DOCSLIB.ORG

Contact Angles and Surface Emrgetics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contact Angles and Surface Emrgetics CONTACT ANGLES AND SURFACE EMRGETICS Daniel Yu Hing Kwok A thesis submitted in codoxmity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Mechanical and Indusnial Engineering University of Toronto O Copyright by Daniel Yu Hing Kwok 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothkque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Thesis Title: Contact Angles and Surface Energetics Degree and Year: Doctor of Philosophy, 1998 Name: Daniel Yu Hing Kwok Department: Graduate Deparmient of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University: University of Toronto ABSTRACT Low-rate dynamic contact angles of a large number of liquids are measured on various solid surfaces by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis - Profile (ADSA-P). It is found that not ail experimental contact angles can be used for energeîic calculations: In a specific case, slip and stick contact angle behaviour OCCLUS where the contact angle fluctuates by as much as 35'. Thus, circmspection is necessaq in the decision whether or not the experimental contact angles can be used to interpret surface energetics in conjunction with Young's equation and whether the solid-liquid systems violate the basic assumptions made in aU contact angle approaches. It is shown that if one ornits the inconclusive contact angle measurements, the liquid-vapour surface tension times cosine of the contact angle changes smoothly with the liquid-vapour surface tension, Le. ybcos8 depends only on yt, for a given solid surface (or soiid surface tension). Changing the solid surface (and hence y,) shifts the curves in a very regular manner. Thus, ybcosO depends only on yb and y,. Intermolecular forces do not have an additional and independent effect on the contact angles. Because of Young's equation, the solid-liquid surface tension ysl can be expressed as a function of only yb and Y,- Goniorneter and ADSA-P contact angle measurements are also compared: they are shown to be essentially identical for solid-liquid systems which have constant contact angles. In the specific case of the slip/stick of the three-phase contact line using a goniometer technique, the observed static advancing angle corresponds to the maximum angle of the entire sIip/stick behaviour, as registered by the automated ADS A-P technique. Thus, conventional goniometer measurements may produce a mixture of rneaningfd and meanùigless contact angles, with no critena to dis~guish benveen the o. This provides partial explanation of the contact angle controversy in the literature. A large amount of dynamic contact angle data is generated. An equation which foUows these experimental patterns and which allows the detemination of solid surface tensions is discussed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supavisor Rofessor A. W. Neumann for his valuable advice and assistance throughout this smdy. He led me into this interes~gand challenging areas of contact angles and surface themodynamics. 1 would like to thank my parents for their con~uedsupport and encouragement throughout my study in Canada. 1 am indebted to Miss Yvonne Chung. Yvonne's encouragement, suppon, and patience are a real conaibution to my study. Thanks are due Professor H. -J. Jacobasch, Dr. K. Grundke, and Dr. T. Gietzelt at the Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (Gmany) for their collaboration. Thanks are due Rofessor D. Li for his valuable advice and insight in surface themodynamics. 1 would also like to thank my laboratory coileagues for their help and advice, especially 2. Policova. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................... Acknow ledgements .............................................................................................. IV Table of Contents ................................................................................................... v ....... List of Tables ...................................... ....... X List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xiv List of Appendices .................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1 .Introduction .................... ... .............................................................. i Chapter 2. Experimental Contact Angle Patterns ................................................... 10 Chapter 3 . Experimental Contact Angle Patterns from a Goniorneter ................... 15 3.1 Materials (Solid Surfaces and Liquids) .................................. ........ 15 3.2 Experimen ta1 Procedures ...................................................................... 3.3 Results and Discussion ......................................................................... Chapter 4. Axisymmehic Drop S hape Analy sis .Profile (ADS A-P) .................... 24 4.1 ADSA Methodology ........................................................................ 24 4.2 Theory ......................... ....... ..................................................... 25 4.3 Drop Profile Coordinates ......................... ... .........................*........ 27 4.4 Calibration Grid .................................................................................... 29 Chapter 5 .Low-Rate Dynmic Contact Angles from ADSA-P ....................... .... 34 5.1 Experimental Procedures ................... .... ...................................... 34 5.2 1nex-t (Non-polar)Surfaces: FC-722-Coated Mica ............................. 5.2.1 Materials (Solid Surfaces and Liquids) ................................. 5.2.2 Results and Discussion .......................................................... 5.3 Non-Inea (Polar) Surfaces: Poly(propene-alt-N-(n-pmpy1)- maleimide) and Poly(propene-ait-N-(n-hexy1)maleimide) ................ 5.3.1 Materials (Solid Surfaces and Liquids) ................................. 5.3.2 Results and Discussion .................................................... 5.4 Other Non-Polar and Polar Surfaces .................................................... Chapter 6. Universality of Contact Angle Patterns .............................................. 6.1 Reasons of Deviation fiom Smoothness ............................................. Chapter 7. Critena for Calculations of Surface Energetics ........................ .. ..... 7.1 Accepted Assumptions for Calculahons of Surface Energetics ......................................................................................... 7.2 Experimental Criteria ................... .... ... .... ........................................ Chapm 8. Contact Angle Interpretation ..................... ... ............*......................... 8.1 Surface Tension Component Approaches .............................. ...,... ...... 8.1.1 Fowkes Approach ...................... ... ...................................... 8.1.2 Owens-Wendt-Kaelble Approach ..................... ..... ......... 8.1.3 Lifshitz .van der Waals / Acid-Base (van Oss) Approach ................................................................................ 8.2 Equation of State Approach ............................................................... 8.2.1 Antonow's Rule ..................................................................... 8-22Berthelot's (Geometric Mean) Combining Rule ................... 8.2.3 Equation of Srate Approach: Modifïed Berthelot's Chapter 9. Applications ............................................................................. ......... 9.1 Evaluation of Existing Contact Angle Data ...................... ... ........... 9.2 Predictive Power of the Equarion of State Approach .......................... Chapter 10 .Conclusions .............................................. ... ................................... Chapter 1 1. Perspective ...................... ... ........................................................... Chapter 12 . Future Work ........................................................................................ References ............................................................................................................. Appendix A . S tatistical Criteria for Averaging of Contact Angle Data ................ Appendix B . Low-Rate Dynarnic Contact Angles on a Ruorocarbon FC-725-Coated Silicon Wafer Surface ..................................... .,. B .1 Materials (Solid Surfaces and Liquids) ...................................... B.2 Results .................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Industry Compliance Programme
    Global Chemical Industry Compliance Programme GC-ICP Chemical Weapons Convention December 2006 Version 1.0 GLOBAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY COMPLIANCE PROGRAMME FOR IMPLEMENTING THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION The purpose of the handbook is to provide guidance to chemical facilities, traders and trading companies in developing a Global Chemical Industry Compliance Programme (GC-ICP) to comply with the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The GC-ICP focuses first on determining if there is a reporting requirement to your National Authority and second on collecting the relevant support data used to complete the required reports. The GC-ICP is designed to provide a methodology to comply with the CWC and establish systems that facilitate and demonstrate such compliance. Each facility/company should also ensure that it follows its country’s CWC specific laws, regulations and reporting requirements. • Sections 2, 3, and 4 guide you through the process of determining if chemicals at your facility/ company should be reported to your National Authority for compliance with the CWC. • Section 5 provides recommended guidance on information that you may use to determine your reporting requirements under the CWC and administrative tools that your facility/company may use to ensure compliance with the CWC. • Section 6 provides a glossary of terms and associated acronyms. • Section 7 provides a listing of all National Authorities by country. CWC Global Chemical Industry Compliance Programme 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 Overview What is the Chemical Weapons Convention?
    [Show full text]
  • US5308512.Pdf
    |||||||||||||| USOO530852A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,308,512 Stoll et al. 45 Date of Patent: May 3, 1994 54 THIODIGLYCOLALKOXYLATE 4010606 10/1991 Fed. Rep. of Germany. DERIVATIVES, A PROCESS FOR THEIR 0213067 12/1983 Japan. PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE AS FABRIC 153309 3/1984 Japan. SOFTENERS 1097396 1/1968 United Kingdom . (75) Inventors: Gerhard Stoll, Korschenbroich; OTHER PUBLICATIONS Peter Daute, Essen; Ingo Wegener; Trofimov, Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol. 48, pp. 626-628 1975. Faize Berger, both of Duesseldorf, all Vogel & Krissman & Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse, vol. of Fed. Rep. of Germany 115, 1989, pp. 3-8 Article Unavailable. (73) Assignee: Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf J. Falbe, Surfactants in Consumer Products, Springer, Aktien, Duesseldorf, Fed. Rep. of 1987, pp. 87-90. Germany Vogel & Krussmann, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse, vol. (21) Appl. No.: 961,683 III, 1985, pp. 567-574 1985. Primary Examiner-Paul Lieberman (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 28, 1991 Assistant Examiner-Michael P. Tierney 86) PCT No.: PCT/EP91/01213 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Ernest G. Szoke; Wayne C. S371 Date: Mar. 5, 1993 Jaeschke; Real J. Grandmaison S 102(e) Date: Mar. 5, 1993 57) ABSTRACT The process of producing alkoxylated thiodiglycol sulf 87). PCT Pub. No.: WO92/00959 oxide derivatives and thiodiglycol sulfone derivatives PCT Pub. Date: Jan. 23, 1992 corresponding to formula I (30) Foreign Application Priority Data Jul. 7, 1990 (DE) Fed. Rep. of Germany ....... 402,694 CH-CH-O-CH-CHR)-o-x, (I) (O)S 51) Int. Cl. ............................................ D06M 10/08 N 52 U.S.C. ...................................... 252/8.7; 252/8.6; CH-CH2-(O-CH-CHR)-O-X 252/8.9; 568/27; 568/28; 554/227; 560/263; 560/264 wherein X1 and X2 may be the same or different and 58 Field of Search ...............
    [Show full text]
  • RR Program's RCL Spreadsheet Update
    RR Program’s RCL Spreadsheet Update March 2017 RR Program RCL Spreadsheet Update DNR-RR-052e The Wisconsin DNR Remediation and Redevelopment Program (RR) has updated the numerical soil standards in the August 2015 DNR-RR- 052b RR spreadsheet of residual contaminant levels (RCLs). The RCLs were determined using the U.S. EPA RSL web- calculator by accepting EPA exposure defaults, with the exception of using Chicago, IL, for the climatic zone. This documentThe U.S. provides EPA updateda summary its Regionalof changes Screening to the direct-contact Level (RSL) RCLs website (DC-RCLs) in June that2015. are To now reflect in the that March 2017 spreadsheet.update, the The Wisconsin last page ofDNR this updated document the has numerical the EPA exposuresoil standards, parameter or residual values usedcontaminant in the RCL levels calculations. (RCLs), in the Remediation and Redevelopment program’s spreadsheet of RCLs. This document The providesU.S. EPA a RSL summary web-calculator of the updates has been incorporated recently updated in the Julyso that 2015 the spreadsheet.most up-to-date There toxicity were values no changes for chemi - cals madewere certainlyto the groundwater used in the RCLs,RCL calculations. but there are However, many changes it is important in the industrial to note that and the non-industrial web-calculator direct is only a subpartcontact of the (DC) full RCLsEPA RSL worksheets. webpage, Tables and that 1 andthe other 2 of thissubparts document that will summarize have important the DC-RCL explanatory changes text, generic tablesfrom and the references previous have spreadsheet yet to be (Januaryupdated.
    [Show full text]
  • NASTTPO CFATS Information 2Nd Edition
    National Association of SARA Title III Program Officials Concerned with the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act January 13, 2008 Issue 07-01 2nd Edition The Department of Homeland Security has adopted 6 CFR Part 27, a new regulation mandated by Congress, known as Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS). The regulation is intended to fill a security gap in our country’s anti-terrorism efforts by identifying and improving the security of chemicals that are potentially at a high level of risk for release, theft, or sabotage. LEPCs and SERCs should alert EPCRA & RMP reporting facilities about these requirements. No reports are due to the LEPCs and SERCs under these requirements; however, given the potential for security requirements to have an impact on facility access for emergency responders and on emergency plans, it is critical for local planners, responders and facilities to communicate in order for a facility to satisfy the regulatory requirements. In order to aid LEPCs, SERCs and facilities in understanding these new requirements we have prepared some short-hand aids. Following this cover page is a key issue comparison between EPCRA, RMP and the CFATS regulation. As requirements may change the user is counseled to look for updated information. Following the side-by-side comparison we have edited the EPA “List of Lists” to add the Appendix A list of chemicals and thresholds from the CFATS program. This list may change and we will update these materials when that happens. The initial requirement for a facility with an Appendix A chemical at or over the threshold is to submit a Top-Screen.
    [Show full text]
  • Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce Pt. 742, Supp. 1
    Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce Pt. 742, Supp. 1 that an export or reexport could make N,N-diethylethanolamine is December 12, a significant contribution to the mili- 1989. tary potential of North Korea, includ- (6) The contract sanctity date for exports ing its military logistics capability, or to all destinations (except Iran or Syria) of could enhance North Korea’s ability to phosphorus trichloride, trimethyl phosphite, support acts of international ter- and thionyl chloride is December 12, 1989. rorism, the Secretaries of State and For exports to Iran or Syria, paragraph (2) of Commerce will notify the Congress 30 this supplement applies. days prior to issuance of a license. (7) The contract sanctity date for exports to all destinations (except Iran or Syria) of [65 FR 38151, June 19, 2000, as amended at 66 2-chloroethanol and triethanolamine is Jan- FR 36682, July 12, 2001; 68 FR 16212, Apr. 3, uary 15, 1991. For exports of 2-chloroethanol 2003; 70 FR 54628, Sept. 16, 2005; 71 FR 20885, to Iran or Syria, paragraph (1) of this Sup- Apr. 24, 2006; 72 FR 3725, Jan. 26, 2007; 72 FR plement applies. For exports of triethanol- 62532, Nov. 5, 2007; 75 FR 14340, Mar. 25, 2010] amine to Iran or Syria, paragraph (5) of this Supplement applies. SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 TO PART 742—NON- (8) The contract sanctity date for exports PROLIFERATION OF CHEMICAL AND BI- to all destinations (except Iran or Syria) of OLOGICAL WEAPONS chemicals controlled by ECCN 1C350 is March 7, 1991, except for applications to export the NOTE: Exports and reexports of items in performance of contracts entered into before following chemicals: 2-chloroethanol, di- the applicable contract sanctity date(s) will methyl methylphosphonate, dimethyl be eligible for review on a case-by-case basis phosphite (dimethyl hydrogen phosphite), or other applicable licensing policies that phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorous tri- were in effect prior to the contract sanctity chloride, thiodiglycol, thionyl chloride tri- date.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 117/Wednesday, June 17, 2020
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 117 / Wednesday, June 17, 2020 / Rules and Regulations 36483 other person (except an airman serving 1C350 is amended by adding twenty- program. The AG periodically reviews as an airman) not operating an aircraft four precursor chemicals, as well as items on its control list to enhance the for the transportation of passengers or mixtures in which at least one of these effectiveness of participating property for compensation. For chemicals constitutes 30 percent or governments’ national controls and to violations that occurred after November more of the weight of the mixture, to achieve greater harmonization among 2, 2015, $13,910 per violation, up to a ECCN 1C350.d. ECCN 1C351 is these controls. total of $556,419 per civil penalty amended to add Middle East respiratory Amendments to the CCL Based on the action, in the case of any other person syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS- February 2020 AG Intersessional (except an airman serving as an airman) related coronavirus). ECCN 2B352 is Recommendations not operating an aircraft for the amended by adding a Technical Note to transportation of passengers or property indicate that cultivation chamber ECCN 1C350 (Chemical Weapons for compensation. holding devices controlled in Precursors) (3) For violations that occurred on or 2B352.b.2.b include single-use This final rule amends Export Control before November 2, 2015, $25,000 per cultivation chambers with rigid walls. Classification Number (ECCN) 1C350 on violation, up to a total of $400,000 per The items addressed by this final rule the Commerce Control List (CCL) civil penalty action, in the case of a were not previously listed on the CCL (Supplement No.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfur Mustard (HD) QRG (2015)
    NRT Quick Reference Guide: For references, please see Key References Cited/Used in National Response Sulfur Mustard (HD) Team (NRT) Quick Reference Guides (QRGs) for Chemical Warfare Agents. [January 2015 Update] QRGs are intended for Federal OSC/RPM s. Agent Classification: Schedule 1 Chemical Warfare Blister (Vesicant) Agent; CAS: 505-60-2; Formula: C4H8Cl2S; Molecular Weight: 159.08 g/mol. Description: Sulfur mustard is sometimes called “mustard gas” but is actually a yellow to brown oily liquid with a garlic, onion, horseradish or mustard-like odor. It is a blister (vesicant) agent that will have delayed health effects on the order of hours, and is reported to be a known human carcinogen. It can be manufactured at different concentrations; with impurities, additives, or thickening materials that will all affect physical properties, appearance, persistence and analytical detection limits. Distilled mustard (HD) is considered the most potent form and is the basis of this QRG. Environmental breakdown products of HD, including thiodiglycol (TDG) and hydrochloric acid, are relatively non-toxic, but some decontamination by- products can be toxic (e.g., sulfones). Persistence: HD is considered a "semi-persistent" chemical warfare agent with liquid deposition on surfaces lasting for hours to days. Persistence will depend upon amount and purity of the agent, method of release, environmental conditions, and the types of surfaces and materials impacted. Under certain environmental conditions, HD liquid may go through a partial hydrolysis that results in an outer protective coating around “globules” that are resistant to further hydrolysis and can persist for decades if not physically disturbed. Porous, permeable, organic or polymeric materials such as carpets and vinyl tiles can act as “sinks” for absorbing HD vapors and liquids, prolonging persistence.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Responses to Mustard Gas Dumped in the Baltic Sea Nadezda Medvedeva, Yulia Polyak, Harri Kankaanpää, Tatyana Zaytseva
    Microbial responses to mustard gas dumped in the Baltic Sea Nadezda Medvedeva, Yulia Polyak, Harri Kankaanpää, Tatyana Zaytseva To cite this version: Nadezda Medvedeva, Yulia Polyak, Harri Kankaanpää, Tatyana Zaytseva. Microbial responses to mustard gas dumped in the Baltic Sea. Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier, 2009, 68 (2), pp.71. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.04.007. hal-00563076 HAL Id: hal-00563076 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00563076 Submitted on 4 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Microbial responses to mustard gas dumped in the Baltic Sea Nadezda Medvedeva, Yulia Polyak, Harri Kankaanpä ä, Tatyana Zaytseva PII: S0141-1136(09)00039-7 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.04.007 Reference: MERE 3332 To appear in: Marine Environmental Research Received Date: 12 November 2008 Revised Date: 8 April 2009 Accepted Date: 10 April 2009 Please cite this article as: Medvedeva, N., Polyak, Y., Kankaanpä ä, H., Zaytseva, T., Microbial responses to mustard gas dumped in the Baltic Sea, Marine Environmental Research (2009), doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.04.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office
    3,388,087 United States Patent Office Patented June 11, 1968 2 3,388,087 is then reacted in solution with a monofunctional alkyla AQUEOUS DESPERSIONS OF QUATERNIZED tion agent in case (a), and with a tertiary amine in cases POLYURETHANES (b) and (c). By organic polyol is meant a compound Dieter Dieterich and Otto Bayer, Leverkusen, and Julius 'containing a plurality of hydroxyl groups which are pref Peter, Oderathal, Buchmuhle, Germany, assignors to erably alcoholic hydroxyl groups. There is thus produced Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Leverkusen, 5 a reaction product, in solution, from a polyhydroxyl com Germany, a German corporation pound and a polyisocyanate, if desired with concurrent No Drawing. Filed Oct. 23, 1963, Ser. No. 318,197 use of a chain extender, which product contains groups Claims priority, application Germany, Oct. 26, 1962, which are capable of quaternization in at least one of F 38,153 the components. By this quaternization process, materials 6 Claims. (C. 260-29.2) O are obtained in which salt-like quaternized and organo philic molecule segments alternate with one another, the organophilic segments having a chain length of at least ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE 50 atoms. The generally rubber-like reaction products are Aqueous dispersions of quarternized polyurethane com quaternized in solution, whereupon an elastic cross-linked positions are prepared by making an organic solvent so Synthetic plastic is formed after suitable removal of the solvent. lution of the quarternized polyurethane and then replac The polyhydroxyl compounds are preferably predom ing the polyurethane with water to get the dispersion. inately linear and preferably have a molecular weight of 20 about 400-about 10,000 most advantageously 1,000-3,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrothermal Decomposition Rate of Thiodiglycol in Supercritical Water
    Hydrothermal Decomposition Rate of Thiodiglycol in Supercritical Water Bambang Veriansyah , Jae-Duck Kim , Jong-Chol Lee , and Deasik Hong Supercritical Fluid Research Laboratory, Clean Technology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Korea Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 136-791, Korea Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon 305-600, Korea Received December 14, 2005; Accepted March 9, 2006 Abstract: Supercritical water (SCW) has been used as a reaction medium, primarily for the oxidation of hazardous chemical wastes. It is essential to obtain the hydrothermal reaction kinetics and provide data for the intermediate products if the supercritical water oxidation process is to be developed. In this paper, the hydrothermal decomposition rate of thiodiglycol [(HOC2H4)2S, TDG], as the model compound of HD mustard, was investigated in an isothermal continuous tubular reactor under SCW conditions. The reaction temperatures o ranged from 386 to 528 C and the residence times varied from 13 to 87 s at a fixed pressure of 25 MPa. The conversion of TDG was monitored by analyzing the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the liquid effluent samples. By using a first-order global power-law reaction rate expression, the hydrothermal decomposition rate of TDG, based on the TOC disappearance rate, in SCW was regressed from experimental data to a 95 % confidence interval. The resulting activation energy was 71.32±5.20 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor of 3 -1 the reaction was 5.57(±0.002)×10 s . Keywords: hydrothermal decomposition, supercritical water, thiodiglycol, kinetics Introduction for laboratory studies in supercritical water (SCW).
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Nonelectrolyte Permeability in Human Red Blood Cell Membrane
    Patterns of Nonelectrolyte Permeability in Human Red Blood Cell Membrane P. NACCACHE and R. I. SHA'AFI From the Department of Physiology, The University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032 ABSTRACT The permeability of human red cell membrane to 90 different molecules has been measured. These solutes cover a wide spectrum of non- electrolytes with varying chemical structure, chain length, lipid solubility, chemical reactive group, ability to form hydrogen bonds, and other properties. In general, the present study suggests that the permeability of red cell membrane to a large solute is determined by lipid solubility, its molecular size, and its hydrogen-bonding ability. The permeability coefficient increases with increas- ing lipid solubility and decreasing ability to form hydrogen bonds, whereas it decreases with increasing molecular size. In the case of small solutes, the pre- dominant diffusion factor is steric hindrance augmented by lipid solubility. It is also found that replacement of a hydroxyl group by a carbonyl group or an ether linkage tends to increase permeability. On the other hand, replacement of a hydroxyl group by an amide group tends to decrease the permeability coeffi- cient. INTRODUCTION Recently, the permeability coefficients of a series of amide, ureas, and diols have been measured on human red cells (1). Based on these studies, it was postulated that there are three important variables which need to be consid- ered separately in understanding the permeation process across human red cell membranes. The first is a parameter describing lipid solubility, the second a parameter depending on molecular size, and the third a parameter which is concerned with the chemical nature of the solute.
    [Show full text]
  • Thiodiethanol MSDS# 22735 Section 1
    Material Safety Data Sheet 2,2'-Thiodiethanol MSDS# 22735 Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification MSDS Name: 2,2'-Thiodiethanol Catalog Numbers: AC420860000, AC420860250, AC420861000, AC420865000 Synonyms: 2-Hydroxyethyl sulfide; Thiodiglycol; Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide; ß4,ß4'-Dihydroxyethyl sulfide. Acros Organics BVBA Company Identification: Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a 2440 Geel, Belgium Acros Organics Company Identification: (USA) One Reagent Lane Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 For information in the US, call: 800-ACROS-01 For information in Europe, call: +32 14 57 52 11 Emergency Number, Europe: +32 14 57 52 99 Emergency Number US: 201-796-7100 CHEMTREC Phone Number, US: 800-424-9300 CHEMTREC Phone Number, Europe: 703-527-3887 Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients ---------------------------------------- CAS#: 111-48-8 Chemical Name: 2,2'-Thiodiethanol %: 99 EINECS#: 203-874-3 ---------------------------------------- Hazard Symbols: XI Risk Phrases: 36 Section 3 - Hazards Identification EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Warning! Causes eye irritation. May cause skin and respiratory tract irritation. Target Organs: Kidneys, eyes. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: No information found. Section 4 - First Aid Measures Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower Eyes: eyelids. Get medical aid. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and Skin: shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists.
    [Show full text]