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Women'sWomen's PoliticalPolitical ParticipationParticipation AFRICA 2021 Women’s Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021 © 2021 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance ISBN: 978-91-7671-397-6 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it, provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information visit the WL Creative Commons website: SA <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Telephone: +46 8 698 37 00 Email: [email protected] Website: <https://www.idea.int> Design and layout: Debi Lee Editors: Colleen Lowe Morna, Susan Tolmay and Mukayi Makaya CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 ACRONYMS 3 FOREWORD 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER 2 ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 39 CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL PARTIES 71 CHAPTER 4 ELECTORAL LAWS AND MANAGEMENT 89 CHAPTER 5 MAINSTREAM AND SOCIAL MEDIA 111 CHAPTER 6 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS 131 CHAPTER 7 EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION 151 ANNEX 1 - Mapping of Gender Organisations in Africa working on Women's Political Participation 168 ANNEX 2 - Interviews for the WPP Africa Barometer 172 ANNEX 3 - Latest elections in Africa by year 174 ANNEX 4 - Women in parliament (LH) by rank 2021 175 ANNEX 5 - Women in local government in Africa by rank 176 ANNEX 6 - Women in parliament (LH) in Africa 2000, 2010, 2020 177 ANNEX 7 - Women in parliament in Africa by region 180 ANNEX 8 - Women in local government in Africa by region 182 ANNEX 9 - National Constitutional and legal instruments for women in decision-making in Africa 184 ANNEX 10 - WPP in Africa by Electoral System and Quota - Lower House 197 ANNEX 11 - WPP in Africa by electoral system and quota - local government 199 ANNEX 12 - Women in the top three political party leadership stuctures in Africa 200 ANNEX 13 - Women in Election Management Bodies in Africa 206 ANNEX 14 - Women Speakers of Parliaments in Africa 208 ANNEX 15 - Women Mayors of Capital Cities in Africa 210 ANNEX 16 - Women in Top Executive Positions in Africa 212 ANNEX 17 - Women and men in cabinet in Africa 214 ANNEX 18 - Gender division of labour in cabinets of select African countries 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 Women’s Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International IDEA Africa and West Asia (AWA) Regional office, led by Prof Adebayo Olukoshi provided strategic oversight of the report. The Women in Political Participation project team led by Dr Pinkie Mekgwe - Senior Regional Advisor, supported by Sifisosami Dube - Programme Officer, Yafika Chitanda - Communications Assistant and Rebecca Zewdie - Finance Officer provided strategic direction, coordination, guidance and oversight. Gender Links under the leadership of Colleen Lowe Morna - Special Advisor and Editor, conceptualised, researched, drafted and edited the report. Susan Tolmay and Mukayi Makaya, GL Services Associates, served as the main researchers. Tarisai Nyamweda - Communications for Social Change Manager, Shamiso Chigorimbo - Policy and Movement Building Manager and Thato Phakela - Communications Officer provided additional inputs. Marie Annick Savripène coordinated inputs from Francophone Africa and did the French translation. Wole Olaleye, Programme Manager at Mandela Institute for Development Studies (MINDS), and Nomkhitha Gysman, former gender advisor at the Southern Africa Parliamentary Forum, reviewed and provided critical comments on the report. Members of the consortium Enhancing the Inclusion of Women in Political Participation in Africa consortium served on the reference group and provided several inputs. The partners in the consortium are: Women and Law in Southern Africa, Padare/Enkundleni/Mens' Forum on Gender, The African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET), Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE), and Cheikh Anta Diop University -Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (UCAD IFAN) throughout the planning, drafting and reviewing processes of the Women in Political Participation 2021 Africa Barometer. In producing this WPP Africa Barometer, data sources included Situation Analysis Reports from Botswana, Cote D'lvoire, Eswatini, Senegal and Zimbabwe. We acknowledge contributions made by Professor Rose Koffi-Nevry (Cote D'lvoire Report), Women in Law Southern Africa Eswatini (Eswatini Report), Cheikh Anta Diop University - Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (UCAD IFAN) the Senegal Report, Padare/ Enkudleni/Men's Forum on Gender (Zimbabwe Report) and Gender Links (GL) Botswana and SADC Liaison Office (Botswana Report). The following provided case studies and interviews for the WPP Barometer: Augustin Tapé (Cote D'lvoire), Isabelle Outchoumaré (Benin), Abdoul Momini Bokoum (Mali), Séry Baoula (Burkina Faso), Déborah Twahirwa (Rwanda), Mabayang Sarr Faye (Senegal), Irchad Ousseine (Comoros), Hélène Doubidji (Togo), Mbaindangroa Djekornondé Adelph (Chad), Florette Manedong (Cameroon), Fridolin Ngoulou (Central African Republic), Amy Fofana (Mauritania), Kelly Nahigombeye (Burundi), Jerry Bibang (Gabon), Marie Annick Savripéne (Mauritius), Chigedze Chinyepi (Botswana), Emma Kaliya (Malawi) and Gladness Munuo (Tanzania). Other case studies drawn on were produced by Gender Links in its programme on governance across Southern Africa. All these provided country specific qualitative nuances to the empirical data referenced. FEMNET, International IDEA, FAWE and authors of case studies, country profiles, and situational analysis provided photos that are duly acknowledged with each photo. MPs, councillors, Ministers and women decision-makers gave generously of their time for the interviews and insights in this Barometer. These individuals are listed in Annex 2. The partners extend sincere gratitude to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) though the Embassy of Sweden Ethiopia for project funding and financial support. 2 Women’s Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021 ACRONYMS ADEMA Alliance for Democracy in Mali ADF Alliance for Democracy and Federation ANC African National Congress AU Africa Union ANGOZA Association of NGOs in Zanzibar BPFA Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CDP Congress for Democracy and Progress CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CENA Interior and the National Autonomous Electoral Committee CNE Mozambique Comissão Nacional de Eleições;National Commission on Election CNL National Liberation Congress CSO Civil Society Organisations CSW Commission on the Status of Women DP Democratic Party EC Uganda Electoral Commission of Uganda ECZ Electoral Commission of Zambia ECN Electoral Commission of Namibia EFF Economic Freedom Fighters EFM European Union Election Follow-up Mission EMB Election Management Body EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front ESP Election Support Project FAWE The Forum for African Women Educationalists FDC Forum for Democratic Change FEMNET The African Women's Development and Communication Network FIDA Federation of Women Lawyers FLN National Liberation Front FPTP First-Past-the- Post FOWODE Forum for Women in Democracy FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique; Mozambique Liberation Front GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GL Gender Links HMS Movement of Society for Peace HRD Human Rights Defender IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IFAN Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire; Fundamental Institute of Black Africa IFES International Foundation for Electoral Systems IMF International Monetary Fund IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union Women’s Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021 3 MIGEPROF Ministry of the Promotion of Gender and the Family MMP Mixed Member Proportional System MMA Media Monitoring Africa MNSD-NASSARA National Movement for a Society in Development MOP Movement for Progress Party MP Member of Parliament MPLA People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola NARC National Rainbow Coalition NEBE National Electoral Board of Ethiopia NIEC National Independent Electoral Commission NRC National Resistance Council NRM National Resistance Movement ODM Orange Democratic Movement PAICV African Party of Independence of Cape Verde PDC Centrist Democratic Party PNU Part of National Unity PPS Party of Progress and Socialism PR Proportional Representation PWD Person with disability RCD Democratic Constitutional Rally RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front- Inkotanyi SADC Southern Africa Development Community SSP Senegal Socialist Party SWAPO Southwest Africa People's Organisation SDGs Sustainable Development Goals TSM Temporary Special Measures WDN-U Women's Democracy Network- Uganda Chapter UFSP Socialist Union of Popular Forces UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women USFP Socialist Union of Popular Forces UWONET Uganda Women's Network UWOPA Uganda Women's Parliamentary Association VAWIE Violence against women in elections VAWP Violence
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