Languages: from “Francoprovençal Patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania”

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Languages: from “Francoprovençal Patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania” Trans-border communities in Europe and the emergence of “new” languages : From “Francoprovençal patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania” Natalia Bichurina To cite this version: Natalia Bichurina. Trans-border communities in Europe and the emergence of “new” languages : From “Francoprovençal patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania”. Linguistics. Université de Perpignan; Università degli studi (Bergame, Italie), 2016. English. NNT : 2016PERP0016. tel-01368201 HAL Id: tel-01368201 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01368201 Submitted on 26 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Natalia Bichurina Trans-border communities in Europe and the emergence of “new” languages: From “Francoprovençal patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania” Doctoral degree dissertation Supervisors: Prof. Christian LAGARDE Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (France) Dr. Caroline LIPOVSKY University of Sydney (Australia) Prof. Federica VENIER Università degli studi di Bergamo (Italy) Thesis presented for public defence at the Institut Franco-Català Transfronterer, Casa dels Països Catalans, University of Perpignan via Domitia 2016 1 Declaration of good academic conduct I Natalia Bichurina, hereby certify that this dissertation, which is 148 512 words in length, has been written by me, that it is a record of work carried out by me, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. All sentences or passages quoted in this dissertation from other people’s work (with or without trivial changes) have been placed within quotation marks, and specifically acknowledged by reference to author, work and page. I understand that plagiarism – the unacknowledged use of such passages – will be considered grounds for failure in this dissertation and in the degree programme as a whole. I also affirm that, with the exception of the specific acknowledgements, the following dissertation is entirely my own work. Signature of candidate 2 Abstracts Trans-border communities in Europe and the emergence of “new” languages: From “Francoprovençal patois” to “Arpitan” and “Arpitania” The thesis examines the current phenomena of the emergence of “new” languages and trans-border proto-national communities in Europe. It is demonstrated how a set of idioms on the borderland between France, Italy and Switzerland, which had been considered as patois, became recognised as a unique “language”: the Francoprovençal language, and the trans-border linguistic space became identified as Arpitania. Conceived as cross-disciplinary, the study combines methods of anthropology and sociolinguistics, drawing more particularly on critical discourse analysis and studies on nationalism. The findings are based on extensive fieldwork in which priority was given to the ethnographic method of participant observation (five months-stay in the Francoprovençal-speaking areas of France, 10 months in those in both Switzerland and Italy). The observation was combined with in-depth sociolinguistic interviews (60 interviews of 1-3 hours in length). Besides, the study includes analysis of written discourse: scientific and journalistic printed sources, manifestos, internet blogs, etc. Key words: minority languages, Francoprovençal, Arpitan, Arpitania, trans-border communities, nationalism, language policy, critical discourse analysis Communautés transfrontalières et émergence de "nouvelles" langues : des patois francoprovençaux à l'arpitan et à l'Arpitania La thèse porte sur les processus d’émergence de nouvelles langues et des communautés transfrontalières proto-nationales fondées sur ces langues dans l’Europe occidentale d’aujourd’hui. L’analyse se centre sur le francoprovençal (ou arpitan), parlé entre la France, l’Italie et la Suisse : dans « l’espace autour du Mont Blanc », ainsi que l’identifient ses locuteurs eux-mêmes. Epistémologiquement, il s’agit de la dernière-née des langues gallo-romanes, qui vient s’ajouter à l’opposition traditionnelle langue d’oc vs. langue d’oïl, et qui est en train d’être reconnue comme langue à part entière dans les législations régionales, nationales et européenne. Conçue au croisement de la 3 sociolinguistique et l’anthropologie, la thèse privilégie les approches de l’analyse critique du discours et celles des études sur le nationalisme. La méthode ethnographique de l’observation participante (le vécu dans les trois pays de la zone francoprovençale) a été complétée par 60 entretiens approfondis d’une durée de 1-3h et un corpus des textes écrits (manifestes, blogs etc.) L’étude met en évidence un fossé entre les pratiques communicatives quotidiennes, avec les sens sociaux qui leur sont attribués, et l’idéologie linguistique et politique. Mots clés : langues minoritaires, francoprovençal, arpitan, Arpitania, communautés transfrontalières, nationalisme, politique linguistique, analyse critique du discours 4 1 1 “Strange Song,” written in 1976 by Jozé Harrieta for Luis de Jyaryot’s disc La Noëla Tradixon (“The New Tradition,” 1978): I do not want to sing anymore Of cows and shepherds, Of mountain flowers And tender love affairs, Of the snow and the glacier, And the games of the spring. I rather want to sing Of sad drolleries, About the poor conditions Of so many young people, About the tears and pleasures Of people of today. 5 Acknowledgements Gramacì, Merci, Grazie, Спасибо, Thank you A tsaqueun de cice que m’an préità lo lor ten, que l’an partadjà le lor idée e sèntemèn. A tcheut cice que m’an predjà la lenga, e avoué qui n’i apprèi-la eunco mè. A qui m’a fé trouvé, aprè tan de tsemeun a traver lo mondo, eun atro mitcho, eun atro « entsé mè », e magara co eun’atra mè. A cice de Sen Nicolà que m’an accueillìya. A Davide Sapinet, lo Sentecco de Saint- Nicolas, a Bruno Domaine, lo Présidan dou Centre d’études francoprovençales e surtout a Christiane Dunoyer, la sina Diretrice, que m’an invitaye a reusté a Sen Nicolà, you dze si ara a terminé ceutta tése – lo pi dzen cadó que se pou fére a eun tsertseur ! A Rosito e a Henri, e a tcheut cice de la méison queummeuna. A vo tcheut pe tan de discuchón e tan de dzen moman ensemblo. A Joëlle pe lo café ginseng que baille le forse pe écrire. A Diego que m’a fé cognitre tan de valdotèn a travèr la Vallaye. A Raffaella e Jean, a Mauro e Valérie. E eunco a Ornella que m’a fé cognitre le vallaye francoprovensale dou Piémont. A cice de Saint-Colomban-des-Villards, a Arnaud, Martine, Manet, e a tcheut les atre que dze pouí pa énuméré, a tcheut cice que l’an partadjà avoué mè le moman de conversachón, en « patoué ». A Eric pe ma premièra cogneissansa avoué lo mondo arpitan en France, dza quase sat an fé. A Nicole, Manuel, Maude e co Dzakye pe no discuchón londze i « Café vaudois ». Grandmercé tanben a totei dau monde occitan, que m’an fach descubrir la realitat lingüistica e culturala occitana. Aquesta tèsi seriá jamai estada la méma sensa aquela experiéncia, emai siguèsse pas au centre de l’estudi. 6 To Nikolay Vakhtin, благодаря которому я впервые выбрала эту тему исследования – тему, позволившую мне открыть для себя столько нового, встретить удивительных людей и побывать в местах, где иначе я никогда бы не оказалась. Николаю Борисовичу Вахтину и Виктории Борисовне Гулиде, за советы в ходе проведения исследования и написания текста. To Anthony Lodge who during my being a Master student at Saint-Andrews made me interested in language policy issues, which eventually brought me to study the topic of this dissertation. A l’Institut Pierre Gardette à Lyon, à Claudine Fréchet et Jean-Baptiste Martin qui m’ont accueillie pour un stage de recherche, en automne 2009, ce qui m’a offert à l’époque la possibilité d’éffectuer mon tout premier séjour de terrain dans le domaine francoprovençal. A Patrick Sériot qui m’a invitée à Lausanne et m’a accueillie pendant un an au sein de son centre de recherche CRECLECO, ce qui m’a permis de découvrir le monde francoprovençal en Suisse et aussi d’aborder les problématiques sur lesquelles je travaille d’un nouvel angle de vue. I BREL e a Saverio Favre, pe me baillé a disposichón de documan e de livro. Cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible sans toutes ces expériences. Grazie Federica, merci Caroline et Christian pour avoir cru à ce projet et m’avoir accompagnée avec vos conseils à travers les différents stades de cette thèse, et aussi à travers les continents. Aux membres du jury qui ont accepté de lire cette thèse. To the EMJD Interzones that made this PhD research possible. The PhD research was conducted with the European Union doctoral scholarship. La thèse a été effectuée grâce à la bourse doctorale de l’Union Européenne. 7 Table of Contents Declaration of good academic conduct ......................................................................................... 2 Abstracts ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 6 General Introduction: How do languages
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