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Law Enforcement The Stockholm Gang Model PANTHER Stockholm Gang Intervention & Prevention Project, 2009–2012 Leinfelt & Rostami (Eds.) The Stockholm Gang Model: PANTHER Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project, 2009-2012 Project Advisor Fredrik Leinfelt Project Manager Amir Rostami Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län With the Support of Stockholm County Police, Stockholm, Sweden the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme 7th Police District, Södertörn European Commission – Directorate General Justice, Section against Gang Crime (SGI) Freedom and Security PRIMARY AUTHORS: Detective Fredrik Leinfelt (Sweden) and Detective Inspector Amir Rostami (Sweden). Contact information/questions: [email protected] or [email protected] CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Dr. Cheryl Maxson (USA), Dr. Finn-Aage Esbensen (USA), Dr. David Brotherton (USA/U.K.), Detective Superintendent Fredrik Gårdare (Sweden), Detective Superinten- dent Inga-Lill Hult (Sweden), Detective Inspector Torbjörn Hermansson (Sweden), Detective Inspector Magnus Sohlén (Sweden), PR Officer Hesam Akbari (Sweden), Police Superintendent Eirik Jensen (Nor- way), Senior Advisor Roger Stubberud (Norway), Inspector Debbie Mackenzie (U.K.), Kira Vrist Rønn (Denmark), Detective Inspector Tino Snedevig Jensen (Denmark). All Rights Reserved © 2011 –2012 Parts of this book are reprinted with the permission of the authors and/or publisher. PRINTING: Elanders Sverige AB; 2012 LAYOUT: Anni Sundquist, Agneta Öberg/Elanders Sverige AB PHOTO: Environmental images from Alby, Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län, Södertörns PMD – Fredrik Leinfelt, Amir Rostami ISBN: 978-91-637-0777-3 Dnr: AA-400-44610-08 “First, we must address the personal, family, and community factors that cause young people to choose gangs over more productive alternatives. The more success we have in prevention, the fewer people we’ll have to prosecute for violent activity down the road.” U.S. Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales, 2006 Contents Contents Acknowledgments ..................................... 11 Project Partners ..............................................12 Preface ....................................................................13 Message from the Chairman ......................................14 Introduction ..................................................................................16 Part I : Background ..................................................................................21 Foreword – Gangs and Gang Members: Some Definitional Issues ............. 22 Chapter 1 – The Influence of Research on Policing .................................... 28 The “practitioner-researcher” Resistance to change Strategies for success Chapter 2 – Social construction of gangs .................................................... 36 What is Social Constructionism? Strict Constructivism and the Gang Contextual Constructivism and the Gang The Social Deconstructionists and the Gang Conclusion: Social (De)constructionist Questions that Emerge for Gang Criminology Chapter 3 – PolicingParadigms: Some Theoretical Influences to PANTHER ............................................... 52 A Note on the American History of Policing To Protect and Serve – Community Policing Strategies Research leading up to COP Patrol Work Response Time Detective bureaus Observations regarding research leading to COP and the work on gangs Community Policing Problem-Oriented Policing and SARA COMPSTAT Utility for PANTHER Enterprise Theory of Investigation (ETI) – Applying it to street gangs LUC and RUC Investigative vigor: go for the money 5 Part II : The PANTHER Model ..................................................................79 Chapter 1 – The History of Swedish Gangs ................................................ 80 Early work on criminal networks and gangs in Sweden Criminal networks in Sweden The establishment of modern criminal gangs in Sweden Recent developments – The Swedish street gang Recruitment The move towards a specialized gang unit – SGI Brief historical review: 2005 -- present Chapter 2 – Bridging Science and Pragmatism: The Stockholm Gang Intervention and Prevention Project (SGIP) ............ 90 Overview Demographics and the SGI organization The fundamental building blocks of SGIP Research and Science Policing Collaboration with other authorities The three phases of SGIP Central goals and objectives in SGIP Counteract gang recruitment – Prevention efforts Establishing and maintaining gang intelligence – Suppressive efforts Managing desistance from crime – Intervention efforts Hybrid efforts - Intervention and suppression (ALFI) Operational staff meetings Having a positive attitude Chapter 3 – The PANTHER Gang Model: Preventive Analysis about Network Targets for a Holistic Enforcement Response .............................110 The PANTHER model Flexibility Adaptability The PANTHER process Scanning and analysis Scanning Collaboration with other agencies Collecting intelligence Social Network Analysis: Finding Strategic Individuals Using Social Network Analysis to track gang development Determine Type of Gang and Developing Appropriate Response Paradigms Deciding on a Media Strategy Background Checks Strategic and Tactical Analysis Method selection and tactical operations Letting research guide the choice of operational methods 6 Investigation Types of investigations The backbone of investigations: interviews and interrogations Go for the money: white-collar crime, examining corporations and seizing assets Reflections on Investigating Gang Crime using the PANTHER model Evaluation Documentation is essential for success Problems associated with evaluations – when there’s no impact Chapter 4 – Communication Strategies in Policing Operations .................154 Using Communication Strategies in Policing Operations Communications 101 Designing communication Step 1. Survey and assess Background factors and determine the overall purpose Step 2. Identify your target audiences Step 3. Develop communication objectives Step 4. Determine and formulate your message Step 5. Determine your plan of action Choice of method and channel of dissemination Step 6. Prepare your materials Step 7. Perform communication activities Step 8. Evaluate and track the impact of communication Closing remarks Chapter 5 – PANTHER Applications: Desistance and Working in Socially Deprived Areas ........................................................................166 Desistance Why should the police care – isn’t this a matter for social services? Recommended structure and organization Social Intervention Teams (SIT) in PANTHER How do we accomplish this? Recidivism PANTHER in socially deprived areas (CODE) Does social unrest relate to street gangs? Theoretical considerations Applying the CODE component in PANTHER Chapter 6 – PANTHER Limitations .........................................................182 Implementing Problem-Oriented Policing Implementing Community-Oriented Policing Limitations with the implementation of PANTHER Closing remarks Chapter 7 – Operation LIMA: Some strategic Reflexions .........................188 Background Start-up Phase Command and Control Tactics Results 7 An unexpected Event – The Need for Flexibility Some important notes Chapter 8 – Operation LIMA: A Tactical Perspective on using PANTHER .............................................194 A need to adjust the analysis – flexibility is essential The Entrepreneur Another strategic individual identified Targeting the strategic individuals A holistic perspective A successful method Chapter 9 – The AKKA System, A Tactical Management solution for Opera- tional Documentation and Communication ..............................................200 The AKKA Observer System How it works Interface: using the system Person document and other documentation Protection of Information Cost Part III : SGIP Research ..........................................................................205 Chapter 1 – The Swedish Gang Leader: Understanding Gangs by Understanding their Leadership ...........................................................206 Abstract Introduction Strong Gang Leadership Weak Gang Leadership Characteristics of the Sample Gang Leader Typologies Conclusion Practical utility and policy implications Limitations Future directions Applying it to PANTHER Part IV : International Perspectives on Gangs ..................................235 Preface – The Paradox Revisited: Recent Research on Street Gangs in Europe .............................................................................236 Chapter 1 – Metropolitan Police Service, London .....................................240 Metropolitan Police Contribution to European Gangs Manual: A London Perspective 8 Why do people join gangs? How does the Metropolitan Police Service assess gang problems? Responses from The UK government Operation Trident and Operation Connect - Two Gang Response Programmes Project Oracle What challenges do the Metropolitan Police Service see in the future in terms of dealing and responding to gangs? The future Conclusion Chapter 2 – Oslo Police Department .........................................................266 15 years of dialogue with criminal gang structures – experience, results and advice The authors reflections Introduction Method Gang structures in Oslo Responses to gangs and the gang development Work experience with dialogue (Best practice) Challenges in terms of dealing and responding to gangs Some concerns for the future in terms of gangs and gang development Implementing projects
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