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The Globalization of Crime Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org The Globalization of Crime A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment A Transnational The Globalization of Crime A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment USD 49 ISBN 978-92-1-130295-0 “A ground-breaking assessment of transnational organized crime activities that INTERPOL will use in its work.” United Nations publication printed in Austria Sales No. E.10.IV.6 — June 2010 — 2,000 Ronald Noble, INTERPOL Secretary General UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna THE GLOBALIZATION OF CRIME A TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT Copyright © 2010, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ISBN: 978-92-1-130295-0 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.6 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the Studies and Threat Analysis Section, Policy Analysis and Research Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, UNODC. Consultants: Chapter 6: Hugh Griffiths (Stockholm Peace Research Institute); Chapter 7: Justin Gosling (Environmental Investigation Agency); Chapter 10: Marco Gercke (Cybercrime Research Institute). Cartography: UNODC and Atelier de Cartographie de Sciences Po. Special thanks go to all the UNODC staff at headquarters and in the field who reviewed various sections of this report. Special thanks also go to a range of experts, including from TRAFFIC, INTERPOL, Small Arms Survey and Europol, who provided comments. The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the data and information reported by governments to UNODC and other international organizations. This report was undertaken in the context of the work on Threat and Risk Analysis mandated to UNODC by Member States under theme 2 (Policy and Trend Analysis) of the UNODC strategy for 2008-2011 (E/CN.7/2007/14). Disclaimers This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or con- tributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply the expres- sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Photos: © UNODC, OSCE CONTENTS CONTENTS PREFACE BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1. THE THREAT OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 25 CHAPTER 2. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 39 2.1. To Europe for sexual exploitation 43 CHAPTER 3. SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS 55 3.1. From Latin America to North America 59 3.2. From Africa to Europe 67 CHAPTER 4. COCAINE 81 4.1. From the Andean Region to North America 85 4.2. From the Andean Region to Europe 95 CHAPTER 5. HEROIN 109 5.1. From Afghanistan to the Russian Federation 113 5.2. From Afghanistan to Europe 119 CHAPTER 6. FIREARMS 129 6.1. From the United States to Mexico 133 6.2. From Eastern Europe to the world 141 CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 149 7.1. Wildlife from Africa and South-East Asia to Asia 151 7.2. Timber from South-East Asia to the European Union and Asia 161 CHAPTER 8. COUNTERFEIT PRODUCTS 173 8.1. Consumer goods from East Asia to Europe 175 8.2. Medicines from South- and East Asia to South-East Asia and Africa 183 CHAPTER 9. MARITIME PIRACY 193 9.1. Maritime piracy off the coasts of the Horn of Africa 195 CHAPTER 10. CYBERCRIME 203 10.1. Identity theft 205 10.2. Child pornography 211 CHAPTER 11. REGIONS UNDER STRESS: WHEN TOC THREATENS GOVERNANCE AND STABILITY 221 The impact of the transnational cocaine market on stability 225 11.1. The impact on the Andean Region 227 11.2. The impact on West Africa 233 11.3. The impact on Mesoamerica 237 The impact of the transnational heroin market on stability 243 11.4. The impact on South-West and Central Asia 245 11.5. The impact on South-East Europe 251 11.6. The impact on South-East Asia 257 The impact of minerals smuggling on Central Africa 261 The impact of maritime piracy on the Horn of Africa 267 CONCLUSION 273 ENDNOTES 281 Case studies of transnational threats i PREFACE PREFACE BY THE have been sent to capture pirates. Yet the threat EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR persists. In the past quarter century (namely, since the end of Despite the gravity of the threat, organized crime is the Cold War), global governance has failed to keep insufficiently understood. There is a lack of infor- pace with economic globalization. Therefore, as mation on transnational criminal markets and unprecedented openness in trade, finance, travel trends. The few studies that exist have looked at and communication has created economic growth sections of the problem, by sector or country, rather and well-being, it has also given rise to massive than the big picture. Without a global perspective opportunities for criminals to make their business there cannot be evidence-based policy. prosper. UNODC has produced this first-ever Transnational Organized crime has diversified, gone global and Organized Crime Threat Assessment to fill a know- reached macro-economic proportions: illicit goods ledge gap and pave the way for future world crime are sourced from one continent, trafficked across reports. This Threat Assessment focuses on traffick- another, and marketed in a third. Mafias are today ing flows, connects the dots between regions, and truly a transnational problem: a threat to security, gives a global overview of illicit markets: it reports especially in poor and conflict-ridden countries. about the ways and means international mafias have Crime is fuelling corruption, infiltrating business grown into an international problem. and politics, and hindering development. And it is What is striking about the global map of trafficking undermining governance by empowering those who routes is that most illicit flows go to, and/or ema- operate outside the law: nate from major economic powers (that is, the G8, s drug cartels are spreading violence in Central but also informal groups like the BRIC). In other America, the Caribbean and West Africa; words, the world’s biggest trading partners are also s collusion between insurgents and criminal the world’s biggest markets for illicit goods and groups (in Central Africa, the Sahel and South- services. On the one hand, this is a logical conse- East Asia) fuels terrorism and plunders natural quence of the huge increase in the volume of trade. resources; On the other, it reflects the extent to which the underworld has become inextricably linked to the s smuggling of migrants and modern slavery have spread in Eastern Europe as much as South-East global economy, and vice versa, through the illicit Asia and Latin America; trade of legal products (like natural resources), or the use of established banking, trade and communi- in so many urban centres authorities have lost s cations networks (financial centres, shipping con- control to organized gangs; tainers, the Internet) that are moving growing s cybercrime threatens vital infrastructure and amounts of illicit goods and thus profiting crime. state security, steals identities and commits fraud; It is also shocking how far many smuggled products, and people, travel before they reach their destina- s pirates from the world’s poorest countries (the Horn of Africa) hold to ransom ships from the tion. Corruption, coercion and white collar collabo- richest nations; rators (in the private and public sectors) lower risk to international mafias while the effective logistics s counterfeit goods undermine licit trade and en- they provide increases mafia profits. This model has danger lives; made transnational crime one of the world’s most s money-laundering in rogue jurisdictions and sophisticated and profitable businesses. uncontrolled economic sectors corrupts the banking sector, worldwide. The perspective afforded by this global study should provoke some new thinking on combating transna- So serious is the organized crime threat that the UN tional organized crime. Security Council has on several occasions consid- ered its implications in Afghanistan, the Democratic First, since crime has gone global, purely national Republic of the Congo, Central America, Somalia, responses are inadequate: they displace the problem West Africa, and in relation to several themes (traf- from one country to another. Regional and interna- ficking of arms, drugs, people, and natural resources). tional responses are enabled by the United Nations Around the world, organized crime has changed Convention against Transnational Organized Crime strategic doctrines and threat assessments. Armies (UNTOC) adopted in 2000. Its tenth anniversary have been mobilized to fight drug cartels, navies is a good occasion to agree on a mechanism to ii PREFACE review its implementation, not least to make infor- crack down on cybercrime; and exercise due dili- mation-sharing compulsory which would enable gence (for example, in banking and real estate). UNODC to represent more effectively the global crime scene. In terms of global reach, penetration and impact, organized crime has become a threat affecting all Second, states have to look beyond borders to pro- Member States: they have a shared responsibility to tect their sovereignty. In the past, they have jeal- respond. I hope this report will ring alarm bells, and ously guarded their territory. In the contemporary contribute to new ways of looking at – and fighting globalized world, this approach makes states more, – transnational organized crime. rather than less vulnerable. If police stop at borders while criminals cross them freely, sovereignty is already breached – actually, it is surrendered to those who break the law. Therefore, trans-border intelligence-sharing and law enforcement coopera- tion are essential. Third, since transnational organized crime is driven by market forces, countermeasures must disrupt those markets, and not just the criminal groups that exploit them.
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