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HIV/AIDS Vulnerability of Students at the National University of Lesotho

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HIV/AIDS Vulnerability of Students at the National University of Lesotho HIV/AIDS VULNERABILITY OF STUDENTS AT THE AT THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO By BALOGUN KEHINDE ESTHER 2008084176 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters in Disaster Management In the Disaster Management Training and Education Center for Africa At the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE Study Leader: MISS OLIVIA KUNGUMA 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to begin by thanking the Lord Almighty for life, strength and knowledge; for guiding me to the Disaster Management programme. I am deeply grateful and indebted to so many people and institutions that helped me in one way or another to complete my research successfully. You are all in my heart and I will pray for you. A special word of thanks and appreciation to the following: Miss Olivia Kunguma and Mrs Vilma Hossini my two supervisors, under whose mentorship I had the opportunity to learn so much. They rekindled the spirit of hard work and determination in me, and supported me. Without them I would never have been able to finish my research. Mr Andries Jordaan overall supervisor to DiMTEC students and who was father, friend and mentor to me. I am very proud to be a student and on the personnel of DiMTEC. He has been a source of inspiration. Dr Fabrice Renaud, Dr Joern Birkmann, and the research forum at the United Nations University Environment for Human Security for encouragement and help I received. Ms Alice Ncube and Dr Dusan Sakulski for their help and contribution to my studies at DiMTEC. Miss Toiyobong Samson-Akpan and Dr Ebenezer Durojaye, you are not forgotten. My family, especially Advocate Aderonke Balogun-Fatokun, for her motivation and constant support. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Professor Bola Olujide Balogun and Mrs Folasade Balogun for the sacrifices they made to educate me, and for always being supportive of my decisions. The lessons and memories of our times together will always be a part of me and keep me going. May your souls rest in peace until we meet again. iii DECLARATION I, Kehinde Esther Balogun, hereby declare that all work included in this report is my own work; that none of the work included in this report is a copy of the work of any other current or former candidate or a group of candidates for this research or any similar research; and that all work and other sources (literature or empirical) that were consulted and used for completing this report have been properly and completely acknowledged according to generally accepted principles of Harvard referencing. Signature: Name: Kehinde Esther Balogun Date: 20th February 2012 iv ACRONYMS ARV Antiretroviral GOL Government of Lesotho HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IFRC International Federation of the Red Cross NAC National AIDS Commission NGO Non Governmental Organisations NUL National University of Lesotho STI Sexually Transmitted Infection UNAIDS United Nations for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing WHO World Health Organisation USAID United States Agency for International Development IFRCRCS International Federation Red Cross Red Crescent Societies v GLOSSARY OF TERMS The following definitions are chosen to clearly elaborate the ideas or foundation to which the research was carried out. Vulnerability is defined according to (Birkmann. 2006: 486; Chamber. 1989:1) as a dynamic, intrinsic feature of any community due to exposure to contingencies and stresses and the difficulty which some communities experience while coping with such contingencies and stresses. Furthermore, Chambers proposed an external and internal side of vulnerability: . External: related to exposure to external shocks and stresses and; . Internal: associated with defencelessness, incapacity to cope without damaging losses (Villagran De leon, J.C. 2006: 11). Turner et al (2003: 8074), gave a simple and precise definition of stress as (a slow but continuously increasing pressure within the relevant system), while shocks are impacts related to very sudden and sometimes unpredictable events such as earthquakes, floods, epidemics, and so on (Villagran De leon, J.C. 2006: 11 & 16). Susceptibility or Sensitivity: Although researchers use these terms in different literature, within the parameters of this study, the researcher found that both terms have relatively connotes the other. That is both can be summarised to mean, the degree to which a society, community or individuals are easily affected by impacts of shocks and stresses. Exposure: Elements or system at risk, an inventory of those people that are exposed to shocks. Resilience: can be described to be a reflective measure of a system‟s capacity to absorb or maintain its basic functions and structure, in time of shock and stresses (Wisner, et al. 2004: 85; Birkmann, 2006:15). The term resilience, although not as heavily debated like vulnerability, has different interpretations. On one side there is the view of resilience being the capacity to absorb shocks and therefore relating to resistance. While on other end, it refers to the ability of a society to regenerate, learn and adapt to stress and shock while maintaining its major functions, which relates to coping and adaptive capacity. However, for the significance of the study, the latter is chosen and further elaborated within the in the Vulnerability Pathway Model. v Coping Capacity: is the manner in which people act within the limits of existing resources and strengths within a system to lessen the effect of a shock (Birkmann, 2006: 435; Wisner et al 2004: 113). Adaptive Capacity: The ability of a system to regenerate and learn and acclimatise to the effects of shocks and stresses. Risk: According to Alexander (2000: 10) risk is defined as “the likelihood, or the probability, that a particular level of loss will be sustained by a given series of elements as a result of a given level of hazard”. The expected losses (lives lost, persons injured, damage to property and disruption of economic activity or livelihood) caused by a particular phenomenon (Blaikie et al. 2006). Vulnerability Assessment The process to which the vulnerability of specific elements at risk are analysed or assessed, in the face of a disaster or emanating disaster (Blaikie et al. 2006) Disaster Mitigation A collective term used to refer to measures, which can be taken to minimize the destructive effects of the hazards and thus lessen the magnitude of a disaster (Blaikie et al. 2006) Prevalence The absolute number of infected people within a population at a given time. (Barnett & Whitside, 2006). vi ABSTRACT The increasing number of young people around the world, between the ages of 15 and 49 with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence and incidence rate, has warranted attention from the research arena around the world. However, HIV/AIDS is a serious problem in Lesotho with an adult HIV prevalence rate of 23.2%. In 2005, the number of students at the National University of Lesotho was 5,197 students with 29% infection rate. This dissertation estimates the HIV/AIDS vulnerability of students using the Pressure and Release (PAR) model and Vulnerability Pathway model to determine the progression of vulnerability approach. In order to assess the vulnerability of the students, a literature study was undertaken to identify factors that contribute to HIV/AIDS vulnerability. This was later supplemented by an observation method, questionnaires and interviews to establish the factors that lead to the HIV/AIDS vulnerability of the students at the National University of Lesotho. Through this, it is clear level of students‘ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS before and after infection is high within NUL. It is ascribed to the deep inherent culture surrounding sexual intercourse in Lesotho, which influences students‘ behaviour and sexual decisions. Although, the behaviour of the students is important in determining susceptibility of students, the university and government commitments determine their coping capacity of the students and subsequently their vulnerability. The partnership of Lesotho government and the university should be established and intensify training of educators, social workers, and establish community based organisations which should address cultural aspects that leads to negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS. Lesotho is ranked the third highest affected country in the world, with a population decrease from approximately 2.2 million to approximately 1.8 million people from 2003 to 2006 due to HIV/AIDS. Young people in the age cohort 18 – 24 years are most affected and therefore warranting a study at the most significant University in Lesotho. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .........................................................................................................ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iii DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... iv ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... v GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ii
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