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Engaging Basotho Diasporas in the South for National Development

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Engaging Basotho Diasporas in the South for National Development OBSERVATORY ON MIGRATION OBSERVATOIRE ACP SUR LES MIGRATIONS OBSERVATÓRIO ACP DAS MIGRAÇÕES UNTAPPED POTENTIAL: Engaging Basotho diasporas in the South for national development Lulessa Abadura Brigitte Fahrenhorst Frank Zelazny EcoDevelopment - Society for International Development Research and Planning Ltd. Research Lesotho mineworkers in South Africa Lesotho mineworkers Report An Initiative of the ACP Secretariat, ACPOBS/2014/PUB06 Funded by the European Union Implemented by IOM and with the Financial Support of Switzerland, IOM, the IOM Development Fund and UNFPA International Organization for Migration (IOM) Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) NETE KE Organização Internacional para as Migrações (OIM) THEBE 2014 ACP Observatory on Migration The ACP Observatory on Migration is an initiative of the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States, funded by the European Union, implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in a Consortium with 15 partners and with the financial support of Switzerland, IOM, the IOM Development Fund and UNFPA. Established in 2010, the ACP Observatory is an institution designed to produce data on South–South ACP migration for migrants, civil society and policymakers and enhance research capacities in ACP countries for the improvement of the situation of migrants and the strengthening of the migration–development nexus. The Observatory was established to facilitate the creation of a network of research institutions and experts on migration research. Activities are starting in 12 pilot countries and will be progressively extended to other interested ACP countries. The 12 pilot countries are: Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Timor‐Leste, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Observatory has launched research and capacity‐building activities on South–South migration and development issues. Through these activities, the ACP Observatory aims to address many issues that are becoming increasingly important for the ACP Group as part of the migration–development nexus. Documents and other research outputs and capacity‐building manuals can be accessed and downloaded free of charge through the Observatory’s website (www.acpmigration‐obs.org). Other upcoming publications and information on the Observatory’s activities will be posted online. © 2014 International Organization for Migration (IOM) © 2014 ACP Observatory on Migration Document prepared by Lulessa Abadura, Brigitte Fahrenhorst and Frank Zelazny from EcoDevelopment ‐ Society for International Development Research and Planning Ltd. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Secretariat of the ACP Group of States, the European Union, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and other members of the Consortium of the ACP Observatory on Migration, the Swiss Federation or UNFPA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Layout prepared by Pablo Escribano Miralles, ACP Observatory on Migration. ACPOBS/2014/PUB06 OBSERVATORY ON MIGRATION OBSERVATOI RE ACP SUR LES M I GRATI ONS OBSERVATÓRIOO ACP DAS MIGRAÇÕES UNTAPPED POTENTIAL: Engaging Basotho diasporas in the South for national development Lulessa Abadura Brigitte Fahrenhorst Frank Zelazny EcoDevelopment - Society for International Development Research and Planning Ltd. Table of contents List of acronyms .......................................................................................... v List of tables and figures ............................................................................ vii Executive summary .....................................................................................1 1. Introduction and background ...................................................................3 1.1 Objectives and methodology ...............................................................3 1.2 The challenges of an online study .........................................................3 1.3 Structure and results of the study .........................................................4 2. Lesotho migration profile........................................................................5 2.1 Literature review ...................................................................................5 2.1 The Lesotho migration context .............................................................8 3. Basotho diasporas in the South ............................................................ 19 3.1 Characteristics of a diaspora ...............................................................19 3.2 Definition of a diaspora ......................................................................22 3.3 Lesotho diaspora profile .....................................................................23 4. The need for a diaspora policy framework in Lesotho ........................... 27 4.1 Voices from the interviews ..................................................................27 4.2 Diaspora‐related activities of Lesotho embassies ...............................30 5. Recommendations for a diaspora policy ............................................... 33 5.1 Characteristics of a diaspora policy ....................................................33 5.2 Elements of a diaspora Policy .............................................................36 5.3 Policy coherence: The role of stakeholders ........................................53 6. Conclusions .......................................................................................... 57 7. Bibliographical references ..................................................................... 59 Annex: Interviewed partners in Lesotho .................................................... 65 iii List of acronyms ACP Africa, Caribbean and Pacific ATM Automatic Teller Machine CARICOM Caribbean Community CBOs Community Based Organizations CFO Commission on Filipinos Overseas CSOs Civil society organizations DFID Department for International Development EAC East African Community ECCAS Economic Community of the Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of the West African States HIV Human immunodeficiency virus ID Identity Card IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IOM International Organization for Migration LCN Lesotho Council of NGOs LDA Lesotho Diaspora Alliance LDS Lesotho Demographic Survey LSE London School of Economics MAPS Migration and Poverty Survey MARS Migration And Remittances Survey MIDA Migration for Development in Africa MPI Migration Policy Institute NMDS National Manpower Development Secretariat NGOs Non‐governmental Organizations NUL National University of Lesotho ODA Official Development Assistance PIHS Partners in Health Sciences (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences program) RQN Return of Qualified Nationals RSA Republic of South Africa v PIHS Partners in Health Sciences (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences program) RQN Return of Qualified Nationals SADC Southern African Development Community SADN South African Diaspora Network SAMP South African Migration Project SANSA South African Network of Skills Abroad SELMIG Selective Migration Programme TEBA The Employment Bureau of Africa TOKTEN Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals ToRs Terms of Reference TU Technical University UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme US United States WHO World Health Organization vi List of tables and figures Tables Table 1: Percentage distribution of Lesotho citizens outside the country, by age group and country of residence Table 2: Distribution of Lesotho citizens outside the country, by country of residence and sex Table 3: Distribution of Lesotho citizens outside the country, by country of residence and duration of stay outside the country Table 4: Percentage distribution of Lesotho citizens outside the country, by age group and sex Table 5: Percentage distribution of Lesotho citizens outside the country, by employment status and country/region of residence Table 6: Flow of remittances to Lesotho (USD millions) Figures Figure 1: The enabling role of a diaspora policy Figure 2: The partnership and inclusive role of a diaspora policy Figure 3: The catalytic role of a diaspora policy Figure 4: Roadmap for the Lesotho Government to develop a diaspora policy Figure 5: The roles and responsibilities of stakeholders vii Untapped potential: Engaging Basotho diasporas in the South for national development Executive summary Lesotho’s emigrants send a high volume of remittances home, which are used primarily by their family members to finance the daily expenses of their families or some investments. However, currently these funds are not collectively invested in human development in Lesotho by Basotho emigrants. The Government of Lesotho plans to develop a national migration policy. Such a policy would be a necessary first step to national migration governance, but may not be sufficient for the country to fully engage their diaspora and enjoy the positive energy of emigrants continuing to care and be invested in the human development of the country. In
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