Catherine the Great and Poland

Notes

Introduction: The Other East

1. That lineage continues into the twenty-ﬁrst century. For a very recent example, see the hero Lev of Rose Tremain’s 2007 novel The Road Home. London: Vintage, 2008. 2. The Global Eighteenth Century. Ed. Felicity A. Nussbaum. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Press, 2003; Travels, Explorations and Empires, 1770–1835: Travel Writings on North America, the Far East, North and South Poles and the Middle East. Eds. Tim Fulford and Peter J. Kitson. 8 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2001. 3. The quote comes from Dobson’s brief introduction, which is not paginated. For indus- trial and economic links between Poland and Scotland in the nineteenth century, see McLeod. 4. Thomas Gladsky, Princes, Peasants and Other Polish Selves. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992; Francois Rosset, L’Arbre de Cracovie: Le mythe polonais dans la littérature française. Paris: Imago, 1996; Hubert Orlowski, Polnische Wirtschaft: Zum deutschen Polendiskurs der Neuzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996. As I note above, several useful studies focusing on British representations of Russia already exist.

1 ‘That Woman, Lovely Woman! May Have Dominion’: Catherine the Great and Poland

1. Walpole does not clear the Russian people of responsibility. His letter continues, ‘What! are there no poissardes at Petersburg? are they afraid of a greater fury than themselves? – or, don’t they venerate her, because she is a Mirabeau in petticoats, and execrable enough to be a queen to their taste?’ While individual Britons (like Walpole) may note the hypocrisy of their own leaders, the same is not possible in Russia, where Catherine’s followers differ from her only in their degree of baseness. 2. See the indices to volumes 31 and 34 of Walpole’s Correspondence under ‘Catherine II’ for these and other epithets. 3. My biographical sketches of Catherine and Stanisław are especially indebted to works in the bibliography by Alexander, Butterwick, and Zamoyski. 4. In an 1829 ‘Imaginary Conversation’ between Catherine and ‘Princess Dashkof’ [sic], Walter Savage Landor even places her at the scene of the murder: Catherine’s ﬁrst words are ‘Into his heart! into his heart!’ Landor also has her already planning Ivan’s death: ‘Ivan must follow next: he is heir to the throne’ (7: 106–12). 5. ‘She has now inoculated her son – I wonder she did not, out of magnanimity, try the experiment on him ﬁrst,’ quipped Horace Walpole (23: 444). 6. Catherine’s play The Deceiver, an attack on freemasonry that includes a caricature of Count Cagliostro, was performed in Russia and Germany during her own lifetime. 7. Walpole was right about revolution but wrong about the pictures’ fate. They remain in the Hermitage. 8. For further images and discussions of British engravings of Catherine II, see Bolton, Caretta, Cross (Catherine 29–44), Komisaruk, O’Quinn, and Schmidt. Bolton and O’Quinn also consider their relationship to Hannah Cowley’s A Day in Turkey; Schmidt adds an interesting discussion of Suvorov.

173 174 Notes

9. Horace Walpole refers to Orlov repeatedly in his letters, for example, ‘it appears that the revolution in Peterberg [sic] has only been in the bedchamber, and that Count Gregory Orlow retains all his other posts as yet’ (23: 444; see also 22: 64–5 and 24: 114). 10. ‘The Polish Prince you mention is our cousin. His Grand Mother, or great Grand Mother, was a daughter of the Marquis of Argyll’s. The King of Poland is the same relation to us.’ The Journal of Lady Mary Coke, 2: 361. Walpole records an amusing anecdote of Stanisław’s visit to the Gordons (35: 82). 11. The former lovers only met once. In 1787, as Catherine sailed down the Dnieper on a six-month journey to survey her new southern empire, she briefly met Stanisław at Kanev. According to John T. Alexander, Stanisław ‘staged a magnificent reception replete with grandiose fireworks – an imitation of Mt. Vesuvius erupting – and asked her to stay several days,’ hoping the meeting would strengthen ties between the two rulers and their nations. But one evening was enough for Catherine. ‘As the Prince de Ligne mordantly summarized Poniatowski’s fiasco: three months and three millions expended for three hours of empty conversation with the Empress’ (259). 12. Burke’s comments were translated into Polish and appeared in Warsaw newspapers. Stanisław awarded him a ‘Merentibus’ medal, making him a member of a private order of the King. Burke responded with ‘a magnificent letter of thanks’ (Butterwick 143; see Burke Correspondence 6: 426–8; 7: 76–9). 13. Edmund Burke critiques Vaughan’s arguments in a 29 July 1792 letter to his son Richard Burke (Correspondence 7: 159). As noted below, Vaughan’s letters were described at length in the Analytical Review. 14. For an extended reading of ‘Why Should Na Poor Folk Mowe’ (which was published after Burns’s death), see McIlvanney 173–7. 15. Here and throughout Chapter 1, ‘E’ stands for David Erdman’s edition of The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. New York: Doubleday, 1988. 16. For Wollstonecraft, see Chapter 2. Mackintosh refers to Poland in a number of works, including his famous speech in defense of Jean-Gabriel Peltier. See The Trial of John Peltier, Esq. for a libel against Napoleon Buonaparte. London: Cox, Son, and Baylis, 1803, 162–7. 17. An engraving sometimes attributed to Gillray, Queen Catherine’s Dream (published 4 November 1794 by W. Holland), shows the devil offering Warsaw and Constantinople to Catherine II. The same theatrical reference perhaps inspired Isaac Cruikshank’s 26 December 1796 The Moment of Reflection or A Tale for Future Times (here Figure 1.3). 18. For the centrality of Enitharmon among Blake’s names, see Essick 216. 19. Woodring’s suggestion is bolstered by Thomas Moore’s parody of ‘Kubla Khan,’ ‘A Dream,’ where the setting is Russia: ‘Methought, upon the Neva’s flood / A beau- tiful Ice Palace stood, / A dome of frost-work, on the plan / Of that once built by Empress Anne’ (7–10). ‘A Dream’ opens Moore’s Fables for The Holy Alliance, Rhymes on the Road, &c. &c. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1823. 20. And indeed, years later, Leigh Hunt mistakenly attributed the palace to Catherine. Leigh Hunt’s London Journal 44 (28 January 1835): 25. 21. I discuss ‘To the Continental Despots’ and Coleridge’s ‘Koskiusko’ at greater length in Chapter 2. 22. Depending on the exact date of Blake’s composing this page of Europe, it is possible that his description of the suffering ‘inhabitants of suburbs’ refers specifically to the much-reported November 1794 massacre at Prague, a suburb of Warsaw, which signaled the end of organized Polish resistance to Russian forces. Notes 175

2 ‘A Patriot’s Furrow’d Cheek’: British Responses to the 1794 Kosciuszko´ Uprising

1. Opie adds that ‘the next time that his birthday was commemorated in Paris, I wrote some verses on the occasion, and sent them to him by a private hand’ (Memo- rials 107). If this suggests that Kosciuszko’s´ desire for publicity went unfulfilled, one should remember that his request also inspired the 1831 anecdote, and perhaps another poem Opie published in 1831, ‘Aux Polonais Qui Partent’ (Collected Poems 343). 2. Two writers have collected some of the best-known British poems and prose on Kosciuszko:´ see Zapatka and Drozdowski. For useful biographies of Kosciuszko,´ see Gardner, Haiman, and Storozynski. 3. David Humphreys, who served with Kosciuszko´ at West Point and Saratoga, was also on board, and he commemorated the voyage in the poem ‘An Epistle to Dr. Dwight. On board the Courier de l’Europe, July 30, 1784’: ‘Such my companions, – such the muse shall tell, / Him first, whom once you knew in war full well, / Our Pol- ish friend, whose name still sounds so hard, / To make it rhyme would puzzle any bard’ (73–6). David Humphreys. ‘An Epistle to Dr. Dwight. On board the Courier de l’Europe, July 30, 1784.’ The Miscellaneous Works of David Humphreys. New York: T. and J. Swords, 1804, 211–15. 4. See, for instance, William Aytoun’s 1832 ‘Poland’ (‘Was it so very pleasant to thy heart / To see her blood upon thy garments start’ [71–2]), Janet Hamilton’s 1865 ‘Poland’ (‘None / Will take her by the hand: alone, / Before broad Europe, lost, forlorn, / She lies dismembered, bleeding, torn’) or Algernon Swinburne’s 1878 sonnet ‘Rizpah,’ where Poland is described as a nation that ‘couldst not even scare off with hand or groan / Those carrion birds devouring bone by bone.’ 5. Coleridge’s amusing description deserves to be printed at length: ‘I shall never forget, or recall without a smile ... the impression which the stranger whom I found in the room before dinner, made on me. A striking countenance – poring on the Paper of that day and occasionally turned towards me – At last, he rose, advanced to me with the paper in his hand, & began – “Sir! I apprehend, that you are the Author of this Sonnet on Koskiusko?” I bowed assent. “Sir! it is a very bad composition – a very wretched performance, I assure you.” I again bowed: and with a smile that expressed a little surprize at the oddness, but no offence at the harshness, of this volunteer Address, made some modest reply admitting the too probable appropriateness of the Criticism. “Nay, but, Sir! do not misunderstand me – It is a poem of genius – a proof of great Genius, Sir! You are certainly a man of Genius, Sir! My name is Holcroft – and I should be glad to see you at my House next Sunday, to dine with me – & meet with Mr Porson and Mr Godwin” ’ (4: 830). 6. Another significant echo would be Old Hamlet’s ghost, ‘Oh Hamlet, what a falling off was there,’ considering the ghostly presence in the poem of both Kosciuszko´ and his homeland. Still a third is Gertrude’s first response to Hamlet after the murder of Polonius: ‘Oh what a rash and bloody deed is this.’ 7. Coleridge published a reworked version of ‘Koskiusko’ in his 1796 Poems on Various Subjects, much to Charles Lamb’s dismay. ‘Time nor nothing can reconcile me to the concluding 5 lines of Kosciusko,’ he wrote Coleridge, ‘call it any thing you will but sublime’ (Letters 1: 20). 8. A watercolor of Kosciuszko´ by Cosway is in the collection of the Fondazione Cosway, Lodi. This was the basis for the Cardon engraving, discussed below. In addition, three large paintings based on Cosway’s image are today found in Polish collections, though which if any is the work of Cosway remains uncertain. See Zmuda-Liszewska.´ 176 Notes

9. Wright’s painting is now in the Tate Britain. A source for Wright’s composition is Nicholas Hilliard’s circa-1595 miniature of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, today in the Amsterdam Rijksmuseum. 10. Leigh Hunt describes a similar response in his sonnet ‘To Kosciusko’: ‘There came a wanderer, borne from land to land / Upon a couch, pale, many-wounded, mild, / His brow with patient pain dulcetly sour. / Men stoop’d, with awful sweetness, on his hand, / And kissed it; and collected Virtue smiled, / To think how sovereign her enduring hour’ (Poetical Works 176). These lines are an 1832 revision of the sonnet ‘To Kosciusko,’ which originally appeared in the Examiner in 1816. Regarding the visual images, Josef Fischer, court engraver to the Emperor of Austria, apparently used Cardon’s image to prepare his own 1798 engraving ‘Self-portrait with an injured foot,’ which shows the artist in a similar pose, having suffered an injury fighting against Napoleon in north Italy (Griffiths 94–5). 11. In fairness to Sharp, Kosciuszko´ was living in the French countryside in 1800; however this does not explain the need to imitate the pose and mise en scene of 1797. 12. I discuss Hunt’s and Keats’s engagement with Kosciuszko´ in Chapter 4. Lady Morgan offers further if satirical evidence of Kosciuszko’s´ changing fortunes in Florence Macarthy: An Irish Tale (4 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1818), when Lady Dunore praises the military hero Fitzwalter’s storytelling abilities: ‘ “you have no idea how you remind me of Kosiusko [sic], lying wounded upon a sofa. You raconter so like him ... I must say, after all, that patriotism and freedom and things always sound delightfully” ’ (3: 123). 13. Bristol bookseller Joseph Cottle, who later published Lyrical Ballads, published his own ‘War, A Fragment’ in 1795. An extended passage ruminates on the fate of Poland, ending with an encomium to Kosciuszko:´ ‘For thee shall sound Compassion’s softest dirge, / Thy name descend to Time’s remotest verge / With growing honors crown’d, and, o’er thy grave / The Bay shall bloom, the drooping Willow wave’ (Joseph Cottle. Poems. Bristol: J. Cottle, 1795, 237–40). Henry Francis Cary, later a friend of Lamb and Coleridge and a translator of The Divine Comedy (1805–14), apparently hoped to cash in on the excitement surrounding Kosciuszko’s´ 1797 visit. He wrote his 130-line Ode to General Kosciusko in three days in early June, then printed 250 copies within two weeks. By that time Kosciuszko´ was gone, and the poem, according to Cary’s biographer, ‘does more credit to Cary’s enthusiasm for liberty and self-government than to his poetic gifts’ (King 79). Like Jane Porter’s Thaddeus of Warsaw six years later, Cary’s Ode presents Kosciuszko´ not as a revolutionary but rather as a ‘dauntless hero’ who tries to defend King Stanisław, ‘the monarch of his love,’ against Russian and Prussian tyranny (Henry Francis Cary. Ode to General Kosciusko. London: Cadell and Davies, 1797, lines 70, 74). Cary also uses the poem to criticize Britain’s colonization of India and involvement in the slave trade, drawing a connection between Poles, Indians, and Africans that would reappear in Campbell’s ‘The Pleasures of Hope.’ 14. All lines quoted appear in Part One of ‘The Pleasures of Hope.’ 15. It is surprising that Coleridge criticized Campbell for stealing from ‘a much ridiculed piece by [John] Dennis, a Pindaric on William III,’ unless he too had been influ- enced by Dennis. John Payne Collier recorded Coleridge’s criticism in his diary for 1 November 1811 (quoted in Richard W. Armour and Raymond F. Howes, eds. Coleridge the Talker: A Series of Contemporary Descriptions and Comments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1940, 175–6). Carl Woodring believes Coleridge ‘furtively’ improved Dennis’s line, ‘Fair Liberty shriek’d out loud, aloud Religion groaned’ (Coleridge 102). The Coleridgean/Campbellian shriek became almost ubiquitous in references to Poland; see Chapters 5 and 6 for further examples. See also Ambrose Bierce’s The Devil’s Dictionary, under F: ‘Freedom, as every schoolboy knows / Once shrieked as Kosciusko fell’ (available online). Notes 177

3 Hero between Genres: Jane Porter’s Thaddeus of Warsaw

1. Jane Porter to Anna Maria Porter, 19 July 1803. Huntington Library, Papers of Jane Porter (hereafter cited as POR) 1480. 2. This anecdote appears in Porter’s 1831 introduction to Thaddeus of Warsaw (xiv). 3. Sir Sidney Smith to Jane Porter, 12 April 1803. Special Collections, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas (hereafter cited as Kansas) Ph 14627:3. 4. Jane Porter to Anna Maria Porter, 3 April 1795: ‘Courtier was here yesterday – he brought the two Magazines for me to look at – your Despair and Nightingale are both in the Ladies, as also is my Peace.’ Huntington Library POR 1423. Her sister’s accom- plishments were even more impressive. By 1803, Anna Maria Porter had produced two volumes of tales, a volume of poetry, two novels, and a work for Drury Lane. For connections between Robert Ker Porter’s historical panoramas and Jane Porter’s historical romances, see McLean, ‘Jane Porter’s Portrait of Benjamin West.’ 5. Thomas Campbell to Jane Porter, n.d. [circa 1803]. National Library of Scotland, MS 9818 ff. 111–12. 6. Jane Porter to Sir Robert Peel, 10 June 1842. British Library, Add. 40510 f. 75. 7. See Dennis, Angela Keane, Kelly, and Wood (138, 149–50). 8. A copy of an undated letter from Robert Ker Porter to Kosciuszko´ requesting the honor of a meeting is in the Huntington Library (POR 2212). 9. Jane Porter to Anna Maria Porter, 14 May 1805. Huntington Library POR 1561. 10. An internet search of ‘Thaddeus Sobieski’ and ‘Thaddeus Constantine’ (Constantine being the pseudonym Thaddeus takes while living in London) provides numerous family trees that include the names. 11. The town of Pembroke, Kentucky takes its name from Thaddeus’s friend Pembroke Somerset. 12. ‘LEVIATHAN, n. An enormous aquatic animal mentioned by Job. Some suppose it to have been the whale, but that distinguished ichthyologer, Dr. Jordan, of Stanford University, maintains with considerable heat that it was a species of gigantic Tad- pole (Thaddeus Polandensis) or Polliwig – Maria pseudo-hirsuta. For an exhaustive description and history of the Tadpole consult the famous monograph of Jane Potter [sic], Thaddeus of Warsaw.’ 13. For more on the connections between James Edward Stuart and Sir Charles Grandison, see Brückmann. 14. See discussion of Walpole and Burke in Chapter 1. 15. Porter quotes from Coleridge’s ‘Religious Musings,’ a work noted in Chapter 2. In the 1831 edition of Thaddeus of Warsaw, Catherine the Great became ‘that proud woman of the North’ (92), evidence of Porter’s changing relationship with Russia (see this chapter’s epilogue). 16. In the 1831 edition, this list of admired writers became ‘Mackenzie, Radcliffe, and Lee’ (194). 17. A seventeenth-century ballad version of the story appears in Percy’s Reliques. In Lillo’s version both Barnwell and Sarah die in London; in the ballad, Barnwell’s death occurs on the continent: ‘For murder in Polonia, / Was Barnwell hang’d in chains’ (175–6). The story also inspired T.S. Surr’s novel George Barnwell (London: H.D. Symonds, 1798). 18. Porter manipulates history here, since the ﬁrst Haymarket performance of Sighs took place on 30 July 1799, ﬁve years after the action of Thaddeus of Warsaw. 19. In later editions, even the horse he was forced to abandon in Poland is returned to him! 20. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 31 January–1 February 1832. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14664: 3. 178 Notes

21. See McLean, ‘Jane Porter’s Later Works’ and Chapter 5. 22. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 5 January 1831. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14663: 2. 23. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 7 September 1831. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14663 (2): 13.

4 ‘Transform’d, Not Inly Alter’d’: The Resurrection of Kosciuszko´ and the Arrival of Mazeppa

1. See Myerly. See also Carman (109) and Veve (40–1). 2. The Times, 6 January 1814, 2; Annual Register, 1813, 96. Later visitors to the site of Poniatowski’s death included Washington Irving and Mary Shelley. 3. Brougham’s previous comments on Poland appear in at least two Edinburgh Review articles: ‘Gentz on the State of Europe,’ 9 (January 1807): 253–78; and ‘Rulhiere – Anarchie de Pologne,’ 28 (July 1809): 388–406. 4. Something is amiss here since West painted the portrait after their meeting. Hunt also worked this anecdote into the 1832 version of ‘To Kosciusko’ (Poetical Works 176). See also Chapter 2, note 10. 5. Leigh Hunt Poetical Works 83. It seems important that both of these examples were later additions to early works; Kosciuszko´ probably had little signiﬁcance for Hunt before July 1814. 6. In Williams’s published version, this appears as ‘their freedom’ (Narrative 151). 7. William Wordsworth, The Excursion in Wordsworth’s Poetical Works. Eds E. de Selincourt and Helen Darbishire. 5 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. 5: 59. 8. See Chapter 2. See also The Convention of Cintra: ‘The stir of emancipation may again be felt at the mouths as well as at the sources of the Rhine. Poland perhaps will not be insensible; Kosciusko and his compeers may not have bled in vain’ (Prose Works 1: 341). Damian Walford Davies argues for ‘an inscription’ of Kosciuszko´ ‘in “Tintern Abbey” in a mode other than that of direct, or even self-conscious, invo- cation,’ and a somewhat stronger presence of the Polish general in Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ (127–30). 9. Humphreys wrote George Washington during the 1794 uprising of his cautious hopes for the rebels: ‘If they hold out this Campaign, I trust the Insurrection will terminate in Independence’ (Haiman 28). For Humphreys’s poem on the voyage to Europe, see Chapter 2, note 3. 10. The dialogue appears in Landor The Complete Works, Vol. 8. Poniatowski died at Leipzig in October 1813, three years before Kosciuszko´ moved to Switzerland, thus making this conversation not only imaginary but also impossible. 11. Another reader felt very differently: the Chartist shoemaker and MP Thomas Cooper included an extended passage from the dialogue in his Eight Letters to the Young Men of the Working-Class (1850), declaring ‘[t]here is not nobler eloquence in the whole compass of the language’ (Claeys 5: 445). 12. For a detailed history of the various versions of Mazeppa’s story, see Babinski. For a Ukrainian reading of the poem, see Voss. 13. Byron prints Voltaire’s French; I have provided the appropriate passages from a contemporary English translation. 14. In addition to The Times article of 19 June 1794 quoted in Chapter 2, this anecdote appeared in Stephen Jones’s 1796 History of Poland and in the 13 May 1796 issue of Coleridge’s short-lived journal the Watchman. 15. Hunt’s probable reference to the engraving in the 3 July 1814 Examiner suggests that it too was among his personal belongings. Notes 179

5 Climate Change: Britain and Poland, 1830–49

1. The Association remained active through most of the century and attracted many public figures, including Lord Stuart’s friend, Charles Dickens. See Gluchowski. 2. Its supporters included Lord Stuart, Lord Brougham, the Scottish judge advocate- general Robert Cutlar Fergusson, and Thomas Wentworth Beaumont, a wealthy MP for Northumberland. David Urquhart, who features prominently in Chapter 6, was a frequent contributor (Wellesley Index 3: 62–5). 3. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 5 August 1833. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14665: 10. See McLean, ‘Jane Porter’s Later Works’ for further information on these publications. 4. In addition to the many Scottish poets who followed Campbell’s lead, many Scottish artists were also affected by the war in Poland. See David Scott’s 1831–32 ‘Russians Burying their Dead’ at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow; and William Allan’s 1834 ‘Polish Exiles on their way to Siberia,’ described in Howard et al. (72–3). 5. Interestingly, Campbell’s death coincided with Tsar Nicholas’s visit to London. On 3 July, his remains were buried in Westminster Abbey, and a group of Polish exiles sprinkled earth taken from the tomb of Kosciuszko´ over the grave. The act brought fitting closure to a poetic life that had first gained public prominence through its representation of Kosciuszko’s´ fall, and practically every poetic eulogy to Campbell refers to the act. In ‘Lines on the Death of Campbell,’ John Walker Ord proclaimed Campbell ‘more immortal yet / When Kosciusko’s dust was mixed with thine’ (69–70) and in his oft-reprinted ‘Campbell’s Funeral,’ Horace Smith recalled how ‘earth from Kosciusko’s grave / Fell on his coffin plate with freedom-shrieking sound’ (34–5). See also Frances Browne’s poem to Campbell, quoted in Chapter 6. 6. Thackeray also mocks British soldiers who involve themselves in continental unrest. In Pendennis, Captain Ned Strong has fought for (among others) the Hungarians, the Poles (at Ostrolenka) and the Greeks, and he entertains company with his tales of ‘Greek captives, Polish beauties and Spanish nuns’ (267). But a contemporary reader would note that Strong fights on the losing side of every army he joins. 7. Because of the length of Aytoun’s poem, I identify passages by page number.

6 Arms and the Circassian Woman

1. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 23–28 March 1838. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14670: 5. 2. Jane Porter to Robert Ker Porter, 29 August 1839. Kansas MS 28, Ph 14671: 13. 3. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edn, ‘Circassia.’ This same entry appears throughout the Victorian era. 4. See also William Collins’s ‘Eclogue the Fourth: Agib and Secander; or, the Fugitives,’ from Persian Eclogues (London: J. Roberts, 1742), which begins, ‘In fair Circassia, where to Love inclin’d / Each Swain was blest, for ev’ry Maid was kind!’ 5. A description of a Circassian girl in the Constantinople slave market appears in Canto IV verse 114 of Byron’s Don Juan. 6. See also Erdem (48–52, 113–24). While the Ottoman government – under pressure from Britain and France – prohibited the African slave trade in 1857, the Circassian slave trade actually increased in the second half of the nineteenth century. The increase was mostly due to the mass immigration to the Ottoman Empire that occurred in the mid-1860s, when Russia ﬁnally secured control of Circassia. 7. Peter Pindar [pseud.; ?C.F. Lawler], The Ambassador at Court; or, George and the Fair Circassian. A Poem. London, 1819. See also A. Moor [pseud.], The British Seraglio! Or the Fair Circassian, a Poem. London: J. Sidebethem, 1819. Numerous caricatures also memorialized the visit of the Persian ambassador and fair Circassian. 180 Notes

8. It seems significant that, though Browne clearly learned much from these trav- elogues, she excludes the assisting British from her story, thus emphasizing that this is a battle between oppressors (Russia/Britain) and oppressed (Circassia/Poland/ Ireland). 9. For other representations of Shamil, see Hardman (139–43); Thomas Peckett Prest, Schamyl; or, the Wild Woman of Circassia. An Original Historical Romance. London, 1856; Francis Fitzhugh, The Curse of Schamyl, and Other Poems. Edinburgh and London, 1857. 10. Of course, the haunting started much earlier in Russian literature. See Layton. 11. For additional biographical information see my article ‘Arms and the Circassian Woman: Frances Browne’s The Star of Atteghei,’ Victorian Poetry 41.3 (2003) 295–318. 12. Ernest Jones 61; John Stuart Mill, John Stuart Mill on Ireland. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1979, 24; Anthony Trollope, ‘What does Ireland want?’ Saint Paul’s: A Monthly Magazine 5 (December 1869): 286, 290. 13. Browne stands apart from many contemporary Irish women poets who, according to Gregory A. Schirmer, sacrificed ‘personal identity to political commitment’: ‘Issues of gender, like many questions of difference that were obscured by nationalist ideology because they could not be readily assimilated to its political and cultural agenda, were rarely explored in the verse of these women poets’ (150). 14. Browne’s story is undoubtedly linked to William H.G. Kingston’s first novel, The Circassian Chief. A Romance of Russia. London: Richard Bentley, 1843. Kingston’s narrative is remarkably similar to Browne’s: it includes a Pole (named Thaddeus, of course) who deserts the Russians to fight for Circassia, and a cross-dressing heroine named Azila who is killed mistakenly by a Russian commander. Either both authors were working from the same original text, or Kingston (or a review of Kingston’s novel) was Browne’s forgotten source. 15. Because of the length of Browne’s poem, I identify passages by page number. 16. This false though influential notion originated in the writings of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. See N. Davies Europe (734–5). 17. The Spanish-Irish and Italian-Irish heroines of Lady Morgan’s later novels are particularly significant precursors of Dizila; see Ferris ‘Writing.’ 18. Many nineteenth-century writers on nationality, including J.S. Mill and Giuseppe Mazzini, accepted the necessary linguistic and ethnic heterogeneity of most European nations. Still, as E.J. Hobsbawm notes, ‘the national heterogeneity of nation-states was accepted, above all, because it seemed clear that small, and especially small and backward, nationalities had everything to gain by merging into greater nations.’ Mazzini did not even support an independent Ireland (Hobsbawm Nations 34, 31). Browne opposes such thinking by advocating the autonomy of a small Circassian nation-state against the expansion of its larger neighbor. 19. The tale of the disguised woman who follows her lover into battle was a favorite of eighteenth-century balladeers; see Dugaw. For a comprehensive study of Byron’s heroines, see Franklin. Browne also may have heard stories of women who fought in the European revolutions of the previous 50 years, like Antoinette Tomaszewska, whose bravery in battle was described by Robin Carver in Stories about Poland (London: Thomas Tegg and Son, 1835).

7 Picturing Will: Middlemarch and the Victorian Genealogy of the Polish Hero

1. It is worth noting that Eliot describes Count Czerlaski as a decent if uninspiring man. When Edith Wharton revised Eliot’s narrative in The Age of Innocence, she followed Notes 181

late-Victorian expectations by making the Polish Count Olenski a far more suspicious figure. 2. Two scholars have addressed Will’s Polish background. David Malcolm briefly notes British responses to the 1863 uprising, in particular how ‘the Polish cause developed working-class associations ...especially in the 1860s’ (67). David L. Smith sees the marriage of Dorothea and Will as ‘a merger of English duty and reason with Polish feeling and imagination’ and suggests that Will’s Polish ancestry ‘stem[s] in part, at least, from Thornton Lewes’ plan to fight for Poland and George Eliot and George Henry Lewes’ enjoyable evening in Vienna with Julian Klaczko,’ a well-known Polish journalist and patriot (61). Neither refer to the 1831 uprising in any detail nor suggest the influence of Thaddeus of Warsaw on Eliot. 3. The debate began with Jerome Beaty, ‘The Forgotten Past of Will Ladislaw,’ Nineteenth- Century Fiction 13.2 (September 1958): 159–63. 4. See Staten for earlier contributions to this discussion. 5. Porter added this sentence after the first edition. My page reference comes from the 1831 edition. 6. Another Thorwaldsen work dating from 1829–33 is a bust of Count Artur Potocki, today in the collection of the Toledo Museum of Art. 7. The villain’s first name appears as ‘Ladislaas’ in the 1854 edition but is corrected in later editions. 8. For an extended reading of Dracula in the context of nineteenth-century continental exiles, see Thomas McLean, ‘Dracula’s Blood of Many Brave Races,’ Fear, Loathing, and Victorian Xenophobia. Eds Maria K. Bachman, Heidi Kaufman, Marlene Tromp. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, forthcoming. 9. Italian, Hungarian, and especially Polish exile groups continued and extended their associations with reform movements in the 1850s and 1860s. After the Polish revolt of 1863 the Central Committee of Friends of Poland ‘united W.J. Linton, James Watson, and W.E. Adams with Francis Newman, Joseph Cowen, James Stansfield, P.A. Taylor and John Stuart Mill in efforts to raise funds for the Polish revolutionaries’ (Finn 214). Another organization formed in the 1860s, the National League for the Independence of Poland, ‘attracted middle-class radicals, labour leaders and radical artisans’ (Belchem 111). The NLIP helped lay the groundwork for the International Working Men’s Association, an organization that also supported political interven- tion on behalf of Poland. Frederick Engels told members of the First International that ‘the working men of Europe unanimously proclaim the restoration of Poland as part and parcel of their political programme’ and supported ‘war with Russia while Russia meddles with Poland’ (quoted in Finn 231). 10. Articles on Poland appear in the Westminster Review for January 1855, July 1863, October 1863, and January 1865. Gleason states that the Westminster Review ‘was the most notable collaborator’ with pro-Polish forces in Britain (131). 11. In this same chapter Eliot tellingly calls the announced engagement of Klesmer and Catherine Arrowpoint ‘an insurrection against the established order of things’ (237). 12. This remark echoes an allegation in The Times of 29 July 1831 that ‘the invasion of Russia against the unhappy Poles has been the channel through which pestilence invades the whole continent and threatens these sea-encircled islands.’ 13. If you haven’t, please see Chapter 3. Bibliography

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, First Baron Acton. ‘Nationality.’ Map- ping the Nation. Ed. Gopal Balakrishnan. London and New York: Verso, 1996, 17–38. Alberts, Robert C. Benjamin West: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifﬂin, 1978. Alexander, John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Allen, Brian and L.A. Dukel’skaya. British Art Treasures from Russian Imperial Collections in the Hermitage. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Allingham, William. A Diary. Eds H. Allingham and D. Radford. London: Macmillan and Co., 1907. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reﬂections on the Origin and Spread of Nation- alism. London: New Left Books, 1983. Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1966. The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, Of the Year 1762. London: R. and J. Dodsley, 1763. The Annual Review, and History of Literature; for 1803. Vol. 2. Ed. Arthur Aikin. London: Longman and Rees, 1804. Anonymous. Prodigious!!! or, Childe Paddie in London. 3 vols. London: W. Lindsell, 1818. Arata, Stephen. Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin de Siècle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Armour, Richard W. and Raymond F. Howes, eds. Coleridge the Talker: A Series of Contemporary Descriptions and Comments. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1940. Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. [Aytoun, William]. Poland, Homer, and Other Poems. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman; Edinburgh: Adam Black, 1832. [Aytoun, William]. ‘Modern Biography: Beattie’s Life of Campbell.’ Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 65 (February 1849): 219–34. [Aytoun, William]. ‘Peace and War Agitators.’ Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 66 (November 1849): 581–606. Babinski, Hubert F. The Mazeppa Legend in European Romanticism. New York: Columbia, 1974. Bainbridge, Simon. Napoleon and English Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Bate, Jonathan. Shakespeare and the English Romantic Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Bates, William, ed. The Maclise Portrait Gallery of Illustrious Literary Characters with Memoirs. London: Chatto & Windus, 1898. Bayly, Thomas Haynes. ‘The Circassian,’ Songs, Ballads, and Other Poems, 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley, 1844, 1: 253–4. Beattie, William. Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1850.

182 Bibliography 183

Beaty, Jerome. ‘History by Indirection: The Era of Reform in “Middlemarch,”’ Victorian Studies 1.2 (1957): 173–9. Belchem, John. Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996. Bell, James Stanislaus. Journal of a Residence in Circassia During the Years 1837, 1838, and 1839. 2 vols. London, Moxon, 1840. Bennett, Betty, ed. British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1793–1815. New York: Garland, 1976. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing: A Book. New York: Penguin, 1977. Blainey, Ann. Immortal Boy: A Portrait of Leigh Hunt. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985. Blake, William. The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Ed. David V. Erdman. New York: Doubleday, 1988. Bloom, Harold. ‘Commentary.’ The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Ed. David V. Erdman. New York: Doubleday, 1982. Bolton, Betsy. Women, Nationalism, and the Romantic Stage: Theatre and Politics in Britain, 1780–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. An Intrepid Scot: William Lithgow of Lanark’s Travels in the Ottoman Lands, North Africa and Central Europe, 1609–21. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. Brock, Peter. ‘Polish Democrats and English Radicals 1832–1862: A Chapter in the History of Anglo-Polish Relations.’ Journal of Modern History 25 (1953): 139–56. Brougham, Henry. ‘Article III. An Appeal to the Allies, and the English Nation, in Behalf of Poland.’ The Edinburgh Review 22 (January 1814): 294–331. [Brougham, Henry]. An Appeal to the Allies, and the English Nation, in Behalf of Poland. London: Printed for John Harding, St James’s Street, 1814. Brown, Frances. Lyrics and Miscellaneous Poems. Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox; London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1848. Brown, Frances. The Star of Attéghéi; The Vision of Schwartz; and Other Poems. London, Moxon, 1844. Brown, Susan. ‘The Victorian Poetess,’ The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry. Ed. Joseph Bristow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 180–202. Brückmann, Patricia. ‘ “Men, Women and Poles”: Samuel Richardson and the Romance of a Stuart Princess.’ Eighteenth-Century Life 27.3 (2003): 31–52. Bruder, Helen P. William Blake and the Daughters of Albion. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997. Brunton, Mary. Self-Control. New York: Pandora Press, 1986. Burke, Edmund. The Speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, in the House of Com- mons, and in Westminster-Hall. 4 vols. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816. Burke, Edmund. The Correspondence of Edmund Burke. Ed. Thomas W. Copeland. 10 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958–78. Burke, Edmund. An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962. Butterwick, Richard. Poland’s Last King and English Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Byron, Lord. Byron’s Letters and Journals. Ed. Leslie A. Marchand. 12 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Byron, Lord. The Complete Poetical Works. Ed. Jerome McGann. 7 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980–93. Campbell, Thomas. Address of the Literary Polish Association to the People of Great Britain. London: Printed for the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland, 1832. 184 Bibliography

Campbell, Thomas. The Complete Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell. Ed. J. Logie Robertson. New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1968. Carlyle, Thomas. The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle. Vol. 1. Ed. Charles Richard Sanders et al. Durham: Duke University Press, 1970. Carman, W.Y. British Military Uniforms. New York: Arco Publishing, 1957. Carretta, Vincent. ‘ “Petticoats in Power”: Catherine the Great in British Political Car- toons.’ 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era 1 (1994): 23–81. Chandler, James. England in 1819: The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Chorley, H.F. ‘The Pianoforte,’ Westminster Review 32 (April 1839): 306–56. Claeys, Gregory, ed. The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838–1850. 6 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2001. Clairmont, Claire. The Journals of Claire Clairmont 1814–1827. Ed. Marion Kingston Stocking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968. Clairmont, Claire. ‘The Pole.’ Mary Shelley: Collected Tales and Stories. Ed. Charles E. Robinson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, 347–72. The Clairmont Correspondence: Letters of Claire Clairmont, Charles Clairmont and Fanny Imlay Godwin. Ed. Marion Kingston Stocking. 2 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Clark, T.J. Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Cobbett, William. Porcupine’s Works; Containing Various Writings and Selections, Exhibit- ing a Faithful Picture of the United States of America. 12 vols. London: Cobbett and Morgan, 1801. Coke, Mary. The Letters and Journals of Lady Mary Coke. Ed. J.A. Home. 4 vols. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1889–96. Coleridge, S.T. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Ed. Earl Leslie Griggs. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966–71. Coleridge, S.T. The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Ed. Ernest Hartley Coleridge. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1807. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Conrad, Joseph. ‘Amy Foster.’ The Complete Short Fiction of Joseph Conrad: The Stories. Vol. 1. Ed. Samuel Hynes. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1992, 181–209. Conrad, Joseph. ‘Prince Roman.’ The Complete Short Fiction of Joseph Conrad: The Stories. Vol. 2. Ed. Samuel Hynes. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1992, 144–63. Cowley, Hannah. A Day in Turkey; or the Russian Slaves. A Comedy, as acted at the Theatre Royal, in Covent Garden. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1792. Cowper, William. The Letters and Prose Writings of William Cowper. Eds James King and Charles Ryskamp. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979–86. Cowper, William. The Task and Selected Other Poems. Ed. James Sambrook. London and New York: Longman, 1994. Cox, Jeffrey N. ‘Keats in the Cockney School.’ Romanticism 2.1 (1996): 27–39. [Crolly, George]. ‘The Life and Writings of Miss Brown, the Blind Poetess,’ Dublin Review 17 (December 1844): 517–60. Cronin, Richard. Romantic Victorians: English Literature, 1824–1840. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Bibliography 185

Crosland, Mrs Newton. Landmarks of a Literary Life, 1820–1892. London: S. Low, Marston & Co., 1893. Cross, Anthony. Anglo-Russica: Aspects of Cultural Relations between Great Britain and Russia in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Oxford: Berg, 1993. Cross, Anthony. Catherine the Great and the British: A Pot-Pourri of Essays. Nottingham: Astra Press, 2001. Cross, Anthony G. The Russian Theme in English Literature From the Sixteenth Century to 1980: An Introductory Survey and a Bibliography. Oxford: Willem A. Meeuws, 1985. Curtis, Edmund. A History of Ireland. 1936. New York: Routledge, 1998. Damon, S. Foster. A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1965. Davies, Damian Walford. Presences that Disturb: Models of Romantic Identity in the Literature and Culture of the 1790s. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002. Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Davies, Norman. Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Dennis, Ian. Nationalism and Desire in Early Historical Fiction. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997. DeVoto, Marya. ‘Frances Browne,’ Dictionary of Literary Biography: Victorian Women Poets. Vol. 199. Ed. William B. Thesing. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research, 1999. Dobson, David. Scots in Poland, Russia and the Baltic States 1550–1850. Baltimore: Clearﬁeld, 2000. Doody, Margaret. ‘George Eliot and the Eighteenth-Century Novel.’ Nineteenth-Century Fiction 35.3 (1980): 260–91. ‘Domestic Occurrences.’ The Gentleman’s Magazine 67 (July 1797): 609–11. Dörrbecker, D.W., ed. William Blake: The Continental Prophecies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Drozdowski, Piotr J. ‘Echoes of the Polish Revolution in Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century English Literature.’ Polish Review 38.1 (1993): 3–24 and 38.2 (1993): 131–48. Dugaw, Dianne. Warrior Women and Popular Balladry 1650–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Dyck, Ian. William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Egerton, Judy. Wright of Derby. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1990. Eisler, Benita. Chopin’s Funeral. New York: Knopf, 2003. Eliot, George. The George Eliot Letters. Ed. Gordon Haight. Vol. 4. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. Eliot, George. Middlemarch. Ed. Rosemary Ashton. New York: Penguin, 1994. Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. Ed. Terence Cave. New York: Penguin, 1995. Eliot, George. ‘The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton,’ Scenes of Clerical Life. Ed. Jennifer Gribble. New York: Penguin, 1998. Erdem, Y. Hakan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800–1909. New York: Macmillan Press, 1996. Erdman, David. Blake: Prophet Against Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. Erffa, Helmut von and Allen Staley. The Paintings of Benjamin West. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986. Essick, Robert N. William Blake and the Language of Adam. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. 186 Bibliography

Essick, Robert N. and Rosamund A. Paice. ‘Newly Uncovered Blake Drawings in the British Museum.’ Blake: An Illustrated Quarterly 37.3 (2003–4): 84–100. Ewald, Alexander Charles. The Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli. 2 vols. London: William Mackenzie, 1883. Farington, Joseph. The Diary of Joseph Farington. Eds Kenneth Garlick and Angus MacIntyre. 16 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Ferris, Ina. The Achievement of Literary Authority: Gender, History, and the Waverley Novels. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991. Ferris, Ina. ‘Writing on the Border: The National Tale, Female Writing, and the Public Sphere.’ Romanticism, History, and the Possibilities of Genre: Re-forming Literature 1789– 1837. Eds Tilottama Rajan and Julia M. Wright. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 86–106. Fields, James T. Biographical Notes and Personal Sketches with Unpublished Fragments and Tributes from Men and Women of Letters. London: Sampson Low, 1881. Finn, Margot. After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848–1874. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Fox, Charles James. The Speeches of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox in the House of Commons. London: Aylott and Jones, 1848. Franklin, Caroline. Byron’s Heroines. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. [Fraser, J.B.]. ‘Russia, Turkey, and Circassia.’ The Edinburgh Review 67 (April 1838): 123–41. Fried, Michael. Absorption and Theatricality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. Frost, Robert I. ‘Scottish Soldiers, Poland-Lithuania and the Thirty Years’ War.’ Scotland and the Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648. Ed. Steve Murdoch. Leyden: Brill, 2001, 191–213. Fuller, David. Blake’s Heroic Argument. London: Croom Helm, 1988. Galloway, George. The Tears of Poland. Edinburgh, 1795. Gammer, M. Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. Portland, Oregon: F. Cass, 1994. Gardner, Monica. Kosciuszko: A Biography. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1920. Garside, Peter. ‘Popular Fiction and National Tale: Hidden Origins of Scott’s Waverley.’ Nineteenth-Century Literature 46.1 (1991): 30–53. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Cranford. Ed. Peter Keating. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. Gillies, Robert Pierce. Memoirs of a Literary Veteran 1794–1849. 3 vols. London: Richard Bentley, 1851. Gilmartin, Kevin. Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Girtin, Tom. Doctor with Two Aunts: A Biography of Peter Pindar. London: Hutchinson, 1959. Gleason, John Howes. The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950. Gluchowski, Krzysztof. ‘Dickens and Poland.’ Dickensian 98.456 (2002): 44–51. Goldsworthy, Vesna. Inventing Ruritania: The Imperialism of the Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Gossman, Norbert J. ‘British Aid to Polish, Italian, and Hungarian Exiles 1830–1870.’ South Atlantic Quarterly 68.1 (1969): 231–45. Gordon, David and Peter Gordon. Musical Visitors to Britain. New York: Routledge, 2005. Grifﬁths, Antony. German Printmaking in the Age of Goethe. London: British Museum Press, 1994. Grubgeld, Elizabeth. ‘Ireland,’ Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Press, 1988. Bibliography 187

Haight, Gordon S. ‘George Eliot’s “Eminent Failure,” Will Ladislaw.’ This Particular Web: Essays on ‘Middlemarch’. Ed. Ian Adam. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975, 22–42. Haiman, Miecislaus. Kosciuszko: Leader and Exile. New York: Kosciuszko Foundation, 1977. Hamilton, Chloe. ‘A Portrait of General Kosciusko by Benjamin West.’ Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin 9 (1952): 81–91. Hamilton, Janet. ‘Poland.’ Poems of Purpose and Sketches in Prose. Glasgow: Thomas Murray and Son, 1865, 86–7. [Hardman, Frederick]. ‘Caucasus and the Cossacks,’ Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 65 (February 1849): 129–46. Hawke, David Freeman. Paine. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Hazlitt, William. The Collected Works of William Hazlitt. Eds A.R. Walker and Arnold Glover. 12 vols. London: J.M. Dent & Co., 1902–4. Hobsbawm, Eric J. The Age of Revolution: 1789–1848. New York: New American Library, 1962. Hobsbawm, Eric J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Hogg, Thomas Jefferson. The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. 4 vols. London: Moxon, 1858. Holmstrom, John and Laurence Lerner, eds. George Eliot and Her Readers. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1966. Hood, Thomas. Poetical Works. New York: James Miller, 1874. Hopkirk, Peter, The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. London: J. Murray, 1990. Howard, Jeremy, John Morrison, Sara Stevenson, and Andrzej Szczerski. William Allan: Artist Adventurer. Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh Museums and Galleries, 2001. Huneker, James. Mezzotints in Modern Music: Brahms, Tschaïkowsky, Chopin, Richard Strauss, Liszt and Wagner. New York: Charles Scribners, 1899. Hunt, Leigh. The Poetical Works of Leigh Hunt. London: Moxon, 1849. Hunt, Leigh. Table-Talk. To which are added Imaginary Conversations of Pope and Swift. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1851. Hunt, Leigh. The Correspondence of Leigh Hunt. 2 vols. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1862. [Huxley, T.H.]. ‘Schamyl, the Prophet-Warrior of the Caucasus,’ Westminster Review 61 (April 1854): 480–519. Hytier, Adrienne. ‘An Eighteenth-Century Experiment in Historical Realism: The Marquis d’Argenson and Bonnie Prince Charlie.’ Eighteenth-Century Studies 3.2 (1969): 200–41. Irwin, David and Francina Irwin. Scottish Painters: At Home and Abroad 1700–1900. London: Faber and Faber, 1975. Johnson, Mary Lynn and John E. Grant, eds. Blake’s Poetry and Designs. 2nd edn. New York: Norton, 2008. Jones, Chris. Radical Sensibility: Lectures and Ideas in the 1790s. New York: Routledge, 1993. Jones, Ernest. The Maid of Warsaw; or, The Tyrant Czar. A Tale of the Last Polish Revolution. London: George Pavey, 1854. Jones, Jacob. The Anglo-Polish Harp; A Psalter for the Restoration of the Poles. 3rd edn. London: Pickering, 1836. Jones, Stephen. The History of Poland. London: Vernor and Hood, 1795. Kandl, John. ‘Private Lyrics in the Public Sphere: Leigh Hunt’s Examiner and the Construction of a Public “John Keats.” ’ Keats-Shelley Journal 44 (1995): 84–101. 188 Bibliography

Keane, Angela. ‘The Importance of Elsewhere: Romantic Subjectivity and the Romance of History,’ Wordsworth Circle 27.1 (1996): 16–21. Keane, John. Tom Paine: A Political Life. New York: Grove Press, 2003. Keats, John. Complete Poems. Ed. Jack Stillinger. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. Keats, John. The Letters of John Keats, 1814–1821. Ed. Hyder Edward Rollins. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958. Kelly, Gary. Women, Writing and Revolution, 1789–1830. London and New York: Longman, 1989. King, R.W. ‘Parson Primrose’: The Life, Work and Friendships of Henry Francis Cary. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1925. Komisaruk, Adam. ‘ “That Imperious Passion”: Self as Vortex in Don Juan’s Russian Affair,’ Nineteenth-Century Contexts 29.2&3 (2007): 219–35. Kotzebue, August von. Sighs; or, The Daughter. Trans. Prince Hoare. London: 1799. Krzyzanowski, Ludwik. ‘Joseph Conrad’s Prince Roman: Fact and Fiction,’ Joseph Conrad: Centennial Essays. Ed. Ludwik Krzyzanowski. New York: Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, 1960, 27–69. Lamb, Charles. The Letters of Charles and Mary Anne Lamb. Ed. Edwin W. Marrs, Jr. 3 vols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. Landor, Walter Savage. The Complete Works of Walter Savage Landor. Ed. T. Earle Welby. 16 vols. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1928. Layton, Susan. Russian Literature and Empire: The Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Lee, Charles. Memoirs of the Life of the Late Charles Lee, Esq. Dublin, 1792. Leerssen, Joep. Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Historical and Literary Repre- sentations of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. Leerssen, Joep. ‘The Rhetoric of National Character: A Programmatic Survey.’ Poetics Today 21.2 (2000): 267–92. Leighton, Angela. Victorian Women Poets: Writing Against the Heart. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992. Lever, Charles. The Dodd Family Abroad. London: Chapman & Hall, 1854. Lieven, Anatol. Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Longworth, J.A. A Year Among the Circassians, 2 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1840. Looser, Devoney. ‘The Porter Sisters, Women’s Writing, and Historical Fiction,’ The History of British Women’s Writing, 1750–1830. Ed. Jacqueline M. Labbe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 233–53. Lootens, Tricia. ‘Hemans and Home: Victorianism, Feminine “Internal Enemies,” and the Domestication of National Identity.’ PMLA 109 (1994): 238–53. Lukács, Georg. The Historical Novel. Trans. Hannah and Stanley Mitchell. London: Merlin, 1962. Lynch, Deidre. ‘Domesticating Fictions and Nationalizing Women: Edmund Burke, Prop- erty, and the Reproduction of Englishness,’ Romanticism, Race, and Imperial Culture, 1780–1834. Eds. Alan Richardson and Sonia Hofkosh. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996, 40–71. Mackay, Charles. ‘On the Capitulation of Warsaw, September 1831.’ Songs and Poems. London: Cochrane and M’Crone, 1834, 70–1. [Mackintosh, James]. ‘Partitions.’ The Edinburgh Review 37 (November 1822): 462–527. Bibliography 189

Makdisi, Saree. William Blake and the Impossible History of the 1790s. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Malcolm, David. ‘What is a Pole Doing in Middlemarch?’ The George Eliot Fellowship Review 17 (1986): 63–9. Martin, Theodore. Memoir of William Edmondstoune Aytoun. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1867. Martineau, Harriet. A History of the Thirty Years’ Peace A.D. 1816–1846. Vol. 3. London: George Bell and Sons, 1877. Marx, Karl. ‘Defeat Your Enemies at Home.’ A Radical Reader: The Struggle for Change in England, 1381–1914. Ed. Christopher Hampton. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984, 504–5. McIlvanney, Liam. Burns the Radical: Poetry and Politics in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 2002. McLean, Thomas. ‘Jane Porter’s Portrait of Benjamin West.’ Huntington Library Quarterly 66.1–2 (2003): 169–75. McLean, Thomas. ‘Jane Porter’s Later Works, 1825–1846.’ Harvard Library Bulletin 20.2 (2009): 45–62. McLeod, Mona Kedslie. Agents of Change: Scots in Poland, 1800–1918. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 2000. More, Hannah. Percy, A Tragedy. As it is acted at the Theatre-Royal in Covent-Garden. London: T. Cadell, 1778. Murdoch, Iris. Nuns and Soldiers. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982. Myerly, Scott Hughes. British Military Spectacle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. [Neuberg, Joseph]. ‘Poland: Her History and Prospects.’ Westminster Review 63 (January 1855): 114–54. Nord, Deborah Epstein. Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807–1930. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Opie, Amelia. Memorials of the Life of Amelia Opie. Ed. Cecilia Lucy Brightwell. 2nd edn. Norwich: Fletcher and Alexander, 1854. Opie, Amelia. The Collected Poems of Amelia Anderson Opie. Eds Shelley King and John B. Pierce. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Ord, John Walker. ‘Lines on the Death of Campbell.’ Rural Sketches and Poems. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co.; Edinburgh: William Tait, 1845, 326–9. Ord, John Walker. ‘Poland, Affectionately Inscribed to My Dear Friend, Thomas Campbell, Esq.’ The Bard, and Minor Poems. 2nd edn. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co.; Edinburgh: William Tait, 1842, 128–31. O’Quinn, Daniel. ‘Hannah Cowley’s A Day in Turkey and the Political Efﬁcacy of Charles James Fox.’ European Romantic Review 14.1 (2003): 17–30. Pasquin, Anthony [John Williams]. Poems by Anthony Pasquin, 2 vols. London, 1789. Pindar, Peter [pseud.; ? C.F. Lawler]. The Ambassador at Court; or, George and the Fair Circassian. A Poem. London: J. Johnston, 1819. ‘Poland.’ Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register 26.12 (17 September 1814): 363–8. Porter, Jane. The Scottish Chiefs, A Romance. 5 vols. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1810. Porter, Jane. Thaddeus of Warsaw. 4 vols. London: Longman & Rees, 1803. Porter, Jane. Thaddeus of Warsaw. London: Colburn & Bentley, 1831. Ragussis, Michael. Figures of Conversion: ‘The Jewish Question’ and English National Identity. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. 190 Bibliography

The Red Republican & The Friend of the People. 2 vols. Reprint with introduction by John Saville. London: Merlin Press, 1966. [Rich, Henry]. ‘History, Present Wrongs, and Claims of Poland.’ The Edinburgh Review 55 (April 1832): 220–70. Robinson, Henry Crabb. Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and their Writers. Ed. Edith J. Morley. 3 vols. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Limited. Roe, Nicholas. Keats and the Culture of Dissent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Roscoe, William Stanley. Poems by William Stanley Roscoe. London: William Pickering, 1834. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Schama, Simon. Landscape and Memory. New York: Knopf, 1995. Schirmer, Gregory A. Out of What Began: A History of Irish Poetry in English. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. Schmidt, Arnold Anthony. Byron and the Rhetoric of Italian Nationalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Scott, Sir Walter. Waverley. Ed. Andrew Hook. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985. Scrivener, Michael, ed. Poetry and Reform: Periodical Verse from the English Democratic Press, 1792–1824. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Marvin Spevack. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1988. Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Ed. Betty T Bennett. 3 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980–88. Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Lodore. Ed. Lisa Vargo. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview, 1997. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Shelley’s Poetry and Prose. Eds Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat. New York: Norton, 2002. Smith, Charlotte. The Banished Man. London: Cadell and Davies, 1794. Smith, Charlotte. Desmond. Ed. Antje Blank and Janet Todd. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview, 2001. Smith, David L. ‘Will Ladislaw’s Polish Ancestry.’ Polish Anglo-Saxon Studies 3–4 (1992): 55–63. Smith, F.B. Radical Artisan: William James Linton 1812–97. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1973. Smith, Horace. ‘Campbell’s Funeral.’ The Poetical Works of Horace Smith and James Smith. Ed. Epes Sargent. New York: Mason Brothers, 1857, 67–9. Southey, Robert. Letters from England. Ed. Jack Simmons. London: Cresset Press, 1951. Southey, Robert. ‘The Rise and Progress of Popular Disaffection.’ The Quarterly Review 16 (January 1817): 511–52. Southey, Robert. The Collected Letters of Robert Southey. Part One: 1791–1797. Ed. Lynda Pratt. Romantic Circles. http://www.rc.umd.edu/editions/southey_letters/index.html (accessed 28 February 2011). Spencer, Edmund. Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, etc. Including a Steam Voyage Down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople, and Round the Black Sea, in 1836. 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1837. Squire, John Collings. Books in General by Solomon Eagle. New York: Knopf, 1920. Staley, Allen. Benjamin West, American Painter at the English Court. Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art, 1989. Bibliography 191

Staten, Henry. ‘Is Middlemarch Ahistorical?’ PMLA 115.5 (2000): 991–1005. Stewart, Garrett. Dear Reader: The Conscripted Audience in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Storozynski, Alex. The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2009. Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Swinburne, Algernon. ‘Rizpah.’ Poems and Ballads, Second Series. London: Chatto & Windus, 1878. Tennyson, Alfred. The Poems of Tennyson. Ed. Christopher Ricks. 3 vols. Harlow: Longman, 1969. Thackeray, William Makepeace. The Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray. Ed. Gordon N. Ray. 4 vols. New York: Octagon Books, 1980. Thackeray, William Makepeace. The History of Pendennis. Ed. John Sutherland. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Thackeray, William Makepeace. The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family. Ed. Andrew Sanders. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Thelwall, John. The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall. Ed. Gregory Claeys. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Thompson, Andrew. George Eliot and Italy. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998. Thompson, Edward. The Court of Cupid. London: C. Moran, 1770. Thompson, T.P. ‘European Revolution.’ The Westminster Review 14 (January 1831): 245–52. Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Trollope, Anthony. The Claverings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Trumpener, Katie. ‘The Time of the Gypsies: A “People without History.”’ Identities. Ed. Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, 338–80. Trumpener, Katie. Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. [Vaughan, Benjamin]. Letters, on the Subject of the Concert of Princes, and the Dismemberment of Poland and France. London: G.G.J. & J. Robinson, 1793. Veve, Thomas.The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815– 1818. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. Viscomi, Joseph. Blake and the Idea of the Book. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. Voltaire, M. de. The History of Charles XII, King of Sweden. Trans. John Joseph Stockdale. London: John Joseph Stockdale, 1807. Voss, Tony. ‘ “Wild and Free”: Byron’s Mazeppa.’ Byron Journal 25 (1997): 71–82. Waddington, Patrick. From The Russian Fugitive to The Ballad of Bulgarie: Episodes in English Literary Attitudes to Russia from Wordsworth to Swinburne. Oxford: Berg, 1994. Walpole, Horace. Horace Walpole’s Correspondence. Ed. W.S. Lewis. 48 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937–83. Ward, Aileen. John Keats: The Making of a Poet. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986. Warner, Richard. Literary Recollections. 2 vols. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1830. Watson, Nicola J. Revolution and the Form of the British Novel, 1790–1825: Intercepted Letters, Interrupted Seductions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Wedgwood, Josiah. The Selected Letters of Josiah Wedgwood. Eds Ann Finer and George Savage. London: Cory, Adams and MacKay, 1965 192 Bibliography

Weinstein, Mark A. William Edmondstoune Aytoun and the Spasmodic Controversy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968. Weisser, Henry. British Working-Class Movements and Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900. Eds Walter E. Houghton and Esther Rhoads Houghton. 3 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966–79. Williams, Helen Maria. An Eye-Witness Account of the French Revolution by Helen Maria Williams: Letters Containing a Sketch of the Politics of France. Ed. Jack Fruchtman, Jr. New York: Peter Lang, 1997. Williams, Helen Maria. A Narrative of the Events which have taken place in France, from the Landing of Napoleon Bonaparte, on the 1st of March, 1815, till the Restoration of Louis XVIII. London: John Murray, 1815. Williams, Raymond. The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1970. Williams, Raymond. Culture & Society: 1780–1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Wolcot, John. The Works of Peter Pindar, Esq. Vol. 4. London: John Walker, 1806. Wolff, Larry. Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlighten- ment. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. Wollstonecraft, Mary. The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft. Eds Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler. 7 vols. London: Pickering, 1989. Wood, Lisa. Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel after the French Revolution. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2003. Woodring, Carl. Politics in the Poetry of Coleridge. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Woodring, Carl. Politics in English Romantic Poetry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970. Woodward, Lionel-D. Une Anglaise Amie de la Révolution Française: Hélène-Maria Williams et ses Amis. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1930. Wordsworth, William. The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: Volume I: The Early Years 1787–1805. Ed. E. de Selincourt. London: Oxford University Press, 1967. Wordsworth, William. The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Middle Years Part 2, 1812–1820. Ed. E. de Selincourt. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Wordsworth, William. The Prose Works of William Wordsworth. Eds W.J.B. Owen and J.W. Smyser. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974. Wordsworth, William. Shorter Poems 1807–1820. Ed. Carl H. Ketcham. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989. Worrall, David. ‘Blake and the Night Sky I: The “Immortal Tent,”’ Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 84 (1981): 273–95. Wraxall, N.W. Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna, In the Years 1777, 1778 and 1779. 2 vols. London: Cadell and Davies, 1799. Wu, Duncan. ‘Leigh Hunt’s “Cockney” Aesthetics,’ Keats-Shelley Review 10 (1996) 77–97. Yearsley, Ann. An Elegy on Marie Antoinette of Austria, Ci-devant Queen of France: With a Poem on the Last Interview between the King of Poland and Loraski. [Bristol]: J. Rudhall [?1794]. Zamoyski, Adam. The Last King of Poland. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997. Zamoyski, Adam. Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries 1776–1871. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999. Zamoyski, Adam. Chopin: Prince of the Romantics. London: Harper Press, 2010. Bibliography 193

Zapatka, Francis E. ‘Jane Porter’s Kosciuszko.’ Heart of the Nation: Polish Literature and Culture. Selected Essays from the Fiftieth Anniversary International Congress of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. Eds James S. Pula and M.B. Biskupski. New York: East European Monographs, 1993, 167–79. Zapatka, Francis E. ‘Kosciuszko among the English Romantics,’ Polish Review 30.3 (1985) 239–53. Zawadzki, W.H. A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. Zmuda-Liszewska,´ Krystyna. ‘Portret Tadeusza Kosciuszki´ Według Richarda Coswaya – Nieznany Obraz.’ Almanach Muzealny. Warsawa: Muzeum Historyczne m.st.Warszawy, 1999. Index

Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of the Ottoman 33–4, 36; the crystal house, 32; the Empire, 19 language of slavery in, 37 Acton, Lord (John Emerich Edward The Four Zoas,32 Dalberg), 8, 46, 168 Jerusalem, 29, 30 Alberts, Robert C., 54 Visions of the Daughters of Albion,37 Alexander, John T., 174n11 Blanc, Louis, 163, 164 Alexander I, Tsar, 5, 11, 19, 43, 86 Bloom, Harold, 29 his treatment of Poland, 6, 96, 106, 111, Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 180n16 117 Boleslas I, King of Poland, 124, 125 Allan, William, 138, 149, 179n4 Boothby, Brooke, 52–3, 58 Analytical Review, 30, 36, 174n13 Britain Anderson, Benedict, 3 anti-Russian feelings in, 10, 15, 116, 124, 128, 130, 135, 140 Anderson, M.S., 139–40 Britain’s alliance with Russia, 5, 15–16, Arata, Stephen, 162 28–9, 44, 49–50, 64, 112, 118 Armstrong, Nancy, 79, 83 British hypocrisy, 14, 54, 58, 64 Augustus II (the Strong), Elector of Saxony British inaction and guilt over Poland, and King of Poland, 108 44, 47, 53, 57, 59, 94, 104, 113, 120, Aytoun, William, 7, 117, 121, 129, 142, 124 152 British interest in Poland, 10, 11, 29, his articles in Blackwood’s Edinburgh 30–1, 39, 43–4, 94–6, 106, 116, 122 Magazine, 11, 130–2 British savagery, 10, 14, 62–4, 92, ‘Poland,’ 11, 129–30, 175n4 176n13 British sympathy for Poland, 9, 10, 11, Bainbridge, Simon, 64 15, 57, 59, 63, 116, 118, 122, 132 Balfe, Michael, The Bohemian Girl, 124 Poland’s cause and English radicalism Barlow, Joel, 9, 23, 30, 54 and internationalism, 12, 16, 24, 46, 50, 122–3, 130–1, 155, 159–60, Barnwell, George, 81, 177n17 181n9 Bate, Jonathan, 48 pro-Poland writing, 47, 116–17, 119–21, Bayly, Thomas Haynes, 138 122, 128, 181n10 Beaty, Jerome, 165 see also Ireland; Polish question Bedford, Francis Russell, Duke of, 95 British and Foreign Review, 119, 179n2 Bell, James Stanislaus, 139, 140, 144 Brock, Peter, 122 Berger, John, 55 Brougham, Lord Henry, 8, 92–4, 96, 100, Bierce, Ambrose, 72, 176n15, 177n12 111, 112, 178n3 Biernacki, Felicjan, 92 Brown, Susan, 141 Blake, Catherine, 30, 33 Browne, Frances, 136, 141–4, 153, 180n13 Blake, William ‘The Last of the Jagellons,’ 142–3 America: A Prophecy, 30, 37, 39 ‘On the Death of Thomas Campbell,’ Europe: A Prophecy, 10, 16, 29–40, 143, 179n5 174n22: Enitharmon, 10, 16, 30–4, ‘The Star of Attéghéi,’ 11–12, 136–7, 36–40; Orc, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39; 141, 142, 143, 144–53, 180n14: Rintrah and Palamabron, 10, 16, editor’s comments, 142; its critique

194 Index 195

of Russian and British as Enitharmon in Blake’s Europe, 10, 16, expansionism, 12, 137, 148–50, 30, 31, 32, 33–4, 36–8, 39–40 152, 153, 180n8, 180n18; gender as enlightened Western ruler, 5, 15, in, 144, 146, 147, 150–2, 180n13, 16–22, 173n6 180n19; nationhood in, 12, 137, her Imperial desires, 4, 10, 14–15, 144, 145–50, 152–3, 180n18 18–20, 22–4, 29, 34, 37–8, 39, 46 Bruder, Helen P., 29, 30, 31, 39, 40 literary representations of, 15, 16, 17, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Charles William 21–2, 26–8, 29–40, 106 Ferdinand, Duke of, 38 as a monstrous, ‘masculine’ figure, 5, Brunton, Mary, 68 9–10, 15, 17, 25–9, 152 Bukaty, Franciszek, 23 her response to Jacobinism, 10, 15–16, Burke, Edmund, 10, 22–4, 25, 34, 36, 65, 24, 26, 28–9, 50, 106 71, 74, 174n12, 174n13 and Stanisław II, 15, 22–3, 26, 27, 110, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, 174n11 23–4 visual representations of, 15, 17, 19–21, Burney, Frances, 17, 73, 78, 150 27–8, 29, 30, 32, 39, 174n17 Burns, Robert, ‘Why should na poor folk see also partitions of Poland mowe,’ 26, 174n14 Caucasus, 135, 138, 146, 148–9, 150, Bush, John, 17 180n16 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 91, 112, 150, its people, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140–1 159 Russian expansionism in, 3, 11–12, 135, The Age of Bronze, 105–6, 108, 110 136, 137, 139–41, 149–50, 180n18 Don Juan, 15, 105–6, 107, 179n5 see also Circassia ‘From the French,’ 105, 109 Central Committee of Friends of Poland, The Giaour, 137, 142, 147 181n9 and Kosciuszko,´ 2, 11, 43, 89, 91, 105–6 Champion, 99–100 Mazeppa, 1, 5, 11, 91, 106–12, 150–1, Chandler, James, 15 161 Charles III, King of Spain, 19 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 4, 5, 107–10 Campbell, Thomas, 7, 42, 43–4, 64, 67–8, Charlotte, Queen of England, 16, 31, 33, 70, 85, 95, 130–1 34 his influence and pro-Poland efforts in Chartism, 12, 122–3, 127–8 the early 1830s, 11, 116, 119–22 Chatterton, Thomas, 59 ‘Lines on Poland,’ 120–1 Chechens, 140–1 ‘The Pleasures of Hope,’ 2, 7, 10, 41, 43, Chopin, Frédéric, 132–4 59–63, 65, 101, 128, 129–30, Chorley, H.F., 133 176n13, 176n15 Circassia, 11–12, 135–6, 139–40, 146, ‘The Power of Russia,’ 120–1 179n3 responses to his death, 122, 143, 179n5 Circassian slavery, 138, 150, 179n5, Cardon, Anthony, General Thaddeus 179n6 Kosciuszko, 54–9, 65, 78, 175n8, conflict in, 11–12, 135–7, 139–41, 149 176n10 the exotic and ‘fair Circassian,’ 136, Carlyle, Thomas, 68, 72, 81 137–9, 146–7, 150, 153, 179n4, Carver, Robin, 180n19 179n7 Cary, Henry Francis, 176n13 Polish, Irish, and Scottish connections, Catherine II (the Great), Empress of 12, 136, 137, 138, 148–9, 150, Russia, 2, 17, 29, 47, 76, 78, 112, 153 173n1, 173n4, 177n15 see also Browne (‘The Star of Attéghéi’) 196 Index

Clairmont, Claire, 114, 116 Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy, 85–6, 105, ‘The Pole,’ 11, 68, 114, 116, 155, 156, 119, 122, 140, 159 159 in British writing, 104, 120, 129, 130 Clark, T.J., 58–9 his efforts in behalf of Poland, 92, 118, Cobbett, William, 50, 51, 118 123, 133 Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register,96 Coke, Lady Mary, 174n10 Damon, S. Foster, 30 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 10, 16, 32, 37, David, Jacques-Louis, 53, 58 49–50, 51, 64, 175n5, 176n15 Davies, Damian Walford, 48, 101, 178n8 Dennis, John, 176n15 ‘Koskiusko,’ 7, 10, 36, 43, 47–9, 56, 60, DeVoto, Marya, 143 76, 101, 111, 175n7 Disraeli, Benjamin, 8 ‘La Fayette,’ 49, 64 Dobson, David, 6 ‘Lewti or the Circassian Love-Chaunt,’ Doody, Margaret, 154 137 Dörrbecker, D.W., 38 ‘Ode to the Departing Year,’ 27–8, 50 Drozdowski, Piotr, 3 ‘Religious Musings,’ 27, 177n15 his sympathy for the Poles, 9, 43, east of Europe (‘the Orient of Europe’), 46, 64 4–6, 9, 12, 110, 126 and the tropes of defeat, 2, 36, 43, see also Caucasus; Circassia; Poland; 47–50 Russia Colley, Linda, 3 Eastern Europeans, 2, 4, 9, 13, 160–2 Collier, John Payne, 176n15 see also Catherine the Great; Kosciuszko;´ Collins, Wilkie, The Woman in White, 165 Polish exile Collins, William, 179n4 Edgeworth, Maria, 69, 72 Congress of Vienna, 8, 91, 103, 106, 111, Edinburgh Review, 8–9, 92, 93–4, 111, 119, 117–18, 159 121, 149, 178n3 Conrad, Joseph, 12, 170–2 Egerton, Judy, 52–3 ‘Amy Foster,’ 12, 170–1 Eliot, George, 2, 155–6, 163, 181n2, ‘Prince Roman,’ 1, 12, 171–2 181n11 Constantine, Grand Duke, 19, 117, 118 Daniel Deronda, 155, 163–4 Cooper, Astley, 101 Middlemarch, 1, 12, 13, 68, 154–9, Cooper, James Fenimore, 142 164–9, 170, 181n2 Cooper, Thomas, 178n11 ‘The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Cossacks, 19, 107, 111, 127, 141, 160 Barton,’ 154, 163, 180n1 Cosway, Richard, 30, 52, 54, 175n8 Engels, Frederick, 181n9 Enlightenment, 4, 5, 9, 15, 17, 22, 59, 62 Cottle, Joseph, 176n13 Erdman, David, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36 Cowley, Hannah, 21, 173n8 Essick, Robert N., 32 Cowper, William, 19, 32–3 Examiner, 91, 92, 94, 96–9, 100–3, 104, Cox, Jeffrey N., 90–1 111, 133 Crimea, 4, 18 Crimean War, 128, 140–1 Farington, Joseph, 52, 53, 156 Crolly, George, 141–2, 150 Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 91, 95, 98 Cronin, Richard, 117 Filicaia, Vincenzo de, 99–100 Crosland, Camilla, 141 Finn, Margot, 181n9 Cross, Anthony, 3 Fischer, Josef, 176n10 Cruikshank, George, 88–9 Fox, Charles James, 19, 20, 23–4, 28, 50, Cruikshank, Isaac, 27–8, 174n17 51, 64 Curtis, Edmund, 153 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 34 Index 197

Fraser, J.B., 149 Herzen, Alexander, 164, 168 Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 22 Hilliard, Nicholas, 176n9 Frederick William II, King of Prussia, 34 Hoare, Prince, 81 French Revolution, 4, 8, 29, 31, 34, 88 Hobhouse, John Cam, 105 British responses to, 23–4, 39, 45, 54, Hobsbawm, Eric J., 122, 180n18 64, 72–3, 127 Holcroft, Thomas, 48, 175n5 Fried, Michael, 53 Hood, Thomas, 68 Frost, Robert I., 6 Humphreys, David, 103, 175n3, 178n9 Fulford, Tim, 3 Huneker, James, 132, 133 Fuller, David, 35 Hunt, Leigh, 43, 95, 100, 103, 111, 112, 174n20, 178n5, 178n15 Galloway, George, 7 Descent of Liberty, 111 Gammer, M., 140–1 Examiner essays, 11, 54–5, 89, 94–6, 100, Gardiner, General William, 66, 77 102, 108, 112, 178n15 Garrick, David, 17 ‘The Feast of the Poets,’ 95 Garside, Peter, 75 inﬂuence on Romantic-era writers, 11, Gaskell, Elizabeth, Cranford,72 58, 89–91, 100, 101–2, 103, 105, gendered representations 106 ‘feminized’ Polish men, 5, 44, 57, 64, Table-Talk,97 73, 78–9, 104, 112, 151–2, 156, 168 ‘To Kosciusko,’ 89, 97–8, 99, 102, gender role reversal, 78–9, 83, 144, 147, 176n10, 178n4 150–2, 180n13, 180n19 Huxley, T.H., 140 ‘masculine’ Catherine, 5, 10, 15, 76, 78, Hytier, Adrienne, 6 152 Gentleman’s Magazine,51 ‘imagined communities,’ 2 George III, King of England, 19, 20, 35, 45 ‘imagology’ (or image studies), 2–3 German princes, 26, 27, 34, 37, 74 International Working Men’s Association, Gillies, Robert, 71, 99 181n9 Gillray, James, 19–21, 37, 174n17 Ireland, 145–6, 148, 153 Gilmartin, Kevin, 98 as ‘England’s Poland,’ 14, 123, 124, 137, Girtin, Tom, 51 144, 149–50 Gleason, John Howes, 118–19, 181n10 the Poland–Ireland connection, 9, 12, Godwin, William, 48, 75, 175n5 123–4, 137, 143–4, 148, 153, 180n8 Caleb Williams,83 see also Young Ireland movement Goldsworthy, Vesna, 3 Italy, 91, 94, 100, 118, 122, 153, 165 Gordon, Lady Catherine, 7, 22 as setting for British-Polish encounters, Grant, John E., 31 6, 73–4, 157 Grubgeld, Elizabeth, 153 Ivan VI, Tsar, 16–17 Guiccioli, Teresa, 107, 111 Jacobinism Hamilton, Chloe, 52, 58 British responses to, 15–16, 21, 36, 45–6, Hamilton, Janet, 122 47, 50 Hanover, House of, 27, 28 James, Henry, 155 Hapsburgs, 32 James II, King of England, 6 Hardman, Frederick, 138 John Casimir, King of Poland, 107, 110, Harney, George Julian, 160, 164 120 Hazlitt, William, 64, 65, 92, 98–9, 105 Johnson, Mary Lynn, 31 Hedvige (Jadwiga), Queen of Poland, Jones, Chris, 45 157–8 Jones, Ernest, 122, 144, 155, 168 Hemans, Felicia, 136–7, 150, 152 The Maid of Warsaw, 123 198 Index

Jones, Jacob, 7, 121–2 Kotzebue, August von, Sighs, 80, 81–2 Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 19 Krzyzanowski, Ludwik, 172

Kandl, John, 103 Lafayette, Marquis de, 10, 40, 43, 45, 48, Keats, John, 11, 43, 90–1, 96, 100–2, 111, 49, 64, 103, 175n3 112, 120 Lamb, Charles, 51, 175n7 Endymion, 101 Landon, Letitia Elizabeth, 137 Hyperion: A Fragment, 102 Landor, Walter Savage, 43, 89, 103–4, 112, ‘Sleep and Poetry,’ 58, 100, 112 173n4, 178n10 ‘To Kosciusko,’ 2, 58, 89, 95, 100, 101–2, ‘Apology for Satire,’ 104 105, 107 Imaginary Conversations, 64, 104–5, Ketcham, Carl, 100 114 King, R.W., 176n13 Lawrence, D.H., The Rainbow, 110 Kingston, William H.G., 180n14 Leader, 163 Kitson, Peter J., 3 Lee, Charles, 39 Klaczko, Julian, 163, 181n2 Leech, John, 124–5 Korzeniowski, Jósef Konrad, see Conrad Leerssen, Joep, 3, 144 Kosciuszko,´ General Tadeusz, 1, 2, 7, 10, Leighton, Angela, 150 27, 41–4, 99, 118, 120, 156 Leopold II, Emperor of Austria, 32 and the American Revolution, 7, 9, 43, Lever, Charles, 155 44–5, 70 The Dodd Family Abroad, 160–1, 181n7 attempt to save Princess Lubomirska, Lewes, George Henry, 163, 181n2 45, 70–1 Lewes, Thornton, 163, 181n2 attempted elopement, 44, 70, 111, Lieven, Anatol, 141 178n14 Lillo, George, 81, 177n17 bidding hope farewell, 59–64 Lithgow, William, 6 as the embodiment of Poland, 25, 44, London Literary Association of the Friends 53, 63–4, 65 of Poland, 119–20, 179n1 and France, 45, 95–6, 97, 176n11 Longworth, J.A., 140, 144 his great and powerful name, 2, 58, Looser, Devoney, 76 94–5, 96, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, Lootens, Tricia, 152 113, 160, 176n13 Louis XVI, King of France, 19 honoured in London and Bristol, 50–1, Lukács, Georg, 77 52, 54, 56, 57, 65, 176n13 Lynch, Deidre, 150 and Napoleon, 11, 43, 72, 96–7, 98, 105, 111 Maciejowice, battle of, 46, 60 his reappearance in writing (after 1814), Mackay, Charles, 122 11, 88–9, 91, 95–7, 98–9, 100–6, Mackintosh, Sir James, 8–9, 30, 174n16 111–13 Maginn, William, 72 the Romantic hero in defeat, 10, 44, Makdisi, Saree, 36 47–9, 51–2, 53–7, 58–9, 60, 112 Malcolm, David, 181n2 the Romantic revolutionary, 2, 10, 40, Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 17 43, 44–6, 50, 57, 69, 70, 103, Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 16, 24, 176n13 25, 28, 31, 33, 36 as a supporter of monarchical rule, 11, Marr, Mr, 149 44, 74, 176n13 Martin, Theodore, 130 as a weak, effeminate ﬁgure, 44, 52, 55, Martineau, Harriet, 118 57, 64, 71, 104, 112, 152 Marx, Karl, 123, 155 Kossuth, Lajos, 160 Massey, Gerald, 160, 168 Index 199

Mazeppa, 107, 109–10, 178n12 partitions of Poland, 5, 7, 8–9, 10, 15, 39, see also Byron (Mazeppa) 57 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 160, 163, 164, 168, responses to partition, 5, 9, 10, 30, 36, 180n18 47, 62, 64, 76–7 McGann, Jerome, 106, 107 the first partition, 5, 22, 93 McIlvanney, Liam, 174n14 the second partition (1793), 24, 31, 38, Mickiewicz, Adam, 119 45, 47 Mill, John Stuart, 144, 181n9 the third partition (1795), 1, 8, 9, 25, Millar, John, 59–60 27, 46, 47, 50, 63: responses to, 27, Moore, Thomas, 111, 144, 174n19 47, 50, 77, 86, 104 Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson), 69, 75, Pasquin, Anthony, 23 150, 180n17 Paul I, Tsar, 50 Florence Macarthy, 176n12 Peter I (the Great), Tsar, 4, 5, 86, 108 The Wild Irish Girl,75 Peter III, Tsar, 16, 21 Woman; or, Ida of Athens,78 Pindar, Peter, see Wolcot Murdoch, Iris, Nuns and Soldiers,1,13 Pitt, William, 19, 28, 34, 35, 37, 51, 58 Pitt government, 25, 27 Napoleon Bonaparte, 3, 63, 85, 94, 96, Pius VI, Pope, 20 106, 107–9, 160 Poland, 108 and Kosciuszko,´ 11, 43, 72, 96–7, 98, the 1791 Constitution, 15, 23–4, 31, 45, 105, 111 64, 74–5, 86, 106, 110, 119 British view of, 5, 10, 64, 74, 85, 88–9 associated with Jacobinism, 10, 16, 24, Polish soldiers fighting for, 63, 72, 88, 45–6, 50, 106 91–3, 100, 105, 109, 110, 120 British sympathy for, 9, 10, 11, 15, 57, National League for the Independence of 59, 63, 116, 118, 122, 132 Poland, 181n9 dismembered, 5, 8, 44, 47, 50, 53, ‘negative identification,’ 11, 116–17 104–5, 113, 131, 157, 175n4 Nicholas I, Tsar, 86, 117–19, 124, 126, 127, as a feudal paradise, 69, 75–6, 77, 79 128, 130, 166, 179n5 hopes for restoring Polish sovereignty, Niemcewicz, Julian, 85–6, 120 7, 11, 63, 85, 88, 92–3, 94, 96, 111, Nord, Deborah Epstein, 3–4 132, 181n9 Nussbaum, Felicity A., 3 the Polish cause, 45, 85, 104, 118, 119, 122, 129, 130–1, 159, 181n2 Russia’s invasion of, 14–15, 22, 24, 25, O’Quinn, Daniel, 21 29, 31, 33, 36, 48, 106, 181n12 Ochakov crisis, 19–21, 31, 37–8 the tradition of elective monarchy in, 6, ‘Ode on Liberty,’ 24 22, 23, 24, 131, 142–3 Opie, Amelia, 41–3, 44, 60, 175n1 Poland Street (London), 30, 72 Ord, John Walker, 122, 179n5 Polish exile, 2, 9, 13, 37, 53, 117, 122, 123, Orlov, Count Gregory, 21, 174n9 130–1, 155, 161 Ostrolenka, battle of, 160, 165, 179n6 the beauty of the Polish hero, 68, 115, 116, 156, 172 Paice, Rosamund, 32 British responses to Polish immigrants, Paine, Thomas, 10, 23, 24, 45 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 59, 65, 85, 122, 132, partitioning powers, 16 171 Russia and Prussia, 22–3, 24, 27, 45, 47, and ethnic ambiguity, 9, 155, 161, 162, 114 163, 165, 168 Russia, Prussia, and Austria, 7, 8, 10, 15, ‘feminized’ Polish men, 5, 44, 57, 64, 26, 27, 29, 31–2, 34, 41, 46, 92, 93 73, 78–9, 104, 112, 151–2, 156, 168 200 Index

Polish exile – continued 83, 85; gender role reversal in, 73, as freedom ﬁghters, 11, 12, 43, 44, 64, 78–9, 83; history and romance in, 122, 132, 148, 149–50 10–11, 66, 67–8, 69, 72–8, 80, 81, and radicalism, 12, 122–3, 130, 153, 85; its popularity in America, 72, 155, 159–60, 163, 164–5, 168, 169, 177n10, 177n11; Kosciuszko´ and 181n9 the 1794 Uprising in, 7, 43, 56, 66, representations of, 2, 11, 12, 13, 93, 69, 70, 73–4, 76, 77, 84–5, 176n13; 114, 116, 152, 155–6, 158, 159–60, Porter’s representation of Poland in, 170–1, 172 7, 69, 70, 73, 74–6, 77, 79, 81, 83, worldly, corrupt aristocrats, 12, 132, 84–5; references to contemporary 155, 159, 160–2, 164, 167, 180n1 art culture in, 79–80, 81–2, 177n18; see also Eliot (Middlemarch); Kosciuszko;´ responses to, 66, 67–8, 71–2; Mazeppa; Porter (Thaddeus of Stanisław II and Porter’s monarchist Warsaw) views in, 25, 66, 73, 74–5, 76, 77, Polish military uniform, 88–90, 113, 152 79; Thaddeus Sobieski, 1, 66, 67–8, Polish plait (plica polonica), 35–6 69–70, 72, 73–4, 75, 76, 77–85, 170; Polish question, 9, 91, 100, 128 the Kosciuszko-like´ hero, 2, 10–11, Polish–Scottish connection, 6, 9, 14, 69, 70–3, 76, 78, 79, 81, 167, 172 123–4, 131, 179n4 Thaddeus of Warsaw (1805), 84–5 the link between their royal families, Thaddeus of Warsaw (1831), 66, 157, 6–7, 74, 124 177n2, 177n15, 177n16 Scottish writers for the Polish cause, 7, Porter, Robert Ker, 56, 67, 70, 86–7, 119, 9, 121–2, 131 135, 177n8 see also Aytoun; Brunton; Campbell; Potemkin, Prince Gregory, 5, 34 Jones, Jacob; Porter, Jane Priestley, Joseph, 43, 48 Polonia, 119, 121 Prodigious!!! or, Childe Paddie in London,68 Poltawa, 4, 110 Poniatowski, Prince Józef, 91–2, 100, 110, Ragussis, Michael, 4 120, 157, 178n2, 178n10 Red Republican, 155, 160 Brougham’s response to, 93, 94 Reed, Isaac, 18 Landor’s response to, 64, 104–5, 178n10 Reform Bill (1832), 127–8, 159 Poniatowski, Stanisław, see Stanisław II Reform Bill (1867), 164 Poniatowski, Stanisław (father of revolution Stanisław II), 109–10 the contagious spread of, 16, 23–4, 29, Porter, Anna Maria, 56–7, 67, 69, 70, 72, 35, 36, 38, 39, 51 177n4 see also French Revolution Porter, Jane, 7, 56, 66–7, 68–9, 70, 71, 81, 101, 121, 128, 132, 135–6 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 18 and the historical novel, 10, 66, 67–8, Rich, Henry, 119, 121 69, 73, 77, 78 Richardson, Samuel, 11, 17, 73, 78, 79, 83 and Kosciuszko,´ 70, 86 Ricks, Christopher, 126 her public and private support of Robert the Bruce, 7, 60–1, 62 Poland, 85–7, 114–15, 119 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 71–2 The Scottish Chiefs, 66, 69, 121 Roe, Nicholas, 90 Thaddeus of Warsaw, 10–11, 56, 66–87, Roscoe, William Stanley, 63 89, 115, 119, 132, 177n12: and later Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5, 52–3 representations, 12, 13, 68, 115, Rowlandson, Thomas, 20, 32 117, 136, 154–5, 156–7, 158, 167, Russia, 3, 5, 12, 15, 27, 37, 38, 112, 168; Britain’s failures in, 76, 78, 79, 117–19, 131 Index 201

as a military and imperial threat, 5, 9, Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 59, 72, 91, 102, 126, 15, 16, 22, 26, 39, 135 129 and the Ottoman Empire, 18, 140, 141 ‘Letter to Maria Gisborne,’ 102 Russia’s alliance with Britain, 5, 15–16, Schirmer, Gregory A., 180n13 28–9, 44, 49–50, 64, 112, 118 Sigismund II Augustus, King of see also Britain (anti-Russian feelings); Poland, 142 Catherine II; German princes; slav–slave,5 partitioning powers; partitions of Smith, Charlotte, 26, 29, 64, 72, 74 Poland The Banished Man, 45, 71, 84 Russian expansionism and imperialism, Desmond, 26, 78 16, 18, 31, 32, 135 Smith, David L., 163, 181n2 in the Caucasus, 3, 11–12, 135, 136, Smith, Horace, 179n5 137, 139–41, 149–50, 180n18 Smith, Sir Sidney, 66 the invasion of Poland, 14–15, 22, 24, Sobieska, Clementina, 6, 74, 157 25, 29, 31, 33, 36, 48, 106, 181n12 Sobieski, John III, King of Poland, 6, 30, the invasion of Turkey, 14, 18, 20, 22, 73, 74, 100, 120, 121 26, 33, 34 responses to his victory over the Russo-Polish War (1831), 114, 116, 118, Ottomans, 99–100, 120–1, 124–5, 140, 165 126, 172 responses to, 7, 117, 118–20, 122, 123, Soudjouk-Kalé, 140, 144 154–5, 167, 171–2 Southey, Robert, 11, 41, 46, 89, 103, 107 Said, Edward, 3, 5 Letters from England, 57, 70, 103 Sambrook, James, 32 Spain, 94, 102 Sand, George, 133 Spencer, Edmund, 139, 140, 144, 148–9, Saturday Review, 166, 168 150 Schön, Erich, 53, 57 Squire, John Collings, 43 Scotland, see Polish–Scottish connection Stanisław II, King of Poland, 1, 7, 22–3, 25, Scott, David, 179n4 46, 110, 174n10, 174n12 Scott, R., 60–1 and Catherine II, 15, 22–3, 26, 27, 110, Scott, Sir Walter, 6–7, 15, 69, 77, 138, 142, 174n11 149 his constitutional reforms, 9–10, 15, 23, Ségur, Count Louis-Philippe de, 4 24, 31, 45 Selim III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, responses to, 9–10, 15, 23–4, 25, 29, 39, 19–20 104 Shakespeare, William Staten, Henry, 165 Hamlet, 48, 175n6 Stoker, Bram, Dracula, 12, 13, 160, 162, Henry VIII,30 181n8 Julius Caesar,20 Stuart, Charles Edward, 6 Shamil, Imam, 140–1 Stuart, James Edward, 6, 74, 157 Sharp, William, 54 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts, 119, 122, 123, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, 30, 54–6, 58–9, 65, 133, 161, 179n1, 179n2 176n11 Sunstein, Emily, 115 Shaw, George Bernard Sussex, Duke of (Prince Augustus Misalliance, 110 Frederick), 119 Shcherbatova, Princess Maria, 86, 87, 119 Suvorov, General Alexander, 5, 34, 46, 60, Shelley, Mary, 2, 11, 114–15, 130, 159, 76, 77, 86 178n2 Swinburne, Algernon, 3, 175n4 Lodore, 68, 115–16, 155, 156 Szopen, Fryderyk, see Chopin 202 Index

Tarleton, General Banastre, 51 Vargo, Lisa, 115–16 Tasso, Torquato, 150 Vaughan, Benjamin, 29 Tell, William, 60–1, 62 Letters, on the Subject of the Concert of Tennyson, Alfred, 3, 11, 117, 124–8 Princes, 16, 25–6, 30, 31–2, 34, 37, ‘Hail Briton!’ 127 47, 174n13 Maud, 128 Victoria, Queen, 124, 133, 149 ‘Poland,’ 126–7 Viscomi, Joseph, 30 ‘Sonnet: Written on Hearing of the Voltaire, 4–5, 17 Outbreak of the Polish Histoire de Charles XII, 4, 107, 108, Insurrection,’ 124–6 109–10, 178n13 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 72, 122, 155, 179n6 Waddington, Patrick, 128 Thelwall, John, 10, 16, 27, 29, 35 Wallis, Henry, Chatterton,59 Thompson, Andrew, 163 Walpole, Horace, 22, 23, 74, 173n7, Thompson, Edward, 17 174n10 Thompson, T.P., 123 on Catherine II, 14–15, 18, 173n1, Thorwaldsen, Bertel, 157, 181n6 173n5, 174n9 Thurlow, Lord Edward, 35 Walpole, Sir Robert, 15, 18 ‘To the Continental Despots,’ 36, 47, Warner, Richard, 57, 70 49, 59 Warsaw, defence of, 28, 46, 60, 76, 118, Todorova, Maria, 3 174n22 Tomaszewska, Antoinette, 180n19 Waterloo, responses to, 91, 99, 100 Toussaint L’Ouverture, 10, 43, 50 Tremain, Rose, The Road Home, 173n1 Watson, Nicola, 74, 78 Trollope, Anthony, 12, 144, 155, 165, Wedgwood, Josiah, 17, 18 168 Weinstein, Mark A., 129 The Claverings, 161–2, 167 Weisser, Henry, 123 tropes of defeat, 43–4, 47–50, 52 West, Benjamin, 9, 52, 54, 70, 86, 95, dismembering, 47, 50, 53, 113, 131, 156 175n4 General Thaddeus Kosciuszko, 7, 10, 30, the hero’s fall, 48, 49, 60, 70, 76, 111, 44, 52–9, 60, 178n4 179n5 Westminster Review, 9, 121, 122–3, 157–8, the loss of Hope and Freedom, 2, 41, 48, 163, 181n10 49, 60–1, 120, 128, 129–30 Wharton, Edith, 180n1 the ‘shriek,’ 2, 36, 41, 48, 49, 60, 76, Williams, Helen Maria, 9, 11, 128, 130, 134, 149, 176n15, 72, 74 179n5 her 1815 Examiner article, 96, 98, 99, Trumpener, Katie, 4, 69 112 Letters Containing a Sketch of the Politics Uladislaw II, King of Poland, 157–8 of France, 45, 70–1, 97 uprisings (Polish), 1, 8, 30, 45–6, 85, 118, A Narrative of the Events, 96–7, 178n6 174n22 Williams, Raymond, 11, 116–17, 164 responses to: the 1794 Kosciuszko´ Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, 22 Uprising, 41, 45–6, 49–50, 64, 66, Wodzicki, Józef, 45 73, 74, 77, 94, 103, 106, 178n9; the Wolcot, John, 51 1830–31 uprising, 11, 86, 114–15, Wolff, Larry, 4–5, 7, 23, 154 120, 123; the 1863 uprising, 8, 163, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 30, 31, 50 181n2, 181n9 Woodring, Carl, 32, 48, 65, 102, Urquhart, David, 135–6, 140, 179n2 176n15 Index 203

Wordsworth, William, 3, 11, 46, 51, 64, Yearsley, Ann, ‘On the Last Interview 85, 89, 178n8 between the King of Poland, and The Excursion, 98–9 Loraski,’ 25 ‘February 1816,’ 99–100, 126 Young Ireland movement, 144, Worrall, David, 38 153 Wraxall, N.W., 35–6 Wright, Joseph, of Derby, 17–18 Zamoyski, Jan, 124–5 Sir Brooke Boothby, 52–3, 176n9 Zapatka, Francis, 3 Wu, Duncan, 90 Zawadzki, W.H., 92, 128