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Paula Llewellyn Public Prosecutions Jamaica TRANS-ATLANTIC SYMPOSIUM ON DISMANTLING TRANSNATIONAL ILLICIT NETWORKS MAY17-19,2011 LISBON,PORTUGAL Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) THREATTHREAT CONVERGENCECONVERGENCE ANDAND CURRENTCURRENT TRANSNATIONALTRANSNATIONAL CRIMECRIME TRENDSTRENDS AA CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE:PERSPECTIVE: FOCUSINGFOCUSING ONON COMBATINGCOMBATING THETHE REGIONALREGIONAL RISERISE ININ GANGGANG VIOLENCEVIOLENCE BYBY PAULAPAULA V.LLEWELLYN,V.LLEWELLYN, Q.C.Q.C. DIRECTORDIRECTOR OFOF PUBLICPUBLIC PROSECUTIONSPROSECUTIONS JAMAICAJAMAICA Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) THE DEVLOPMENT OF GANGS IN THE CARIBBEAN Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) DEFINITIONDEFINITION OFOF GANGSGANGS United Nations definition of gang- “any group of persons coming together for some criminal purpose”. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND y Jamaica is averaging 1500 murders and an equally high number of non-fatal shootings committed by criminals each year. y In the last 10 years 12,954 murders were committed in Jamaica; 9,231 with the use of illegal guns. During some period 21,800 other serious crimes were committed with illegal gun. y Over 80% of murders, shootings and other serious crimes such as robberies, car-jacking & stealing, contract killings, extortion, drug and gun smuggling is attributed to criminal gangs which is among the transnational illicit networks that exist throughout the Caribbean and by extension the world. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND (Cont(Cont’’d)d) y There are over 202 criminal gangs in Jamaica about 12 producing majority of serious crimes. (Jamaica has a population of approximately 2, 695, 600). y The police seized 5,661 illegal guns and 147,797 rounds of ammunitions and made 21,658 arrests for illegal gun and ammunition possession over same period. y Serious crimes continue unabated with no apparent shortage of guns, ammunition or criminals ready to use them against citizens. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) THETHE JAMAICANJAMAICAN ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT y Jamaican Gangs/Posses are relatively homogenous, violent and ubiquitous. y They have become a special set of social actors making social investment in neighbourhoods they control by performing some functions of the failing Jamaican welfare state (Manwaring 2008). y Rooted in poverty, unemployment lack of social mobility, deportation, regressive politics. y Gang actions if left unchecked would put Jamaica on a path of moving toward a “criminal state” or a “narco- state”. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) CHANGINGCHANGING CRIMINALCRIMINAL ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT Jamaica's crime situation has experienced a radical transformation away from individualistic crime to group crimes since the late 1970s. (Harriot 2003) More co-ordinated violence Organized criminality Criminals control and battle for turf Witness intimidation and elimination Systematic undermining of law enforcement Crime now a major security concern Law enforcement strategies and capacities no longer impacting positively on crime Blurring of lines between crime and security Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) SPATIALSPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION OFOF HOMICIDESHOMICIDES ININ KINGSTONKINGSTON ININ 20072007 Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION OFOF GANGSGANGS FIRST GENERATION GANGS Turf oriented loose and unsophisticated leadership. Motives are turf protection and petty cash acquisition. Mostly involved in opportunistic individual crimes. Lower end of extreme in societal violence. Most gangs operate at this level in normal societies. Even at this level Jamaican gangs display high level of ruthlessness. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) SECONDSECOND GENERATIONGENERATION GANGSGANGS Organized for business and financial gains. Involved in drug trafficking; arms trade; market protection. Centralized leadership. Often experience violent leadership change. Operate over broader geographic areas, even on a trans-national level e.g. One Order, Clans, Yardie Possie, Shower Possie. Violence used to protect market control competition and political interference to negate effect of law enforcement (e.g. witness elimination, turf war). Dominate vulnerable community life in broad areas. Are linked with and provide mercenary services to insurgents. Overtly challenge state security and sovereignty; hence pose a national security threat. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) THIRDTHIRD GENERATIONGENERATION GANGSGANGS y Expand geographical boundaries and commercial and political objectives. y They control a larger market and variety of allies. y Expand activities to smuggling people; body parts; weapons and vehicles. y Associated with intimidation, murder, kidnapping and robbery; money laundering, home and community invasion and lucrative societal destabilization activities (Riverton City in Kingston, Jamaica). y Control ungoverned territory and acquire political power, challenge state monopoly on political control (garrisons). Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) THIRDTHIRD GENERATIONGENERATION GANGSGANGS (Cont(Cont’’d)d) y Provide security and freedom of movement and thus facilitating the actioning of gang activities. y Gang leaders act like warlords, insurgent leaders or drug barons (for example, Bulbie, Andem, Miller, Zeeks, Calvert and Dudus). y Engage in mercenary activities and intrastate war or non-state war (One Order/Clans; Stone Crushers State). y Challenge authoritative allocation of values (Max Manwaring-Author). y Substitute criminal values of greed, extravagance, Conspicuous consumption, sex perversion, hooliganism. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) CURRENTCURRENT SITUATIONSITUATION ININ JAMAICAJAMAICA y Gang Threat Asssesment Survey (2009) estimates that there are 202 criminal gangs, with approximately 2645 members. y Criminal gangs have become an ingrained feature of the Jamaican socio-political fabric whereby they make social investments in some inner city/ghetto communities and acquire control by performing some critical functions of the state such as welfare and security. • None of these gangs control any notable geographical space within the country. However, their centers of influence are located within small pockets within some inner city or depressed communities. All these areas can be accessed by the law enforcement entities at all times. • The problem of gang violence has also manifested itself in other Caribbean islands and is in Paulafact V. Llewellyn,growing. Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) PERCENTAGE GANG RELATED MURDERS 2003-2008 (Extracted from Gangs in Caribbean Presentation for CPFT 2010 : Prepared by Jamaican Delegation – Min. Nt’l Security ) Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) GangsGangs T&TT&T Trinidad’s Gangs y The twin-island nation now has more gun-related deaths than Jamaica and a murder rate (42 per 100,000). y Police estimate that the majority of these killings are carried out by the “roughly 80 gangs with a membership of no more than 1,200 people (population approximately 1.3 million)”. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) TT && TT -- EvolutionEvolution ofof ViolenceViolence y Gang violence has consumed Trinidad with terrifying speed. y Between 1998 and 2008 the number of murders has increased fivefold, from 98 to 550, and the number of guns seized by the police has risen from 140 to 437. Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) DelinquentDelinquent GangsGangs -- St.St. KittsKitts && NevisNevis Gangs have been in existence for many decades, but recently there has been a very significant increase in their numbers, as well as an increase in the number of youths affiliated with gangs, gang- youth drug involvement and gang violence in the country. (Population approximately 49,898) Their activity has become more violent and also a major social problem in the twin-island Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis. Some known gangs are: 1) The Bloods 2)The Crips 3) Black Night 4) River Side 5) Brown Street Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) HOMICIDES IN REGION (Extracted from Gangs in Caribbean Presentation for CPFT 2010 : Prepared by Jamaican Delegation – Ministry of National Security) Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) MurderMurder RateRate byby RegionRegion (Extracted from Gangs in Caribbean Presentation for CPFT 2010 : Prepared by Jamaican Delegation – Ministry of National Security ) Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) ImpactImpact ofof CrimeCrime (Extracted from Gangs in Caribbean Presentation for CPFT 2010 : Prepared by Jamaican Delegation – Ministry of National Security ) Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) WEAPONS RECOVERED FOR THE 5 YEARS 2004 -2008 TOTAL: 3247 Revolvers 21% Pistols 49% Rifles 6% Home Made 18% S.M.G. 3% Shot Guns 3% Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) GEOGRAPHICGEOGRAPHIC && DEMOGRAPHICDEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS OFOF VIOLENTVIOLENT CRIMESCRIMES ININ THETHE CARIBBEANCARIBBEAN REGIONREGION - Social exclusion - High levels of unemployment - Low educational achievement - Youthful population - Porous borders : high density of illegal guns; drug trade - Slow economic growth Paula V. Llewellyn, Q.C.- DPP 1 7/5/2011 (Jamaica) ReasonsReasons forfor ViolenceViolence y Disputes over territory y Disputes over “business deals” gone wrong. y Retaliation (for example,
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