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Exploring Mission Drift and Tension in a Nonprofit Work Integration Social Enterprise

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Exploring Mission Drift and Tension in a Nonprofit Work Integration Social Enterprise Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2017 Exploring Mission Drift and Tension in a Nonprofit orkW Integration Social Enterprise Teresa M. Jeter Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Teresa Jeter has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Gary Kelsey, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Gloria Billingsley, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Joshua Ozymy, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Abstract Exploring Mission Drift and Tension in a Nonprofit Work Integration Social Enterprise by Teresa M. Jeter MURP, Ball State University, 1995 BS, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 1992 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University May 2017 Abstract The nonprofit sector is increasingly engaged in social enterprise, which involves a combination and balancing of social mission and business goals which can cause mission drift or mission tension. A work integrated social enterprise (WISE) is a specific type of social enterprise that focuses on integrating hard-to-employ individuals, such as ex- offenders, back into the workforce, usually through producing goods or offering services. Little is known about how WISE organizations manage mission drift, particularly given the unique characteristics of this type of organization. Using institutional values theory and resource dependence theory as the foundation, the purpose of this case study was to explore how a WISE in Indiana experience and manage mission drift and mission tension. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 4 board members and 4 staff persons, and from organizational documents. All data were inductively coded and subjected to a constant, comparative analysis between empirical and predictive themes. The study revealed the organization has not experienced mission drift or mission tension because, (a) there was a strong mission and a commitment by the board and staff to the mission, (b) there was a constant balancing act between mission and income, (c) business goals aligned with mission, and (d) operating systems were in place for mission sustainability. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include providing beneficial information about best practices and strategies to other organizations seeking to develop WISE programs that provide opportunities and training for difficult to employ populations. Exploring Mission Drift and Tension in a Nonprofit Work Integration Social Enterprise by Teresa M. Jeter MURP, Ball State University, 1995 BS, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 1992 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University May 2017 Dedication There are several important people in my life without whom I would have never completed my doctoral journey. First, I want to thank my daughter, Talia Jeter, who always encouraged me whenever I saw her deep dimpled smile and her big brown eyes. She never complained about my time away from her while conducting research and attending residencies. I also want to thank my sister, Paula Crumes, who prayed for me and always assured me that she was available whenever I needed her. I want to thank my parents, Q.L. and Willa Mae Stevens, who passed away while I was pursuing my doctoral degree. They were the epitome of love and support. I miss you and I love you both. Last, I want to thank my Heavenly Father from whom all blessings flow. Acknowledgments I want to thank my committee chairman, Dr. Gary Kelsey, who always had kind words of encouragement and support. Thank you for sharing your knowledge, giving me guidance, and providing gentle nudges when I was stuck along the way. I also want to thank committee member Dr. Gloria Billingsley for her insight and invaluable advice. I have always had a passion to earn a doctorate degree. I did not know how I would accomplish that goal if I had to attend a brick and mortar institution. Therefore, I want to acknowledge Walden University for making it possible for a busy working mom and a nontraditional student to attend graduate school and earn her Ph.D. Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................2 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................6 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................7 Research Questions ........................................................................................................7 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................8 Resource Dependence Theory ................................................................................ 8 Institutional Theory ................................................................................................. 9 Nature of the Study ......................................................................................................10 Definition of Terms......................................................................................................12 Assumptions .................................................................................................................14 Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................14 Limitations ...................................................................................................................15 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................16 Summary ......................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................19 Introduction ..................................................................................................................19 i Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................20 The Nonprofit Sector ...................................................................................................22 Sector Values and Vulnerabilities ................................................................................25 Mission .................................................................................................................. 25 Financial Oversight ............................................................................................... 27 Client Needs .......................................................................................................... 28 Sector Vulnerabilities...................................................................................................28 Financial Vulnerabilities ....................................................................................... 29 Social Enterprise ..........................................................................................................32 Social Enterprise Types ...............................................................................................35 Nonprofit Social Enterprise and Mission .....................................................................38 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................42 The importance of Focusing on Ex-Offenders.............................................................45 Summary and Transition ..............................................................................................46 Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................48 Introduction ..................................................................................................................48 Research Questions ......................................................................................................50
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