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Organised Crime in Red City: an Ethnographic Study of Drugs, Vice and Violence Mark Berry Ii

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Organised Crime in Red City: an Ethnographic Study of Drugs, Vice and Violence Mark Berry Ii Organised Crime in Red City: An Ethnographic Study of Drugs, Vice and Violence Mark Berry ii Abstract Summary Illegal drug trafficking and retail drug sales constitute the most common activity of organised crime groups in the UK and draw the largest share of resources from the police and prison services, whilst also generating considerable social costs. There are few contemporary studies in the UK on the supply of drugs, its organisation, culture and risk management practices, and even fewer on active dealers themselves. There remains limited ethnographic research into the drug trade, missing important insights that can be gained from observing distributors in a natural setting. A key absence in criminological literature is the voice of offenders who commit serious crimes and how they perceive and mitigate problems related to their activities. This research aims to fill gaps in the knowledge base by investigating the nature of the drug market, the crime risk management practices of drug dealers, and possible reasons for their involvement and patterns of activity. The study examines the criminal careers of offenders who operate in one of Britain’s largest cities, termed here anonymously as Red City. The participants in this study distribute and manufacture a range of illicit substances, both offline and online. They distribute drugs on local, national and international levels (retail, wholesale, import and export). To complement the fieldwork, interviews were conducted with official actors from the criminal justice system, the private sector and the third sector. The thesis seeks to provide a more nuanced and grounded picture of illicit drug dealing and ‘organised crime’, that provides an account that corrects popular stereotypes. The chapters proceed as follows: Outline of the thesis Chapter one provides the introduction to the thesis. It identifies the research problem, sets the contexts of the study and explains how the thesis contributes to the field. Chapter two outlines the theoretical framework for the thesis; it combines life course criminology with perspectives taken from research on organised crime. It examines organised crime in terms of markets, networks, and organisations. Chapter three describes the methodological approach employed in this study and considers the ethical and practical challenges of researching illegal activity. Chapter four addresses the ‘start’ of the criminal career when actors first become drug dealers. It follows the lives of the ‘lads’, who make up a core of the participants in the study. Chapter five examines how drug dealing is conducted in the city streets. It draws upon ethnographic data from two parallel drug markets that sit at opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of their harms and ‘legitimacy’. Chapter six provides a sociohistorical analysis of organised crime in the nightclub scene to the present day. It draws upon insights from bouncers and drug dealers working in the field. Chapter seven addresses the effects of emergent technology in the drug trade. It examines how offenders employ digital technologies, both offline and online. Chapter eight addresses the desistance phase in the life-course. It discusses the factors that facilitate and inhibit desistance for individuals and groups of offenders. Chapter nine outlines and evaluates the key findings in the thesis. It makes policy recommendations to mitigate problems related to drugs and organised crime in the future. Throughout all chapters of the analysis, comparisons are made between offenders working in different drug markets and settings, to assess the relationship between their activities and the characteristics of the marketplace in question. The study finds that drug markets that are closest to ‘legitimacy’, in terms of their legal status and the public perception of the drugs, can have less risks for distributors. In light of this, they may be sold more openly and accrue lower levels of exploitation in the trade. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how serious offenders operate in rapidly evolving criminal markets, providing a significant contribution to the knowledge base. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to give a special thanks to the many participants who contributed to this study, the project could not have been completed without you. The offenders in this study devolved highly sensitive information on their criminal activities and placed a significant amount of trust in me. I hope this thesis does justice to your testimonies. I would to thank my expert supervisors Michael Levi and Robin Smith. I am truly fortunate to have such brilliant minds to support me through this project. I would like to thank the Dawes Trust for funding this project. The financial support you have given me will not be forgotten. An additional thanks goes to Adam Edwards for helping me to develop my academic career and showing significant enthusiasm in my work. I would also like to thank Rajeev Gundur for his insights, support and friendship. To my parents Jean, Robert and Sheila. Thank you for believing in me, being there for me and supporting me on this journey. To my Brother Carl for being a positive role model and convincing me to continue with education. If it had not been for this fact, I would not be where I am today. Your academic insights have been invaluable on this journey, and I look forward to working together in the future. To my dogs, Bonnie, Zeus and Harley for your unconditional love, may you rest in peace. To my dog Cassius for your companionship, may we have many more joyful years together. To all my friends and family who have been there throughout the years. Life has not been easy for all of us, but together, we have persevered. The PhD has changed my life in ways that I would not have previously dreamed possible. It is hoped that the contributions of this thesis, and the expertise I have gained, will go some way in returning the help I have been given. To everyone who supported me on this journey, I cannot thank you enough. Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Summary ........................................................................................................................................ ii Outline of the thesis ....................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii Contents .................................................................................................................................... 1 1) Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 The ‘War on Drugs’ on the Door ........................................................................................................ 3 Organised Crime in Red City .............................................................................................................. 5 Drugs in the UK and the Framing of the Problem .............................................................................. 7 Outline of the Thesis ........................................................................................................................... 8 2) Literature Review: Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 12 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Criminal Careers ............................................................................................................................... 13 Turning points and trajectories ..................................................................................................... 14 Age graded opportunity structures ................................................................................................ 15 Markets, Networks & Organisations ................................................................................................. 16 Markets .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Market Technology ........................................................................................................................... 21 Manufacture .................................................................................................................................. 22 Distribution ................................................................................................................................... 22 Communication (ICT) ................................................................................................................... 23 Networks ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Organisations ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3) Methodology: ................................................................................................................
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