided by all. problem of inclusion in urban forestry, terms are necessary to communicate The social composition of each community is about under-represented stakeholders different, and knowing what it is locally is your first and potential audiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree City USA® Take Pride in a Greener Community
    Tree City USA® Take Pride in a Greener Community ou have seen the signs along the road and perhaps a Tree City USA flag flying at city hall in other communities. Towns and cities that have Y received their Tree City USA recognition take pride in this distinction. And the people who live there enjoy the valuable benefits of having a greener, healthier community. Tree City USA is a national recognition program that began in 1976 and is sponsored by the Arbor Day Foundation in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service and National Association of State Foresters. By meeting four fundamental standards, an incorporated municipality of any size can qualify. Applying for the Tree City USA award is easy and the recognition is outstanding. There are now thousands of communities that proudly receive roadside signs, fly the flag of Tree City USA and — knowing the value of participation — renew their application every year. Tree City USA is a great way to get the community involved in green space. A community that feels involved will take better care of their environment. – ALISON LITCHY, FORT SMITH, AR FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF TREE CITY USA n STANDARD 1: A TREE BOARD OR DEPARTMENT The formation of a tree board or value enhancement, and all the other department often stems from a group attributes of trees in cities of all sizes. It of citizens. In some cases a mayor or also enables city government to prevent city officials have started the process. and control destructive insects and Either way, the benefits are immense. diseases, avoid unnecessary costs and Involving residents and business owners liability from hazardous trees and tree- creates wide awareness of what trees do related accidents, and protect residents for the community and provides broad from unscrupulous or careless operators.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildfire Suppression Funding and Forest Management Activities Act
    Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 Public Law 115-141 H. R. 1625—712 DIVISION O—WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION FUNDING AND FOREST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ACT SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. This division may be cited as the ‘‘Wildfire Suppression Funding and Forest Management Activities Act’’. TITLE I—WILDFIRE AND DISASTER FUNDING ADJUSTMENT SEC. 102 . WILDFIRE AND DISASTER FUNDING ADJUSTMENT. (a) Section 251(b)(2) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 901(b)(2)) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (D)(i), by striking subclauses (I) and (II) and inserting the following— ‘‘(I) the average over the previous 10 years (excluding the highest and lowest years) of the sum of the funding provided for disaster relief (as that term is defined on the date immediately before the date of enactment of the Wildfire Suppression Funding and Forest Management Activities Act); ‘‘(II) notwithstanding clause (iv), starting in fiscal year 2018, five percent of the total appropria- tions provided after fiscal year 2011 or in the previous 10 years, whichever is less, net of any rescissions of budget authority enacted in the same period, with respect to amounts provided for major disasters declared pursuant to the Robert T. Staf- ford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) and designated by the Congress and the President as an emergency pursuant to subparagraph (A)(i) of this paragraph; and ‘‘(III) the cumulative net total of the unused carryover for fiscal year 2018 and all subsequent fiscal years, where the unused carryover for each fiscal year is calculated as the sum of the amounts in subclauses (I) and (II) less the enacted appro- priations for that fiscal year that have been des- ignated as being for disaster relief.’’; (2) in subparagraph (D)(ii), by striking ‘‘not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of the Budget Control Act of 2011’’ and inserting ‘‘not later than 30 days after the H.
    [Show full text]
  • Branching in Nature Jennifer Welborn Amherst Regional Middle School, [email protected]
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Patterns Around Us STEM Education Institute 2017 Branching in Nature Jennifer Welborn Amherst Regional Middle School, [email protected] Wayne Kermenski Hawlemont Regional School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/stem_patterns Part of the Biology Commons, Physics Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons, and the Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Welborn, Jennifer and Kermenski, Wayne, "Branching in Nature" (2017). Patterns Around Us. 2. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/stem_patterns/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the STEM Education Institute at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Patterns Around Us by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Patterns Around Us: Branching in Nature Teacher Resource Page Part A: Introduction to Branching Massachusetts Frameworks Alignment—The Nature of Science • Overall, the key criterion of science is that it provide a clear, rational, and succinct account of a pattern in nature. This account must be based on data gathering and analysis and other evidence obtained through direct observations or experiments, reflect inferences that are broadly shared and communicated, and be accompanied by a model that offers a naturalistic explanation expressed in conceptual, mathematical, and/or mechanical terms. Materials:
    [Show full text]
  • Arborist Tree Assessment Report
    Arborist Tree Assessment Report Lower Laurel School Menlo Park, California Prepared for Ahmad Sheikholeslami Director of Facilities and Operations Menlo Park City School District 181 Encinal Ave., Atherton Ca 94025 Prepared by Robert Weatherill, Certified Arborist WE 1936a Advanced Tree Care P.O. Box 5326 Redwood City, CA 94063 (650) 839 9539 Office March 6, 2017 Advanced Tree Care P.O. Box 5326, Redwood City, CA 94063 650 839 9539 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Introduction Assignment At the request of Menlo Park City School District, I was asked to provide a tree assessment of significant trees on the grounds and within 8 feet of the grounds of Lower Laurel School located at 90 Edge Rd, Atherton, CA 94027. A recent tree failure has prompted the need to inspect all the large trees around the property for health and safety. Survey Methods A visual assessment of the trees was made from the ground. No samples were collected for laboratory analysis, nor were the trees climbed as neither were part of the assignment. The trees had previously been affixed with numerical aluminum tags which are referred to in the report. Observations On March 6, 2017, I visited the school to assess the health and conditions in and around the school property. There are 25 significant trees or areas of trees included in the survey of which 23 are on this property. Many of the trees are mature, some have been maintained where as others have not been maintained for some time. Each tree is photographed with observations and recommendations for maintenance. There are some trees that require further investigation with resistograph if they are to stay; other trees show evidence of root decay and are therefore a hazard and should be removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbor Day Teacher's Guide
    Teacher’s Guide Arbor Day Seedling Distribution Program A Maryland Forest Education Initiative Maryland Department of Natural Resources Forest Service and Maryland State Department of Education 1 Maryland State Department of Education Nancy S. Grasmick 200 West Baltimore Street State Superintendent of School Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Phone (410) 767-0100 TTY/TDD (410) 333-6442 Dear Arbor Day Teachers, The Arbor Day Teacher’s Guide was written by Maryland elementary school educators who have been involved with Arbor Day in their schools. The development of the Guide was a cooperative effort between Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources and the State Department of Education. We have tried to make the activities child-centered, fun and authentic, while keeping the use of activities flexible enough to meet your particular class or school needs. The activities in the Teacher’s Guide should be helpful to you as you prepare for Arbor Day. Although Maryland’s ‘official’ ArborDay is the first Wednesday in April, almost any day is a good day to plant trees. Planting directions and informative classroom activities are included in the Guide. Arbor Day is a wonderful opportunity to help students developtheir sense of appreciation and ability to care for living things in general and trees in particular. We are dependent on trees and forests for many difference resources we use every day. Trees and forests give us jobs, many environmental benefits and a quiet place to walk on a summer day. We hope you find this Teacher’s Guide helpful and easy to use, and that as you implement Arbor Day you take a few minutes to sit in the shade with two of Maryland’s special resources, our trees and our children.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Owner's Manual Table of Contents for the Northeastern And
    United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry NA-FR-04-07 November 2008 TTreeree Owner’s Manual for the Northeastern and Midwestern United States www.treeownersmanual.info Tree Owner's Manual Table of Contents for the Northeastern and Midwestern United States Important Precautions ................................1 Model Information and Parts Diagram ........2 Deciduous Model..................................... .2 Authors: Evergreen Model...................................... 3 Jill R. Johnson, Forest Service Packaging ..................................................3 Roots .......................................................3 Gary R. Johnson, University of Minnesota Trunk and Branches .................................3 Maureen H. McDonough, Michigan State Pre-Installation (Preparing to Plant) ...........4 University Materials ................................................4 Lisa L. Burban, Forest Service Instructions .............................................4 Installation (Planting) .................................6 Janette K. Monear, Tree Trust Materials .................................................6 Instructions .............................................6 Illustrator: Maintenance Schedule ............................. 12 Maintenance Instructions ......................... 13 Jennifer Salveson Watering ................................................ 13 Installing a Trunk Guard ........................ 14 Technical Reviewers: Preventing and Correcting Katie Armstrong,
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for Growing a High‐Quality Root System, Trunk, and Crown in a Container Nursery
    Strategies for Growing a High‐Quality Root System, Trunk, and Crown in a Container Nursery Companion publication to the Guideline Specifications for Nursery Tree Quality Table of Contents Introduction Section 1: Roots Defects ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Liner Development ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Root Ball Management in Larger Containers .......................................................................................... 6 Root Distribution within Root Ball .............................................................................................................. 10 Depth of Root Collar ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Section 2: Trunk Temporary Branches ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Straight Trunk ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Section 3: Crown Central Leader ......................................................................................................................................................14 Heading and Re‐training
    [Show full text]
  • Arbor Day in South Dakota
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange SDSU Extension Fact Sheets SDSU Extension 1968 Arbor Day in South Dakota Cooperative Extension South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_fact Recommended Citation South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension, "Arbor Day in South Dakota" (1968). SDSU Extension Fact Sheets. 1074. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_fact/1074 This Fact Sheet is brought to you for free and open access by the SDSU Extension at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in SDSU Extension Fact Sheets by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. SDSU ® Extension For current policies and practices, contact SDSU Extension \,\Tebsite: extension.sdstate.edu Phone: 605-688-4 792 Email: [email protected] SDSU Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer in accordance with the nondiscrimination policies of South Dakota State University, the South Dakota Board of Regents and the United States Department of Agriculture. FS 391 ARBOR DAY tn SOUTH DAKOTA } ' FRI S~l 3 4 5 6 2 ,o n l2 l3 9 17 ,s 19 20 14 5 163 24 25 ?-7 ,_, ,_,_ 2 ® 28 29 30 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE "Hail South Dakota," "The Sunshine State," "Land of Infinite Variety," "The Shrine of Democ­ A SOR DAY racy" ..
    [Show full text]