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THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIMES

DR.RADHESHYAM NAPIT, M.Sc., Ph.D. (BOTANY) CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE FOR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY (CENTRAL INDIA), LALPUR, AMARKANTAK (M.P.), INDIA Mob-N.9993461373 Email: [email protected]

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ISBN:978-93-84659-74-5

THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME iii

DEDICATED TO Hon’ble V. C.

֎PROF. T. V.KATTIMANI ֎

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INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY (CENTRAL INDIA), LALPUR,

AMARKANTAK (M.P.), INDIA

F O R E W O R D

Ethnomedicinal Plants have always been a fundamental area of interest for tribal men. Ethnic people are repository of experience and knowledge on indigenous flora and fauna. Unfortunately, this traditional wisdom developed over years of observation, trial and error, is vanishing rapidly due to the assault of modern civilization into ethnic areas.

This compilation lists 208 plants and their specific features.“The Baigas: thnomedicinal Practices Since Ancient Times”will further enrich the know-how of readers in the treatment of various diseases. The botanical name of each plant has been followed by their common names prevalent in different languages and then is provided with various aspects of their uses. The information is comprehensive and consolidated.

Diseases cured by Ethno-medicinal plants are often one of the most dreaded ailments afflicting the mankind today. It’s like a slow poison which usually stays unnoticed and permanently in the human body; it slowly and steadily weakens the immune system and predisposes human beings for greater health hazards and clinical complications. The modern man looks optimistically towards genetic engineering for final resolution of the ailment but that is still a far cry. Till then, every individual suffering from any disease has to rely on the medical aid available for controlling the diseases. In the Indian system of medicine, there are many varieties of plants which have been traditionally used for control and cure of diseases. But the indigenous knowledge has not been scientifically and properly documented. Moreover, this information is fragmented and scattered. The first step

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therefore is to collect and select the available information on plants that have been used since ancient times for curing many diseases.

This compendium on “The Baigas: thnomedicinal Practices Since Ancient

Times” is an honest effort to gather and compile the information scattered in

Shahdol division of Madhya Pradesh such that it can serve as a ready–reckoner for any further work.

I am sure that the compendium will serve as a good reference base for further researches, research scholars, study material for college students and will be useful to the people of different strata of society.

Prof. Dr. T. V. Kattimani

Vice-Chancellor IGNTU

Amarkantak (M.P.),

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PREFACE

Man has depended on plants from time immemorial. Our knowledge of the intimate relationship between early man and plants has come to us mainly through surviving tradition. This relationship which now forms the core of the interdisciplinary science i.e. has attracted much attention, not only due to its great academic or historical importance, but also due to many economic applications in the day-to-day life of the indigenous population.

I am thankful to all those persons from whom, I have gathered data on plants identification along with a large amount of photographs used in this book. I would also like to extend my thankfulness to all those who have offered assistance, encouragement and cooperation during the entire period of preparation and publication of this book.

It is therefore extremely desirable to document this precious traditional knowledge before it is lost forever. The present book “The Baigas: thnomedicinal Practices Since Ancient Times” has been written with a view to give a glimpse of the rich treasure possessed by this region in its great ethnic diversity. Unlike a large majority of ethno-botanical researchers who confine themselves either to or to one or more socio-economic aspects in their works, the present manual deals with almost all aspects of ethnobotany. Besides information of the land and the people and ethno-medicinal use of 208 plants species, indices to uses, families and local names as well as a glossary of words used by tribal people of Shahdol Region are also appended. The data presented are based on actual ethno botanical surveys conducted by the author for a period spread over more than three years i.e. 2015-2016 to collect a firsthand account of ethno botanically interesting species at flowering or fruiting stage. The description is supported by 05 figure and 80 photographs. As far as possible, technical terms have been avoided in plant descriptions to make reading more interesting for the readers.

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The author expresses his gratitude to Prof. Dr. T. V. Kattimani Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak Central India, who not only provided their valuable advice but also lended their immensemoral support and guidance for book writing, for granting permission to use the library and other facilities. I would also like to thank Dr. Vikash Kumar Singh, Dean faculty of Science and Computronics, IGNTU Amarkantak, for their best field study support, and thankful to all my colleague Dr. Aditi Pitaniya, Mr. Yatharth Saxena, Dr. Kunj Bihari Sulakhiya, Dr. Anita Nayak, and Mr. Ashish Pandey Mr. Pramod Verma’s moral support and also most thankful to all faculty member of Multitasking staff tribal medicineman and Dr. Moni Thomas JNKV Jabalpur. I further extend my acknowledgement to SFRI & TFRI Jabalpur for helping me in the identification of some of the plants and other facilities.

Sincere appreciation and thanks to all tribes and traditional practitioners in general and more particularly to Mr. Lamu Baiga (Kursa, Anuppur) Shri Jonu Baiga (Frri Semar), Shri Moti Lal Baiga (Jaleshwar) Sukh Lal Baiga (Baihar) Anuppur, Mr. Arjun Singh herb traders, the tribal folk of Amarkantak region for their help and co-operation in various ways without which it would not have been possible to complete this arduous task.

Last but not the least; I would like to thanks my parents-my father Late Shri Ram Kripal Napit & my mother Smt. Munni Bai, and member of my families. I have been so lucky in true sense to have enjoyed full cooperation of my wife Smt. Sandhya Sen and son Mr. Ashutosh (Arya) Sen for encouragement, moral support and unflinching patience during the completion of the book.

Despite my sincere efforts, some errors and omissions might have escaped my attention. I shall appreciate these being brought to my notice for possible rectification.

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I do hope that this venture will stimulate further interest and curiosity among budding researchers. I also welcome remarkable comments and suggestion. iv.research scholars, students and fellow teachers, ethno botanists as well as in those engaged in work in different disciplines of plant sciences.

Amarkantak - 2016

Dr. Radhe Shyam Napit

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CONTENTS

Forward iv-v

Preface vi-viii

CHAPTER 1:BAIGA VAIDYAS 01-14 1.1 History of Baigas 1.1.1 Threatened Tribal of Baiga Community 1.2 Occurrence of Baiga Vaidya 1.3 Usage of Medicinal Plants by Baiga Vaidyas 1.4 Introduction of Baigas 1.4.1 Origine (Genetics) of Baigas 1.4.2 The Baiga culture 1.4.3 Tattooing tradition amongst Baigas 1.4.4 Forced Evictions 1.4.5 Language 1.4.6 Baiga foods 1.4.7 Social Status 1.4.8 Ornaments 1.4.9 Economic Status CHAPTER 2: ANCIENT HISTORY OF ETHNOBOTONY AND BAIGAS 15-31 2.1 Ethnobotanical knowledge and practices (EKP) 2.2 Reasons for decrease in EKP 2.3 Significance of ethnobotany and ethnomedicine 2.4 Ancient Baigas 2.5 The Baiga Tribe: Ideology and Activities Back to the top

CHAPTER 3:ETHNOMEDICINAL PRACTICES AMONG BAIGAS IN AMARKANTAK REGION 32-39 International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME x

3.1 Study Site - Amarkantak Region 3.2 Various treatment or methods applied by Baiga Vaidyas

CHAPTER 4: MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY BAIGAS IN DISEASE Description of Medicinal Plants and Diseases: 40-47 NAME OF DISEASES: 4.1 Plants for Paralysis, Rheumatic, and Arthritis 48-55 4.2 Plants for Cough, Coryza and Cold 56-59 4.3 Plants used as Analgesic 59-67 4.4 Plants for Skin Diseases 68-74 4.5 Plants used as Antipyretic 74-78 4.6 Plants for Venereal-Disease 78-82 4.7 Plants for Jaundice 82-84 4.8 Plants for Respiratory Disorder 85-87 4.9 Plants for Weak Digestion/Indigestion 87-89 4.10 Plants for Diabetes 89-97 4.11 Plants as Antidotes 97-101 4.12 Plants for Tuberculosis 101-102 4.13 Plants for Constipation 102-103 4.14 Plants for Swelling 103-105 4.15 Plants for Eye Diseases 105-107 4.16 Plants for Ear Diseases 107-109 4.17 Plants for Bone Fracture 109-110 4.18 Plants for psychiatric (mad) diseases 111-111 4.19 Plants for Burn (Inflammation) Diseases 112-113 4.20 Plants for Epilepsy (Mirgi) 113-114 4.21 Plants for Piles 114-116 4.22 Plants for Sterility (Suppression) 116-117 4.23 Plants for Blisters 117-117 4.24 Plants for Intestinal Worm (Stomach Parasite) 118-119 4.25 Plants for Suppression of Body Weakness (For Strength) 119-121

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4.26 Plants for Pneumonia (Chilled) 121-122 4.27 Plants for Crack Heal 122-122 4.28 Plants for Cholera (Vomiting With Diarrhoea) 123-123 4.29 Plants for Easy Delivery (Birth) 123-124 4.30 Plants for Small Pox 124-124 4.31 Plants for Vomiting 124-125 4.32 Plants for External Parasite 125-125 4.33 Plants for Family Planning, Contraceptive, or Sterilization 126-126 4.34 Plants for Hernia Pain 126-127 4.35 Plants for Antiseptic Disease 127-128 4.36 Plants for Diarrhoea and Stool Disease 128-129 4.37 Plants for Dysentery 129-131 4.38 Plants for Milk Secretion 131-132 4.39 Plants for Cuts, Wound and Pain 132-134 4.40 Plants for Blood Pressure (High/Low) 135-135 4.41 Plants for Cancer Disease 135-136 4.42 Plants for Cattle Disease 136-138 CHAPTER 5: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAIGA AND OTHER TRIBES OF M.P. 139-147 *List of Illustrations: Figures & Photographs * 148-179

 References- 180-192 Appendix - I.Medicinal Value of Plants Parts (Root, Stem and Bark etc.) 199-213 Appendix – II.Medicinal Plant Species Availability Site 214-231 Appendix - III.Medicinal Plants - Flora Identification 232-244 Appendix - IV. List of Plants used for various Ailments 245-262

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श्रीश्री१०८श्रीगणशे ायनम:

SHRI SHRI 108 **SHRI GANESAY NMHA**

श्रीश्री१०८श्रीहनमु तने म:

[SHRI SHRI 108 **SHRI HANUMTE NAMHA**]

Tasya putra bhavatyete padapa natra samsayah |

Paralokam gatah so pi lokanapinoti caksayah ||

“Attainment of 'Moksha', i.e. salvation, was a common aspiration in those days. In order to get permanent place in heaven one is advised to plant trees.”

(Bhavisya purana)

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CHAPTER: 1

BAIGA VAIDYAS

1.1 History:

Anthropological survey of India and the Texas-based Southwest foundation for Biomedical research in 2010 seven genomes from 26 isolated "relic tribes" (sic) from the Indian mainland were identified. Baiga tribe is one of them, which shared "two synonymous polymorphisms with the M42 haplogroup, specific to Australian Aborigines." It is remarkable that these were specific mtDNA mutations that are shared exclusively by Australian aborigines and these Indian tribes, and no other known human groupings.

The Baiga tribes practice shifting cultivation in forest areas. They say they never ploughed the Earth, because it would be akin to scratching the breast of their Mother, and they could never ask their Mother to produce food from the same patch of earth time and time again as she would have become weakened. For this reason, Baigas used to live a semi-nomadic life, and practiced Bewar, or 'dahiya' cultivation – out of respect, not aggression. These techniques, (also known as 'Swidden' agriculture), rather than being a cause of deforestation, have been shown to be effective as conservation devices are employed for centuries by tribal peoples. The Baigas of Central India are courageous woodsman and hunters, who are reluctant to do work for others. They saw themselves as people of the forest, who could only live on the produce of the forest. It was below the dignity of a Baiga to become a labourer.

As per the provincial census of 1866 1 , about 16,000 Baigas were enumerated, while 18,000 Baigas were closely approximated in 1869 (the census statistics). Most of them lived in the eastern part of the Mandla and Seoni districts

1Central Provinces, Report on the Census of the Central Provinces for 1866 (Nagpur: M. Law or at the Chief Commissioner's Office Press, 1967) International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 2

(10,388 and 3,907 respectively). The same number of Baigas lived outside the Central Provinces in adjacent Rewa State. Enumerations of Baigas in the 1860s or since should be considered as approximations for several reasons. Not all Baigas accepted that designation as other tribes and people had similar names. Baigas could consider themselves as Narotrias, Barotrias, Binjhwars, or Bhumias which are all endogamous group names of Baigas. Bhumia had other meanings. Baiga considered themselves Bhumia or "lords of the soil." In addition, Bhumia and Baiga were both occupational titles of non-Hindu village priests in the area, even when the priests belonged to another tribe or caste. Binjhwar and other names might also refer to other tribes, separate from the Baiga.

1.2EndangeredBaiga Tribe:

The Baigas were one of several tribes in the Central Provinces. It is to be noted that the aboriginal and hill tribes formed one-fifth of the population of nine million (provincial census of 1866). Gonds accounted for almost three-fourths of these tribal people, while the remainder included Baigas, Korkus, Bhils, Kols, and others. Most lived in the middle of Satpura hills, with its plateaus and valleys, which divided the province between the northern, southern, and south-eastern plains. Baigas, along with some of the Gond tribe occupied the Maikal range of the eastern Satpura hills. The heavily forested and sparsely populated range gave rise to streams and rivers that flowed in all direction. The Narmada(or Narbudda) and its tributaries flowed west; and tributaries of the Wainganga emerged to join that river as it flowed south into the Godavari. At times, the area was referred to as Baigadesh, or Baiga-country.As described by several British administrators in the 1860s, the Baigas were viewed as the wildest and most isolated tribal people. The Satpura hills with its forests and sparse population was of major interest to the British because of their policies of taxation on forest and agricultural produce, forest conservation, and possible colonization by European and Indian settlers.

2. Occurrence of Baiga Vaidya:

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Though scarce, the Baigas are found in different parts of U.P., Bihar Jharkhand, C.G.(Ambikapur, Bilaspur, Koria district etc.) and M.P. Balaghat, Chhindwara, Dindauri (Baigachak), Jabalpur, Katni, Umaria, Shahdol, Shidhi and Anuppur district as Block Pushprajgarh, Kotma, Jaitahri and different parts of Amarkantak area like- Narmada Kund (Mai ki bagiya) Bhundakona, Jaleshwar, Son muda, Podki, Bhejri, Bhamaria, Farrisemar, Bijauri, Lapti, Amgawa, Khati, Bilaspur, Pamra, Kerha, Bhelma, Khursa, Harri, Sonhra,Vaihar, Barbaspur, Doniya, Sarhakona, Jamuna Dadar, Nonghati, Barsot, Johilatola (Podki), Masnatola Kapilasangam, Tikritola, and also surroundings of Amarkantak, Bilaspur district- Kevchi, Padmania, Devergavan, Vedrapani, Jaleshwar, GramUmania and Dindauri district- Kabeer Chbutra, Pakri, Sonda, Karanjia, and Narigwara for the collection of plant’s being used by Baiga traditionally (ethnobotanically). These areas are populated by them on the basis of varied altitude and richness of plant species, which also comprise rich cultural diversity. All the information collected is based on the interviews of Baiga Vaidyas and some traditional practitioners as given below:

3. Medicinal Plants Used by BaigaVaidyas:

Baiga living close to nature have acquired unique knowledge about the use of the living botanical resources.Adhatoda vasica Nees.,Tinospora cordifolia Willd., Calotropis procera Ait., Centella asiatica Linn., Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall., Carissa carandas Linn.,Amaranthus spinosus L. The folk in several parts of India have found its use in curing many ailments. Azadirechta indica A.Juss., Tylophora indica Burm. f., Spilanthes acmella Murr., Eclipta alba Hassk., Sphaeranthus indicus Linn., Sonchus arvensis Linn., and Centratherum anthelminticum Willd. Boerhaavia diffusa L., Thevetia neriifolia Juss.,(Apocynaceae) Amorphophallus campanulatus (Bl.) Roxb., Colocasia esculentum Linn., (Araceae) Aristolochia indica Linn., Calotropis procera R. Br., Calotropis gigantea R. Br., Hemidesmus indicus R. Br., Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., etc are plants used in daily life.The Baiga tribes found in certain important parts of India use the plant for various ailments. One can reasonably imagine that on finding

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population of new (exotic) plants in their vicinity, the folk apply trial and error method and discover some uses for such plants, thus, adding to their indigenous resources or indigenous pharmacopoeia, and simultaneously providing dynamism to their EKP (Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Practices). These examples show addition to the local ethno-medicinal plant resource. Surely, researchers working in different states and regions, or among various ethnic groups, will be able to report numerous more such instances. Such publications will add to the evidences regarding dynamism of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Practices.

Notable Baigas’ Vaidyas collectedmedicinal plant from fields and remote forests areas and treatment of various diseases of our societies.

1. Kanchhedi Baiga- Village- Karpa, Tehsil Pushprajgarh

* Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Paralysis, Rheumatic 2. Cancer 3. Asthma 4. Piles 5. Stone (Calculi) 6. Weakness 7. Hydrocele 8. Leucoderma 9. Skin disease 10. Jaundice 11. Hair fall 12. Worms. 13. Diabetes. * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 15-30 patients.

2. Bhaina Baiga- Village- Jamuna Dadar - Tehsil Pushprajgarh

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Arthritis, 2. Diabetic 3. Asthma 4. Eye (Cataract) 5. Piles 6. Stone (Calculi) 7.Gas 8. Snake Bite 9. Scorpion Sting. * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 25-35 patients.

3.Birjhu Singh Marabi Baiga- Village -Kabeer Chabutara, Distt. Dindauri

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Hair fall 2. Itching 3. Arthritis 4. Leucorrhoea 5. Jaundice.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 10-20 patients.

4. Suddhu Baiga– Village- Kabeer Chabutara, Distt.Dindauri

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Piles 2. Ear disease (Pus healing) 3. Bone fracture.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 10-25 patients.

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5. Sukh Lal Baiga – Village Vaihar- Distt. Bilaspur

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya-1. Syphilis 2. Arthritis Rheumatic 3. Pile 4. Bone fracture 5. Startingof M.C. and 6. End for M.C. 7. Leucorrhoea (Apras in hand palms) 8. Cut and wound 9. Blindness 10. Hemorrhage (Nakseer) Bleeding nose 11. Ear pus 12. Dog Bite and 13. Snake Bite 14. Swelling. * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 15-40 patients.

6. Chalru Ram Baiga – Village Vedrapani- Distt. Bilaspur

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Back Pain 2. Simple Body Pain3. Headache- Left or Right site 4. Abortion 5. Piles, Fissure (Bhagandar) 6. Ear pain, Pus from inside of ear. 7. Rheumatic, Arthritis 8. Asthma 9. Syphilis 10.Inflammation into Urinary tract (Urine Burn) 11. Piles 12. Eye disease (Opacity of Cornea or Cataract) 13. Chest Pain 14. Paralysis 15. Back Pain 16. Snake Bite 17. Skin disease 18. Jaundice 18. Stone (Calculi) disease 19. Fever in Bone 20. Dysentery.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya- treated about 35-40 patients.

7. Lamu Baiga – Village Khursa.

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Piles 2. Bone fracture 3. As Antidote 4. Dysentery 5. Cattle disease. 6. Skin disease (Beuchhi) * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya -treated about 15-28 people.

8. Moti Lal Baiga –Jaleshwar, Tehsil- Pushprajgarh.

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya-1. Piles 2. Bone fracture 3. As Antidote 4. Dysentery 5. Cattle disease. 6. Gonorrhoea 7. Stone (Calculi) 8. Diarrhoea 9. * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya- treated about 10-20 patients.

9. Heera Lal Baiga–Village Bonchha (Amarkantak).

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*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya-1. Piles 2. Sterility (Suppression) 3. Blister 4. Intestinal Worm (Stomach–Parasite 5. Suppression of Body Weakness (For Power) 6. Pneumonia (Child) 7. Crack heals 8. Cholera (Vomiting With Diarrhoea) 9. After delivery 10. Stomach ache 11. Piles 12. Rheumatic 13. Jaundice * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 10-20 patients.

9. Bhagat Ram Baiga- Village Bhelma, Distt. Dindauri

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Weakness 2. Piles 3. T B. 3. Leucoderma 4. Hydrocele 5.Syphilis 6. Arthritis, Gout7. MC disorder.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya -treated about 15-20 patients.

10. Aitvaru Maravi Baiga-

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya- 1. Asthma 2. Dog Bite3. Headache 4. Piles 5. Antiseptic Medicine 6. Stool and Diarrhoea 7. Dysentery 8. For Milk Secretion 9. The Wound and Cuts 10. Blood Pressure (High/Low) 11. Cattle Disease12. Fever 13. Malaria 14. Syphilis 15. Jaundice 16. Weakness 17. Bone fracture.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya- treated about 15-20 patients.

11.Daddi Baiga -Village Jamuna Dadar, Ward No.15

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya-1. Paralysis Rheumatic, 2. Coryza, Cold and Cough Disease 3. Pain 4. Skin disease 5. For Fever disease 6. Venereal-disease 7. For Jaundice 8. Asthma (Respiratory) disease 9. For Indigestion and Digestion disease 10. Diabetes disease 12. Cancer. * No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 10-20 patients.

12. Maina Marvi Baiga– Village Jamuna Dadar, Ward No.8

*Name of Diseases Treated by Vaidya-1. For Antidotes 2. Cough, Balgum With Blood (T.B.) Disease 13. Constipation 4. Swelling 5. Eye Diseases 6. Ear Diseases 7. Bone Fracture 8. Lunacy (Mad) Diseases 9. Burn (Inflammation) Diseases 10.

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Epilepsy (Mirgi) Diseases.* No. of patients treated by Baiga Vaidya - treated about 15-20 patients.

Fig. Map of Central Provinces (Baiga and Chamar Territories)2

4. Introduction of Baigas: 4.1 Origin (Genetics) of Baigas 4.2 The Baiga culture 4.3 Tattooing tradition amongst Baigas 4.4 Forced Evictions 4.5 Language 4.6 Baiga foods

2https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/spa/zohkohb0i282t94/Area%20Studies/public/SouthAsia/Ide as/CP/ch09baiga.html

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4.7 Social Status 4.8 Ornaments 4.9 Economic Status 4. Introduction of Baigas:

The Baiga tribe occurs inthe districts of Shahdol, Umaria, Anuppur, Balaghat, Dindori, Mandla, in Madhya Pradesh.Baiga is tribe found in Madhya Pradesh has population around 250,000. It is also found in Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states of India. The largest number of Baigas is found in Baiga-chuk in Mandla district and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. They have sub-castes likes– Bijhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai Bhaina, and Kadh Bhaina. Their population as of Census 2001/2011 was 390,000.

4.1 Origin (Genetics):

As mentioned before, the Baigas,share "two synonymous polymorphisms with the M42 haplogroup, which is specific to Australian Aborigines." These were specific mt DNA mutations that are shared exclusively by Australian aborigines and the Baiga Indian tribes, and no other known human groupings.

4.2 The Baiga culture:

Members of the Baiga tribe do not interact with outsiders, even with other tribals like the Gonds, as interaction with any other tribe is a crime for them. After a death in the family, the Baigas leave the house and build another one. Being dependent on the forest, they also do not engage in tendu patta collection, which is a major livelihood provider in Madhya Pradesh.

‘Karma’ is their favourite dance, in which men and women stand in two long rows opposite each other with the musicians between them and move forwards and backwards to the furious beating of drums. They have a feast when the musicians play, and men and women sing and dance around the branch. They

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repeat it at intervals all through the cold weather and consider it as one of their great amusement.

The religion of the ‘Baigas’ is purely animistic. Their principal deity is ‘Buddha Dev’ who is supposed to reside in a Salen (Salai) tree (Boswellia serrata Roxb.), and is worshipped during the month of Jaishtha (June) when Goats, Fowls and ‘Mahua’ (Madhuca latifolia Chev.)along with liquor is offered to him. ‘Thakur Dev’ is the God of the village land. ‘Duldha Dev’ is the god who averts diseases and accidents while ‘Bhimseni’ is the deity of rainfall. ‘Narayan Dev’ is also a household deity; and ‘Nag Dev’ is their Serpent God. In almost every household, there is also a set of gods for daily worship. ‘Dharti Mata’ or Mother Earth is considered to be the wife of ‘Thakur Dev’ and must also be worshipped for the success of the crops.

About 100 years ago, their women were said to cover the lower part of their body with leaf twigs and fastened it around their waist with a string. Now they dress themselves properly with sarees and another piece of cloth as head gear. They usually live in mud houses (made of Soil and dry grass) which have adjoining cattle-shed which is mostly fenced by bamboo for protection of their cattle against jungle beasts.

4.3 Tattooing tradition amid Baigas:

One of the tribes for whom tattooing is an integral part of their lifestyle is the Baiga tribe. This tribe inhabits the dense hilly forests in the eastern part of the Satpura, in Shahdol, Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon, Mandla, and Balaghat districts. The Baigas are of Dravidian stock and are one of eight prime tribes of M.P.

It is believed that this tribe is an offshoot of the Bhumia tribe of Chhota Nagpur.

A distinguishing feature of the Baiga tribe is that their[Fig.2 Tattoo,] Source.- TRI-

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Bhopalwomen are famous for sporting tattoos of various kinds on almost all parts of their body. The women who work as tattooing artists belong to the Ojhas, Badin and Dewar, tribes of M.P., and are called Godnaharins. They are extremely knowledgeable about the different types of tattoos preferred by various tribes. Their mothers traditionally pass on this knowledge to them. Tattooing amongst the tribals commences with the approach of winter and continues until summer.

4.4 Forced Evictions:

Since the 1960s, the Baiga have been the victims of forced evictions at the hands of the Indian authorities.These are often carried out in the name of conservation, in an attempt to protect the tiger populations, but have disastrous consequences for the displaced communities.

4.5 Language:

It is believed that the ancestors of the Baigas spoke an Austroasiatic language; however no trace of it is left now. Some Baigas (specifically those from the Mandla district) have mentioned "Baigani" as their mother tongue in the past: Baigani is now recognized as a variety of Chhattisgarhi influenced by Gondi and Western Hindi. Most Baigas communicate with outsiders in Hindi, and some of them also know a few local languages like Gondi or Marathi depending on the region they live in.

4.6 Baiga Foods

The Baiga takes coarse food and shows no extravagance in this aspect. They eat coarse grains like Kodo and Kutki, drink pej, eat little flour and are normally content with what little that they get. One of the prime foods is Pej that can be made from groundingMakka or from the water left from boiling rice. They practice primitive agriculture and grow millets like ‘Urad’ (Phaseolus radiatus, Linn.), ‘Kodo’ (Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linn.), ‘Kutki / Sanwan’ (Echinochloa crus-galli, Linn.), ‘Semi’ (Dolichos lablab, Linn.), ‘Makka’ (Zea mays, Linn.), ‘Mijhri’(Panicum trypheron, Schultes.), ‘Jwar’ (Sorghum bicolor, Linn.), ‘Arhar’

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(Cajanus cajan, Linn.), ‘Bajara’ (Pennisetum typhoides, Burmn.), ‘Java’ (Hordeum vulgare, Linn.). They also grow some vegetables like ‘Kumhara’ (Cucurbita maxima, Duch.), ‘Torai’ (Luffa acutangula, Linn.), ‘Rerua’ (Luffa cylindrical, Linn.), Aalu (Solanum tuberosum, Linn.), ‘Baigun’ (Solanum melongena, Linn.), ‘Lauki (Lagenaria siceraria, Linn.), etc. They possess an extraordinary skill in the use of axe, bow and arrow for hunting. Besides they also eat the meat of Fowls, Pegion, Pig, Tortoise, Rat, Rabbit, Fish, Shrimp (Jhinga) etc. They consider Rats as a delicacy in their cuisine and have a great expertise in digging out their holes. They usually catch fish by net, from dams or river streams in hot weather and sometimes they use certain plant roots, leaves, stem, and fruits which can be easily utilized for catching and later killing fish.

4.7 Social Status:

An important basis for existence of Baiga tribe as a social unit is the combination of different social units such as a family, Lineage, Sub-clan, sub tribe and groups but the absence of a particular social unit in a community does not mean that it is not a tribe. Baiga society appears to be very simple but in truth it is not so. Tribal family lineage trace through their father and the antecedent isdecided according to the male side. The parents of groom go to the parents of bride asking for relationship though the priority is given to the maternal uncle’s daughter. Parents of the groom give dowry. Marriage is done at the age of 10-12 and afterwards everybody performs a ritualistic dance known as ‘Karma’ and ‘Shailla’. Bride remains with her parents after marriage for a few years. She usually goes to her in-law’s house after a custom called ‘Gamanchar’ (Gaona) or ‘Pathoni’. The local feuds are taken care by ‘Panchayats’, they strongly believe in casteism and rebirth. The common language used by them earlier used to be Gondi but ‘Bagheli’ is rapidly replacing it.

Men’s mostly wear ‘Pardani Kurta’ Jacket,(a thick cloth on waist and Kurta) Phatoni a full sleeve button less shirt, ‘Bandi’ half sleeve shirt ,‘Ganji’(Baniyani) a half sleeve button less shirt, ‘Mudbandhi’ (Muretha pagri)

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Gamchha (Towel). Women wear Dhoti (Long cloth), ‘Faria’ or (Dhoti) is worn with a ‘Kachani’ (Fold) on the waist due to which it rises up to the knees. ‘Blouse’ a cloth for covering chest. Some more aware tribals wear shirt, pant, and coat while girls also wear Kurta salvar etc.

4.8 Ornaments:

Baigas men wear like- ‘Mundri’ (Ring Copper or Iron), ‘Churwa’ (Bangles Silver), ‘Dora’ (thread), ‘Phuliya’ (Ear ring) as ornaments where as women sport ‘Churia (Bangle of Lac and Lead) ‘Pata’ (Hand Locket), Nag mori, Bahuta, Patela, Hariya, Yanta, Banbaria, Bichhua (Leg finger ring), Pairi, ‘Chuda’ (Hand Brasslet), Payal (Ankle chain), ‘Sutwa’ (NeSckless), ‘Phuliya’ (Nose dots), ‘Kanthi’ (Neckless), ‘Hewal’ (all neck lockets), Gandhi, ‘Kathula’(Neck Lockets),’Jharka’ (Ear Tops), ‘Khosna’ (Head ear chain), ‘Bala’ (Big year ring), ‘Barri’ (Ear Ring), Tikuli as ornaments. Along with these, women also love to get them tattooed to look beautiful.

4.9Economic Status:

The Baigas practice a varied range of occupation such as gathering, fishing, ploughing, and agriculture. Shifting agriculture is the main occupation of the tribal. As Baiga tribes do not have land of their own, hence, they practice shifting cultivation, which generally has very low yield. As each tribal community is dependent on monsoons for agriculture, it plays a very decisive role in the tribal economy. Regardless of their principal mode of substance, all of them collect and consume major and minor edible forest products. Their houses, tools, vessels, ornaments, objects of worship and rituals are largely made of plant materials indicating that their economy depends heavily on forests. Few Baigas are engaged in making basket, hats, umbrella, mat, bull-carts, mat and brooms from bamboos and also go for the collection of minor forest products such as ‘Harra’ Bahera, Amla, Mahua, Char (Buchanania lanzan (Spreng.), Diospyros melanoxylon

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(Roxb.), Shorea robust (Gaertn.), Phoenix acaulis, (Buch.), etc. They use these products to practice barter economy in weekly markets for all their household day- today needs.

The three factors – habitat, society, and economy play an important role in shaping the life of Baiga people. As most of the Baiga tribe prefers to live in geographic isolation and out of the orbit of the outside world, they do not demand much and depend on cooperation and collectiveness with the environment.

Coordination unit in the Patanjlipuram campus, International Institute of Ayurveda, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, h as initiated a programme to prepare a Pharmacopoeia of simple herbal remedies based primarily on the tribal system but updated and standardized from the view point of classical health traditions like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani.

Fig.3 Dance Occasions of Baiga Girls.3

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Fig. 4.A Medicinal plants collector3 Fig.4B- Medicinal plants collector .

Sahu, T.R. (1982) studied the plants used against various disorders among tribal woman. Sharma and Singh (1986) studied the ethnomedicine of Kanker Range in Baster. Shah and Singh (1990) also studied phytotherapic use from tribal pockets of M.P. Later, Chandra (1991) studied Abujhmarh area of Baster. Pandey and Oomachan (1992) studied wild food plants in rural and tribal areas of Jabalpur.Singh, M.P. (2002) did Ethno-botanical studies on the tribals of Amarkantak and its neighbourhood. Upadhyaya (2003) studied ethnobotanically important weeds of district Sidhi of (M.P.). Singh; M.K. (2003) has studied Ethnobotanical study among the Baiga tribes of Central India in Umaria and Anuppur districts.

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CHAPTER-2

ANCIENT HISTORY OF ETHNOBOTANY AND BAIGAS

Ethnobotany deals with the study of relationship between human societies and plants. It has been recognized as a multidisciplinary science comprising many interesting and useful aspects of plant science, viz. History, Economy and Literature. Its importance has been realized chiefly in respect of the varied economic uses of plants among the primitive human societies. It brings to light numerous little known on unknown uses of plants, some of which have potential or wider usage.Powers in 1874 used the term "Aboriginal botany" to specify the study of plants which aboriginals used for medicine, food, textiles, fabrics, ornaments etc. Carl Linnaeus in 1753 published Species Plantarum and described about 5,900 plants. The German physician Leopold Glueck (1896) was a Bosnian who described about relationship among the plants, so he was called first modern ethno - botanist. The term 'Ethnobotany' was coined by “John William Harshberger” in 1896. He was a Lecture in Pennsylvania University in 1895. At that time, the subject included mere identification and cataloguing of plants used by the primitive people.

J. W. Harshberger (1896); Robbins, Harrington and Freire - Marreco (1916) promulgated broad definition of ethnobotany and they considered it as a study and evaluation of the knowledge of all phases of plant life amongst primitive societies and effect of the vegetal environment upon the life, customs, beliefs and history of the people and gave emphasis on the linguistics. The first specific book on Ethnobotany was written by Faulks (1958), entitled "An Introduction to Ethnobotany". This author has widened the scope of the subject to almost entire economic botany. This view is not generally accepted now. Schultes (1962) pointed

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out that ethnobotany is a science that requires inter-disciplinary approach. Ford (1978) edited "The Nature and status of Ethnobotany”. "Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany" (Jain, 1981) is the first book which deals with Indian Ethnobotany. Ethnobotany broadly means all aspects of direct relationship of plants with man. Therefore, the scope of Ethnobotany is very wide (Jain 2004). The term ethnobotany has often been considered synonymous with either economic botany or with traditional medicine with the primary use of plant products either improved or otherwise.

Ethnobotany is also not synonymous with traditional medicine. Traditional medicine must have its roots in ethnobotanical folklore but today, it incorporates several well-organised, distinct systems of diagnosis and cure. In India alone, three traditional systems of medicine, namely Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani are distinguished. Ethnobotany includes study of foods, fibres, and dyes, other useful and harmful plants, taboos, avoidances and magico-religious beliefs about plants (Jain 1967 a: Ford, 1978). Man-plant relationship can be classified into two groups (Jain, 2004), viz. (a) Abstract and (b) Concrete. The abstract relationship of man and plants includes faith in the good or bad powers of plants, taboos, avoidances, sacred plants, worship and folklore. The concrete relationship includes mainly the materials used as food, medicine, house-building, agricultural operations, other domestic uses, trade or barter, plants in fine arts and culture like paintings, carryings and house decorating and the acts of domestication, conservation, improvement or destruction of plants (Jain, 2004)

The influence of primitive cultures on vegetation can be beneficial or harmful. The beneficial influence may be identified through:

1. Preservation of vegetation as sacred groves or through various taboos and other restrictions.

2. Conservation of germplasm.

3. Occasional cultivation, introduction and improvement through selection.

4. Regularity of agricultural practices or cycles.

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The harmful effects are evident through practices like shifting cultivation and increasing pressures on limited land. The daily demands of man on the forests also cause loss to plant cover. Ethnobotanical studies have a variety of approaches:

(a) Ethnobotanical study of large or small geographic regions.

(b) Ethnobotanical study of selected primitive or otherwise interesting human societies.

(c) Ethnobotanical study of certain plant groups or individual plant species.

(d) Ethnobotanical study of certain specific utility groups like food, medicine, dyes etc.

Various branches (sub-disciplines) of Ethnobotany during last three decades:

1. : This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of fossils of the ancient plants of economic significance in relation with the history of cultivation.

2. Archaeo-ethnobotany: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of human civilization, development and evolution, raising the crops with the help of archaeological material.

3. Ethnotaxonomy: This branch deals with the study of plants identification, name and classification on the basis of their uses habit and habitat.

4. : In this discipline of ethnobotany, a study of inter-relationship between the past and present human societies and the biotic and abiotic components of environments is done.

5. Ethnopharmacology: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of the description and identification of the plants or medicinal significance and also the effect of the drugs obtained from them on the human beings.

6. Ethno-paediatrics: The branch of medicine that deals with the care of babies and children and their disease.

7. Ethnoagriculture: The branch of agriculture that deals with the studies about care of agriculture system in the ancient societies.

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8. : This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of fungi; edible and non edible in the ancient societies.

9. Erhnotoxicology: This branch deals with the study of toxic plants and the toxic substances produced by plants. According to Schultes, many toxic plants are used as fish poison and arrow tip poison.

10. Ethnonarcotics: This discipline deals with the study of the use of narcotics, snuffs and hallucinogens in the ancient societies.

11. Medico-ethnobotany (or Ethnomedicine): It is the study of the use of medicinal plants by the Medicine man (Vaidya) in the ancient and modern societies.

12. Ethnosilviculture: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of the knowledge of forests possessed by tribals and aborigines.

13. Ethnoetymology: In this discipline of ethnobotany, a study of the history of language, words, meaning and resources of tribals and aborigines is done.

14. Ethnolinguistics: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of the language sense of tribals and aborigines.

15. Ethnomusicology: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study of the music, art of producing a rhythmical sequence of combination sound such as to please the tribals and aborigines.

16. Ethnoorthopedics: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study and cure of deformities (Break), bones, joints along with the forest knowledge of tribals and aborigines.

17. Ethnoopthalmology: In this discipline of ethnobotany, a study is carried out for looking through; to help and also assist vision and belief of tribals and aborigines.

18. Ethnohorticultur: In this discipline of ethnobotany, the study of the art of growing flowers, fruits and vegetables known to tribals and aborigines is done.

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19. Ethno-phytochemistry: In this discipline of ethnobotany, the study for special types of chemical substances which occur in plants that help in the identification of plants by tribals and aborigines is done.

20. Ethnocusmetics: In this discipline of ethnobotany, the study of the music sense of tribals and aborigines are carried out.

21. Ethno-gynaecology: This discipline of ethnobotany deals with the study and description of various kind of ailment (diseases) of the women’s of tribal societies.

As the new aspects of man-plants relationships are studied several new sub- disciplines emerge, various researchers have adopted different methods, approaches and priorities in their work. The sources of ethnobotanical data have been put in four broad categories. In order of priority, these are:

1. Work among the present aboriginal or primitive societies and recording of surviving folklore about plants.

2. Scrutiny of literature such as on , traditional medicine, old administrative reports, floras, archaeology for data of ethnobotanical interest.

3. Scrutiny of collections in museum and herbaria for notes on uses (or avoidances) of plants.

4. Study of Archaeological remains and sites for evidences of past relationships of people with plants.

Ethnomedicine or medico-ethnobotany is an important branch of Ethnobotany and has its roots in herbal medicine which has a long history. The practice of herbal medicine dates back to the very earliest periods of human history. There is evidence of herbs which have been used in the treatment of diseases and for revitalising body systems in almost all ancient civilizations- the Indian, the Egyptian, the Chinese and even the Greek and Roman civilizations. Plants were the main essence of medicine and credited for mystical and almost supernatural powers of healing. In Britain, herbs were used to rectify witchcraft and superstition. In the middle Ages, every village had its witch and every witch had her herbs and

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potions. Herbs were also used to counteract the witch powers. Garlic, hyssop and wormwood all combated witchcraft and evil spirits.

In India, herbs have been in use for treating diseases since ancient times of Ayurveda and also used in the fields of Dental care (Deontologist) and Brain care (Craniologist) since 7000 B.C. The people of Ganga region had developed knowledge of treating diseases. We came to know about such information through survey of Paleobotany and digging of mid-Ganga region (2000 BC.). There are references to the curative properties of some herbs in Rig-Veda, which is believed to have been written between 3500 and 1800 BC. A more detailed account is found in the Atharva -Veda. Fairly comprehensive information (2000 plants) about herbs has been recorded in Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita (1000 BC.), which is about 700 Plants. These Samhitas are regarded as two most important works on Ayurvedic system of medicine. In subsequent years, more and more plants were used in indigenous medicine and their number gradually increased to 1500.

The Chinese also have a compilation of 1000 ancient herbs. Pen Tsao Ching is an important Chinese work dating back to approximately 2800 B.C., which describes various plant medications and instructions and their use.

Hippocrates (460 B.C.), the Greek physician and father of modern medicine also listed several hundred herbal remedies. Pedanios Dioscorides (60AD.) was a Greek physician who was greatly interested in medicinal plants. He published De Materia Medica in 5 volumes and they gave information about 600 plants in Mediterranean region. The first volume dealt with oils, ointments, aromatic trees; and the second with living creatures, milk and dairy products, etc.; while the third volume dealt with root, juice, herbs. The fourth volume included information about herbs and roots; and the fifth dealt with vines and wines, and metallic ores. He was describing how to use plants for medicine, food, along with their poisonous and non-poisonous attributes. A number of vernacular names used by Dioscorides coincides with the generic name used today, e.g. Asphodelos (Asphodelus); Kapparis (Kapparis), Skilla (Scilla); and Zingiberi (Zingiber) etc. Materia Medica

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was regarded as the basis of European botany for about 1500 years and the medicinal plants were easy to identify with its help because the book was comprehensive and well-illustrated. Leon hart Fuchs (1946) published "De Historia Stirpium Commentari Insignes" which described about 400 plants usually found between two countries namely; Germany and Austria.

In recent years, researchers like G. Watt (1908), R.N. Chopra (1956), K. R. Kirtikar, B.D. Basu (1935), B. N. Mukherjee (1965) etc. who are considered wealth of the editors of India and many others, have done commendable work in compiling the details of Indian medicinal plants. The studies conducted by these scholars have confirmed many of the claims of ancient Vaidyas about the efficacy of several herbs in curing diseases. Plants play a significant role, especially in modern times, when the damaging effects of food processing and over medication have assumed alarming proportions. The growing interest in plants is a part of the movement towards change in life-styles. The movement is based on the belief that the plants have a vast potential for their use as a curative medicine.

The modern approach to the science of ethnobotany evolved in USA. The Botanical museum of Howard University, Massachusetts Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan have emerged foremost centres. The World Health Organization is also taking interest in herbal drugs. It is supporting seminars and symposia for assembling useful information and sponsoring research on traditional medicine in developing countries. The destiny of mankind is inextricably linked with the well being of natural resources. Early man lived in harmony with nature because his demands were limited. Traditional communities living close to nature have, over the years, acquired unique knowledge about the use of the living biological resources.

Modernization, especially industrialization and urbanisation; could endanger this rich heritage of knowledge and expertise of age along with the old wisdom of the traditional communities unless we are able to visualize and concretize advantages of a synthesis of the old wisdom with the new. In recognition of the need to document the fast disappearing knowledge system & wisdom, an All

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India Coordinated Research Project on Ethnobiology was launched in 1982. Dr. T.N. Khoshso was instrumental in developing the concept of this project. Dr. P. Pushpangadan (1984) was appointed chief coordinator of this project in September 1983. The tribal knowledge system on plants and animals exists as oral tradition and only a fraction is available to science in documented form even today.

24 Research Centres participated in All India Coordinated Research Project of Ethnobotany, has popularly known as AICRPE. During phase-I (1982- 1988) of the project, 65% of the tribal area in the country was studied. Phase II started in 1989. During this phase exploration of more than 20% of the tribal area was completed. It is still an ongoing programme. At first, the coordination unit of AICRPE was located at Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu. Later on, this unit was shifted to Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram for 12 years.

AICRPE has covered about 80% of the tribal area and recorded priceless data on Indian Ethnobotany. Indian sub continent is inhabited by (as per 2001 census) over 84.3 million tribals belonging to nearly 700 ethnic communities that come under (227) linguistic groups. They inhabit varied geographic and climatic zones of the country. They reside in about 5000 forest villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Their vocations range from hunting, gathering to tribal societies with settled life and culture. The tribal people of India exhibit characteristic features of three great races of mankind viz –

1. Negroid or Negritos

2. Europeoid and

3. Mongoloid.

The earliest existing anthropological type is Negritos coming under the race Australoid of the great race Negroid. This type is represented by natives of Andaman Islands. Another type of Australoid is Veddah of Kerala & Sri Lanka and some people of Rajmahal Hills. Mundas, Santhals and others found in south and

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Central India represent the Europeoid stock with their predominance in the Narmada - Chhota Nagpur belt. Mongoloid race is mostly found among the tribals of the Himalayan belt and Nicobar Islands. It is very difficult to define or demarcate clearly as a tribe.

Government of India, for academic and administrative purposes have specified nearly 700 different ethnic communities, on the basis of their temporal antiquity, spatial isolation, historical past, level of techno-economic capabilities and socio-cultural status. These tribals are given certain special protection and privileges in the Constitution of India.

The tribal population of India is 84.3 million as per 2001 census and accounts 8.2% of the total population of the country. They are scattered over all States / Union territories, except Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and the UTs of Pondicherry and Chandigarh. The Scheduled Tribes have traditionally lived in about 15% of the geographical area of the country mainly forests, hills as well as amidst the undulating inaccessible terrain in plateau areas rich in natural resources. They have lived as isolated entities for centuries, largely untouched by the society around them. This seclusion has been responsible for the slower socio-economic and cultural development. Tribals, living close to the nature over the years have acquired unique knowledge about the use of the living biological resources. Shahdol district is one of the important tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh. Only Jaisinghnagar & Jaitpur Tehsil of the district remains ethnobotanically investigated so far. In the present study, these two Tehsils have been investigated.

2.1 Ethnobotanical knowledge and practices (EKP):

Tribals living close to nature have acquired unique knowledge about the use of the living botanical resources.

Adhatoda vasica Nees.,Tinospora cordifolia Willd., Amaranthus spinosus L., The folk in several parts of India have found its use in curing many ailments. Azadirechta indica L., Boerhaavia diffusa L., Calotropis procera Ait., Centella asiatica Linn., Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall., Carissa carandas Linn., Thevetia neriifoliaJuss.,(Apocynaceae) Amorphophallus campanulatus (Bl.) Roxb.,

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Colocasia esculentum Linn., (Araceae) Aristolochia indica Linn., Calotropis procera R.Br., Calotropis gigantea R. Br., Hemidesmus indicus R.Br., Gymnema sylvestre R.Br., Tylophora indica Burm. f., Spilanthes acmella Murr., Eclipta alba Hassk., Sphaeranthus indicus Linn., Sonchus arvensis Linn., and Centratherum anthelminticum Willd.The ethnic tribes found in certain important parts of India, use the plant for various ailments. One can reasonably imagine that on finding population of new (exotic) plants in their vicinity, the folk applied trial and error method and discovered some uses for such plants, thus, adding to their indigenous resources or indigenous pharmacopoeia, and simultaneously providing dynamism to their EKP (Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Practices). These examples show addition to the local ethno medicinal plant resource. Surely, researchers working in different states or regions, or among various ethnic groups, will be able to report numerous more such instances. Such publications will add to the evidences regarding dynamism of EKP.

The Dictionary of Economic plants of India by Singh et al. (1983) provides useful information about the plants belonging to either exotic or indigenous nature. Retrogression in EKP will mean loss of EKP. It is commonly noted by field workers that, few younger people among indigenous ethnic societies now report about uses of plants. For assessing loss in EKP, some benchmark is necessary for each ethnic group. Until a more precise scale or method is devised, one can say that in a 50-year period, usually a two-generation gap occurs. Ethnobotanical inventories published in the middle of the 20th century or earlier, e.g. Bodding’s (1927) monumental work can be useful benchmarks. A comparison of EKP, as recorded in 1927, with recent works like Verma et al. (1999) can show what loss, if any, has occurred in EKP in the last 75 years.

Bodding’s work is meticulous and considering the ground realities of those times, 75 years ago, the account of remedies is quite precise. The whole text is arranged by the diseases and health conditions. It lacked botanical indexing and the same species name appeared scattered all through the book. Jain & Tarafder (1970), complied a botanical index with Bodding’s work leading to all the ailments with which a species was associated.

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Such early works of Bodding’s, serving as satisfactory benchmark; do not exist for many regions. In many cases, herbarium and museum specimens collected in early or middle 20th century have notes on indigenous uses which can serve this purpose as useful benchmarks (Jain & Dam 1979).

One has to find out causes for changes in EKP. Some causes can be natural like addition or depletion in available biodiversity. This can happen also due to human interference in environment like introduction of exotic species or removal of certain elements of biodiversity through over-extraction or destruction of forest cover. Such situations can lead to loss of some unique EKP, and also innovations. This aspect of finding varying factors in the areas of work has been scarcely touched by field workers.

2.2 Loss in EKP can be caused in one or more of the following situations:

1. Habitation for long period in a forest environment different from the usual or familiar vegetation cover, like employment in a distant place.

2. Continued contact with and use of some more suitable substitute plant.

3. Prolonged non-occurrence of any disease, injury or aliment. EKP about cures for these aliments can gradually be lost.

4. Innovation and discovery by the folk lore for a better curative plant. There can be other causes, depending on circumstances and location.

Addition to EKP can be affected by one or more of the following situations/factors: i. By trial and error method discovery of any new properties of plants. ii. Occurrence of any new diseases in the community, and discovery of plants for their cure. iii. Some plant part of newly introduced plant may be found useful for food, dyes, or other needs. iv. It should not be difficult to find out whether the dynamism is bringing about loss of Indigenous (not exotic) Knowledge (IK), or is showing a progressive trend. The likelihood is that both trends will be witnessed within the same location or ethnic

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group. There may be loss of IK in respect of local health traditions, but addition can be done through better tools, toys and implements. v. Comparative studies can provide leads for trends and patterns. Some elaboration of this point is necessary. To study any trends or patterns, one will have to observe whether the loss or gain in Ethnobotanical Knowledge (EK) in any particular area(s) such as names of plants, taboos, avoidances, herbal cures, foods, etc. shows any relationship with gender or age group. For example, are men only losing (or gaining) in EKP or women too? Are the young, over the decades, lost contact with their vegetation or environment, or can these patterns predict any future trends for the benefit or disadvantage of the folk? vi. The final question is most important, i.e. the steps to be taken to hinder loss of EK and promote progressive trends. The most significant step to check the loss of Ethnobotanical Knowledge (EK) is to try to stop damage to the biodiversity, on which most of their Ethnobotanical Knowledge Practices depend. Loss of EK is usually more evident among young boys and girls. Some voluntary organizations are running programmers for young locals to train them in the use of indigenous biodiversity (i.e. local herbal remedies). Homeroom (1995) published seven volumes on indigenous herbal remedies among certain ethnic groups of central India; these are the remedies, which Homeroom tries to teach and promote among the local boys and girls. Such progressive efforts are needed in more regions of the country. The Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions based at Bangalore in south India is also attempting to do the same, but it’s more modernized.

Critical studies on dynamism, i.e. comparative studies with the past benchmark records can be expected to indicate trends and wherever necessary, ameliorative measures to arrest retrogression in EK. A one-half, one or more centuries old bench-mark data should be available in several other areas of knowledge like edible products, raising of crops, animal husbandry, land and water management, weather forecast, tools, gadgets, etc.

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Dynamism or changes in EKP is not the same as acculturation. There are some changes in EKP which occur due to intuition, creativity, innovations, and trial and error by the folk. They are not influenced in general by external anthropogenic factors. Acculturation, on the other hand, takes place due to significant and visible external and usually anthropogenic factors like contact with technologically advanced societies, advent of products of modern technology like use of radio or Television, organized school education, discourses or allurements by outside preachers, vocation in towns, access to articles of modern commercial production (dresses, body ornamentation, tools, synthetic products, etc.) in tribal weekly markets. It can possibly be stated that dynamism in EK relates to mind, and acculturation relates to body and lifestyle.

The purpose of this work will be fulfilled if researchers of regions in M.P. and other territories try to compare the present status of knowledge about indigenous herbal resources with any earlier published work or even earlier notes on herbarium and museum specimens collected several decades ago.

2.3 Significance of Ethnobotany & Ethnomedicine:

The importance of ethnobotanical study has many aspects, such as: –

1. Work among the present day aboriginal or primitive societies and recording surviving folklore related to plants. 2. Scrutiny of literature such as on ethnobiology, traditional medicine, old administrative reports, floras, archaeology, and data of ethnobotanical interest. 3. Scrutiny of collections in museum and herbaria for notes on uses of plants. 4. Study of Archaeological remains and sites for evidences of past relationships of people with plants. 5. Habitation for long period in a forest environment creates more chances to encounter different familiar vegetal cover, like employment in a distant place. 6. Continued contact with and use of some more suitable substitute plant.

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7. Prolonged non-occurrence of any disease, injury or aliment. Ethnobotanical Knowledge Practices about cures for these aliments can gradually be lost. 8. Innovation and discovery by the folk lore for better curative plant. 9. Ethnobotany of the entire state and districts-wise ethnobotanical work. 10. Tribe-wise ethnobotanical work and plant/family - wise ethnobotanical work. 11. It brings numerous little known or unknown uses of plants in light. 12. Similarities among the individuals in human societies can be traced with the help of ethnobotany and it provides an insight about the interrelationship of mainkinds and plants resources. 13. Socio-economic aspect of ethnobotany and it gives an idea of the indigenous flora of a particular place. 14. Conservation aspect of ethnobotany and mechanisms of ethnobotanical classification. 15. Comprehensive knowledge of the identification of plant and it gives knowledge of the field data because of the prior knowledge of the published literature regarding the plants economic significance. 16. Food aspect and Tribal craft ethnobotany, its study is carried out for the welfare of the main kind for the uses of the natural resources. 17. Disease - wise and ethno-veterinary ethnomedicinal work. Ethnomedicine or medico-ethnobotany is an important branch of Ethnobotany and has its roots in herbal medicine which has a long history. 18.Sub disciplines-ethnotaxonmy, ethnomycology, ethnobryology, ethnopteridology, ethnolichenology, Paleoethnobotany, ethnomedicobotany. 19. Vernaculars Name- Like other objects, plants which need to be referred frequently are assigned names. Vernacular or local names naturally vary from one place, language and people to another place. 20. Magico Religious Beliefs- With material culture as food, medicine and shelter, plant have been closely associated also with many social customs and mythological, rituals of man. Many flowers, fruits or whole plants have been used for offering in worship, and some plants are them selves’ worshipped or considered sacred.

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21. Methods of ethnobotanical research– Various researchers have adopted different methods, approaches and priorities in their work.

22. Finally Faith, Myth or Science– The data generated during ethnobotanical studies interest two broad categories of scholars-the social scientist and biological and phytochemists. 23. The study of plants during ethnological research among the tribals. 24. Interdisciplinary approaches in ethnobotany. 25. Literature on ethnobotany both; Indian and foreign. 26. Recent ethnobotanical works on different states or tribes of India-synoptic treatment. 27. Main world centres and workers of ethnobotany. 28. Medico-ethnobotanical surveys and their role in research in Ayurveda. 29. Ethnobotany and its role in domestication and conservation of native plant genetic resources. 30. Ethnobotany in development and conservation of resources need today. 31. Ethnobotany in the context of national priorities and health care programmes.

2.4Ancient Baigas:

In the first provincial census (1866), aboriginal and hill tribes formed one- fifth of the population of nine million. Gonds accounted for almost three-fourths of these tribal people, while the remainder included Baigas, Korkus, Bhils, Kols, and others. Most lived on the middle spine of the Satpura hills, with its plateaus and valleys, which divided the province between the northern, southern, and southeastern plains. Baigas, along with some of the Gonds, occupied the Maikal range of the eastern Satpura hills. The heavily forested and sparsely populated range gave rise to streams and rivers that flowed in all direction. The Narbudda and its tributaries flowed west; and tributaries of the Wainganga emerged to join that river as it flowed south into the Godavari. In these highlands were, the boundaries of three administrative districts of the Central Provinces well as the boundary

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between the province and Rewa State. At times the area was referred to as Baigadesh, Baiga-country.

As described by several British administrators in the 1860s, the Baigas were viewed as the wildest and most isolated tribal people. The Satpura hills with its forests and sparse population was of major interest to the British because of their policies of taxation on forest and agricultural produce, forest conservation, and possible colonization by European and Indian settlers.

2.5 The Baiga Tribe: Ideology and Activities Back to the top:

The provincial census of 1866 enumerated about 16,000 Baigas, while an estimate in 1869 mentioned 18,000 Baigas which closely approximated the census statistics. Most lived in the eastern part of the Mandla and Seoni districts (10,388and 3,907 respectively).

M. Lawlor atthe Chief Commissioner's Office Press, (1967), mentions about the same number of Baigas who lived outside the Central Provinces in adjacent Rewa State. Enumerations of Baigas in the 1860s or since should be considered as approximations for several reasons. Not all Baigas accepted that designation; other tribes and people had similar names. Baigas could consider themselves as Narotrias, Barotrias, Binjhwars, or Bhumias-all endogamous Baiga group names. Bhumia had other meanings. Baiga considered themselves Bhumia or "lords of the soil." In addition, Bhumia and Baiga were both occupational titles of non-Hindu village priests in the area; even the priests who belonged to another tribe or caste used it as a title. Binjhwar and other names might also refer to other tribes, separate from the Baiga.

British observers felt the Baigas had migrated into Baigadesh from the east many centuries before, probably much before the more numerous Gonds who established political control over the highlands around the fourteenth century. Hindu villagers viewed the Baigas as the original inhabitants and accepted their decisions in boundary disputes.

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Baiga myths also support their claim to long residence in the upland forests. Baiga ideology is revealed especially in two myths--one on creation and another on their role in the world.

Bhagwan (God) first created a man and a woman in his upper world. They were formed from the dirt which had settled on his body during a twelve year fast. Their names were Naga Baiga and Naga Baigin. They want to live in the middle world where there was only water and rock. In order to bring fertile earth to the middle world, four animal-god companions were ordered to go to the underworld and bring back Dhartia Mata or fertile soil. After many difficulties they found their way to the under-world, and met Dhartia Mata, who agreed to be swallowed by the companions if they would worship her. But the serpent king of the underworld discovered them as they stole away, and had Dhartia Mata squeezed out of them, ordering them to return to the middle world. By chance, a small speck of Dhartia Meta remained lodged in the teeth of one of the companions, and this was taken and churned with the drops of nectar or liquor from the mahua tree in a large caldron. The soil expanded, spilling over and starting to cover the middle earth, but she slipped and rocked and it was feared she would escape back to the underworld. To steady her, NagaBaiga was called, but as he was naked he would not come out of the water. He was offered a large cloth which he wrapped around his huge body, but it barely covered his loins. Dhartia Mata liked Naga Baiga and agreed to serve him and remain in the middle world, if he would worship and sacrifice to her. He agreed. "Nails" were replaced in the soil, and they and the guardianship and worship of Dhartia Mata by the Baiga have since the kept fertile earth steady to grow crops and trees.Thesemyths are reported in several places including Tribes and Castes, and Elwin, Baiga.Thisversion is from a Dewar of Bijora near Dindori, as recorded in Stephen Fuchs, The Gond and Bhumia of Eastern Mandla.

Naga Baiga and Naga Baigin had two sons who married their sisters; from their children the world was populated. The elder son's children were the Baigas; the younger son's were the Gonds and others.Bhagwan also decided how the Baigas would live. When Bhagwan "called all the tribes of the world together to make a

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king" over middle earth, hefirst chose the Baiga. But Naga Baiga begged that the Gond, his brother, might be king in his place. Bhagavan was pleased at this request, and, as a mark of his favour took Naga Baiga by the hand and placed him on his throne by his side. He granted his prayer to make the Gond king, but he gave the Baiga an even greater blessing.

"All the kingdoms of the world," he said, "my fall to pieces, but he who is made of earth and is Bhumia raja, lord of the earth, shall never forsake it. You will make your living from the earth. You will dig roots and eat them.You will cut wood and carry it on your shoulders. Your wife will pick leaves and sell them. You must not tear the breasts of your Mother the Earth with the plough like the Gond and Hindu. You will cut down trees and burn them and sow your seed in the ashes. But you will never become rich, for if you did you would forsake the earth, and then there would be no one to guard it and keep its nails in place." Then Bhagavan” showed Naga Baiga how to cut bewar and sow seed in the ashes of burnt trees; and when he had taught him everything, he called him to receive gifts of seed.

The ideology represented in these myths formed the basis for many Baiga beliefs, attitudes, and practices. It defined their role in the world--as guardians of the forest and the soil. They would enjoy the produce of the forest and grow crops by shifting cultivation in the forest (cutting bewar) but would never be rich. While related to the Gonds, the Baiga considered Gonds "inferior," as kisans or farmers making use of the plough to "tear" Mother Earth outside the forest. The "nails" perhaps represent trees, which the Baiga would guard to keep the soil in place. Because they did not use a plow on the slopes of hills, and permitted forest re- growth, they would prevent denudation and erosion of the land.4

4https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/spa/zohkohb0i282t94/Area%20Studies/public/SouthAsia/Ide as/CP/ch09baiga.html

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CHAPTER 3

ETHNOMEDICINAL PRACTICES AMONG BAIGAS IN AMARKANTAK REGION

3.1History: Amarkantak and rivers originating from it do not find mention in Vedic literature, but they have been mentioned in Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, VashishthaSamhita and “Shatapatha Brahmana”. After Mahabharata, the history of about 3000 years is in dark. Professor Arjun Chaube Kashyap concludes that the Puranic name of Amarkantak was Riksh parvat. About 6000 years back, a town was founded in the valley Riksh parvat and it was named Mandhata. The queen of Samrat Purukutsa, who was the son of Mandhata, gave the title of Narmada to the river. Due to occupation of this area by Mandhata, the descendants of Yayati moved from this area to west of Madhya Pradesh and settled on the banks of Narmada River.

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Fig. 11. Physical Map of Anuppur Distt.5

Fig 12. A Historical Monument representing Amarkantak:

According to tradition, this Vindhyachal area was included in the Kingdom of Ayodhya,and sages likeKapila Muni, Bhrigu Rishi and Markandeya Rishi had Ashrams here. It is said that Pandavas stayed here and gained spiritual benefits during their exile.

After about 3000 years of Mahabharata, the Adi Shankarachrya was born in 788 AD and consecrated on the banks of Narmada River. He founded Pataleshwar Mahadev in Amarkantak at the origin of Narmada from the Bamboo clumps. This place is known as Surajkund today. There are no bamboo clumps now.

In more recent history, this area was given in Dowry to the Kalchuri King by the Chedi King (10th to 11th century AD). The Kalchuri Maharaja Karndeva(1042–1072 AD) had constructed temples at Surajkund. In 1808

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Amarkantak was ruled by the King of Nagpur and later came under foreign rule. More recently, Amarkantak has been selected by the UPA government as the place for India's first tribal university.

Amarkantak being a unique natural heritage is very rich in biodiversity. It is highest waterfall from Narmada River. It has many places of scenic beauty. Apart from this, it is source of origin of three important rivers. It is a great pilgrim centre for Hindus. It is thus a great, unexplored tourism destination.

At the place of origin of Narmada River, there is an open pool known as Narmadakund. Around this kund there are number of temples such as Narmada and Shiva temple, Kartikey temple, Shri Ram Janki temple, Annapurna temple, Guru Gorakhnath temple, Sri Shuryanarayan temple, Vangeshwar Mahadev temple, Durga temple, Shiv Pariwar, Siddheswar Mahadev temple, Sri Radha Krishna temple, Eleven Rudra temple, etc.

The ancient temples of Kalachuri period are in the south of Narmadakund, just behind it. These were built by Kalachuri Maharaja, Karnadeva (1042–1072 AD). The Machhendranath and Pataleshwar temples are excellent examples of architecture. There is also Keshav Narayan temple built by the Bhonsle ruler of Nagpur in the 18th century.

The ancient temples of Kalachuri period are in the south of Narmadakund, just behind it. These were built by Kalachuri Maharaja Karnadeva (1042–1072 AD). The Machhendranath and Pataleshwar temples are excellent examples of architecture. There is also Keshav Narayan temple built by the Bhonsle ruler of Nagpur in the 18th century.

Sonemuda is the place of origin of the Sone River. It is 1.5 km from Narmadakund at the very edge of Maikal Mountain. The Sone River cascades from the mountain in a waterfall hundreds of feet long. From the viewing platform facing east, there is a panorama of forested hills and valleys. According to

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Megasthanes and other Aryan writers the river Sone gets its name from gold as gold dust is found in the water of Sone.

A grove of trees in dense forests 1 km from Narmadakund is named "Mai ki Bagiya" in honour of the goddess Narmada. In this natural garden there are mango, banana and other fruit trees along with Gulbakavli, roses and other flower plants.

6 km northwest of Narmadakund is the Kapildhara waterfall with a fall of about hundred feet. According to scriptures, Kapil Muni lived here. There is a scene of natural beauty with mountains and dense forest down hills. According to ‘Vindhya Vaibhav’ Kapil Muni performed severe austerities here and received divine light. He also wrote ‘Sankhya Philosophy’ (an advanced treatise on mathematics) at this place. The Kapileshwar Temple is also situated nearby. The surrounding mountains are full of caves where saints have been performing their spiritual practices.

It is an old belief that the great Saint Kabir performed austerities here and achieved spiritual powers. It is therefore a holy place for the Kabir Panth sect. The local people, the Panikas, consider Kabir Chabutara as one of the holiest places of the Kabirpanthis because Sant Kabir spent many years here in meditation. At this very place Kabir and Nanak met and discussed spiritual matters and introduced the way of better living for human beings. It is the meeting point of three districts, Anuppur and Dindori districts of Madhya Pradesh and Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh. There is a Kabir waterfall.

The Jaleshwar temple and the source of origin of the third river Johila River is 8 km from Amarkantak on Shahdol road. According to “Vindhya Vaibhav” Lord Shiva established a Shivling here and scattered crores of other Shivlings over Maikal Mountain. According to Puranic traditions, a rectangular area containing crores of Shivlings is known as ‘Maha Rudra Meru’ and is the abode of Lord Shiva. There are only two ‘Maha Rudra Meru’ places: Varanasi and

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Amarkantak. Lord Shiva and Parvati lives here because of this special spiritual quality.

The new Shri Sarvodaya Digamber Jain Temple is being built at Amarkantak, similar to the Aksharadhama temple of Gujarat. About more that Rs. 20 crores is expected to be spent on this mega project which is spread over an area of 4 acres (16,000 m2). The temple is designed and constructed by more than 300 artists for two years under the guidance of Sri C.B.Somapura the chief architect. The Ashtadathu idol of Bhagawan Adinatha measuring about 24 ft (7.3 m) in height and weighing 28,000 kilograms will be installed on the Kamala Simhasan made of Ashtadathu weighing around 24,000 kilograms. It is the world's biggest Ashtadathu Jain idol of Bhagawan Adinatha. The foundations are being worked out with advanced engineering skills so that the temple survives for centuries to come. The temple measuring around 144 feet (44 m) height, 424 feet (129 m) length and 111 feet (34 m) width will be constructed here.

Shree Sarvoday Digamber Jain Mandir, Amarkantak is situated at a hill station of Madhya Pradesh from where the largest river of western India Narmada gets started. Param Pujya Aacharya Shree Vidyasagarji Maharajaji's one of the important "Atishay Kshetra" Temple is getting its shape at Amarkantak. It is made with 225,000 cubic feet (6,400 m3) of Bansipahadpur's pink sand stone.

Shree Kalyan Seva Ashram Trust is one of the big ashrams of Shri Mahant Tapaswi Baba Shree Kalyan Das ji Maharaj. It is an ashram of Udasin Sampraday. Acharya Shri Shri Chandra Dev Ji is the main Acharya of this dynasty. He was the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev ji.

The manager is Shri Himadri muni ji. This ashram does social work. The ashram runs a school (KKSN) and the Shree Chandracharya charitable hospital. Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) at Amarkantak: First Guru of Sikhs; Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited Amarkantak and Gurudwara is on the right bank of the Narmada River in Amarkantak city.

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3.2 Study Site of Amarkantak Region:

For this study, sites were selected in different parts of Anuppur district as Block Pushprajgarh, Kotma, Jaitahri and different parts of Amarkantak area like- Narmada Kund (Mai ki bagiya)Bhundakona, Jaleshwar, Son muda, Podki, Bhejri, Bhamaria, Farri semar, Bijauri, Lapti, Angawa, Khati Bilaspur, Pamra, Kerha,Bhelma, Khursa, Harri, Sonhra,Vaihar, Barbaspur, Doniya, Sarhakona, Jamuna Dadar,Nonghati, Barsot, Johilatola(Podki), MasnatolaKapilasangam, Tikritola and also surrounding of Amarkantak,Bilaspur district- Achanakmar, Kevchi, Padmania, Devergavan, Vedrapani, Jaleshwar, GramUmaria and Dindauri district- Kabeer Chabutra, Pakri Sonda, Karanjia, and Narigwarafor the collection of plant’s being used by Baiga traditionally (ethnobotanically). These areas were selected on the basis of varied altitude and richness of plant species, which also comprise rich cultural diversity. Note: All the information collectedis based on the interview done on Baiga Vaidyas. Theirnames along with some traditional practitioners are listed below: List of Baiga Vaidyas: 1. Daddi Baiga Jamuna Dadar Ward No.-15 2. Maina Marvi Baiga Jamuna Dadar Ward No. - 8 3. Heera Lal Baiga Bonchha (Amarkantak) 4. Bal Raj Baiga Bhejri 5. Aitvaru Maravi Baiga Sarhakona 6. Visammbhar Baiga Sarhakona 7. Claru Ram Baiga Vedrapani 8. Bhagat Ram Baiga Bhelma 9. Lamu Baiga Khursa 10. Moti Lal Baiga Jaleshwar 11. Sukh Lal Baiga Vaihar 12. Suddu Baiga Chabutra Kabeer 13. Birjhu Singh Marabi Baiga Kabeer Chbutra 14. Bhaina Baiga Jamuna Dadar 15. Kanchhedi Baiga Karpa

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16. Jaipal Baiga Charkumar 17. Mahru Baiga Shyamduvari 18. Jeevan Baiga Charkumar 19. Titru Singh Durve Baiga Lalpur 20. Sammbhar Sinhg Baiga Devarganv 21. Savnu Singh Baiga Kekariya 22. Jonu Baiga Farrisemar

Anuppur district has Baiga people residing in different village and remote forest areas. They used medicinal plants especially individuals and traditionally treatment of various ailments in Amarkantak region and also around village and forest areas.

The medicine men of Amarkantak regions different plants used for various ailments by Baiga Vaidyas they applied formula of medicine like- mode of preparation, administration or applications (usage), doses, duration of the treatment and health care to diseases. They administered cure for various diseases like - 1. Paralysis, Rheumatic and Arthritis 2. Coryza, Cold and Cough 3. Pain 4. Skin Disease 5. For Fever 6. Venereal-Disease 7. For Jaundice 8. Asthma (Respiratory) 9. For Indigestion and Digestion 10. Diabetes 11. For Antidotes Medicine 12. Cough, Balgum With Blood (T.B.) 13. Constipation 14. Swelling 15. Eye Diseases 16. Ear Diseases 17. Bone Fracture 18. Lunacy (Mad) 19. Burns (Inflammation) 20. Epilepsy (Mirgi) 21. Piles 22. Sterility (Suppression) 23. Blisters 24. Intestinal Worm (Stomach–Parasite) 25. Suppression of Body Weakness (For Power) 26. Pneumonia (Chilled) 27. Cracked Heals 28. Cholera (Vomiting With Diarrhoea) 29. Easily Delivery (Birth) 30. Small Pox (Devi /Mata/ Chechak) 31. Vomiting 32. External Parasite 33. Family Planning, Sterilization or Contraceptive 34. Hernia Pain 35. Antiseptic Medicine 36. Stool and Diarrhoea 37. Dysentery 38. For Milk Secretion 39. Wound and Cuts 40. Blood Pressure (High/Low) 41. Cancer 42. Cattle Disease etc.

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An ethnomedicinal study was carried out in Anuppur district Amarkantak region. The first hand information of Medicinal plants, viz., mode of preparation, administration (usage), doses, duration of the treatment and care collected from old, young and experienced Baigas (Vaidyas) medicine men and women with the help of questionnaire with the interviews is used.

3.3 Various treatment or methods applied by Baiga Vaidyas: Whole plant parts applied in curing various diseases such as- with sugar and pills (Candy), Ash, Crushed, Cooked, Cooked Cake (Bread) Decoction, Juice, Heat, and Mixed, alternate (along with) Liquid, Oil Massage, Paste, Raw, Ripe, and Solid etc. The use of different Plant parts as Root & Root Bark, Stem & Stem Bark, Leaf, bud, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Oil, Gums regins, Tannins,etc. also depend upon other factors like Time, Doses, Duration, before & after Meals, Empty Stomach, Weight as per- Table or tea Spoon, Glass, Cup, Gram. These can be taken with water, milk, sugar, External uses with oil, and water etc.

Note - Harvesting period of Medicinal plants is decided by individual or groups.It also varies according to the different methods used by tribals and other elements like - Season, Month, Day, Early Morning, Mid Day and Evening time.

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MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY BAIGAS

Fig. 13. Medicinal Plants.

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CHAPTER 4

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY BAIGAS

Description of Medicinal Plants and Diseases: In this trail, there are large numbers of plants which are much significant with regard to the folk medicines. Most of the primitive tribals conventionally do not accept any other medicine except the one prescribed by their medicineman. In fact, a large section of Indian population, living in villages, remote forests and sometimes even in cities, still depend upon folk-medicines and household remedies, therefore, it is required that all the information gathered as such, should be scientifically tested for blending them into other traditional Indian systems of medicines.

The ethnology of these tribes was studied by Elwin V. (1947 and 1950) and Grison (1949). The flora found in many regions of Madhya Pradesh to some extent is different and particularly the great difference exists between the flora of plains and that of hills. The significance of these different plants in the folk life of Madhya Pradesh is given below.

Plants in folk medicine: - The use of different plants in the folk medicine was most prevalent in the erstwhile Madhya Pradesh. Dr. S.K. Jain (1965) reported that more than 100 plants were usecommonly in medicine singularly in the district of Bastar. Several medicinal uses reported by tribals of Bastar district of old Madhya Pradesh appeared to be unknown or little known outside their community. The tribal people in spite of the heavy influx of the modern medicinal facilities depend heavily on the plant wealth for the treatment of their ailments. Some of the ethnobotanical utilization of plants as reported by the tribals is describe below.

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Table -1 Description of Medicinal Plants and Diseases List of Baiga and Other Vaidyas Amarkantak region and Their Success Story:

SN. Vaidyas Name of Disease treatment done No. of patients Name Villages by Baiga Vaidyas treated by Baiga Vaidyas 1. Daddi Baiga Jamuna Dadar 1. Paralysis Rheumatic, Treated about Ward No.-15 2. Coryza, Cold and 10-25 patients. Cough Disease 3. Pain 4. Skin disease 5. For Fever 6. Venereal- disease 7. For Jaundice 8. Asthma (Respiratory) disease 9. For Indigestion and Digestion 10. Diabetes 12. Cancer. 2. Maina Jamuna Dadar 1. For Antidotes 2. Treated about Marvi Baiga Ward No.- 8 Cough, Balgum With 15-20 patients. Blood (T.B. Disease) 13. Constipation 4. Swelling 5. Eye Diseases 6. Ear Diseases 7. Bone Fracture 8. Lunacy (Madness) 9. Burns (Inflammation) 10. Epilepsy (Mirgi) .

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3. Heera Lal Bonchha 1. Piles 2. Sterility Treated 15-30 Baiga (Amarkantak) (Suppression) 3. patients. Blisters 4. Intestinal Worm (Stomach– Parasite) 5. Suppression of Body Weakness (For Power) 6. Pneumonia (Child) 7. Cracked heals 8. Cholera (Vomiting With Diarrhoea) 9. After delivery 10. Stomach ache 11.Piles 12. Rheumatic 13. Jaundice 14. Bone fracture 15. Paralysis 16.Cancer.17 Syphilis. 4. Bal Raj Bhejri 1. Easy Delivery (Birth) Treated about Baiga 2. Small Pox (Devi 20-30 patients. /Mata/ Chechak) 3. Vomiting 4. External Parasite 5. Family Planning, Sterilization or Contraceptive 6. Hernia Pain. 5. Aitvaru Sarhakona 1. Asthma 2. Dog Treated about Maravi Bite3. Headache 4. 15-20 patients. Baiga Piles 5. Antiseptic Medicine 6. Stool and Diarrhoea 7. Dysentery 8. For Milk Secretion 9.

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Wound and Cuts 10. Blood Pressure (High/Low) 11. Cattle Disease12. Fever 13. Malaria 14. Syphilis 15. Jaundice 16. Weakness 17. Bone fracture.

6. Visambhar Sarhakona 1. Asthma 2. Dog Treated about Baiga Bite3. Headache 4. 25-30 patients. Piles 5. Antiseptic Medicine 6. Stool and Diarrhoea 7. Dysentery 8. For Milk Secretion 9. Wound and Cuts 10. Blood Pressure (High/Low) 11. Cattle Disease12. Fever 13. Malaria 14. Syphilis 15. Jaundice 16. Weakness 17. Bone fracture. 7. Chalru Ram Vedrapani 1. Back Pain 2. Simple Treated about Baiga Body Pain3. Headache- 30-40 patients. Left or Right site, 4. Abortion 5. Piles, Fissure (Bhagandar) 6. Ear pain, Pus flow from inside of ear. 7. Rheumatic, Arthritis 8. Asthma 9. Syphilis 10.Inflammation into

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Urinary tract (In Urine Burn) 11. Piles 12. Eye disease (Opacity of Cornea or Cataract) 13. Chest Pain 14. Paralysis 15. Back Pain 16. Snake Bite 17. Skin disease 18. Jaundice 18. Stone (Calculi) disease 19. Fever in Bone 20. Dysentery.

8. Bhagat Ram Bhelma 1. Weakness 2. Piles 3. Treated about Baiga T.B. 3. Leucoderma 4. 15-30 patients. Hydrocele 5.Syphilis 6. Arthritis, Gout7. MC disorder. 9. Lamu Baiga Khursa 1. Piles 2. Bone fracture Treated about 3. As Antidote 4. 15-20 patients. Dysentery 5. Cattle disease. 6. Skin disease (Beuchhi)

10. Moti Lal Jaleshwar 1. Piles 2. Bone fracture Treated 10-25 Baiga 3. As Antidote 4. patients. Dysentery 5. Cattle disease. 6. Gonorrhoea 7. Stone (Calculi) 8. Diarrhoea 9.

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11. Sukh Lal Vaihar 1. Syphilis 2. Arthritis Treated about Baiga Rheumatic, 3. Pile 4. 15-20 patients. Bone fracture 5. Started of M.C and 6. Closed of M.C. 7. Leucorrhoea (Apras) 8. Cut and wound 9. Blindness 10. Hemorrhage (Nakseer) Bleeding nose 11. Ear pus 12. Dog Bite and 13. Snake Bite 14. Swelling. 12. Suddhu Kabeer 1. Piles 2. Ear disease Treated about Baiga Chbutra (Pus healing) 3. Bone 10-25 patients. fracture 4. 13. Birjhu Singh Kabeer 1. Hair fall 2. Itching 3. Treated about Marabi Chbutra Arthritis 4. Leucorrhoea 15-20 patients. Baiga 5. Jaundice. 14. Bhaina Jamuna Dadar 1. Arthritis, 2. Diabetic Treated about Baiga 3. Asthma 4. Eye 25-35 patients. (Cataract) 5. Piles 6. Stone (Calculi) 7.Gas 8. Snake Bite 9. Scorpion String. 15. Kanchhedi Karpa 1. Paralysis, Rheumatic Treated about Baiga 2. Cancer 3. Asthma 4. 15-30 patients. Piles 5. Stone (Calculi) 6. Weakness 7. Hydrocele 8. Leucoderma 9. Skin disease 10. Jaundice

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11. Hair fall 12. Worms. 13. Diabetes. 16. Jaipal Baiga Charkumar 1. Cancer 2. T.B. 3. Treated about Leucoderma 4. 10-50 patients. Hydrocele 5.Syphilis 6. Arthritis, Gout. 17. Mahru Shyamduvari 1. Cancer 2. T. B. 3. Treated about Baiga Leucoderma 4. 05-25 patients. Hydrocele 5.Syphilis 6. Arthritis, .7.Diabetes 8. MC disorder. 18. Jeevan Jeevan Baiga 1. Pails 2. T. B. 3. Treated about Baiga Chrakumar Leucoderma (Apras) 4. 15-20 patients Hydrocele 5. Syphilis 6. Arthritis, 7. Diabetes 8. M. C disorder. Leprosy 9. Skin disease (Beuchhi) 10. Pneumonia. 19. Titru Singh Lalpur 1. Malaria 2. Treated about Durve Baiga Leucoderma 3.Cough 4. 10-55 patients . Blood with Cough 5. Headache 6. Piles 7. Diarrhoea 8. Skin disease 9. Asthma 10. Paralysis 11. Stone (Calculi) 12. Biliary fever. 13. Brain tonic. 14. Gonorrhoea 15. For Gas disease (form in Stomach).

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20. Sammbhar Devarganv 1. Ricketts 2. Jaundice Treated 05-15 Sinhg Baiga 3. Migraine 4. patients. Stomach-ache 21. Savnu Singh Kekariya 1. Arthritis 2. Nose Treated about Baiga Hemorrhage (Nakseer) 10-25 patients. 22. Jonu Baiga 1. Piles 2. Migrane Treated about Farrisemar Arthritis. 15-30 patients.

Note: All the informations have been collected purely based on the interviews of the Baiga and others Vaidyas. Related Plants and their descriptionare given below.

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY BAIGAS

NAME OF DISEASES:

4.1 1. Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Fabaceae) “Ghumchi” Plant Habit- Plant is annual or perennial. Stem- woody, climber branched. Leaves - compound. Flower – white colour, there are nine stamens, which are monadelphous. Fruit - pod. Seeds - marked into red and black area, white, and total black. Usage- The powder of the seeds of the plant, along with Honey is taken i.e. one or two seeds once a day, for continuous 5-10 days to control paralysis, rheumatism and gout pain.

2.Alangium salviifolium, Linn.f. (Alangiaceae) “Akola or Kolha” Plant Habit- Perennial, medium tree, woody, simple leaves, white flowers, bisexual. Fruit- black ripen. Usage- Fresh root, bark and leaves along with ‘Madar’ (Calotropis procera, R. Br.) and ‘Nirgundi’ (Vitex negundo, Linn.) leaves decoction taken

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orally, once a day for a week during Lakwa (paralysis), rheumatism and also used in dog bite, poisonous intake etc.

3.Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) “Batilha/Ishwar Bhata” Plant Habit- Plant is annual or perennial, climbing herbs. Root- tap, branched. Stem - weak. Leaves - form, simple petiolate. Inflorescence – Racemes, Flower- bisexual, solitary, clustered. Fruit- bunched, ovary- polycarpellary (Carpal usually 6), septicidal capsule with basal dehiscence. Seeds – winged, Flowering - Aug. Sep.

Usage- Root paste mixed with “Chirayata” (Swertia chirata Buch.) leaves are taken, ½ spoon once a day for 3-7 days for effective cure in gout, (joint pain), rheumatism and also used in fever, amenorrhoea & flatulence.

The root powder mixed with “Chhuela/Palas /Flame of the forest” (Butea monosperma,) fresh leaf boiled in mustard oil for external use, 2 times a day for 3-5 weeks to cure rheumatic, gout, and sciatica.

The root or leaves of the plantas paste applied twice a day, half a spoon for 4-5 weeks to cure rheumatism &sciatica.

4. Calotropis procera R.Br., (Asclepiadaceae), ‘Madar’ Plant Habit- An erect, perennial shrub, 2-5 m tall. Stem - woody with milky juice, Leaves-opposite, oval,Inflorescence- cymose (umbel). Flower- bisexual, pollinia, white or purple in colour, 5 sepals, lobes & 5 corolla lobes, Fruit- follicles 3-4 inches, curved like sickle. Usage-The young leaves smeared with “Arandi” (Ricinus communis Linn.) oil, warmed and bandaged twice a day, for 7-21 days in rheumatic pain.

5.Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” Usage-The decoction of the whole plant mixed with black pepper powder, half a spoon once a day, for 7-21 days taken insciatica, rheumatism and used as blood purifier.

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6. Jasminum arborescens, Roxb (Oleaceae) “Chameli” Plant Habit- A perennial shrub or under shrub, 2 mt tall, cultivated, woody. Leaves – Compound, Inflorescence- cymose, bisexual, white, Calyx-5 sepals and Corolla- 5 petals., Flowering-December to Apriland in rainy season also. Usage-Aqueous paste of the roots in the form of poultice bandaged, twice a day for 7 days to cure rheumatic.

7. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Arandi / Randi” Plant Habit- A tall glabrous, annual sometimes a small perennial tree, woody stems. Leaves - alternate, palmately lobed, green, or reddish. Inflorescence- raceme, terminal, Flowers- universal, yellowish. Fruit - schizocarpic

Usage-The warmed oil on the leaf or Aqueous paste of seeds poultice bandaged twice a day for 3-5 weeks to cure rheumatic and gout.

8. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatura” Plant Habit-Anannual or perennial under shrub, branched, 50-110 cm tall. Leaves - simple. Flowers - solitary in the leaf axile and terminal, persistentcalyx, Fruit - four chambered, spiny. Usage-The young leaves smeared with “Arandi” (Ricinus communis Linn.) oil, warmed and poultice bandage salve and or massage once or twice a day, for 7- 21 days to control of rheumatic pain, sciatica, paralysis or otherailments.

9. Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae) “Gumi” Plant Habit-Erect, rough, hairy, 30 cm tall, annual herb. Stem - four angled, branched, Leaves- linear, lanceolate. Flower- arranged on a crowded rounded, heads, bracts, flower whitish in colour, 2 lipped. Usage-The young leaves juice mixed with black pepper powder, taken once a day for three days in rheumatic pain.

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10. Caesalpinia bonducella, Fleming. (Fabaceae), “Gataran” Plant Habit- Plant is perennial, Stem- woody climber spiny. Leaves- compound mid vein spiny. Flower- yellow, 9 stamens that are diadelphous, nine united and tenth posterior one free basifixed. Fruit- pod spiny. Seed - hard cloud colour. Usage- The seed oil of the plant is used as oral massage for a week on ailment of rheumatism and gout and tender leaves are also applied.

11. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) “Tikhur” Plant Habit-Root adventitious, Stem- creeping (rhizomes).,Leaves- simple, petiolate or sessile, sheathing, entire, linear, lanceolate., Flower- solitary inheads, perianth, white calyx, and corolla, tubular. Usage-The rhizome paste of the plant is used in rheumatism,this is takenone spoon daily for 3 weeks.

12.Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.) Bl. (Araceae), “Suran Kanda”

Plant Habit-Cultivated for its large edible corms. Leaves- radical, few three bifid segments, oblique, oblong, spath large, bell shaped, and spadix very stout. Fruit- berries, obovoid.

Usage-The pickle of the tuber (corm) is used 25 g daily for 3-5 weeks as a remedy for rheumatism.

13. Semecarpus anacardium, (L0inn.) f. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” Plant Habit-Tree, branched. Leaves - simple, petiolet. Flower - small bisexual cymose. Fruit - enlarges and becomes fleshy forming pseudocarp, nut. Usage-The seed oil is very effective forexternal massage, twice a day for 2-3 weeks to cure rheumatism and gout.

14. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Linn. (Oleaceae), “Khirsali/ Parijat, Harsingar”

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Plant Habit-Medium tree, woody branch twigs angular, Leaves- opposite, simple. Inflorescence - cymose, bisexual, hypogynous, flower coloured and fall the following morning. Usage-The paste of the leaves along with black pepper seed powder is applied orally for treatment of rheumatic ailmentsciatica, Dose - half or one spoon twice a day for three weeks.

15. Vitex negundo, Linn. (Verbenaceae) “Nirgundi” Plant Habit- Leaves - compound with grey foliage branches, white leaflets. Flower - very small, light blue in panicles. Fruit - berry. Usage- The decoction of leaves is used as a remedy for sciatica and rheumatic. Dose- half cup twice a day for 3-4 weeks.

16.Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae) “Lehsun” Plant Habit-The annual or perennial, bulb underground with stem. Flower- umbel. Usage-The bulb paste, half or one spoon is more effective which is mixed with cow’s milk in a tumbler (glass). It is takenfor 3-7 weeksfor treatment of rheumatism.

17. Leonotis nepetaefolia, R.Br. (Labiatae/Lamiaceae), “Bada guma” Plant Habit-An annual herb, Stem - tetra angular, Leaves - simple, opposite, entire, Inflorescence - verticellaster whorled, cymose. Flowers - coloured, calyx 4-5 corolla bilipped 5 petals.

Usage-The ash of the floral parts of the plant is mixed with ‘Rai’ (Brassica juncea, L.)or mustard oil is applied, as typically massage oil, twice a day for 2 weeks, to cure paralysis and ashes of flower heads used for curing burns, scald and ringworm. Root paste is rubbed on the breast, when it swells and milk could not pass through the nipples.

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18. Cassia tora Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chakauda / Chakauda” Plant Habit-Annual, erect, branching and slightly woody, herb. Stem - cylindrical, smooth, plant two feet tall. Leaves - pinnately compound. Flowers - complete, bisexual, yellow colour, Fruit – Pods. Long 8-12 cm.

Usage-The seed of the plant are eaten for curingRheumatism, dose- 5 seeds once a day for 2-3 week.

19. Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae), “Munga” Plant Habit-Deciduous medium tree, Root- branched. Stem- with fragile wood and gummy bark, Leaves- alternate, bi or tripinnate compound, opposite, pulvinus petioles. Flower - bisexual, cymose. Usage-The seeds oil administered typically as a massage orointment to cure rheumatism twice a day for 2 weeks. Root used as stimulant in paralytic infections.

20. Bridelia retusa, Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), “Kashi” Plant Habit- Tree, woody, perennial, branched. Leaves - simple, alternate. Flower- racemose, bisexual, terminal fruit is black. Usage-The bark is made into poultice along with ‘Neem’ (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), roots which is prescribed twice a day for a week, for treatment of rheumatism.

21. Strychnousnux-vomica, Linn. (Loganiaceae), “Kochila” Plant Habit-Perennial, tree, 40-50 feet high. Stem - woody, branched, barks thin gray smooth. Leaves - opposite, smooth, oblong. Flower - 1-3 inch long white. Fruit - rounded orange coloured. Seeds - button like and centre pitted.

Usage-The seed oil applied typically as massage oil on the joints (knot), for ailment of rheumatism, twice a day for one week.

22. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 55

Plant Habit- A large climbing herb. Stem - week. Leaves-palmately long, petiole, and tendrils, alternate. Flowers - solitary, monoecious, yellow. Ovary - inferior. Fruit - fleshy pepo, blackish, ripe yellow.

Usage-The roots are crushed and mixed with Arandi (Ricinus communis Linn.) oil, half a kg. “Mirch” (Capsicum anum, Linn.), “Lehsun” (Allium sativum L.), “Tambakhu” (Nicotiana tobaccum L.), “Makoia” (Solenum nigrum L.), all plant parts are boiled together and externally applied in paralysis and rheumatism thrice a day for 1-2 months.

23. Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Chitchitia” Plant Habit-Plant 2-4 feet high, hairy, much branched, angular. Stem - week, angular. Leaves - 1-3 inches long, ovate flowers pink. Fruit - capsule.

Usage-The roots are mashed, slightly warmed and made into a bandage and applied orally as ointment once a day for 15 days, ailment in rheumatism and gout.

24. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. (Sapindaceae), “Kosum / Kusum”

Plant Habit- Plant is trees, woody. Leaves - simple, petiolet. Flowers- bisexual, hypogynous. Fruit - rounded, bunched, nut like. Usage-The bark or leaves is crushed and mixed with “Dhatur/Dhatura”(Dhatura metel L.) leaves and warmed poultice is bound twice a day for 7 days to cure rheumatism.

25. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. (Malvaceae), “Van Bhindi” Plant Habit- Annual wild shrub, branched, 2-3 feet high. Leaves - simple, long, petiolate, palmate. Flowers - yellow, ovary hypogynous, Fruit- hairy and long. Usage-The seed powder i.e.10 gm is taken and mashed as poultice to cure rheumatism once a day for a week.

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26. Guizotia abyssnica, Cass. (Compositae / Asteraceae) “Ramtila” Plant Habit-Cultivated, annual, herbaceous. Stem - week, glabrous. Leaves - simple, acute, and unicostate. Inflorescences - head or capitulum disc florets, bisexual. Flowers- yellow. Fruit- achens, cypsela. Usage-The seed oil is externally used (or massaged) for 21 days in rheumatic pain.

27. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru”

Plant Habit-The plant herbs, prostrate branches, Leaves- compound, opposite, Inflorescence- axillary, bisexual. Fruit- prickly, rough, hairy. Usage-The powder of the seed mixed with “Adrak/Ada” (Zinger officinale, Rosc.) extract is used for rheumatic dysentery (amvbat) once a day for 2- 3 days.

28. Vanda roxburghii, R.Br. (Orchidaceae), “Banda” Plant Habit-The plant is epiphytic herb, aerial roots. Stems- leafy, hard. Leaves- thick, alternate, Flowers- white. Usage-The mashed root mixed with water is taken orally one spoon for 15 days to treat rheumatism and to cure gout.

29. Randia dumetorum, Lamk. (Rubiaceae), “Mainhar” Plant Habit- Shrub, or medium tree, woody, smooth, branched, spine. Leaves - simple opposite, Inflorescence - cymose, Flowers - bisexual, Fruit - drupe. Usage- The paste of thebark is externally applied as cream to relieve rheumatism for7- 21days.

30. Elaeodendron glaucum, pers. (Celastraceae), “Jamrasi” Plant Habit-Trees, woody, perennial, Leaves - simple, alternate. Flower - small, white, bisexual, cymose. Fruit - capsule.

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Usage-The powder of stem orbark, mixed with “Gokhru” (Tribulus terrestris, Linn.),and “Madar” (Calotropis procera, Ait f.) leaf, is used to cure carbuncle (Jaharvat) for 21 days.

31. Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae), “Vach” Plant Habit- Erect, herb, inhabitants of banks of river, stream and in moist places. Stem (rhizomatous) roots, Leaves - 10-12 inches long spadix., Flower- bisexual. Usage-Thepowder of rhizome mixedwith Black “Pepper” (Piper nigrum, Linn.)half spoon and honey,one spoontaken twice a day for 21 days to control paralysis.

32.Ricinus communis,Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Arandi” Usage- The seeds of plant have taken 1-1 increase daily for 7days and again 6-1 seeds decrease for one week to treatarthritis.

4.2

1.Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” Plant Habit- A small prickly tree, woody. Leaves - compound. Flower - pale, creamy white, auxillary spike., Axillary flower, fruit pod. (The heartwood on boiling yields ‘Kattha’ commonly used with betel leaf or pan) Usage- The heart-wood is boiled, (tannins) Kattha is applied internally in the treatment of cough in the measurement of 3 gm 2-3 times a day for 2-3 days.

2. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool / Babul”

Plant Habit-Perennialandmedium tree. Stem- woody, gum in barks, branched, spiny twigs. Leaves - compound, evergreen, pinnate, auxillary head. Flower - bracteate, complete, yellow, calyx 4-5 and corolla-4-5. Fruit - lomentum.

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Usage-The bark’s decoction mixed with honey and black pepper is given orally in early morning one tablespoon a day, for 3-21 days.Used for cough.

3. Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” Usage-The bulb is baked and chewed, 3-4 parts twice a day for 2-3 days to cure cough.

4.Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae) ‘Vach’ Usage-The rhizome powder is taken half a teaspoon mixed with honey. One spoon given orally twice a day for 2-3 days to cure cough and coryza.

5.Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Adusa” Plant Habit- Plant shrub, woody, branched. Leaves-opposite, simple, exstipulate., Inflorescence- cymes, spike, bract and bracteoles, Flower-calyx - 5, white corolla - 2 lipped. Fruit - capsule or drupe.

Usage-The root and flower decoction along with honey is taken orally for treatment of cough and whooping cough twice a day for 3-21 days.The root and leaves powder i.e., Tulsi or Basil leaf about ½ tea spoon along with honey is taken orally for treatment of cough, twice a day for 2-21 days.

6.Leucas aspera, spreng. (Lamiaceae), “Gumi Sag” Usage- The leaves and flower juice along with “Bahera” (Terminalia belerica, Roxb.) fruit powder is to be taken one tablespoon every day. Used for 3 days to cure cough.

7. Euphorbia royleana, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha/ Sehunda” Usage-Five heated leaves are mashed and its juice is mixed with “Laung” (Syzygium aromaticum, Linn.).It is given in cold and coryza twice a day, early in the morning for 2-3 days.

8.Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle. (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nibu”

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Usage- The fruit juice is divided in two parts. One part is mixed with salt, “Ajwain”(Trachyspermum ammi, Linn.), and “Laung” (Syzygium aromaticum, Linn.) warmed together while the other part without warming is taken twice a day for 1-3 days to cure cough and coryza, cold.

9. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” Usage-The juice of leaves is mixed with honey and to be taken one spoon twice a day for 2-3 days to cure cough and coryza.

10. Oxalis corniculata, Linn. (Oxalidaceae), “Khattibuti/Amti Sag” Plant Habit- Annualor sometimes perennial weekprostrate herb. The leaves are large green. It tastes sour, mostly found in moist shady places. Flower - yellow. Usage-The leaves are mixed with black salt & “Haldi” (Curcuma longa, Linn.) powder, about 10 gm and warmed, given orally one time a day for 2-3 days to cure cough & coryza.

11. Terminalia belerica, Roxb, (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Plant Habit-Tree, Stem-woody, white bark, erect, hard. Leaves – simple, petiolate, Inflorescence - racemose, paniculate, Flower - bisexual. Fruit - drupe. Usage-The fruit barks of the plant is warmed, 2g chewed for 1 hour, 2-3 times a day, for 2-3 days to treat cough.

12. Trachyspermum ammi, Linn. (Umbelliferae/Apeaceae), “Ajwain” Plant Habit-Annual herb, compound leaves, Flower- small and white, seed- small brown colour. Usage-The seed powder of the plant along with salt & warm water is taken orally for treatment of cough.

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13. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitawar/Chitrak” Usage- The root powder mixed with honey is given orally once a day for 2-3 days to treat cough.

14. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” Plant Habit-Tree; erect, hard, leaves - simple, opposite, petiolate, spike, Flower -racemose, bisexual, Calyx- 4-5, and Corolla-5. Fruit- angular, drupaceous. Flowering March - April. Usage-The fruit bark is baked and powdered, 2-3 g is taken orally. Its bark is also chewed for 1 hour for 2-3 days to cure cough.

15. Tephrosia purpurea, Linn. Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphonka” Plant Habit-The plant is perennial herb or under shrub, sub erect, branched, woody below. Leaves - compound, white, silky beneath. Flower - purple racemose, opposite to leaves calyx-5, corolla-5 red, pod, long 6-8 seeded. Flowering- during October to January. Usage- The crushed root of the plant is used internally or as smoke, twice a day for 2 days to treat cough and also useful in asthma.

16. Gardenia lucida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Malin/Mali” Plant Habit-Stem -woody, branched. Leaves- simple, reticulate venation lower side rough, opposite, twig apex arise gum fragrant, Flower – solitary. Fruit- drupe. Usage-½-1g gum paste mixed with 1-2 spoon milk, warmed and taken twice a day for 2-3 days in treatment of kids/child cough cold and it is also applied in pneumonia, cutaneous ailments.

4. 3

1. Aloe barbadensis, Mill (Liliaceae), “Gheegwar”

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Plant Habit- Perennial cultivated, herb. Leaves-large, spinose and succulent. Flower- racemes.

Usage- Juice of the leaves applied for back pain for 2-3 days.

2. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), "Kanghi"

Usage-The decoction of roots given orally to cure toothache, half a cup twice a day for 3-7 days.

3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Pyaj”

Plant Habit-Annual perennial herb, cultivated. Stem - underground bulb, scaly and fleshy leaves, radical, hollow, sheathing. Inflorescence - cymes, spathe like bract. Flower - bisexual, greenish white.

Usage-The bulb paste is mixed with mustard oil and Turmeric powder then it is warmed and applied externally on cut and wounds, twice a day for 2-3 days.

4.Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (Malvaceae), “Amru" Plant Habit- Cultivated, 2-4 feet high. Stem - red colour, Leaves – simple petiolet. Flowers - light yellow, the epicalyx and calyx become red, sour and juicy. Seed- brown blackish.

Usage- The red calyx of the flower partis powdered and mixed with black salt. It is consumed with water orally, twice a day for 2 days for treatment of stomach-ache in summer season.

5. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae),’Neem’ Usage-The decoction and thin stick of the plant is chewed and gargled to cure tooth pain and leaves are used internally or typically for eczema, mouth ulcer etc.

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6.Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkacha” Plant Habit- Tree, branched, perennial, woody, Leaves - pinnate, trifoliate, petiolate, Flowers - racemose, bisexual, yellow in colour, Fruit -10-12 inches long.

Usage-The leaves paste is applied externally as salve to cure skin disease or pain, twice a day for 21 days and seeds are emetic.

7. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. (Burseraceae), “Salain/Salain”

Plant Habit-Tree perennial branched. Leaves - compound, bark thick. Flowers - small, bisexual, solitary, axillary. Fruit - capsule.

Usage-The decoction of bark is applied internally for toothache, gargle 3 times in a day and itsis gum usedin astringent, rheumatism, skin disease and anxiety.

8. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela/palas”

Plant Habit- Perennial medium tree. Stem - branched, woody, Leaves - pinnate, trifoliate, Pulvinus petiole, Inflorescence - racemose, bisexual. Flower & Seed - red in colour.

Usage-The paste of the seed mixed with water is used externally after heating twice a day for 1-2 days.

9. Acorus calamus, Linn.(Araceae), “Vach”

Usage-The powder of rhizome is mixed with the powder of ‘Peepal’ (Ficus religiosa, L.) bark and its vapour is taken during headache and also used as nerve tonic, in bronchitis, snake bite etc.

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10. Capparis zeylanica, Linn. (Capparidaceae), “Ulata Kanta / Bagh Muchha” Plant Habit- Perennial, climber.Stem - woody, spine branched. Leaves - simple, opposite. Flowers - pink in colour.

Usage-The leaves paste is applied externally as liniment on neck to cure neck gland swelling or pain, twice a day for two days.

11. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni /Khurkhundan” Plant Habit-Perennial, climber. Stem - woody, rough. Leaves - simple, opposite. Flowers - small, white, bisexual, cymose. Seeds - light pink in colour.

Usage-The half a spoon seeds oil is mixed with sugar and taken orally, twice a day for 3 days for treatment of stomach-ache.

12. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” Usage-The root and leaves paste is externally used for relief during swelling of mammary gland of women twice a day for 2-3 days.

13. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle. (Rutaceae), “Kagji nibu” Plant Habit- A small tree, perennial, tap root, branched. Stem - woody branched. Leaf -alternate, petiolate, winged, unicostate, odorous, and spiny. Flower - racemose, white, calyx-5, corolla-5, complete, hypogynous. Fruit - berry (hespiridium). Seed - white numerous.

Usage- The pickle of fruits is taken 1-2 pieces to relieve stomach-ache once a day in morning, before meal for 2-3 days.

14. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi / Hardi” Plant Habit- Perennial herbs. Root - adventitious. Stem- creeping, tuberous. Rootstocks (Rhizome). Leaves - simple, petiolate, sheathing, entire, linear, and lanceolate. Inflorescence - solitary, panicles. Flower - bisexual, perianth 6 white in colour.

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Usage- The rhizome paste or powder of the plants along with ‘Pyaj’ (Allium cepa L.) bulb and “Rai/Mustard”(Brassica juncea L.) oil is applied on cut and wound pain, for three days.

15. Dendrophthoe falcata, (Linn.f.)Ettin. (Loranthaceae), “Banda” Plant Habit- The plant act as parasite mostly on ‘Mahua’ (Madhuca latifolia, Roxb.), and ‘Mango’ trees. Stem - woody, branched. Leaves - simple. Flower - yellow pink in colour. Fruit - coloured.

Usage- The warm juice of leaves is given 2-3 drops in the morning for 3 days in the treatment of ear pain.

16. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Kala Dhatur” Usage-The leaves are mixed with ‘Arandi’ (Ricinus communis L.) oil, warmed and massaged on head 2-3 times for 4-5 days to cure headache.

17. Eclipta alba, Hassak. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira/Bhringaraj”

Plant Habit-A rough, hairy, slender, strigose annual or perennial herb, prostrate. Leaves -sessile or linear. Flowering - heads, solitary or auxillary and stalked. Flower - white and brownish.

Usage-The mashed leaf' juice is externally used for headache.

18. Embelia robusta, (C.B.Cl.) non Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibiring” Plant Habit-The plant is perennial, shrubs or trees, woody. Leaf - alternate, simple, leathery entire. Flower - racemose, bisexual. Fruit - capsule, light reddish.

Usage-The powdered seed is mixed with ‘Hing’ (Ferula foetida, Regal.) in the treatment of toothache, thrice a day for 4 days.

19. Erythrina suberosa, Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha / Sehunda”

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Usage-The latex of leaves along with ‘Rai’ (Brassica juncea L.) oil is massaged on the affected area. Small parts of twigs are made hollow and any finger inserted in it for treatment of swelling finger for 2 days.

20. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bar / Bargad” Plant Habit-A large tree, woody, milky, thick bark, big branches has prop roots (aerial roots). Leaves - simple, lobed. Inflorescence - hypanthodium (cyme), Flower - reddish in colour, unisexual, sacred plant.

Usage-The twigs and leaves milk is mixed with ‘Rai/Mustard’(Brassica juncea L.) oil externally massage to cure waist pain twice a day for 4-5 days.

21. Ficus religiosa, Linn. (Moraceae), “Peepal” Plant Habit-A large tree, woody, milky, big branches. Leaves - simple, cordate, sacred plant, generally found near the temple. Fruit - small, rounded, light reddish, Fruit -eatable.

Usage-The leaves paste along with mustard oil is used for swelling twice a day for 3 days.

22. Ficus glomerata, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Dumar / Dumar” Plant Habit-Tree, woody, white, milky, branched. Leaves - simple, petiolet. Inflorescence - hypanthodium, unisexual flowers. Fruit - pale red, eatable.

Usage-The decoction of bark is gargled 3-4 times a day for 3 days to cure gum and tooth pain.

23. Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha”

Plant Habit-Cultivated tree, woody, perennial, thorny, and pinnatisect, leaves. Flowers - small, white. Fruit - sour pulp is hard and eatable as raw and pickles.

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Usage-The dried fruit pulp has given orally before meals twice a day for 2- 3 days to cure stomachache.

24. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Ainthi / Murra” Plant Habit- Perennial, grey, shrub. Stem - woody, solid., Leaves - simple, petiolate. Flower - coloured, bisexual, whorls, clustered, cymes.

Usage-The fruits powder has taken orally in the morning before meals once a day for 2 days for treatment of stomach griping.

25. Ocimum canum, Sims. (Lamiaceae), “Mamri” Plant Habit- The plant is aromatic herb, annual. Stem - branched. Leaves - lanceolate, ovate. Inflorescence - Verticillaster,(Cymose) calyx-two lipped, corolla-white. Flowering during Sep. - Jan.

Usage-The paste of leaves is applied on head to cure headache.

26. Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrandi” Plant Habit-The plant is shrub, branched. Stem - smooth & woody. Leaves - simple, petiolate, and palmate. Flower - unisexual.

Usage-The latex of twigs chewed as toothstick for tooth pain for 2-3 times a day for a week.

27.Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitabar / Chitrak” Plant Habit- Perennial shrub 2-4 ft. high. Stem - green. Leaves - opposite, petiolate. Flower - white and gum like substance. Fruit - hairy coloured. Flowering - Sept to Nov.

Usage-The whole plant is mix with ‘Rai’ (Brassica juncea, Linn.) oil, boiled and massaged thrice a day for 4-7 days in joints pain.

28. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Anantmool / Doodhi”

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Plant Habit- Perennial, climber, 15 ft. long. Leaves - opposite, milky, 1-4 inches long, lower surface white. Flower - catkin (clustered) violet. Fruit - 3-4 inches long.

Usage-The root paste is mix with water warmed and taken half a spoon for 2 days in headache.

29. Ocimum americanum, Linn. (Lamiaceae / Labiatae), “Damna” Plant Habit- A tall, aromatic herb., Stem - erect, quadrangular, branched, hairy., Leaves -opposite, ramal and decussate, simple. Inflorescence - Verticillaster,(cymose) in clusters, Flower - complete, bilabiate, calyx 4 lobed, tubular,corolla violet, inferior ovary.

Usage-The leaf paste has applied externally in headache, twice a day for 2 days.

30.Nicotiana tobaccum, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Tambakhu” Plant Habit- The annual herb, cultivated. Stem - hairy, Leaves - long & leathery. Flower -yellow. Seed - coloured.

Usage-The crushed leaves chewed 3-4 times a day to treat toothache.

31. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Rendi / Arandi”

Usage-The seed oil is warm and applied externally for massage on waist and body pain for 2-3 days and seeds are fish poison.

The leaves use to relieve headache and poultice for boils.

32. Tephrosia purpurea, (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” Plant Habit- Perennial herb, branched, sub erect, under shrub, woody, below leaves compound, opposite, white silky., Inflorescence - racemose., Flowers - purple, calyx- 5, corolla-pinkish. Fruit - pod., Flowering during rainy season.

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Usage-The bark of root paste has taken once a day for two days to cure stomachache.

33. Soymida februfuga, A.Juss. (Meliaceae),”Rohina” Plant Habit-The plant is tree, rough bark, and woody. Stem - solid, branched rough bark., Leaves - alternate compound. Flower - axillary, bisexual, hypogynous, calyx-4-5, corolla- 4-5. Fruit - drupe.

Usages- Decoction of stem bark is warmed and applies externally as ailment of body painand use in intermittent fever, dysentery, diarrhoea.

34. Sphaeranthus indicus, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Gorakh mundi / Bhui mundi” Plant Habit-Annual herb., Stem - week, hairy. Leaves - sessile, oblong, toothed covered with minute hairs. Head small, terminal, outer flowers on the head bisexual, flowering take place in Nov - Mar.

Usage-The powder of flower along with sugar taken orally twice a day for 3 days to relieve stomachache and root use in worms.

35. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. &Wendell. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” Usage-The seed paste is use twice a day for 2-3 days to cure toothacheand root juice applied in vomiting,cough, and fever.

36. Tridex procumbens, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Baramasi Ghass” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial herbs, prostrate, 20-30 cm long. Leaves- a few, opposite toothed, hairy. Flower - heads, solitary, terminal on very long hairy stalk, yellow colour.

Usage-The mashed leaves juice has applied externally on cut and wound once a day for 2-3 days.

37.Sesamum indicum, Linn. (Pedaliaceae), “Tilli / Til” International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 69

Plant Habit- Cultivated herb, 2 ft. high. Stem - week, tetra angular. Leaves - opposite, simple, sometimes alternate. Flower - hypogynous, bisexual, cymes or solitary, axillary. Fruit - many seeds.

Usage-The seed oil is taken orally in summer season for ailment of headache for 2-3 days and useful in piles, ulcer etc.

38. Trigonella foenum-graecum, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Methi”

Plant Habit-Annual herb, cultivated. Leaves - simple. Flower - white, pod 4-5 inch long, many seeded.

Usage-The seed powder in sugar made pills is given internally for treatment of joint pain, 2 pills twice a day for 3-7 days.

39.Tagetes erecta, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Genda” Plant Habit- Cultivated, annual herb. Stem - erect, hairy. Leaves - opposite. Inflorescence - cymose head ray florets and disc florets.

Usage-The leaves paste is applied externally for 2-3 times a day to cure headache.

40.Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. (Sapotaceae) “Mahua”

Usage- Crushed plant flower is boiled and do gargle 2-3 times a day for a weeks to treat of toothache.

4.4

1. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” Usage-The leaves paste has applied on boils twice a day for 3-4 days to treat boilsand leaves use in gonorrhoea, ulcer stone in the bladder.

2.Eichhornia crassipes,Solms.(Pontederiaceae)"Jal Bhata/Jal Kumbhi"

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Plant Habit-Plant herbs, aquatic & dump place in habitat, herbaceous, aerial erect, cauline petiole leaf simple. Inflorescence - cyme, flower complete,& colour purple. Usage-The leaves or roots paste along with “Gudsakri” (Grevia hirsuta, Vahl.) root external use twice a day for 3-4 weeks bandaged at wound (sore) to treat cancer like sore.

3. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. (Malvaceae), “Van Bhindi” Plant Habit-Annual under shrub, wild. Stem - erect, below woody, branched. Leaves -simple, large and palmately veined with petioles alternate, axillary or terminal., Flower - pentamerous, bisexual, regular, hypogynous. Fruit - angular, hairy, capsular .Seeds - grey. Usage-The root powder mixed with coconut oil externally used thrice a day for 7-9 days to cure itch, scabies.

4.Amaranthus spinosus, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kantili Chauli” Usage-The root paste has given orally twice a day for seven days to cure ‘dad’ (ringworm) and in eczema.

5. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira” Usage-The water after boiling with seeds are used for bathing once a day for 7 days, applied orally to cure itch, and used with “Rai Mustard” (Brassica compestris, Linn.) oil to cure scabies.

6. Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” Usage-The bulb’s juice applied externally 2-3 times a day for 3-7 days to treat ‘dad’ (ringworm).

7. Albizzia lebbeck, Benth. (Fabaceae) , “Sirish/Karhi” Plant Habit- A large tree. Stem - erect, woody, bark, fissured branched. Leaves - compound, bipinnate petiolate, long large gland at the base of petiole,

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leaflets 3-9 pairs., Flower- racemose, axillary cluster of 2-4 bisexual. Fruit- pod 6 inch in length. Usage-The bark paste is orally used twice a day for 2 months to cure Kodha (Leprosy), and its bark after boiling (bath) is also used to cure leprosy.

8. Barleria cristata, Linn. (Acanthaceae) , “Pathar phor” Plant Habit- A perennial under shrub, prickly 1.5 mt., tall. Stem - branches angular, glabrous. Leaves - simple, acute, spine tipped, Flower - terminal, spike, yellow, in cluster. Fruit - capsule two seeded. Usage-The leaves juice used externally thrice a day for 10 days to treat itches, scabies and reducing swelling.

9. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkacha / Amaltas” Usage-The leaves paste is apply externally twice a day for a week to cure itch and scabies.

10. Calotropis gigantea, (Linn.) R.Br. exait. (Asclepiadaceae), “Akwan/Madar” Usage-The milk of plant is use externally 2-3 times a day for 5-6 days to treat itch and to cure ringworm & leucoderma.

11. Cassia tora, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chakauda” Usage-The plant’s pastes are applied externally twice a day for a week to cure scabies, itch and to cure gout.

12. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Bada Chakauda” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial under shrub. Stem - semi woody. Leaves - simple, large, pinnate, and smooth. Flower - yellow. Fruit - flat pod. Usage-The leaves paste applied externally twice a day for 7-15 days to cure itches.

13. Caesalpinia bonducela, Fleming. (Fabaceae), “Gataran”

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Usage- The seed oil used 2-3 times a day for 4-5 days to treat scabies and to cure itch.

14. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” Usage-The juice of leaves taken one spoon once a day for a week to treat itch. The paste of bark powder and oil applied orally twice a day for 7-8 days to cure scabies, boils, eczema.

15. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apeaceae), “Bramhi” Plant Habit-This plant are mostly found along the river and canal side, prostrate herb with rounded leaves, inflorescence simple, and umbel. Usage-The paste of leaves mixed with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) leaves applied externally twice a day for 5-7 days to treat scabies and to cure ringworm.

16. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni” Plant Habit-Perennial, climber, woody. Leaves - small, alternate., Flower - small, greenish, or white, bisexual. Fruit - dehiscent. Usage-The root or leaves powder used once or twice a day for 7-9 days to treat itches.

17.Ipomoea biloba, Forsk. (Convolvulaceae), “Beshram” Plant Habit- Perennial, creeping. Stem - semi woody, shrub. Leaves - simple, fleshy, petiolate, root at the nodes. Flower - purple, bisexual, cymes, solitary. Fruit -capsule. Usage-The milk of leaves used externally thrice a day for 3-7 days to cure scabies.

18. Grewia hirsuta, Vahl. (Tiliaceae), “Gudsakri”

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Plant Habit-Perennial, shrubs. Stem - woody, branched. Leaves - Alternate, simple, entire, stipulate, and dentate. Flower - small, cymose. Fruit- pinkish. Usage-The paste of root used externally 2-3 times a day for 9-10 days to treat measles and to cure boil.

19. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. (Ulmaceae), “Chirul” Plant Habit-Tree, woody, perennial. Leaves - simple and stipulated. Flowers - regular, solitary, cymose unisexual. Fruit - winged nuts. Usage-The leaf paste applied externally once a day for 6-8 days to cure ringworm, itch and to cure boil.

20.Desmostachya bipinnata, Stapf. (Poaceae), “Kusha” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial grass., Stem - hard, woody, leaf sheath flat. Flower -spike. Usage-The root’s pastes are applied orally twice a day for 2-3 day to cure boil.

21. Nerium indicum, Mill. , (Apocynaceae), “Lal Kaner/Gulabi Kaner” Plant Habit- Perennial, shrub, latex, woody. Leaves- whorled, cymose. Flower - bisexual, regular, calyx-5, corolla-5. Fruit - berry or drupe. Usage-The flower’s paste used externally along with leaves boiled water by bath once a day for 21 days to treat ‘Kodha’ (leprosy) and also to cure boils.

22. Musa paradisiaca, Linn. (Musaceae), “Kera /Kadli/ kela”:- Plant Habit- The plant is large herb with underground rhizome. Leaves - large, dithichous. Flower - terminal spike protected by spathe. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The ash of leaves mixed with coconut oil applied externally twice a day for 2 weeks to cure itch.

23.Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrandi”

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Usage-The oil of seeds used topically thrice a day for 1-2 months to treatment of eczema, Itch, and also to cure ringworm.

24. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae / Labiatae), “Tulsi” Usage-The juice of leaves along with “Kagji Nibu” (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle.) leaves applied orally 1-2 times a day for 2 month to cure leprosy and also to treat itch, scabies etc.

25.Sterculia urens, Roxb. (Sterculiaceae). “Kulu” Plant Habit- Tree, bark white, erect, branched. Leaf- simple, stipules, caduceus. Flower -cymes, solitary. Fruit- schizocarpic. Usage-The stem bark rubbed on palm applied externally 3-4 times a day for 4-6 days to treat palm ‘Apras’ (psoriasis).The leaf paste applied externally twice a day for a week to treat sore scabies.

26. Sida cordifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Biskhapri” Usage-The paste of leaves and seeds applied externally once a day for 2-3 days to treat sore and applied for boil

27. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chiraita” Usage-The paste of root is use orally once a day for 8-10 days to treat Itching.

28. Phyllanthus niruri, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Bhui Amla” Plant Habit- A very common weed, annual, herbaceous, half to one ft. high. Leaves- small, sub sessile, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, compound. Flower- axillary, clusters, minute, unisexual. Fruit- schizocarp.

29. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Apocynaceae), “Pila Kaner” Plant Habit- A small tree, erect, woody. Stem - woody, cylindrical, latex. Leaves - simple, whorls. Flower - yellow, gamopetalous, syncarpus. Fruit - drupe.

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Usage-The latex is used externally in the treatment of itch and ringworm. 1-10 drops twice a day for a week.

30. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij” Usage-The paste of stem and leaf mixed with “Neem” (Azadirachta indica, A.Juss.) leaf used in the treatment of itch once a day for 7-8 days.

31. Ventilago calyculata, Tulasne. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” Plant Habit-Perennial, hook, climber, and woody, smooth. Leaf - entire, petiolate, stipular, spines. Flower - small, axillary, cymes, greenish yellow. Fruit - 1 inch long. Usage-The paste ofbark with “Neem” (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss), seed oil used twice a day for a week to treat scabies.

32. Martynia annua, Linn. (Pedaliaceae), “Bichhu / Bhaghnokhi” Plant Habit-Annual herb branched, glandular hairs. Leaf- opposite, simple. Flower -solitary, axillary, bisexual. Fruit - nut, spine and hooks. Usage-The seed oil is use in the treatment of eczema and scabies twice a day for 21 days.

33. Melia azadirachta, Linn. (Meliaceae), “Bakain Neem” Plant Habit-A medium tree, stembarks blackish branched. Leaves- compound, imparipinnate, alternate., Inflorescence- axillary, panicle. Flower - white, regular, bisexual, polygamous. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The seeds oil applied externally twice a day for 15-21 days to cure eczema and ‘Sehuan (Like Leucoderma).

34. Madhuca indica, (J.F.) Gmel. (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” Plant Habit-Large tree, latex (milk). Stem - woody, erect. Leaves - alternate, simple stipulate., Flower - small, bunched, solitary or in cymose clusters in the leaf axils bisexual, hairy. Fruit - berry.

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Usage-The seeds oil is used externally in the treatment of scabies and also in itch thrice a day for a week.

36. Tectaria caudata Cav. (Dryopteridaceac) “Jata Shankri” Usage-Powdered of plant root mixed with Mustared oil and Cow fat (Ghee), used externally twice a day for 1 week treatment of skin diseases.

37.Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae), “Batilha/ Ishwar Bhata” Plant Habit - Mostly climbing herbs. Stem - weak, branched., Leaves - simple, alternate. Flower - bisexual, epigynous, flower appear on nodes, clustered racemose., Fruit - a septicidal capsule with basal dehiscence. Seed- flat. Usage-The powder of root mixed with honey taken half a spoon and externally used twice a day for 3-4 months to treat ‘white skin’ leucoderma. In the treatment of skin diseases, medicine dosages given depend on disease on body.

38. Vetiveria zizanioides, Linn. (Poaceae), “Oorii Ghass/Khas Ghass” Plant Habit- Perennial herb, ½- 1mt. high. Root adventitious. Stem- weak, many branches from roots, Leaves - long, linear, blade closed or open sheath. Flower - bisexual, sessile, spikelets, commonly found in lower hills. Usage-The paste of root applied topically thrice a day for 8-10 days to cure itch and measles.The root decoction applied to emmenagogue, diaphoretic, along with stimulant of stomach.

4.5

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1.Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae) “Chirchira/Apamarga” Plant Habit- An annual or perennial herb 30 to 60 cm tall branched and erect. Leaves - ovate. Flowers - on long spike about 30 cm flowering from, Sep - Dec. Usage-3 pills of the leaves of the plant along with “Gurij” (T. cordifolia Meirs.), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and Sugar are taken 2 times a day for 5 days to treat fever. 2. Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench. (Malvaceae) “Bhindi/Bhedi” Plant Habit-A plant is cultivated shrub. Root-tap, branched, Stem - hairy, alternate branched., Leaves- simple, petiolate, and palmate. Light yellow flower, hypogynous, superior ovary ridge fruits. Usage-The root extract with ‘Gurij’ (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.) and ‘Tulsi’ (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaves taken orally half a cup one times a day for 2 days treatment of fever and fruits use in gonorrhoea, stomach cleaner etc.

3. Abutilon indicum, Linn. & Sw. (Malvaceae) “Kanghi” Plant Habit- Stem - erect, pubescent, solid, and rough. Leaves -alternated, simple, yellow flower. Inflorescence - cymes, axillary, pentamerous, zygomorphic, hermaphrodite without epicalyx., Fruit - with many seeded and axile placentation. Usage-One spoon the fresh leaves paste, along with half a cup of water, taken orally once a day for three days to cure fever etc. Root decoction applied in fever

4. Adiantum caudatum, Linn (Polypodiaceae) “Mayur Pankhi” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial, herb, black shiny petiole leaf is green. Found in moist and shady places on old break wall and hill areas, young leaves arranged in circinate manner, underground stem (Rhizome.) Usage- Aqueous paste of the leaves of the plant has taken half a spoon twice a day for 2-3 days as fever ailments.

4.Adina cordifolia,(Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.f. (Rubiaceae) “Haldu”

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Usage- The stem barks extract to treatment of malarial fever and use in swelling,ulcers wounds, and stomach disease.

5. Andrographis paniculata, Nees. (Acanthaceae) “Bhui Neem/ Kalmegh” Plant Habit- Erect or procumbent herb., Leaves - entire flower racemose, axillary and terminal calyx 5, corolla small, stamens 2, seed 6-12 hard. Usage-The whole plants powder mixed with “Gurij” (T.cordifoliaMiers.), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.)black piper 2-3 pieces taken equal amount twice a day one spoon for 3-5 days to cure cold fever (like malaria).

6. Euphorbia royleana, Boise. (Euphorbiaceae) “Thuha/Sehuda” Plant Habit- The plants are mostly perennial xerophytic shrub or medium tree. Stem - woody, tetra angular branched sharp wiry prickles. Leaves - fleshy latex, flowers -small, yellow in colour. (Hedges form find cultivated) Usage- The warmed young leaves of the plant Juice mixed with “piper’’ (Piper longum Linn.), applied orally 2 spoons once a day for 2 days to cure fever with coryza and cough

7. Caesalpinia bonducela, Fleming. (Fabaceae) “Gataran” Plant Habit-Shrubs prickly stem, compound leaves yellow flower, fruit pods 2-3 inch long, densely armed with sharp wiry prickles. Usage- The apex tender leaves of the plant decoction mixed with “Neem” Azadirachta indica A. Juss., leaves, “Tulsi” Ocimum sanctum, Linn. Leaves, and black piper used for cold fever twice a day for 7-21days.

8. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae) “Bada Chakauda” Plant Habit-Common in waste ground as under shrub, Tap - root branched. Stem- solid, flowers bright yellow, ovary superior. Fruit - pods smooth and many seeded. Usage-The leaves juice mixed with honey has given orally one spoon daily in the treatment of fever twice a day for 5 days.

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9. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Plant Habit- Trees, tap root system. Stem - woody branched, Leaves - alternate, compound., Flower - bisexual calyx 4-5, corolla 4-5. Fruit- yellow ovary superior. Usage- The decoction of the leaves with ‘Tulsi’ (O. sanctum L.) leaves, black piper and zinger, 2 spoons twice a day for 3-4 days to cure fever.

10. Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae), “Gumi” Plant Habit-An annual herb. Stem- erects, four angled, hairy. Leaves- acute., Flowers -white, globose whorls, flowering, Aug-Oct. Usage-Extract of the leaves mixed with “Piper” (Piper longum, Linn.) taken, once a day for 5 days to treat fever.

11. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae) “Tulsi” Plant Habit-Cultivated, perennial, shrub, Stem - soled woody, Leaves- simple opposite and decussate, Inflorescence - cymose or spike, bisexual. Usage-The decoction of leaves mixed with “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifolia, (Willd.) Miers; stem, “Gataran” (Caesalpinia bonducella, Fleming.) tender leaves and cloves 2-3, zinger2-3 gm, and black piper 2-3 pieces twice a day, half a cup taken orally for 5 days to cure alternate fever (Like malaria).

12. Ocimum canum, Sims. (Lamiaceae) “Mamri” Plant Habit-Wild, annual or perennial. Stem - woody, Leaves - simple green, Flower -cymose, spike, bisexual. Usage-The decoction of leaves mixed with cloves, zinger, and black piper taken orally to cure cold fever (Malaria) twice a day for 4-7 days.

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13. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” Plant Habit-Perennial, herb, young parts hairy, older prickly and green. Leaves -pinnately lobed, spiny. Inflorescence - cyme, calyx green, corolla deep purple. Fruit - yellowish berry about 1 cm. Usage-The extract of the whole plant is heated up and taken orally in the morning, to cure fever, cough and coryza.

14. Tinospora cordifolia, (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae) “Gurij/ Giloe” Plant Habit- Perennial, climber, Stem- whit, dotted sighn weak. Leaves - alternate, cordate, Flowers - small. Fruit - are clustered and red coloured, round in shape. Usage-The stem boiled 2spoonful mix with “Bhui Neem/ Kalmegh” (Andrographis paniculata, Nees.) whole plant, “Neem” (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss., leaves1/2 spoon “Anantmool / Doodhi” (Hemidesmus indicus, R. Br.) root, 1 tea spoon, “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) leaves 1/2 spoon “Gataran” (Caesalpinia bonducella, Fleming.) tender leaves 1/2,spoon, “Bhatkataiya” (Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad.), whole plants crushed and 1 spoon black piper is use for alternate fever (antimalarial), Dose- half a cup, twice a day for 7-21 days.

15. Solanum indicum, Linn (Solanaceae) “Van Bhata” Plant Habit- Plants mostly herbs and shrubs., Leaves- alternate, exstipulate, simple, stem solid. Inflorescence- usually cymose., Flowers - pentamerous, bisexual,. Fruit - yellowish, berry. Usage-The root crushed and their juice mixed with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) taken half a cup twice a day for 4 days to cure fever

16.Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” Plant Habit- Annual & glabrous angular herb., Leaves - oblong or ovate lanceolate., Flower - white, axillary, and terminal. Usage- The decoction of whole plant and taken 1-1 spoon two times a day for 5-7 days to cure fever and also given in Jaundice disease.The whole plants parts

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are dipped into the water for few hours and extract taken early in the morning, half a cup or two spoons twice a day for 4 days to cure alternate fever.

4.6

1. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira/Latjira/Apamarga” Usage-The root powder half a spoon mixed with sugar 1 teaspoon applied internally in the venereal disease to relieve inflammation of gonorrhoea, twice a day for 2-3 weeks.

2.Asteracantha longifolia, Nees. (Acanthaceae). “Talmakhana” Plant Habit - Plant under shrub like weeds. Stem - below woody, spinose, inhabitant of damp places., Leaf- opposite, lanceolate., Flower - arranged in racemose small, coloured, and bisexual. Usage-The seed powder 5gm along with honey one spoon applied in the inflammation of venereal disease syphilis once a day for 4-5 weeks.

3. Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench. (Malvaceae), “Bhindi” Usage-The raw fruit chewed early morning 3-4 pieces and “Bhui Neem / Kalmegh” (Andrographis paniculata, Nees.) leaf 1/2 tea spoon, “Neem” (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss.,) leaf 1/2 tea spoon taken once a day for 21- 60 days to treat syphilis, and gonorrhoea.

4. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babul. Usage-The gum and leaves paste taken 1/2 a spoon once a day for 3-5 weeks to cure inflammation of syphilis.

5.Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” Usage-The powder of the seeds applied internally in the treatment of syphilis twice a day half a spoon for 3-7 weeks.

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6. Asparagus racemosus, Willd, (Liliaceae), “Satavar” Plant Habit-Climbing, prickly, under shrub, prickles ¼ inches long., Roots- adventitious, tuberous. Leaves - reduced to scales, branches needle like green leaves (Cladodes). Flower - white. Fruit - berry. Usage-The root powder mixed with sugar one spoon given orally twice a day for 3-4 weeks to cut and syphilis and also “Gud/Jaggery” with root powder one spoon given once a day for 1-3 weeks to treat syphilis

7.Amaranthus spinosus, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kantili Chaulai” Plant Habit- Plant mostly herbaceous, erect, 30-40 cm. tall, glabrous, annual, leaves alternate, ovate with spines in the leaf axile. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes, unisexual, small seeds. Usage-The root along with “Talmakhana” (Asteracantha longifolia, Nees.) seed powder 5 gm and sugar one spoon twice a day for 3 weeks to treat gonorrhoea.

8. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela” Usage-The seed powder used twice a day half spoon for 4-5 weeks to cure syphilis and applied in gonorrhoea.

9. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patharchata” Plant Habit-The plant is perennial, mostly herb, branched, smooth. Leaves - opposite, simple, stipulate, leaves margin pink. Flower- axillary, cymose, pink colour. Usage-The two-spoon root paste mixed with 2.5 gm of black piper seeds and “Mahua” liquor (Madhuca longifolia, (Koenig) Mac. Var. Latifolia (Roxb.) Chev.), half a cup taken orally once a day early morning for 6 days to treat syphilis, gonorrhoea and it is also used to cure menstruation in over bleeding. *The paste of plant roots are one spoon and mixed with Gud/Jaggery 1spoon taken twice a day for 3 days to cure Syphilis.

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10. Curcuma angustifolia, Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), “Tikhur” Usage-The tuber of the plant crushed paste along with “Piper” (Piper longum Linn.) powder given orally once a day half a spoon for 5 weeks to cure syphilis and gonorrhoea. 11. Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Shisham” Plant Habit-A tree, stem-solid, branched. Leaves - Leaflets alternate; flower white or pale, small only half opening, pod thin and flat, stamens nine monoadelphaus, all united. Fruit - pod. Usage-The leaves paste half a spoon mixed with black piper 2 seeds twice a day for 3-6 weeks given orally to treat syphilis and gonorrhoea.

12.Ficus infectoria, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Pakri” Plant Habit- Medium tree, Stem- woody, milky juice, Leaves- simple, stipulate, caducus., Inflorescence- hypanthodium., Flower- diocious, unisexual, small. Fruit - drupe. Usage-The milk (latex) of plant mix sugar 10g and 8 drops latex taken early morning once a day for 4 weeks to treat syphilis.

13. Ficus glomerata, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Dumar” Usage-The milk (latex) of plant mixed with 15 gsugar 10 drops milk taken in the morning once a day for 3-4 weeks to cure inflammation of syphilis.

14. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bara / Bargad” Usage-The twig’s milk mixed with 20 gm sugar, 10 drops milk given orally in the early morning once a day for 3 week to cure gonorrhoea.

15. Gloriosa superba, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Kaliyari/Kalihari” Plant Habit-The plant is annuals, herb, and climber. Stem - week, leaves- tip tendrillar. Flower - large, orange, style bent at right angle. Usage-The crushed root juice half a cup once a day for 5 weeks to treat gonorrhoea and syphilis.

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16. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Labiatae / Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” Usage-The seeds powder has given internally half a teaspoon once a day for 21 days to cure gonorrhoea.

17. Tephrosia purpurea, (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” Usage-The root powder has given orally one spoon twice a day for twenty days to cure gonorrhoea.

18. Zizyphus rotundifolia, Lamk. (Rhamnaceae), “Jhadberi” Plant Habit- Plant is shrub often spiny; hook soft. Stem - erect, woody. Leaves- simple, ovate, and alternate. Flower - small yellowish, axillary, corymbs, bisexual., Fruit -drupe, light red in colour. Usage- The paste of roots, given half a cup early in the morning before meals taken orally once a day for 3 - 8 weeks to cure gonorrhea.

19. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij” Usage-The crushed stem powder mixed with “Hardi/Haldi” (Curcuma longa, Linn.) powder and honey, one spoon twice a day given orally for 3 weeks to treat syphilis.

20. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru” Plant Habit-Plant is usually herb or shrub like branches nodal joints. Leaves- opposite, compound. Inflorescence - cymes axillary. Fruit - spiny. Usage-The seed powder mixed with sugar taken orally with one tea spoon twice a day for 21 days in inflammation of urinary troubles (syphilis) and also to cure gonorrhoea.

21. Sida cordifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Biskhapri” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial. Stem - hairy, shrub like plant. Leaves - cordate downy. Flower - yellow in colour. Seed - green colour.

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Usage-The seed paste taken half a teaspoon twice a day for 3 weeks to cure gonorrhoea.

22. Phyllanthus emblica, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” Plant Habit- Tree, perennial woody, bark, branched, tannin. Leaves- compound., Flower - small, Fruit - rounded, schizocarpic splitting into three cocci. Usage-The seed powder mixed with honey twice a day half a spoon for four weeks to treat syphilis. 4.7

1. Alternanthera sessilis, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kachri” Plant Habit-Herbs, usually prostrate, Leaves-opposite, lanceolate, smooth, annual, branched, rooting from nodes, Flowers- white, bisexual, axillary, heads, calyx-5, Fruit- small, Seed-one seeded. Usage-The paste of leaves along with “Bhui amla” (Phyllanthus niruri, Linn.) plant is given orally half a spoon once a day for 7-9 days to cure jaundice.

2.Phyllanthus niruri, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhui Amla” Plant Habit- A very common, annual, weed, found in both damp and dry places, tap root, herbaceous., Leaf - small, sub-sessile, and obtuse. Axillary clusters. Flowers - minute, unisexual., Fruit - regma, schizocarpic. Usage-The paste of the plant mixed with black pepper and “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) taken orally once a day for a week to cure jaundice.

3. Centratherum anthelminticum, Willd.(Asteraceae), “Van jeer” Plant Habit-Annual, erect, herb, wild. Stem - week, branched. Leaves - simple, ovate. A head inflorescence disc and ray florets. Flower – Blue whitish. Seed - brown, blackish. Usage-The crushed seed mixed with “Adrak” (Zingiber officinal, Rosc.), “Vach” (Acorus calamus, Linn.), black salt and Cow urine taken orally one time a day small half a cup for a week for relief of jaundice.

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4. Curcuma angustifolia, Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), “Tikhur” Plant Habit- Perennial, herbs,. Root- adventitious. Stem- creeping, rhizome., Leaf- simple, sheathing, entire. Inflorescence - solitary, spike. Flower - bisexual, perianth, tubular. Usage-The paste of tuber mixed with honey taken two spoons twice a day in equal quantity for a week to cure jaundice. 5. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” Plant Habit-Climber, herb, perennial, parasitic plant. Stem - yellow leafless. Flower- white, complete. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The stem paste applied 1 spoon twice a day for a week to cure jaundice.

6. Euphorbia microspora, Hegne. (Euphorbiaceae), “Chhoti Dudhi” Plant Habit-A branched, prostrate, annual, or sometime perennial herb,. Leaves - oval minute, pink, stipules, opposite, Cyathium. Flower - male, more in number than female flower. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The whole plant paste mixed with black piper and “Jeera” (Cuminum cyminum, Linn.) together made pills taken orally two pills a day for 3-6 days to cure jaundice.

7. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patherchata / Punarnava” Plant Habit- Prostrate, branching, deep rooted, perennial herb., Leaves - ovate, smooth, fleshy, opposite., Flowers - Small, purple, on an axillary stalk in panicle heads. Fruit - club shaped, with glands on the five ribs, one seeded, calyx persistent with the fruit. Usage-The juice of leaves has taken with one tablespoon once a day for a week to cure of jaundice.

8. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira”

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Usage-The whole plant juice has taken one spoon twice a day for a week to cure jaundice ailment.

9. Sonchus arvensis, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Kan Phul” Plant Habit- Erect, somewhat fleshy, annual or perennial herb, 50-80 cm long. Stem -glabrous, branched, full of juice. The ground level is large, 15-20 cm long, and form whorls, dentate. Flower - yellow, terminal umbel. Fruit - obovate achens. Usage-The roots juice applied internally twice a day for a week for treatment of jaundice ailment.

10. Calotropis gigantea, (Linn.) R.Br. ex Ait. (Asclepiadaceae), “Akwan” Plant Habit-An erect, branching, perennial shrub, 3 mt tall, woody with milk., Leaves- opposite, ovate. Flowers- umbel, bisexual, calyx-5, corolla-5 white. Fruit - one chambered. Usage-The milk of the plant one drop mixed with “Pan” (Piper beetle, Linn.) leaf taken once a day in the morning for 7 days to cure jaundice.

11. Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) Indian madder / “Manjishtha/ Majitha” Usage- Powder of roots one spoon and given with water ½ cup twice a days for 3-7 days to treat of jaundice and “Mamira/Mamri” (Ocimum canum) paste of roots with water ½ cup twice a days for 3-7 days to treat of jaundice.

4.8

1. Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Acanthaceae),”Adusa” Usage-The leaves powder along with “Dhatur” (Datura metel, Linn.) leaves in smoking form twice a day for 3-4 months and its flower powder (half a spoon) is also used along with honey (one spoon) for 2-3 months taken orally to treat asthma.

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2. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni / Khurkhundan” Usage-The Seed’s powder mixed with “Chhoti Elaichi” (Eletaria cardamomum,Matron.) powder and honey taken orally half a spoon twice a day for 40-60 days to control asthma.

3. Albizzia lebbeck, Benth. (Fabaceae), “Sirish / Karhi” Usage-The flowers powder mixed with black piper one spoon a day for 6 weeks given to cure asthma and throat infection.

4. Bauhinia variegata, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Koilar” Plant Habit-A cultivated tree. Stem - erect, woody branched., Leaves - simple, notched or two lobed., Flower - white, pink bud. Fruit - pod, flat. Usage- The decoction of bark’s along with honey taken half a spoon twice a day for 4-5 weeks for treatment of asthma.

5. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” Plant Habit- The bark juice or heart wood extract (tannins) along with “Pan” (Piper betel, Linn.) leaves 3-4 gm juice 3-4 times a day for 2 months taken orally to cure Asthma and treat throat infection for 3 days.

6. Chenopodium album, Linn. (Chenopodiaceae), “Bathua Bhaji” Plant Habit- Annual, tap root, branched. Stem-erect branched, angled, often striped, green, red or purple., Leaves - 1-2 inches long, light in weight, toothed, entire, fleshy, whitish covered mealy powder., Flower - cymose, axillary, spike, very small, bisexual. Usage-The decoction of leaves mixed with ‘Tulsi’ (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) leaf juice two spoons daily early morning for 2-3 months to control asthma.

7. Datura stramonium, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” Plant Habit-Annual or perennial shrub., Stem - smooth, cylindrical, highly branched, 60-100 cm tall., Leaves - large, simple, entire, acute apex. Flower

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- solitary in the leaf axile and terminal, calyx- longand corolla-funnel shaped., Fruit - stout spine capsule. Seed- poisonous. Usage-The crushed leaves mixed with “Adusa” (Adhatoda vasica, Nees.) 2-3 leaves taken as smoking, twice a day for 2-3 months to cure asthma.

8.Lukas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae/ Labiatae), “Gumi Sag” Usage-The powder of flower along with “Dhatoor” (Datura metel, Linn.) flower as smoking thrice a day for 4-5 months to cure asthma.

9. Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Gudmar/ Phenia” Plant Habit- A climber Stem - thin, branched, and hairy. Laves -1 to3 inch long, simple, ovate. Flower - small bell shaped. Fruit - 2-3 inch long, apex pointed. Seed - flat, long winged brown. Usage-The seed’s powder mixed with honey half a tea spoon taken internally twice a day for 1-2 months to cure asthma.

10. Ficus religiosa, Linn. (Moraceae), “Pipal” Plant Habit- A long tree, Stem-rough bark, woody, Aerial roots often develop from branches, Leaves - simple, alternate, large stipules. Inflorescence - hypanthodium, coloured, round. Usage-The seed and leaf powder along with honey equally applied internally one tea spoon twice a day for 6 -7 weeks to treat asthma.

11. Solanum indicum, Linn, (Solanaceae), “Van Bhata” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial under shrub Stem - lower part woody, prickly1 mt. in height. Leaves- pinnately lobed, alternate, spiny., Inflorescence - axillary or terminal, cyme, calyx-persistent, corolla- deep purple. Fruit- berry and yellow coloured (when ripen). Usage-The flowers powder half a tea spoon mixed with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, L.)leaves and one spoon honey given orally twice a day for 7-8 weeks to cure Asthma.

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12. Leonotis nepetaefolia, R. Br. (Lamiaceae), “Bada Guma” Usage-The powder of flower mixed with “Piper” (Piper longum, L.), and “Alsi” (Linum usitatissimum, L.) seeds given orally one spoon twice a day for 3 months for treatment of asthma.

13.Terminalia belerica Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Usage-The leaf powder along with “Adusa” (Adhatoda vasica, Nees.) leaves and “Dhatoor” (Datura metal L.) leaves taken as smoking twice a day for 2- 3 months to treat asthma.

4.9

1. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb. (Crassulaceae), “Bhasam Patti” Plant Habit-The plant is succulent perennial herb, xerophytic characters. Leaves - simple, fleshy, opposite, exstipulate, vegetative reproduction by leaves margin., Flower- cymose bisexual. Fruit- group of follicles, seed small. Usage-The succulent leaves chewed along with salt applied twice a day for 2 days for treatment of indigestion.

2. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nimbu” Usage-Fruit juice mixed with “Ajwain” (Trachyspermum ammi, Linn.) seed powder, black salt and “Launga” (Syzygium aromaticum, Linn.) powder. Cut the fruit into two parts one part mixed with Ajwain, Launga and black salt and other part without above mixture taken twice a day for 2 days for relief of indigestion.

3. Embelia robusta, (C.B. Clarke) Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibiring” Plant Habit-Small tree branched, delicate, woody., Leaves - ovate, simple, lanceolate 3 inches long and 1.5 inches broad., Flower - white, catkin, long branches. Fruit -blackish clustered.

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Usage- Seeds powder taken half spoon twice a day for 2-3 days to cure indigestion.

4. Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” Plant Habit-Tree 20-30 ft. high, cultivated. Stem - erect, branched, woody barked, Leaves- compound, alternate, small, obtuse, axillary.Flower - minute, unisexual, Fruit - schizocarp, regma opening into three cocci. Usage-The fruit powder along with black salt taken 2-3 times half spoon a day, for 2- 5 days to treat indigestion and use pickle, in indigestion.

5. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” Usage-The leaves powder half a spoon mixed with black piper eaten twice a day for a week to cure digestion.

6. Feronia elephantum, Lamk. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” Plant Habit-Large tree, wild as well as cultivated Stem-erect, woody, branched often thorny, pinnatisect. Leaves - alternate frequently opposite simple.Flower small white. Fruit - hard (Wood apple). Usage-The fruits paste of pulp along with salt, taken 50 gm. twice a day for 2-3 days to treat digestion and cure diarrhea.

7. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” Usage-The leaves powder half a spoon mixed with black piper eaten twice a day for a week to cure digestion.

8. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitwar/ Chitrak” Usage-The root powder mixed with honey taken half a spoon twice a day for 3-4 days to treat indigestion.

9. Psidium guajava, Linn. (Myrtaceae), “Bihi / Amrud”

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Plant Habit- A small tree Stem - erect, woody branched. Leaves - simple, opposite, cymose. Flower - epigynous, regular, calyx- persistent. Fruit - berry. Usage-The ripe fruit along with salt used orally thrice a day 2-3 pieces for 5 days to cure digestion. 10.Trachyspermum ammi, Linn. Syn.,Carum copticum, Benth. (Apeaceae), “Ajwain” Usage-The seed powder mixed with black salt are taken half spoon twice a day for 3-5 days to treat weak digestion.

11. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” Usage-The leaves powder half a spoon mixed with black piper eaten twice a day for a week to cure digestion.

12. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Usage-The fruits powder of applied twice a day half a tea spoon for 4-5 days to cure digestion.

13. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Harra” Usage-The fruits powder is mixed with salt “Ajwain” (Trachyspermum ammi, Linn.) taken half a spoon twice a day for 3-7 days to cure digestion.

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Based on the information collected from the local inhabitants and tribal communities living in this area, given following plants mode of uses are given below-

1. Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” Plant Habit-A wild shrub with rough stem and leaves petiolet, cordiac, yellow flower’s without epicalyx, polycarpellary seeded and also found is dry land, loamy soil etc.

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Usage-Fresh leaves is pasted along with “Neem” (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) leaves and “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) together taken ½ spoon once a day early in the morning for seven days to check blood and continue till 21 days to cure diabetes.

2. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira” Plant Habit-Annual or perennial herb 1-3 ft.,high, often woody below stem, Leaves- opposite simple, petiolet, half cordiac, and common weed of water place in winter. Usage-Whole plantpowder mixed with “Bel” (Aegle marmelos Linn.) leaf 10 g and “Jamun” (Eugenia Jambos Linn.), seeds powder use orally ½ spoons twice a day for 5 - 7 weeks to control diabetes.

3. Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Adusa” Plant Habit- Wild, shrub some xerophytes Root - tap root.Stem- woody branched. Leaf- opposite simple exstipulate, Flower - cymose white flower. Fruit - capsule. Usage-Decoction of roots 40-50g and its boiled in 150ml.,of cow / gotmilkalong with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), and“Bel” (Aegle marmelos Linn.) leaf appliedorally a cup once a day for seven day and check sugar then continue a month to control of diabetes.

4. Adiantum caudatum Linn. (Adiantaceae), “Muyurshikha/Jata Shankri” Plant Habit- Annual or perennialherb ½-1 ft. high, rhizomes, roots Rachis, Leaflets or Pinnules, Sori in Sporophyll. Adiantumis foundin sub tropicaland warm temperate regions. They usually grow in moist and shady, bolder places. Usage-Pasted form mixed with 40g.Pyaj “Onion” (Allium cepa Linn.)“Bulb” taken one spoon once or twice a day for 8-10 weeks to check diabetes and then forward applied to cure of diabetes.

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5. Aegle marmelos Linn. (Rutaceae) “Bel” Plant Habit-Throughout India, wild and cultivated medium tree. Tap - root and branching. Stem - woody branched, thorny small tree. Leaves – trifoliate, Fruit - hard-shelled, up to 3-6 Inches in diameter yellowish. Usage-Fresh tender leaves is pasted or in combination mixed with “Karella” (Momordica charantia L.) leaf7, “Jamun” (Eugenia jambosLinn.) 7,leaf “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum L.), 7 leaf “Neem” (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) 7 leaf together ½ cup taken once a day for 8-12 weeks to treatment of diabetes.

6. Alangium salviifolium (Linn.f.) Wang. (Alangiaceae) “Kolha” Plant Habit-Wild, shrub, or medium tree, Root – tap. Stem - woody, branched, Leaf –simple. Flowering- June - July, Corolla- white, fruit black. Usage-Pasted leaves mixed with “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Stem ½ spoons together given orally once a day for 2-3 months to cure of diabetes.

7. Albizzia lebbeck (Linn.)Willd. (Fabaceae) “Kala Siris” Plant Habit- Large unarmed trees; Stem-woody, branched flowers in round heads; stems united at the base several times as long as the corolla; pod long, thin strap- shaped a large, deciduous tree popularly known as Kala Siris. Usage-Seeds powder along with “Gudmar” (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.), leaves log. And “Aainthi” (Marorphali) (Helicteres isora Linn.) fruits one parts together one spoon taken orally once a day for 9-10 weeks to cure of diabetes.

8. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.ex.Nees. (Acanthaceae) “Bhui Neem” Plant Habit- An erect 25-30 cm.tallannual, branch 4- angled. Leaves - 5-6 cm.long, Lanceolate, acute, short stalked or sessile. Flowers small solitary, arranged in lax spreading auxiliary or terminal racemose, Inflorescence; bract 1mm. Calyx minute, corolla white, capsule 1 cm.

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Usage-Powdered leaves along with Chirayata (Swertia chirata (Buch. Ham.), whole plant, “Neem”(Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.) leaves, “Brahmi”(Centella asiatica L.)and “Karkcha” (Amaltas)(Cassia fistula Linn.) leaves, stem bark together one spoon daily morning before meals eaten about 2-3 months to cure of diabetes.

9. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Rubiaceae) “Kadam” Plant Habit-Cultivated as ornamental tree throughout India, near temples. It is woody stem and branched, simple leaves, flowering within same time. (Show like star). It is also very much connected with the unedifying history of Lord Krishna and therefore is held in reverence by his devotees. Usage-Bark powder of the tree (1 teaspoonful) taken with water one times per day for 90 days to treatment of diabetes.

10. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) “Punarnava/ Hog weed” Plant Habit-Root - taproot, Stem - herbaceous Leaves – opposite simple Fruit- small grow rainy season. Usage-Two teaspoonful of juice taken two times daily for 2 months or powder of whole plant’s along with “Vajaradanti” (Barleria prionitis Linn.), leaves & Stems one spoon applied orally once a day for 3-4 months to control diabetes.

11.Boswellia serrata (Roxb.)ex.Colebr. (Burseraceae) “Salain” Plant Habit-Wild, Large trees, deciduous, Stem woody, bark thick, exstipulate leaves. Flower are small & bisexual actinomorphic and hypogynous, flowers may be solitary axillary, Fruit – capsule, gum is obtain from stem parts. Usage-Decoction of stem (50 g. parts) along with “Isharmul”(Aristolochia indica Linn.) root and leaves, “Semal” (Bombax malabaricum D.C.) root& “Palas” (Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze.) Leaves, together prepared decoction some quantity 1 hour, and ½ cup taken morning once a day for 3 months to control diabetes.

12. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) “Malkangni/Amjin”

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Plant Habit-Stem woody climbers with simple alternate or opposite leaves. White doted spots on the stem flower are small; greenish white actinomorphic, hypogynous inflorescence is cymose. Ovary - tricarpalary, mature three vlaved dehiscent. Fruits - present. Usage-Grinded extract of roots ½ spoons along with “Madar” (Calatropis procera Ait.f.), roots 1 spoon a day given orally for 2-3 months to control diabetes.

13. Citrullus colocynthis Schard; (Cucurbitaceae) “Indraman” Plant Habit-Wild, Root – tap. Stem - herbaceous weak usually climbing by means of tendrils leaves – alternate broad, usually simple, but often deeply lobed or divided and palmately veined. Inflorescence - flower solitary monoecious. Fruit- highly bitter. Usage-Crusted Juice of fruits along with “Karella” (Momordica dioica Roxb.) raw fruits, root & leaves 2 spoon two time a day applied orally for 3 months to cure diabetes.

14. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) “Kalimusli” Plant Habit- Root-adventitious fibrous, Stem - rootstock perennials herbs, Leaf - alternate, narrow, entire cauline parallel venation, flowers are borne on a leaf less scape yellow colour, cymose, Fruit - a loculicidal capsule. Usage-Powdered of rhizome and leaves mixed with “Amarbel” (Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.) seeds “Vibirang” (Embelia ribes Burm.) seeds and “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifoliaWilld.), Stem together one spoon eaten once a day for 2-3 months to cure diabetes

15. Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Badi Dudhi” Plant Habit- A slender, prostrate, ascending annual clothed with long hairs. Leaves - elliptical and slightly oblique, opposite radish, green and light green under inflorescence, a cyathium. Flower - unisexual, male flowers more in number having a single stamen. Ovary- trilocular. Stigma bifid. Fruit - a capsule. A very common weed.

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Usage-Pasted of whole plant along with “Gudmar”(Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br.ex. Schultes.) leaves and “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Ex. Hook. F.Thomas.) stem, prepared equal quantity and given orally one spoon once or twice a day for 2-3 months to treatment of diabetes.

16. Ficus Benghalensis Linn. (Moraceae) ‘Bargad’ Plant Habit-A large tree branched with its canopy and produces aerial roots which reach the ground and act as supports as well as absorptive organs. A famous example exists in the Calcutta Botanical Garden’s covering several acres of ground and possessing several hundreds of aerial roots which have reached the ground and act as supports., Leaf- simple fruit- red colour. Usage- Decoction of stem-bark leaves and as well that of aerial roots along with “papal” (Ficus religiosa Linn.) stem bark and “Umar” (Ficus glomerata Roxb.) roots together taken two spoons daily in the morning for 3 month’s to cure of diabetes.

17. Helicteres isora Linn. (Sterculiaceae) “Marorphali” Plant Habit- A shrub, Root - taproot, branched. Stem – woody. Leaves – simple, petiolate, Fruit follicle and spirally twisted into the shape of a screw. Usage-Powdered of fruits and root along with “Amla” (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits and “Anantmula” (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.) root bark together equal quantity one tea spoonful applied orally early morning before meals once or twice a days for 2-3 months to treatment of diabetes.

18.Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Asclepiadaceae “Fenia, Gudmar / Phulkati / phenia” Usage- The powder of leaf and mixed equal amount “Koreya” (Holarrhena antidysenterica) stem bark, and “Van Tulsi” (Ocimum canum) root, given with water ½ spoons twice a day for 1-3 month to control of diabetes. Its leaves powder mixed with “Karela” (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit powder along with milk half a spoon daily for 8-10 weeks is taken, to treat diabetes.

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19. Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. (Fabaceae) “Sandan Tinsa” Plant Habit- Mediumtrees., Root - tap root branched. Stem – woody, branched Leaf - simple Inflorescene - racemose bisexual flower. Fruit - legume. Usage-Bark powder of plant or extract along with “Bhumi Amla” (Phyllanthus niruri Act. Non.Linn.) roots, “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifolia Willd.) stem, leaf together 2 spoon once a day applied orally for 3-4 month to control of diabetes. 20.Swertia chirata Roxb. (Gentianaceae) “Chirata” Usage-Its whole plants mixed with Tinospora cordifolia Miers.) Powder and Gymnema sylvestre (R. Br.) A. indica, A. Juss.) is taken half a spoon to cure diabetes.

21.Pongamia pinnata Linn. Fabaceae “Kanji” Usage- plant flower powder 1/2 spoon with “Gurij” (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.) milk twice a day daily for 3 weeks taken to treat diabetes.

22. Aegle marmelosCorre. (Rutaceae) “Bel” Usage-Its leaves juice 2 spoons daily before meals are taken to treat diabetes.

23. Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf. (Poaceae) “Ghodchaba” Usage-Its tender leaves back soft part paste with water given orally one spoon daily for 21 days to treat diabetes.

24. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) DC. (Apocynaceae) “Koreya” Plant Habit- A medium tree Root - taproot branched. Stem - woody with latex. Leaf - simple opposite, Inflorescence - cymose flower white colour fruit long and seeds -hairy. Usage-Powdered of fruits and bark mixed with “Jamun” (Syzgium cuminii Linn. Skeels.) fruit (Seeds), “Methi” (Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn.) seeds and

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“Phulchuhiya” (Woodfordia friticosa, Kurs.) flowers taken orally one tea spoonful equal quantity in morning before breakfast to check sugar level in diabetes.

25.Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) “Karelia/Karela” Usage-Its fruit juice and seed powder along with “Gudmar” (Gymnema sylvestre (R. Br.) and T. cordifolia Willd.) powder is taken half a spoon daily for 2- 3 months to treat diabetes. The root powder of “Indraman” (Citrullus colocynthis) plant, “Charmuhi/Gokhru” (Tribulus terrestris) roots powder, and “Gudmar” (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) leaf mixed with together given 1-1 spoon twice a day for 1 month to control of diabetes

26. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Menispermaceae “Gurij” Usage-Its stem and leaves juice with one or half spoon ghee twice a day for 2 months taken to treat diabetes.

27. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Fabaceae) “Methi” Usage-Its seed powder along with water 1 spoon for 3-4 months is given orally to treat diabetes.The roasted seeds powder of “Bhelma” (Semecarpus anacardium) plant along with hony, given half ½-1/2 spoontwice a day for 1 month to treat diabetes.

28. Pueraria tuberosa D.C. (Fabaceae) “Patal Kohnda” Plant Habit- Plant are climber shrub Root - taproot stored food material, structure pumpkin like alternate leaf simple, the leaf base is swollen (Pulvinus). Flowers are zygomorphic., Inflorescence - racemose, Fruit - legume. Usage-Root powder or Juice along with “Kanji (Pongamia pinnata Linn. Merr) flower, “Amrud” (Psidium guajav Linn.) leaves and fruits “Bijhra” (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) Bark, or (Heart wood small parts kept into water overnight 10 hours any container then use.) and “Bahera” (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn. Roxb.),

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fruit bark together taken 1 spoon once or twice a day for 2-3 months to control of diabetes.

29. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) “Bijasal/Bijahra/ Bija” Usage-Its heart wood juice mixed with one glass water is taken orally twice a day to cure diabetes.

30. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) “Gorakhmundi /Bhumudii” Plant Habit- An annual with low spreading branches, hairy, annual herb typical terpentine like sweet smell., Leaf - sessile, oblong, toothed, and covered with minute hairs disk like flower bisexual outer flower on the heads flowering. Nov - April., Common weed dry & moist place and rice fields. Usage-Powdered of flowering head or whole plant, along with whole plant, “Gokhuru” (Tribulus terrestris, Linn.) root and fruits, “Jamun” (Eugenia Jambolana,.Linn.) seed, leaf, bark, “Bariyari” (Sida rhombifolia Linn.) , “Methi” (Trigonella foenum, Linn.) seeds, “Gudmar” (Gymnema sylvestre, Retz.) leaf, “Nirgundi” (Vitex negundo Linn.) Leaf, “Baramsi” (Tridex procumbens Linn.), whole plant and “Phulchuhiya (Dhavaii)” (Woodfordia fruticosa, Kurs.), Flowers and “Indraman” (Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad.) fruit together applied orally one spoon once a day for 3 months to control of diabetes.

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Antidotes: - Some plants are use as Antidotes for bits by insects and wild or pets animals. The variousplants parts like root, leaf, stem etc , plant as root, Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br., Berberis aristata, roots of Gymnema sylvestre, Kyllinga erecta,Aneilema divergens,Berberis aristata, the leaves of and flowers of Mesua ferrea, Peristrophe bicalyculata are used as snake bite. In Assam, the milky juice of Calotropisgiganteais use for insets bite and the leaves of Zanthoxylum scandens, Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming,and flowers of Rosa longicuspis aretied over wounds caused by dog bite.

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1. Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Ghumchi / Ratti” Usage-The root paste mixed with water applied externally 2-3 times a day 4-5g to cure scorpion bite.

2. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghii” Usage-The paste of root and leaves 1 spoon taken orally thrice a day to treat snake bite.

3. Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae), “Ishwar Bhata, / Batilha” Usage-The root paste mixed with water taken orally half a cup 2-3 times a day for 2 days to cure snakebite.

4. Barleria cristata, Linn. (Acanthaceae), “Pathar phor, Bajradanti" Usage-The seed powder mixed with black piper has taken one spoon and water half a cup 3-4 times as an antidote to snake bite.

5. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. (Burseraceae), “Salain” Usage-The juice of bark’s along with black piper taken orally half a cup thrice a day to treat ofsnakebite.

6. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae),”Karkacha” Usage- The juice of roots is given orally 1 cup 3-4 times a day for two days to treat of snakebite. Its one seed rubbed on stone mixed with water and pasted at the point of scorpion bite, touse 1-2 times.

7. Calotropis procera, R.Br. (Asclepidaceae). “Madar” Usage-The paste of root mixed with water is orally used twice a day for 2 days to treat snakebite.

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8. Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Imli” Usage-Its one seed rubbed on stone along with water is apply to the point of scorpion bite, used externally twice a day to treat scorpion bite

9. Datura stramonium, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” Usage-The leaves paste mixed with “Lal Mirch” (Capsicum annum Linn.) paste is apply externally 1-2 times a day to cure scorpion bite

10. Dolichos lablab, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Semi” Plant Habit- Annual, climber. Stem - smooth branches. Leaf - simple, trifoliate, pulvinus. Inflorescence - racemose. Flower - white, bisexual. Fruit - a legume or pod, flat. Usage-The root’s paste mixed with water 5 gm tied once a day for 1 day to cure scorpion bite and seed is use for the same.

11. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira” Usage-The paste of leaves is applied externally twice a day 7-8 gms the place of scorpion bite.

12. Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn. (Sapindaceae), “Ritha / Kari” Plant Habit-Tree, branched. Stem - woody, branched. Leaf - compound, cymose inflorescence. Flower small, bisexual. Fruit - nut. Usage-The seed powder mixed with sugar taken orally 3 times a day one spoon to cure scorpion bite.

13. Sida rhombifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Balraj / Bariyari” Plant Habit-Annual or perennial, under shrub. Root - tap root branched. Stem - erect woody branched. Leaf - simple, alternate. Flower - axillary, terminal, regular, pentamerous, bisexual, Fruit - schizocarpic, Seed - small. Usage-The root paste along with water applied externally thrice a day half spoon for 2 days to treat “girgit/tetka” (Chameleon) and goh bite.

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14 Vernonia roxburghii, Less. (Asteraceae), “Kala jeer/Lampati” Plant Habit-Annual herb. Root-adventitious. Leaf-long, ovate, hairy. Flower-terminal. Seed-brown, blackish in colour. Usage-The juice of root taken orally 2 spoons once a day for a week to treat Dog bite.

15. Alangium salviifolium, Linn. (Alangiaceae), “Kolha / Akola” Plant Habit- Medium tree, Stem - woody, rough bark, branched. Leaves - simple, petiolate. Flower - white, axillary, terminal. Fruit - black. Usage-The roots paste with water and black piper half a cup used taken orally and then take a cup of milk immediately, once a day for 3 days to cure dog bite.

16. Ventilago calyculata, Tulasne. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” Usage-The paste of leaf mixed with water has given orally 3-4 times a day half a cup for treatment of snakebite.

17. Mucuna prurita, Hook. (Fabaceae), “Kevanch” Plant Habit-The annual herb, climber. Stem - weak, Leaf - trifoliate, pulvinus leaf base, long, petiole. Flower - racemose, axillary. Fruit - legume and hairy. Seed - brown. Usage-The paste of seed along with water and kerosene orally used thrice a day to cure scorpion bite. The paste/powder of roots 15g “Baibiring” (Embelia robusta) root 15g and mixed with water or liquor given 3-4 times a day to treat of snake bite.

18. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Anantmool/ Doodhi” Usage-The root powder along with rice water taken orally half a cup thrice a day for once day treat snakebite.

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19. Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Gudmar/ Phenia” Usage-The decoction of root mixed with black piper taken orally half a cup thrice a day for one day to treatsnakebite.

20. Semecarpus anacardium, (Linn.)f. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” Usage-The plant is generally tree. Stem - woody, black bark. Leaf - alternate, simple, rough and thick. Flower- small, cymose, axillary. Fruit- nut, yellow. Seed- small, black. The paste of root, 2 spoons taken twice a day to cure (black /Kobra) snake bite.

21. Heliotropium indicum, Linn. (Boraginaceae), “Hathi sund” Plant Habit- Plant is herbaceous, annual. Stem - hairy branched. Leaf - simple, rough, alternate or opposite. Flower -bisexual,actinomorphic,raceme coiled axillary, scorpioid, peculiar arranged, blue, or white. Usage-The paste of plant applied externally (bind) twice a day to treat snake bite.

22. Diospyros chloroxylon, Roxb. (Ebenaceae), “Kala Tendu” Plant Habit-A large tree. Stem - black barks, woody, branched. Leaves - simple, alternate. Flower - bisexual, axillary, solitary, cymose. Fruit - berry yellow. Seed -blackish. Usage-The root’s paste mixed with black pepper and water is taken orallywith half a cup 2-3 times a day to cure snake bite.

23.Gardenia túrgida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Kharahari” Plant Habit- Perennial shrub. Stem - thick, smooth bark, branched. Leaf - opposite, simple, ovate. Flower - solitary, cyme, axillary, bisexual, calyx-4-5 corolla-to-5. Fruit - drupe. Usage-The decoction of root mixed with black piper taken orally half a cup twice a day to cure snake bite and also to cure scorpion string.

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24. Tectaria coadunata (Wall. Ex Hook & Grev.) C. Chr. “Jatashankari” Usage-The powder of root is given with water ½ spoon3-4 times a days to treat scorpion string.

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1. Bauhinia vahlii, W. & A. (Fabaceae), “Mahroii / Mahulain” Plant Habit-Climber, commonly found in the hill. Stem - is flexible, below woody. Leaves- large a foot in diameter, used as plates. Flower - zygomorphic, coloured corolla. Fruit - legume. Usage-The seed powder mixed with black piper has given orally in the morning half a spoon twice a day for 3-4 month to cure bulgum with blood and cough.

2.Derris scandens, Benth. (Fabaceae), “Amjun/Amjin” Plant Habit- A hard, woody, climber. Leaves- simple. Flower - racemose, bisexual. Fruit - pod. Seed - nonendospermic. Usage-The seed oil is used orally half a spoon once a day for 3-4 weeks to cure cough along with bulgum blood (T.B.) but before this egg has to be taken 25 minutes before.

3. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” Usage-The root’s powder 100g, along with “Satavar” (Asparagus racemosus) root 100g, “Babool/ Bamoor” (Acacia arabica)stem bark 100g, “Hathil” (Murraya paniculata) leaf 100g, “Dhatura” (Datura alba) fruit or leaf 50 “Dubi ghass” (Cynodon dactylon) 20g powdered and mixed with Jaggery and make one pill’s 20g, and after one glass whey, given orally 1 pills twice a day for 2-3 months to treat cough bulgum with blood (T.B.). or process all medicines boild in Orthen pot (Decoction) and one spoon given orally for 15-30 days to cur T.B.

4.Tinospora cordifolia, (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij”

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Usage-The stem powder mixed with “Elaichi” (Eletaria cardamomum, Maton.) seed, milk and “Bans lochan” (Bamboo-sugar) given one teaspoon twice a day for 2 months to treat cough along with blood and bulgum (T.B.).

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1. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae), “Bel” Usage-The fruit pulp mixed with milk given orally one fruit twice a day for 7 days to cure constipation.

2. Bauhinia variegata, spreng. (Fabaceae), “Koilar” Plant Habit- The plant is small tree. Stem - barks rough black. Gum exudes from the bark, woody, branched. Leaves - alternate, simple, terminal. Inflorescence - cymose. Flowers - white, small, bisexual. Fruit - drupes. Usage-Decoction of koilar bark is useful in constipation and also use in leprosy, diarrhoea etc.

3. Buchanania lanzan, Spreng. (Anacardiaceae), “Char” Plant Habit-The plant is small tree. Stem - bark, rough, black from barks gum exudes woody branched. Leaves - alternate, simple, terminal. Inflorescence - cymose, Flower - small, bisexual. Fruit - Drupe. Usage-The leaves paste along with water taken orally half a glass in the morning before meals once a day for 5-7 days to treat tight toilet constipation.

4. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indrawn Usage-The root or fruit powder mixed with water given orally half a tea spoon twice a day for 8-10 days to cure constipation.

5. Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae), “Bihi / Amrud”

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Usage-Its fruit, mixed with “Adrak” (Zingiber officinalis, Rosc.) Tuber, black salt and black pepper paste a spoon taken orally twice a day for 7 days to treat constipation.

6. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Usage-The fruit powder mixed with “Amla” (Emblica officinalis, Gaertn.) fruit powder and salt taken twice a day half a spoon for a week for treatment of constipation.

7. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” Usage-The fruits powder, given orally half spoon twice a day for 2 weeks to cure constipation.

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1. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Pyaj / Piaj” Usage-The bulb (tuber) are crushed (pasted) along with ‘Haldi’ (Turmeric) powder and mustard oil, warmed and applied externally on wounds (swelling) twice a day for 2-3 days.

2. Cordia macleodii, Hook.f. & Thorns (Boraginaceae), “Dahiman” Plant Habit- A tree, Stem-woody, branched. Leaf-simple rough, entire, obovate, Flower-racemose, solitary, axillary, white colour, Fruit-drupe. Usage-The leaf paste is applied topically twice a day for 3-4 day to treat swellings.

3. Capparis zeylanica, Linn. (Capparidaceae),”UltaKanta/ Bagmuchha” Plant Habit- Perennial, climber, shrubs, branched, glabrous, spiny. Leaves - simple and young shoot only. Flower - is red or pinks, gynophore as long as stamens. Stamens α. Fruit - berry.

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Usage-The warmed paste of leaves used orally once a day for 3 days one spoon daily to treat neck gland (Gilti/Tumor).

4. Datura stramonium, Linn.(Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” Usage-The warm leaves along with “Arandi” (Ricinus communis, Linn.) oil bandaged orally twice a day for 4-5 days to cure joint swollen.

5. Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers. (Celastraceae), “Jamrasi” Plant Habit-Tree perennial. Stem- woody. Leaves- simple, petiolate. Flower – small, unisexual, and cymose. Fruit- capsule or dry indehiscent. Usage-The stem bark paste is applied for suppression of swellings twice a day for 2-3 days.

6. Euphorbia royleana, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha/Sehuda” Usage-The milk of young twigs along with “Sarso” (Brassica compestris, Linn.), oil warmed, used externally on swollen parts once a day for 2 days and also especially for finger.

7. Hedychium coronarium, Koeng. (Zingiberaceae), “Gulbakaoli” Usage-The pasted of root “Baijanti” (Canna indica L.) 10g along with jaggery make pill taken twice a day for one week to cure swelling.The crushed extract of fresh flower or rhizome (tuber) 2-3 drops applied internally thrice a day for 3 days to treat swelling of eye and also conjunctivitis.

8. Mimosa púdica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Lajvanti / Chhuimui” Plant Habit- Perennial, Taproot, Stem-branched, prickly Leaf - compound, bipinnate, pulvinus, sensitive to contact, leaflets axillary head. Flower- pink, bisexual, calyx-4, corolla-4. Fruit- Pod. Usage-The leaves paste warmed poultice tied externally twice a day for 3- 4 days to treat hydrocele.

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9. Solanum nigrum, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Makoia” Plant Habit- Annual herb, wild. Stem - erect branched, woody below. Leaf - alternate, opposite, in the floral region, simple, ovate, cymes, axillary. Flower - white pentamerous, bisexual, calyx persistent. Fruit - berry, succulent. Usage-The plant leaf and mixed with “Akvan/ Madar” (Calatropis procera Ait.) stem bark, wheat flour and zinger, made (Puri /Chpati) 2-3 pices given orally twice a day 1week to cure swelling. The cooked of leaves and given orally twice a day for 3-4 days to treatment of swollen foot.

10. Swertia chirata, Buch. Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chiraita” Usage-The leaves decoction of taken 2 spoons twice a day for 3-4 days to cure stomach swollen.

11. Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Imli” Plant Habit-Large tree, woody. Leaves - bipinnate, Flower - with three petal and three stamens, cultivated, pale yellow, red. Fruit - pod. Usage-The crushed leaves warmed and bandaged on to suppress the swollen part twice a day for 3-4 days.

4.15

1. Hedychium coronarium, Koen. (Zingiberaceae), “Gulbakauli” Plant Habit-Perennial herb, Stem - creeping, root stocks (rhizome). Leaf- simple, petiolate, and lanceolate. Flower - solitary, bisexual, white, and tubular. Fruit - capsule (found moist areas). Usage-The flower or rhizome extract given internally 2 drops for 2-3 days

2. Argemone mexicana, Linn. (Papaveraceae), “Pili Katilli”

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Plant Habit- An erect, prickly annual with yellowish latex, 3-4 ft high. Stem- spiny, weak. Leaf - sessile, 4-6 inches long, alternate, cymose, axillary, bisexual, yellow, calyx-3, corolla-6. Fruit - capsule. Seed - small, round pale red. Usage-The latex of plants applied into inflammation of eye 1-2 drops twice a day for 2 days to cure conjunctivitis (eye pain and pus).

3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Piyaj / Piaz” Usage-The bulb juice is used one drop twice a day for 2 days to treat remedy for eye pain (conjunctivitis)

4. Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.) Blume. (Araceae), “Suran” Plant Habit-Perennial herb, corm or tuber erect. Leaf - mostly large, radical. Flower - very striking and consist of unisexual small flowers. Fruit - berry. Usage-The plant tubers are used vegetable or pickles give 20-30 gm twice a day for 4-5 days to cure eye pain (conjunctivitis).

5. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni” Usage-Its seed oil is used for massage on head and sole foot twice a day in the morning and evening for a week. About 30-40 gm oils used externally to treat night blindness.

6. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” Usage-Its leaves juice applied externally one drop twice a day for 3 days to cure eye pain with tears and pus.

7. Rosa centifolia, Linn. (Rosaceae), “Gulab” Plant Habit-Perennial shrub, erect, branched, prickly. Leaf - compound, impariate pinnate, stipulate, large, solitary flower, white, pink, red etc. Fruit - bright red. Usage-The flower juice given internally 2 drops thrice a dayfor 5-7 days to cure conjunctivitis) eye pain.

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8. Swertia chirata, Buch. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” Usage-The plant paste has given orally twice a day for 3-4 days to cure conjunctivitis eye pain.

9. Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Phenia,/ Gudmar” Usage-The leaves extract applied externally one spoon twice a day for 3-4 weeks to treat animal cataract and to cure human cataract.

10. Flacourtia indica Merr.syn. F. ramontchi L.Herit. (Flacourtiaceae) “Rakta Sokh / Bincha” Usage-Leaf juice applied in conjunctivitis, and fruit use in jaundice, liver problems, enlarged spleen. Gum use for cholera disease.

4.16

1. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” Usage-Warmed seed oil is applied internally 2-3 drops a day for 2-3 days to cure ear pain.

2. Benincasa hispida, Thunb. (Cucurbitaceae), “Bariha” Plant Habit-Cultivated, annual, climbing. Stem - hairy & tendrils. Leaves - alternate, Flower - axillary solitary cymose, unisexual, Fruit - large, white, ovoid, 1 ft. long. Seed - brown. Usage-The leaves juice mixed with “Hing” (Ferula foetida, Regel.) applied internally 2-3 drops twice a day for 2 days to treat ear pain.

3. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indrawan” Usage-The crushed fruit mixed with “Tili” (Sesamum indicum L.) oil slightly warm slow heat applied internally 3 drops twice a day for 21 days to cure the ear diseases.

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4. Cleome viscosa, Linn. (Capparidaceae), ‘Hurhur” Plant Habit-The plant is herbaceous, taproot, below woody, branched. Stem - erect. Leaf - compound 3-5 foliate, exstipulate. Racemose, bisexual, yellow, calyx-4, corolla-4. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The decoction of leaves applied internally once a day 3 drops for 7 days to cure pus and swelling into the ear.

5. Dendrophthoe falcata, (L.f.) E. (Loranthaceae), “Banda” Plant Habit-Parasitic suckers root. Stem - woody, cymose branched. Leaves- simple, opposite. Flower- bisexual, coloured. Fruit- pseudocarp, drupaceous, mucilaginous sticky substance. Host- trees. Usage-The leaf juice used internally 2-3 drops twice a day for 4-7 days to treat ear pain.

6. Jasminum arborescens, Roxb. (Oleaceae), “Chameli” Usage-The leaves juice applied orally 2-3 drops twice a day fpr 7-10 days to cure ear pus and pain.

7. Ocimum gratissimum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Ram Tulsi” Usage-The warm leaves juice used internally 3-4 drops twice a day for 3- 5 days to treat ear pain and pus.

8. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Apocynaceae), “Pili Kaner” Usage-The decoction of leaves warmed and applied internally 1 litter twice a day for 4-5 days to cure animal ear inflammation and pus.

9. Vitex negundo, Linn. (Verbenaceae), “Nirgundi” Usage-The leave juice used 2-3 drops once a day for 2-3 days as remedy for ear pain.

10. Vanda roxburghii, R.Br. (Orchidaceae), “Banda”

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Plant Habit- Perennial, epiphytic, often growing on the branches of trees in the forest hills. Root - climbing (Support roots) and aerial root, absorbing roots, fleshy. Stem - erect. Leaf - simple, alternate. Flower - solitary, racemose. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The leaves juice is applied in inflammation of ear 3 drops twice a day for 3 days.

11. Radermachera xylocarpa, (Roxb.) Roxb.ex K. Schum. (Bignoniaceac) “Garus” Plant Habit- The large deciduous tree, 70-100 ft. high, thick bark about 1 inch, light whitish colour. Stem - woody, branched. Leaves – large, compound, bipinnate, elliptic, entire, leaf base rounded,, 6-15 inches long scented. Flower - is bisexual whitish colour, axillary corymbose, panicles.Flowering from March-April. Fruits - A capsule, large 70-80 cm elongate. Seeds-many, and winged Usage-The seeds of plant mixed with mustared oil in boiled it and applied internally sleeping time 2-3 drops daily 5-7 days to cure/ remove of ear pus.

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1. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool” Usage-The seed powder mixed with honey applied internally a tea spoon twice a day for 2 weeks to cure bone fracture.

2. Equisetum debile, Roxb. (Equisetaceae), “Harjor" (Horse tail) Plant Habit-Perennial, herbaceous, horizontal rhizome, underground, and some branches appear from rhizome, clearly nodes, and internodes aerial, sterile and fertile lateral branches. Usage-The whole plant paste bind and used internally 2 spoons once a day daily for 21 days to treat bone fracture and also used to cure bone fracture of animals.

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3. Litsea glutinosa, Lour. (Lauraceae), “Maida” Plant Habit- The large tree, 80 ft high, thick bark about 1 inch, brown colour, and inner side red. Stem - woody, branched, hairy. Leaves - hairy rough, 3- 6 inches long scented. Flower - is bisexual yellowish, small. Fruits - are blackish or violet in colour. Usage-The paste of bark is paste applied to bind for one week to cure bone fracture.

4. Terminalia arjuna, W. & A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” Plant Habit-Large tree, woody, smooth branched. Leaves - with glands at the back of the leaf portion, just above petiole. Flower - racemose. Fruit - winged pale red. Usage-The powder of bark mixed with milk taken orally twice a day for 3 weeks one spoon daily to treat bone fracture.

5. Vitis quadrangularis, Wall. (Vitaceae), “Harjor” Plant Habit- Perennial, climber. Stem - tetra angular greenish, climbing tendrils borne at the nodes. Leaves - simple, opposite. Inflorescence- racemose or spikes. Flower -small greenish, bisexual. Fruit - berry. Usage-The plant paste is applying externally (tied) once a day for 1-3 weeks to cure bone fracture.

6. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae) “Mahua” Plant Habit- Perennial tree, Stem – branched, latex, woody. Leaves - simple, petiolate.Inflorescence- cymose. Flower- bisexual. Fruit- berry. Flowering- Feb Mar. Usage- The stem “Mahua” (Madhuca indica) Bark. “Dahiman” (Cordia macleodii) Bark, “Salai” (Boswellia serrata) bark and “Rohina/ Rakta Rohan” (Soymida febriifuga Roxb.) Bark, “Kumbhi/Slow match Tree” (Careya arborea Roxb.) paste of all barks together 50-50 g boiled and Keep in bottle, daily taken once a day one spoon 2nd day two spoons for 5 days to cure bone fracture and also

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stem bark paste is applied externally (tied) once a day for 1-3 weeks to cure bone fracture. 4.18

1.Bacopa monnieri,Linn. (Scrophulariaceae) “Brahmi” Plant Habit- A plant occurs of damp or moist habitat trailing and striking at the internodes greenish in colour. Leaves - simple, thick. Flower - small. Usage-The paste of fresh plant mixed with black pepper and a glass of milk taken one spoon twice a day for 4-5 weeks to cure lunacy and Memory.

2. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apiaceae / Umbelliferae), “Bramhi Buti” Plant Habit-The plant occurs of damp and moist habitat, trailing and striking at the internodes, greenish in colour. Leaves - simple, reniform. Flower - small, red. Usage- The powder of whole plant mixed equal amount “Shankhapushpi” (Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn.) root, “Jatamasi” (Tectaria caudata) root, whit “Safed Vach” (Acorus calamus) rhizome “Satavar kand” (Asparagusracemosus) and Black/ “Kali Musli” (Curculigo orchioides) and given one spoon with one glass milk once day for 2-3 weeks to cure memory and madness. The paste of fresh plant one spoon mixed with black pepper and a glass of milk taken twice a day for 3-4 weeks to cure lunacy and Memory.

3. Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. (Convolvulaceae), “Shankhapushpi” Plant Habit- Prostrate spreading herb, silky hairy, perennial. Leaves - simple, alternate, silky hairy. Flower - small, white pinkish both sides wheel shaped, tuberous root, floweringin Nov - May. Usage-The plant powder along with sugar applied internally one spoon twice a day for 3-4 weeks to treat lunacy.

4. Spilanthes acmella, Murr. (Asteraceae), “Akarkarha/ Akalkarha”

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Plant Habit- Erect, 30 cm tall annual herb. Leaves - opposite, simple. Flower - heads, terminal, ovoid, yellow. Flowering - Oct - Feb. Usage-The leaves paste along with equal parts of “Brahmi” (Centella asiatica, Linn.) leaves taken half a spoon twice a day for 5-6 weeks for lunacy.

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1. Aloe barbadensis, Mill. (Liliaceae), “Gheegwar” Plant Habit- It has cultivated, wild, xerophytic perennial herb. Stem- solid. Leaves – large, green, spines and succulent light red colour flowers. Inflorescence- raceme. Usage-The crushed leaves are pasted externally 3-4 times a day for 4-7 days to cure inflammation and suppression of fire burn.

2. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae), “Kalimusli” Plant Habit- Perennial herb. Stem - tuber, smooth, enables the plant totide over dry, rainless season. Leaves - narrow, thick, entire, solitary, bisexual, flowers yellow. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The tubers paste of taken twice a day for a week to cure inflammation of urinogenital duct.

3. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira” Usage-The paste of plants along with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaves used externally thrice a day for 3-4 days to cure fire burn.

4. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bar / Bargad” Usage-The leaves paste is mix with curd used externally 3-4 times a day for 2-3 days for suppression of inflammation, fire burn.

5. Lawsonia alba, Lam. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi/Hena”

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Usage-The paste of plant leaves orally used during sleeping periods in the form of poultice bandage once a day for 2 days to cure sole burn.

6. Terminalia arjuna, W.&A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” Usage-The bark powder is applied externally thrice a day for 4-5 days for treatment of fire burn wounds.

7. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru” Plant Habit- Plant is herb, hairy, branching prostrate, wild, annual or biennial. Leaves - pinnately compound. Flowers - solitary in the axile of the leaf. Sepals-5, petals-5, yellow ovary four chambered. Fruit - spiny 4-5 angled. Usage- The fruits, decoction with leaves, taken half cup once a day for 21 days for suppression of inflammation of urinogenital duct.

8. Urginea indica, Kunth. (Liliaceae), “Van piyaj” Plant Habit- A perennial herb. Stem - underground, bulb white. Leaves - radical, numerous swords shaped. Flowers - solitary. Fruits - capsule. Usage-The paste of bulb used externally twice a day for 5-7 days, when suffering from soles burning sensation.

9. Ventilago calyculata, Tul. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” Usage-The paste of leaves applied on fire burn thrice a day for a week.

4.20

1. Bacopa monnieri, Linn. (Scrophulariaceae), "Bramhi" Plant Habit-Plant, herb, prostrate, occurs in damp and marshy area inhabitant leaf thick. Usage-The plant juice mixed with “Doob ghass” (Cynodon dactylon, L.) 2 spoon daily 3-7 week taken orally to cure epilepsy

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2. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela / Palas” Usage-The root juice of given internally 2-3 drops into nose twice a day for 2 month daily to treat epilepsy and seed oil smell to cure epilepsy.

3. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Poaceae), “Doob ghass” Plant Habit-A perennial grass. Root - adventitious, Stem-prostrate. Leaves - narrow flat, Flower - umbel or spike, found all over India. Usage-The plant juice of taken 2 spoons twice a day for 6-7 weeks to cure epilepsy (Mirgi).

4. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apiaceae), “Brahmi buti” Usage- The plant juice mixed with honey applied internally 2-3 spoons twice a day for 2 months to get relief in epilepsy.

5.Dryopteris cochleata D.Don. (C.Chr.), (Dryopteridaceae), "Jata Shankri" Plant Habit- Rhizome thick, erect light-brown, brightly scaly; fronds approximate 20-30 x 10-15cm. dimorphic, bipinnatifid, stripe 15-30cm. long, pinnate green, alternate, Sub- sessile, 10-15 Pair hairy herbaceous in texture. Sori - much large. Usage-Extract of the dried rhizome is given one spoon twice a day for 21 days in epilepsy, and use in leprosy, cut, wound, pains, swelling, ulcer, snake bite, dog bite & strength, etc.

6. Lawsonia inermis, Linn. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi” Plant Habit- Perennial, cultivated, hedge plant. Leaves - small, oval, lanceolate. Flower -small, strongly fragrant, style long, solitary or racemose. Fruit - capsule, round. Usage-The leaf Juice of taken 2 spoons twice a day for 21 days to cure epilepsy.

7. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya”

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Usage-The leaf juice applied internally 2 drops in nose twice a day for 3 weeks to patients suffering from epilepsy. 3.21

1. Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.)Bl. (Araceae), “Suran Kanda” Usage-The vegetative parts, pickles of tuber twice a day for 3-4 weeks administered for piles.

2.Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Madar” Usage- Powder of root bark and “Sigat Mauri/ Kevkand” (Costus speciosus) root mixed with equal amount and given with 20g ( Purana Gud) jaggery 1-1 spoon two times a day for 3-5 weeks to cure of piles.

3. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman/Indryan” Usage- The “Koraiya” (Holarrhena antidysenterica) powdered of stem bark 10g along with (Gud) Jaggery 20g given orally once a day 1-3 weeks to cure of piles. , or The powdered of leaf 5g “Hathil” (Murraya exotica) “Koraiya” (Holarrhena antidysenterica) powdered of stem bark 5g along with (Gud) Jaggery15- 20g given orally once a day 1-3 weeks to cure of piles. The essence of roots and fruits applied orally twice a day for 2-3 days to cure piles and powder cure piles.

4. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nibu” Usage-The crushed fruits in the form of poultice bandage on piles once a day for 3 weeks.

5. Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” Usage-The fruit powder one spoon mixed with a glass of whey applied orally twice a day for 3-4 weeks for treatment of piles.

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6. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” Usage-The flowers paste along with whey one cup a day for 5-7 weeks to cure anus piles.

7.Mimosa púdica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chhuimui / Lajvanti” Usage-The leaves paste is applied externally, a spoon poultice bandage twice a day for 3-4 weeks for treatment of piles. or The seeds or flower powder of “Khirsali/Saherua” (Nyctanthes arbortristis) half spoon mixed in 1-cup water and candy taken early morning once a day for 1 week to treat piles. Food- Curd & Khicdi.

8.Woodfordia fruticosa, Kurz. (Lythraceae), “Dhavaii, / Phulchuhiya” Plant Habit- A large shrub distributed in forests of Shahdol. Stem - woody thin bark, branched, colour reddish brown. Leaves - simple, opposite, flower axillary, red colour. Usage- The pasted of fruit “Balam Khira / Gorakh-amli” (Adansonia digitata L.) 100g and “Chhuela/Palas” (Butea monosperma) root 100g and decoction twice a day taken one cup to cure Piles., or the powder of flowers mixed with a spoon honey given internally twice a day for 5 weeks as a remedy for piles.

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1. Abutilon indicum, (Linn) Sw. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” Usage-The powder of seeds taken half spoon twice a day daily about 2 month is to cure sterility.

2. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae),“Kalimusli/ Musarmundi” Usage-The crushed root powder mixed with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum, Linn.) seeds and “Satwar” (Asparagus racemosus, Willd.) roots powder together half a spoon daily given orally twice a day for 5-8 weeks for treatment of sterility, male or female and also use in piles, jaundice. International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 121

3. Mucuna prurita, Hook. (Fabaceae), “Kewanch” Plant Habit-An annual climber, herbaceous, hairy. Leaf - trifoliate. Flower - raceme but also spike. Fruit - pod and hairy and reactionous hairs. Usage-The roots powder taken half spoon twice a day for 5-7 weeks to cure female sterility and seeds also use.

4. Semecarpus anacardium, (Linn.) f (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” Usage-The crushed roots mixed with honey used internally twice a day for about 2 months, half a spoon to control sterlity.

5. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Charaita” Usage-The decoction of whole plant along with “Tulsi” (Ocimum sanctum L.) seeds powder 5g given orallytwice a day for 3-8 weeks to cure sterlity.

4.23

1. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira/ Latjeera” Usage-The leaves extract taken one spoon once a day for 4-5 days to treat mouth blister.

2. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” Usage-The resin (Katha) of heartwood along with water 3-4 gm thrice a day for 2 days applied internally to cure mouth blister.

3. Acacia Arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool, / Bamoor” Usage-The decoction of bark taken warmed gargled thrice a day for 2 days to cure mouth blister and the gum also taken orally to treat blister.

4. Eugenia jambolana, Lamk. (Myrtaceae), “Jamun” Usage-The fresh leaves chewed in suffering from mouth blister.

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5. Terminalia arjuna, W. &A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” Usage-The powder of stem bark mixed with coconut oil applied thrice a day for 3-4 days to treat mouth blister.

6. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” Usage-The fruits paste along with water given orally thrice a day for 2-3 days to cure mouth blister.

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1. Adiantum caudatum, Linn. (Polypodiaceae), “Mayurpankhi” Usage-The rhizome paste mixed with water taken once a day for 3-5 days to cure of intestinal parasitic worms.

2. Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Bhui Neem” Usage-The decoction of plant given orally twice a day half cup for before sleeping and early morning & before meals for 3-5 days to kill worms.

3. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Usage-The extract of whole plant is mix with “Bhui Neem” (Andrographis paniculata, Nees.) and honey taken orally half a spoon thrice a day for 2-3 days to kill worms.

4. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae) “Chhuela / Palas” Usage-The seed powder mixed with “Ajwain” (Trachyspermum ammi, Linn.) together and given internally half a spoon twice a day for a week to kill worms.

5. Centratherum anthelminticum, willd. (Asteraceae), “Van jeer”

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Usage-The seeds powder with water taken twice a day a teaspoon for 3-4 days.

6. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” Usage-The fruit or roots powder is used internally twice a day a tea spoon for 5 days to kill worms.

7. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” Usage-The juice of stem along with “Neem” (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaves a spoon twice a day for 4-5 day to relieve pain and to kill worms.

8. Embelia robusta (C.B. Cl.) non Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibring / Baibidang” Usage-The seed powder mixed with sugar and “Arandi” (Ricinus communis, Linn.) oil together one spoon a day for 4-6 days taken orally before sleeping to kill worms.

9. Gloriosa superba, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Kaliyari / Kalihari” Usage-The extract of roots mixed sugar applied externally one spoon a day for 3-5 day to treat intestinal worms.

10. Holarrhena antidysenterica, wall. (Apocynaceae), “Koraya / Kurchi” Plant Habit-A small tree, stem branched, woody thick bark. Leaves - simple, opposite. Inflorescence- cymose, bisexual, white flower. Fruit - fleshy drupe. Usage-The bark powder is applied internally half a spoon twice a day for a week for treatment of intestinal parasites.

11. Solanum indicum Linn. (Solanaceae), “Van Bhata” Usage-The extract of seeds along with “Neem”(Azadirachta indica, A.Juss.) leaves juice half teaspoon taken once a day for 3-4 days to kill worms.

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12. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” Usage-The whole plant decoction of taken half spoon twice a day for 4-5 days to kills intestinal parasites.

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1. Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. (Combretaceae), “Dhawa” Plant Habit-The plant is medium tree. Stem- white, woody branched. Leaves- simple, petiolate, sport coloured. Flower- raceme, small, yellow, bisexual. Fruit - angled wings. Usage-The stem gum of taken twice a day for 21 days to cure weakness.

2. Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” Plant Habit- Perennial, root, tuberous. Stem- herbaceous. Leaf- radical, parallel venation raceme flowers white., Fruit - a loculicidal capsule. Usage-The roots are powdered, mixed with “Satawar” (Asparagus racemosus, Willd.) root powder half a spoon thrice a day and a glass of milk daily for 3-4 weeks for treatment of suppression for weakness.

3. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi, / Hardi” Usage-The powder of roots mixed with cows ghee, clarified butter taken one spoon once a day and two spoon ghee for 2-3 weeks to cure weakness of women after delivery.

4. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae), “Musarmundi / Kalimusli” Usage-The roots are powdered, mixed with sugar and milk taken one spoon twice a day for 21 days to cure weakness of ill person and women after delivery.

5. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae), ‘Mahua’

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Usage-100 gm of fresh flowers boiled along with milk taken orally once a day for 3 weeks to treat weakness and fried or baked dry flower with “Tili” (Sesamum indicum, L.) seeds chewed to cure weakness.

6. Musa paradisiaca, Linn. (Musaceae), “Kera /Kela ” Plant Habit- Perennial herb, underground rhizome stem, leaf sheath rolled around one another forming a shaft, pseudo stem at the bottom. The stem tip elongates at the flowering time appears above inflorescence, Flower - terminal spikes spathe light red, large, unisexual. Fruit - berry. Usage-The 4-5 ripening fruits of eaten twice a day for 2-3 weeks to cure weakness.

7. Smilax zeylanica, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Ram datoon/ Sherdatoon” Plant Habit-Perennial, wild. Stem - yellowish spiny and branched, climbing by means of stipular, tendrils. Leaves - petiolate, simple, large. Flower- unisexual, umbel. Fruit -capsule or berry. Seed - albuminous. Usage-The powder of plant roots mixed with sugar, milk and honey taken orally twice a day one spoon for 21 days to cure weakness.

8. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Usage-The powdered fruits mixed with “Amla” (Emblica officinalis, Gaertn.), “Harra” (Terminalia chebula, Retz.) fruit powder and honey together taken half a spoon daily or one spoon twice a day for 2-3 weeks for suppression of weakness.

9. Tectariacaudata(Wall.) ex. Hook. Et. Grev) C.Chr. (Dryopteridaceac), "Jatamasi"Tectaria Plant Habit-Rhizome thick creeping, brown scaly bito tripinnatified at base, stripe 15-30 cm long; alternate sessile, pinnae green 10-15 pair, deeply lobed labiate-pennatifid, hairy, sori large, forked, veins.

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Usage-Rhizome cooked in ghee (fat) with “Brahmi” (Centella asiatica L.), “Chirchira” (Achyranthes aspera L.), and “Satavar” (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) and “Pipar” (piper longum L.) together prepared eaten twice a day one spoon for 3- 7 weeks to cure health strength and intellect.

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1.Allium Sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” Usage-The crushed bulbs mixed with “Sarso” (Brassica compestris, L.) oil and “Hing” (Ferula foetida, Regal.) together warmed and applied externally on body 3-4 times a day for 2-3 days to cure pneumonia cold.

2.Butea superba, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Persutiha / Lata Palas” Plant Habit- The plant is climber, shrub, and woody. Leaves- pinnate, trifoliate. Flowers -showy much curved. Fruits- pod, linear thin with one seed at the point. Usage-The decoction of roots taken orally half a cup and their root and wood along with “Ram Datoon” (Smilax zeylanica Linn.) root, “Satawar” (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) root, “Musarmundi’ (Kalimusli)” (Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn.) tuber, “Mahua” (Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel), bark, and “Neem” (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves are warmed in water to bath women after delivery to control chill and pneumonia once a day for 5-7 days

3.Dryopteris marginata, Wall. (Polypodiaceae), “Paharia/ Pahadia” Plant Habit- It is commonly occurs in moist, shady places. Rhizome- underground. Leaves- pinnately compound, petiolate, long rounded sori, linear chained green in colour. Usage- The paste of leaves along with bamboo sugar 2 gm and “Neem” (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss.) barks powder together given internally half or one teaspoon and a cup of milk 2-3 times a day for 2-3 days to cure pneumonia & cold.

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4. Gardenia lucida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Malin / Mali” Usage-The plant twig apex of gum/resin applied orally 1 gm and gum is boiled in “Sarso/ Mustard” (Brassica compestris L.) oil and applied by external masaj after child birth to both Kids & their mother to cure chill &Pneumonia.

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1. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Poaceae), “Doob Ghas” Usage-The paste of plants leaf mixed with “Bhakrendi” (Jatropha curcas, Linn.) oils, applied topically twice a day foe 3-4 weeks to relieve pain for crack heal.

2. Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrendi” Usage-The seed oil is orally used 3 times a day for 3-5 weeks to relieve inflammation of crack heal.

3. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Randi” Usage-The seeds oil externally used 2-3 times a day for 4-5 weeks to cure crack heal. 4.28

1. Madhuca indica, (J.F.) Gmel (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” Usage-Pure and fresh liquor of flowers half a cup along with ‘Onion/Pyaj’ extract 2 spoons given orally 4-5 times a day for 1-2 days on vomiting and diarrhoea for treatment of cholera.

2. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Murra / Ainthi” Usage-The power of fruits along with onion juice and “Mahua” (Madhuca indica, (J.F.) Gmel.) flower’s Liquor half a cup 5-7 times a day for 1-2 days to cure cholera.

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3. Pueraria tuberosa, D.C. (Fabaceae), “Patal Kohnda” Usage-The fresh or powder of tuber a spoon mixed with “Murra” (Helicteres isora, Linn.) seed powder half a spoon together taken orally thrice a day for 1-2 days for treatment of continuous vomiting and diarrhoea, cholera.

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1. Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae), “Vach” Usage-The root paste mixed with Peepal (Ficus religiosa Linn.) root powder taken twice a day for effective delivery.

2.Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Bada Chakuda” Usage-The crushed fresh leaves are applied internally 1-2 spoon twice a day as a relief for delivery.

3. Gardenia túrgida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Kharahari” Plant Habit- This is perennial. Stem - erect, brown, woody thick bark branches. Leaves- opposite, spiny. Flowers - cluster, axillary. Fruit - capsule. Usage-The leaves paste mixed with black piper taken orally 2 spoons 1-2 times a day for delivery.

4.Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Rendi” Usage-The seeds oil half a spoon along with warmed milk once a day given orally for easy delivery.

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1. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Usage-The plant leaves boiled with water used once a day as bath for a week to cure body inflammation and swelling of small pox.

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2. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi” Usage- The powered plants tuber mixed with “Tili” (Sesamum indicum, Linn.) oil applied externally after bath once a day for 5-7 days for treatment of inflammation of small pox. 4. 31

1. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae), “Bel” Usage-The essence of leaf are mixed with “Ramna” (Acacia donaldi, Nov.) leaves, one spoon a day for 2-3 days taken to cure bitter vomiting and most down acidity.

2.Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Usage-The plant bark/leaves boiled with water used once a day as bath for a week to cure vomiting.

3. Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. (Poaceae), “Bans” Plant Habit- Perennial tree like 50 -100 ft high., Roots- adventitious, develop from nodes., Stem- aerial, cylindrical, solid culm with hollow internode., Leaves- simple, alternate, parallel veined, hairy., Flower- bisexual, cymos, sessile. Seed- single cotyledon. Usage- The paste of two and half leaves along with 2 black pipers given internally only 1-2 times after vomiting.

4. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae),”Murra / Aainthi” Usage-The root paste is applies orally 2-3 times a day to cure vomiting and its fruit is used to cure vomiting.

5. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkacha / Amaltas” Usage-The crushed juice of fruits mixed with water taken orally twice a day, half a cup to treat vomiting.

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6. Randia dumetorum, Lamk. (Rubiaceae), “Mainahar/Mainphal” Plant Habit- Perennial small tree woody stem, smooth, erect., Leaves- opposite, simple solitary or axillary, flower white calyx-5 corolla-5. Fruit - drupe. Usage-The dry fruits fried and powdered and mixed with 2-3 black piper seeds powder taken with honey half spoon, once or twice a day for treatment of vomiting. 4. 32

1. Annona squamosa, Linn. (Annonaceae), “Sitaphal” Plant Habit-Perennial shrubs., Stem- branched, woody, brown, and erect. Leaves - simple, alternate., Flower - solitary, regular, bisexual. Fruit - 2-3 inches, big, apocarpus, Seeds - long black. Usage-The leaves extract used in the hair once a day, alternate 3 days to kill lice in the hair on head.

2. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Usage-The plant bark/leaves boiled with water used once a day as bath for a week to cure dandruff.

3. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” Usage-The juices of leaves mixed with “Kapoor” (Cinnamomum camphora, Nees & Eberm.) externally used in the hair, continue 2-3 days for killing of lice on head.

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1. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” Usage-The powdered roots mixed with “Safed Ghumchi” (Abrus precatorius sp.) roots sugar made pills taken menstruation time 2 pills given in once a day for 3-4 days for family planning (Birth Control).

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2. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” Usage- The stem juice taken, during female menstruation time half cup of its juice once a day for 3 days to control child birth in the women.

3. Momordica dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae), (Male) “Padora Kand” Usage- The 20g of root mixed with (old/ Purana Gud) Jaggery given early morning empty stomach after MC (Menstrual Cycle) for 3-7 days to treatment for family planning (Birth Control).

4. Vetiveria zizanioides, Linn. (Poaceae), “Oorii Ghass” Plant Habit- Perennial branching, roots highly aromatic, Stem - leafy, with hard 2-3.5 feet high smooth, leaves. Sheath is smooth, Leaves - blades-narrow, linear erect, lanceolate, sessile, spikelet branch, purplish. Usage-The roots are aqueous pasted mixed with “Amarbel” (Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb.) half a cup once a day for 4 days given to control M.C. period in women, internal application in birth control of child.

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1. Canavalia ensiformis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Seama, Badi Semi” Plant Habit-Annual climber, herbaceous., Leaves - simple, trifoliate, pulvinus., Flowers -racemose, bisexual, calyx 5, corolla 5, white., A twiner bearing large sword like pods. Seed - red in colour. Usage-40-50 gm fruits of boiledand taken once a day for 3 weeks to cure hernia (Testis swollen and pain).

2. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” Usage-The oil of seeds externally applied first use “Sarso/Mustard” (Brassica compestris, Linn.) oil and then use after sometime, about 2 minutes once or twice a day for 3-8 days to treat hernia disease.

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1. Acacia leucophloea, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Reanja” Plant Habit-The medium tree stem woody, bark white brown, twigs spiny. Leaf - compound, bipinnate. Flowers - racemose, small, bisexual, calyx 5, corolla 5, yellow, polyandrous. Fruit - legume. Usage-The gum of stem is use internally twice a day half a spoon for 7 days to cure cuts and wounds as an antiseptic.

2. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” Usage-The leaves juice are taken twice a day one spoon for 7 days to treat wound and hurt as an antiseptic and also their oil used orally as an antiseptic.

3. Ampelocissus arnottiana, Planch. (Vitaceae), “Amrolla” Plant Habit- The annual, herb, climber, tendril. Stem - smooth, purple reddish. Leaves - simple, roughly, petiolate. Flower- clustered, small. Fruit - blackish in bunches. Usage-The paste of plant roots external application to cut and wounds once a day for 2 weeks to cure septic.

4. Hyptis suavelens, (Linn.) Poit, (Lamiaceae), “Bantulsi/ Gangatulsi, Vilayti Tulsi” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial, erect, pubescent, herb. Stem- slightly woody, four angled branched. Leaves- opposite, lanceolate. Inflorescence- racemose, lipped whitish, flowering Sep - Apr. Usage- The essence of leaves used internally taken on hurt and wounds as an antiseptic, skin disease and cure blood coagulant.

5. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” Usage-The essence of leaves one spoon administered twice a day for 8- 10 days to treat wound for antiseptic. It is also use for treatment of eye infection.

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1. Euphorbia thymifolia, Linn (Euphorbiaceae) "Chhoti Dudhi" Usage-Whole fresh plant, paste of mixed with black piper 2-3 seeds 1 spoon twice a day given orally before meals for 2 days to treatment of diarrhoea, stool, and use in Jaundice.

2. Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) “Liptis” Usage- Crushed of bark and mixed in water given ½ cup 2-3 times a day to cure stool,

3.Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” Usage-The crushed pulp of fruitsalong with salt taken, 2-3 times a day 10- 15 gm for 2-3 days to cure diarrhoea.

4. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Murra / Ainthi” Usage-The fruit powder are applied internally twice a day for 1-2 days half a spoon for treatment of diarrhoea.

5. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” Usage-The essence of leaves mixed with sugar given orally 2-3 times a day half a cup to cure diarrhoea.

6. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Bijahra/Bija Sal” Usage-The essence of barks taken twice a day for 2-3 days half cup to cure diarrhoea.

7. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitawar/ Chitrak” Usage-The root powder is mix with whey half a glass and one spoon taken 2-3 times a day for 1-2 days to treat diarrhoea.

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8. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” Usage-The unripe fruit along with curd & salt applied internally a spoon & one cup curd twice a day for 1-2 days to cure diarrhoea.

9. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” Usage-The ash of fruit mixed with black salt, taken half a spoon 2-3 times a day to cure diarrhoea.

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1. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool / Babul” Usage-The juice of barks mixed with honey taken two times a day half a cup for 2-4 days for treatment of dysentery.

2. Aegle marmelos, Corre. (Rutaceae), “Bel” Usage-One ripe fruit pulp mixed with sugar fruit pulp taken once a day orally 3-4 days to treat dysentery and it is also used to cure hyperacidity.

3. Alternanthera sessilis, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kachri” Plant Habit- An annual prostrate herb common in damp places. Leaves - simple, opposite. Stem - erect. Flowers - small clusters, axillary, branched, main axis, white. Fruit - dry, one seeded. Usage-The paste of root bark along with curd taken orally twice a day a spoon and half glass curd for 2-3 days for treatment of dysentery and its flowers are also used for dysentery.

4. Euphorbia hirta, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) "Badi dudhi" Usage-The paste of fresh plants mixed with “kurchi “(Holarrhena antidysenterica wall.), barks and 1-2 seeds black piper twice a day applied orally before meals, for 2 day to cure dysentery and also use in diarrhoea.

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5. Eugenia jambolana, Lamk. (Myrtaceae), “Jamun” Plant Habit-Large tree, Stem - woody, branched, thick bark brown, Leaves - Simple petiolate, Flower - Solitary, terminal, bisexual, Fruit - black drupe. Usage-The essence of bark along with “Mahua” (Madhuca indica, Gmel.) bark and “Semal” (Bombax malabaricum, D.C.) bark together applied internally half a cup once a day for 3 days to cure dysentery.

6. Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” Usage-The fruit pulp mashed is used in the treatment of dysentery once a day for 3 days for treatment of dysentery.

7. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. (Apocynaceae), “Koraya/ Kurchi“ Plant Habit-Small tree., Stem - woody, Leaf - simple, opposite. Inflorescence - cymose umbellate, bisexual. Flower- calyx 5, corolla 5, and. Fruit - long follicle. Seed -winged hairy. Usage-The extract of fresh bark of young plants is given twice a day for 3 days to cure dysentery.

8. Ougeinia oojeinensis, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Sandan / Tinsa” Plant Habit-Small tree.,Stem- woody. Leaves- trifoliate, petiolate. Flowers - long and showy, racemose, calyx 5, corolla 5, Fruit - legume, Seed - non endospermic. Usage-The essence of bark mixed with “Semal” (Bombax malabaricum. D.C.), bark juice together given orally half a cup once a day for 3-4 days to cure dysentery.

9. Smilax zeylanica, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Sherdaoon / Ramdatoon” Usage-The root s powder one spoon mixed with a cup of curd administered twice a day for 2-3 days to treat dysentery.

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10. Shorea robusta, Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae), “Sarai / Sal” Plant Habit-Large tree. Stem - woody, bark thick. Leaves- simple, large. Flower - yellowish small, winged corolla persistent. Fruit- drupe. Usage-Plant gum, powder of plants mixed with cow milk taken one spoon and a cup of milk 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days to control dysentery.Their plant flowers, powder 1/2 spoons with water taken for treatment of diarrhoea, Stool.

11.Saccharum spontaneum (Linn.) (Poaceae) “Kans/Kanshi” Usage-Crushed of Plant root and “Tinsa/Sandan” (Ougeiniaoojeinensis) bark mixed in water and given 1- ½ cup 3 times a day for 3-7 days to cure dysentery. 4. 38

1. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. (Liliaceae), “Satawar” Usage-The powdered root along with sugar given orally, half a spoon twice a day for 5-7 days to cure milk secretion and it is also useful for animal milk secretion.

2. Cyperus rotundus, Linn. (Cyperaceae), “Gangaura /Nagarmotha” Plant Habit-Perennial, underground rhizome blackish herb. Stem - solid, green, cylindrical, 1-3 ft. smooth. Leaves - long, linear, thin. Flowers - greenish white, small clusters terminal. Seed - round small. Usage-The paste of rhizome used internally twice a day one spoon for 7 days to cure milk secretion and its powder is use for curing milk secretion.

3. Chlorophytum tuberosum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” Usage-The powder of tuberous is one spoons given orally for 7 days to improve of milk secretion and also power generate.

4. Pergularia daemia (Forck) syn. Daemia extensa (R.Br.)(Asclepiadaceae) “Doodhibel”

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Plant Habit -A slender, twining growing on hedges herb. Stem – latex much branched. Leave – cordate, deciduous, hairy, acute, Flower bunched cymose. Fruit - hairy. Flowering – May to July Seed – Tuft of silky hairs, Flat. Usage- The root paste ½ spoons given orally once a day for 7 days toimprove milk secretion(lactation) is man & cow, buffalo, She-goat etc.

5. Oxystelma esculentum R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Hiran Khuri” Plant Habit-A root tap branched glabrous climbing herb. Root – tap, branched Stem-many, slender a much branched. Leave-deciduous, thin, pale green up to 9 - 11 cm long, lanceolate linear, acute, acuminate, base rounded or cordate. Flower- drooping. 3cm or more across, peduncle often exceeding leaves. Calyx- oblong lanceolate acute. Corolla-rotate, rose coloured with purple, grey, veins, lobes with ciliate edges. Corona scales a cuminate, with incurved tips. Follicles glabrous. Usage-The root juice one spoon twice a day for 3-weeks to control jaundice and also used one spoon root paste for women lactation and also in animals.

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1. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair / Katha” Usage-The stem’s heart wood resin powder mixed with lime applied externally 1-2 times a day for 2-3 days to cure cut, wounds, and help in simple cough treat blood coagulation.

2. Aegle marmelos, Corre. (Rutaceae), “Bel” Usage-The leaves paste is apply externally twice a day for a week to treat wounds and control of sugar.

3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Piaj / Piyaj”

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Usage-The pasted bulb is mix with “Haldi” (Curcuma longa, L.) powder and “Sarso” (B. campestris,) oil warmed together applied externally on wound, cut and hurts.

4. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patharchata” Usage-The young leaves paste tied on wounds applied for healing of cut, hurt, and wounds and jaundice, liver tonic.

5. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” Usage-The stem paste mixed with “Adrak” (Zingiber officinalis, Rosc.) leaves applied externally once a day for 4-5 days to cure healing wounds.

6. Carissa carandas, Linn. (Apocynaceae), “Karaunda” Plant Habit-Perennial shrub. Stem - woody. Leaf - simple, opposite. Inflorescence - cymose. Flower - bisexual, hypogynous, calyx-5, corolla-5. Fruit - drupe with milk. Usage-The root’s paste is used externally, tied poultice for treatment of healing of cuts and wounds. It is also use to protect the wound infection, from insects and parasite attacks.

7. Chlorophytum tuberosum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” Usage-The paste of tuberous is one spoons given orally for 7 days to cure wound healingand power generate.

8. Ficus infectoria, Roxb. (Moraceae), “pakri” Plant Habit-The plants are tree. Stem - woody, white bark branched. Leaves - simple, petiolate, hypanthodium. Flower- small. Fruit - drupe. Usage-The barks powder is applied externally once a day for 3-7 days for treatment of wound healing and syphilis.

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9. Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Fenia, Gudmar” Usage-The leave paste as poultice tied on animal wound that kill insect parasite and healing of cut, wounds, and skin disease.

10. Heliotropium indicum, Linn. (Boraginaceae), “Hathisund” Usage-The leaf paste is apply externally twice a day for 3-4 days to cure wounds and infection.

11. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Dudhia / Anantmool” Usage-The powder of roots applied externally twice a day for 7days to cure cut, wound and use in snakebite, fever jaundice.

12. Lawsonia inermis, Linn. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi” Usage-The paste of young leaves is tie on wound once a day for 2-4 days to treat “Kindri” (foot fingers mostly in rainy season swelling during rainy & other season) and wounds, stone, liver strong.

13. Moringa oleifera, Lamk (Moringaceae), “Munga / Sahijan” Usage-The bark paste is use externally once a day for 2-3 days for killing insect and wound healing. The root bark paste juice is apply for capturing fish.

14. Tridex procumbens, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Baramasi” Plant Habit- Annual or perennial. Stem - weak, soft, prostrate. Leaves - alternate, thick, hairy, and simple. Head inflorescence - 15 cm long yellowish. Usage-The leaf juice is topically used twice a day for 3-7 days for treatment of cut,wounds and psoriasis.

15. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma”

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Usage-The oil seed applied externally twice a day for 8-10 days but before use, applied Mustard oil then Bhelma oil for treatment of snake bone (spine) infection, inside of foot sole.

16. Mitragyan parvifolia Korth. (Rubiaceae) “Kaim” Usage-The paste of leaf externally applied for cut and wound.

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*High Blood Pressure* 1. Moringa oleifera Lam. Syn. M. pterygosperma Gaertn. (Moringaceae) “Munga” Usage-The fresh leaf extract ½ cup taken once a day for 3-weeks to treat high blood pressure and tender leafs vegetable used for appetizers.

2. Cordia macleodii Hook. (Boraginaceae) “Dahiman” Usage- The paste of stem bark mixed with equal amount of “Kumbhi” (Caria arborea) stem bark and “Gurij/Giloe” (Tinospora cordifolia) stem given ½ cup two times a day for 5-7 days to treat of high blood pressure.

*Low Blood Pressure* 3. Terminalia arjuna W. & A. (Combretaceae) “Arjun/Kahua” Usage-The bark of stem powder ½ teaspoons or juice 1-2 spoons taken daily for 1-3 months to cure low blood pressure. And also bark applies in cardiac tonic, sores, antidote and bilious affections, bone fracture etc. The bark applies in low blood pressure cardiac tonic, sores, bilious affections and antidote, bone fracture etc.

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1. Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch. (Araceae) Corm (Lakshmana Kanda / Tuber) Plant Habit-Annual or perennial. Stem- weak, soft, hairy white green spoted, Umbel like. Leaves- Compound, leaflet opposite. Head inflorescence 10-15 cm long yellowish. Usage- The paste (juice) of corm (wash before hot water to wounds) topically usedtwice a day for 30 days to treatment of skin cancer.

2. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f. (Anacardiaceae) “Bhelma/Bhilwa” Usage- The roasted and powdered of seeds one spoon, with hony given 1 spoon daily twice a day till one month to treat of external cancer. And also other plants applied like Honeybee house(Madhu Makkhi chhatta) “Semar / Semal” (Bombax malabaricum) stem bark, “Neem” (Azadirachta indica) bark/leaf, “Dotte bela” (Vitis sp.) root (tuber) past of plants parts and fried in Cow fat (Ghee) and use externally two times a day for 3-5 weeks to treat of external cancer.

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1. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” Usage- The plant about 50 gm of leaves paste mixed with one glass of curd taken twice a day to cure stomachache and skin disease. The decoction of leaves is use externally on wounds 3 times a day for 7 days to treat cattle foot and mouth disease, (Khurpaka Muhapaka).

2. Melia azadirachta, Linn. (Meliaceae) “Bakain Neem” Usage-One glass decoction, of leaves given orally twice a day for 1-2 weeks to cure cattles gout and rheumatism, blood purifier.

3. Calotropis procera, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Madar”

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Usage-The root paste 20 gm mixed with 5gms black piper taken twice a day for 2 - 3 days to cure tilman (hafri rog)(Galaghotu) anthrax disease.

4. Curculigoorchioides, Giaertn. (Amaryllideae) “Musarmundi/ Kalimusli” Usage-The whole plants paste of mixed with Tobacco/Tambakhu, crushed leaf used externally twice a day for 5-7 days to treat destroy wounds maggots.

5. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae) “Ainthi / Murra” Usage-The fruit powder along with black salt, “ Ajwain seed” (T. ammi, L.), “Harra fruits” (T. chebula, Retz.) and “Bahera fruits” (T. belerica, Roxb.), all are mixed and powdered then 30-40 gm powder along with 2 glass of water given one or two times a day for 2 days to cure stomach pain and griping.

6. Abelmoschus crinitus, Wall. (Malvaceae) “Amru” Usage-The powder of calyx along with black salt, “Harra fruits” (T.chebula, Retz.) and “ Amla fruits” (Emblica officinalis, Gaertn.) powder, 30-50 gm of powder along with water given orally twice a day for 1-2 days to cure stomach ache.

7. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae) “Bhelma” Usage-Plant’s 40 to 50 gm seed oil taken orally twice a day for 2 days to cure Galaghotu disease.

8. Amorphophallus campanulatus, Blume. (Araceae) “Suran kanda” Usage-50-100 gm corn paste mixed with cow urine taken 2 spoons glass twice a day for 2-3 days to cure Galaghotu disease.

9. Azadirachta indica, A.Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem”

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Usage-20 gm leaves powder, “Ajwain” seeds 10 gms (T.ammi, L.) and “Munga bark” (M.oleifera, Lamk.)10 gTurmeric,” Lahsun” (Allium sativum L.), all together mixed and taken orally twice a day 2-3 spoons for 2-3 days to treat fever.

10. Echinops echinatus, Roxb. (Asteraceae) “Safed Kantili” Usage-The roots paste or powder along with “Kalimusli” (C.orchioides, Gaertn.) plant used externally once a day for 3-7 days to treat destroy wounds maggots and hair like.

11. Alangium salviifolium, Linn. (Alangiaceae) “Kolha” Usage-20gm root paste along with 200 gm Cow milk given orally 100 gm twice a day for 3-4 days to treat dog bite.

Salaiya/Salen Tree:(Boswellia serrata Roxb.)

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CHAPTER5 Comparative Study of Baiga and Other Tribals

This book include important topic like Ethnomedicine (Medicinal plants) and traditional knowledgeof Baiga tribes of Amarkantak region in M.P.Ethnobotany is not synonymous with traditional medicine. Traditional medicine has its roots in ethnobotanical folklore but today, it incorporates several well-organised, distinct systems of diagnosis and cure. In India alone, three traditional systems of medicine, namely Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani are distinguished. Ethnobotany includes study of foods, fibres and dyes, other useful and harmful plants, taboos, avoidances and magico-religious beliefs about plants. Man-plant relationship can be classified into two groupsa) Abstract and (b) Concrete. The abstract relationship of man and plants includes faith in the good or bad powers of plants, taboos, avoidances, sacred plants, worship and folklore.

The ethnomedicinal survey provides primary data on the forests and the indigenous knowledge which is exercised by the aboriginal inhabitants of the district. The Baiga tribals and forest interact with each other in a homogenous way and they can be called as single unit.

The Ethnomedicinal plants of Amarkantak (in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh) have always attracted the author since his Post graduation days.Due to its deep forest and tribal communities, almost all types of aboriginals reside there. Not only this, but the district is also surrounded by tribal rich districts like Umaria, Shahdol, Sidhi, Dindori, Mandla, in M.P. and Balaghat, Ambikapur, Bilaspur and Korea, in C.G. state.

Comparative Study of Baiga and other Tribals: Tribal Communities:-

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These district forms the main tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh as the total tribal population of the M.P is 1.53 crore (as in 20011) which is a little above 21.10% of the total population of India.Their population according to theCensus 2001, was 390,000 and 2011 (250,000) of MP. Madhya Pradesh has total 46 scheduled tribes who inhabit the state.

List of notified Scheduled Tribes : - 1 Agariya 2 Andh 3 Baiga 4 Bhaina 5 Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando 6 Bhattra 7 Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia 8 Bhil Mina 9 Bhunjia 10 Biar, Biyar 11 Binjhwar 12 Birhul, Birhor 13 Damor, Damaria 14 Dhanwar 15 Gadaba, Gadba 16 Gond; Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti,Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi 17 Halba,Halbi 18 Kamar 19 Karku 20 Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri 21Keer (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts) 22 Khairwar, Kondar 23 Kharia 24 Kondh, Khond, Kandh 25 Kol 26 Kolam 27 Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya 28 Korwa, Kodaku 29 Majhi 30 Majhwar 31 Mawasi 32 Mina (in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district) 33 Munda 34 Nagesia, Nagasia 35 Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad 36 Panika (in Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts) 37 Pao 38 Pardhan, Pathari Saroti 39 Pardhi (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts) 40 Pardhi; Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia [in (1) Bastar, Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh, Seoni and Surguja districts, (2) Baihar tahsil of Balaghat district, (3) Betul and Bhainsdehi 'tahsils of Betul district, (4) Bilaspur and Katghora tahsils of Bilaspur disitrict, (5) Durg and Balod tahsils of Durg district, (6) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspectors Circles of Rajnandgaon district, (7) Murwara, Patan and Sihora tahsils of Jabalpur district (8) Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tahsils of Hoshangabad district and Narsimhapur district, (9) Harsud

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tashil of Khandwa district, (10) Bindra-Nawagarh, Dhamtari and Mahasamund tahsils of Raipur district ] 41 Parja 42 Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor 43 Saonta, Saunta 44 Saur 45 Sawar, Sawara 46 Sonr etc.

A few tribes have been selectedfor comparative study namely;Agaria, Baiga, Bhil, Bhumia, Gonds, Khairwar, Kols, Panikas, Pao, (Pavras), Bahria, Kanvar, Paliha, and they aredescribed below.

1. Baiga:-

The ‘Baiga’ formerly practiced cultivation or shifting cultivation, burning down patches of forests and sowing seeds after breaking of the rain in the ground fertilized by the ashes. Gradually, they adopted settled life and many of them have now become regular cultivators for the transplantation of rice. Men only uproot the seedlings which women transplant and also harvest the crops. The Baigas also collect and sell honey and other forest products. They are expert wood cutters. They dislike steady continuous labour and prefer to rest after working for a few days. They possess an extraordinary skill in the use of axe, bow and arrow for hunting. They catch fish by net, damming streams in hot weather and throwing some leaves or roots and seedsto whiskor stupefy fish.

Various treatment or methods applied by Baiga Vaidyas: ‘Baigas’ formerly usedwhole plant parts in his medicinal practices and applied it for various diseases. This was one of the oldest methods. Plants were used as- Ash, Crushed, Cooked, Cooked Cake (Bread form), Decoction, Juice, and heat and mixed along with Liquid, Oil Massage, Paste, Raw, Ripe, and Solid, with sugar and pills (Candy), and Jaggery or applied as medicineetc.

Plant Parts-The uses of different Plant parts as Root & Root Bark, Stem & Stem Bark, Leaf, Bud, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Oil, Gumsand Tannins,etc.

Doses& time- Duration, before & after Meals, Empty Stomach, Weight- Table or Tea Spoon, Glass, Cup, Gram. Live for Careful Life (health).Taken with water, milk, sugar. External uses along with oil, water etc.

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Note - Medicinal plant harvesting period is decidedby Baiga tribals; individual or in groups. It is regulated by different factors like - Season, Month, Day, Early Morning, Mid Day and Evening time.

2. Agaria:

The Agaria functions as the blacksmiths (Luhar) and they usually confine themselves to mining and smelting of iron.They make utensils and crude iron implements used in agriculture, forest operations and wood-cutting. Since these are among the poorest of the tribes, they also work as landless labourers to supplement their income. They are reported to have immigrated to Rewa State about 100 years ago. Their original home was the village Rajaura in Rewa and their first settlement in Mirzapur was in Khairahi and Dudhi. They do not worship any of the regular Hindu deities but make offerings to the village Gods in the month of ‘Agrahan/Aghan’ (November-December) and ‘Paus’ (December- January) to their tribal deity ‘Lahasura Devi’ the Goddess of Iron.

Medicine practice: Medicinal plant practices are also prevalent among Agaria. They treatthe diseasesasper the Baiga methodsbut these people are mostly engaged in occupations like the blacksmiths, cultivation of crops and they also collect forest product.

3. Gonds:

Gonds constitute the principal tribe of the Central India. The term ‘Gond’ is taken from Gondi language. It came from the Tamil word, Kond thatgot convert to Gond with the passage of time. Itmeans Koi or Koitur, the word means unknown. About a century ago, the ‘Gonds’ used to live naked and were represented as Savages. They lived on wild roots, stems,leaves, and fruits and often killed strangers to offer them as a sacrifice to their Gods.

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Medicine practice:Gond practicedplants drugs as Baiga Vaidya but they have good interest in agriculture and they also collect forest product. They are more advance in social background and intellectual then Baiga people.

4. Khairwar:

The Khairwar are primitive tribes of Chhota Nagpur plateau and are in majority around Jaisinghnagar- Khairwar tola, Pushprajgarh, Sarguja, Umaria and Shahdol district. They are considered to be closely connected with the ‘Gonds’ and ‘Kanvar’ who were once dominant in Sarguja and Umaria districts, but were expelled from these tracts many centuries ago by the Gorkhas and other tribes and come to Sarguja. It is said that they originally belong to the Palamau district of Bihar. The population then consisted of ‘Khairwar’, ‘Gond’, ‘Kanvar’ and others. The ‘Gonds’ got reconciliated with the ‘Khairwar’ and allowed them to remain in the hill tracts bordering Sarguja, in Chhattisgarh state.

They have a very dark oval face with pyramidal low nose, thick, protuberant lips and high cheek bones. Their hair is black and straight. The most probable derivation of their name came from their emigration from the place called Khairagarh in Bilaspur district (C.G. State). The ‘Khairwar’ of the Kaimur hills certainly named after the tree. They are generally recognized as ‘Gonds’ who have taken up the preparation of Catechu (Kattha/Khair). Crooke (1986) described them as admittedly a compound of various jungle tribes who have taken to this special occupation in Shahdol and Umaria districts.

Medicine practice: Khairwar are primitive tribe of M.P., they practice plants drugs as Baiga Vaidya,but they are good in making Kattha and also associate in agriculture. They collected forest productand active in other activities like being Gram Pradhan, Sarpanch etc. They are advance andsimilar to Baiga people in social background and intellect.

5. Kols:

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They are found in villages and interior parts of the district and claims to be the descendants of ‘Shabri’,a female character in Hindu epic;Ramayana.

The genesis of the term has been traced back to the term ‘Kuli’meaning man who carries loads on his head or back and was usually applied in the districts Rewa, Shahdol and Sidhi. The other account however, strongly challenges this and holds that the word ‘Kol’ has a link with the Santhali word, ‘Hor’ meaning man. Due to the process of modification of the word through passage of time the letter ‘H’ got changed into ‘K’ and ‘r’ into ‘l’ and assumed different forms such as ‘Koro’ and ‘Kolo’ and ultimately ‘Kol’.

Over a period of time ‘Kols’ have gradually lost their own language. They used to speak ‘Koli’ or ‘Gondi’ language but now it is being fastly replaced by Bagheli. The ‘Kols’ believe in many Hindu gods and goddess, viz ‘Ram’, ’Hanuman’ and ‘Shankar’ besides their own deities namely ‘Banaspati Mata’, ‘Phulmati Mata’, ‘Bhagavti’, ‘Dulha Deo’, ‘Bhairav deva’, ‘Baghesura’, and Mata Sharda.

Medicine practice: ‘Kols’ are primitive tribes of M.P., they provide treatment through plants drugs same as Baiga Vaidya, but they are interested in hard work like‘Kuli’ man who carries load on his head or back and the term was usually applied in our area. They have a strong panchayat whose headis called ‘Mukhiya’ and the decisions of the panchayat for settlement of disputes are final and binding and are strictly enforced. They are same in social background and intellect like Baiga people.

6. Panika:

The ‘Panika’ are a small weaving tribe, scattered in different villages of Shahdol district. Most of them are either small cultivators or landless labourers. They are known as ‘Panika’ or ‘Panika’. They are also employed as kotwar or watchman. Weaving used to be their traditional occupation, but now they have

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more or less given up the trade, as the rough cloth prepared by them is not much in demand.

Medicine practice: Panika tribe also uses plant drugs like Baiga Vaidya, but they are good in hard work. They are also employed as Kotwar, watchman (guard). Weaving used to be their traditional occupation. They are either engaged in agriculture and other activities like local dance (dance by boys in female dresses) in festival and different ceremonies. 7. Pao (Pavras):

Pao (Pavras) tribe is usually settled around Jaisinghnagar tehsil in Shahdol district. Mandla and Dindori district also have this tribe, but in scattered form. These people live in the forest as well as in villages. They carry out agriculture, labourer and animal rearing. This tribe has following 8 clans (Gotra)- Pakia, Kachia, Dhobia, Ghunghutia, Bagha dal, Gaina, Ghamirha and Bandarha. The people of this tribe’s have fair complexion, tall or average height. They eat Fish, Tortoise, Crab, Deer, Hare, Rat, and Birds. They also depend on Dhan (Paddy) (Oryza sativa Linn.), Jawa Hordeum vulgare,(Linn.), GehunTriticum aestivum, (Linn.), Makka Zea mays (Linn.), Pulses, Millet and vegetables for their food requirements. Medicine practices: Pao tribe also usesplants drugs like Baiga Vaidya, but they are good in hard work. They are also engaged in agriculture and collect forest product.

8. Bharia: Bharia tribeis foundat Jaitpur Tehsil of Shahdol district. They are also present in Mandla and Chhindwara districts. Bharia tribe is one of the most backward tribe of Madhya Pradesh. These people live in the forest and foothills. They migrated from Maharashtra to Madhya Pradesh during Mughal period. They carry their stack in Kanvar or weight carrier hence called Bhariya. Bhariya and Gond have very close relationship since earliest time. Bhariya tribe respects Gonds as elder brother. It is said that during the marriage of Lord Shiva one man of this

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tribe was assigned to bring rainwater from the forest, hence called Bhariya. They use ‘Bundeli’ and ‘Hindi’. Their original birthplace had been Mahoba and Bandhavgarh.

Medicine practice: They carry their loads in Kanvar hence called Bhariya. Bhariya and Gond have very close relationship and Bhariya tribe respects Gonds like their elder brother. Bharia tribe also usesplants drugs like Baiga Vaidya, but they are good in other work also. They associate in agriculture, cultivation, and collection of forest product as well.

9. Paliha:

Paliha tribe primarily resides in Jaitpur Tehsil and Gohparu block of Sohagpur Tehsil of Shahdol district. They are also present in Sarguja (Ambikapur) and Korea of Baikunthpur district of Chhattisgarh State. They live in the thick forest areas. They are lover of nature;self-reliant and isolated from the civilized societies hence they are unaware about recent developments. Their local headis calledPatel. They are expert at hunting even the young boy is so professional, he covers the whole body with green leaves and branches and can easily ambush Chicken, Hare, Deer, and Boar with Bow and Arrows. They practice groove hunting. They trap Boar by building a stage over a huge pit. Mostly, these people are dark in complexion and have dark hair with average height.

Paliha tribe is very backward. They do not use water to wash hands after toilet; instead of water, they use leaves called Jamanat. However, awareness has changed more people. Bathing is a very uncommon practice, it develops bad odour, which drives the wild animal away.

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Medicine practice: This tribe also practices medicinal plants like Baiga Vaidya, but they are good in making bamboo basket and selling that in the market(hat).

10. Kanvar:

This tribe resides in the Eastern and Northern parts of Shahdol District. They are also found in Dindori and Anuppur District. They (claim) their origin from Kauravas of Mahabharat. They have many other subtribes and ‘Tanver’ is one of them. Generally, they are Tomar Rajpoot. They are cultivaters and labourers. Fixed cultivation is common among them. According to the census of 1981 in M.P., Kanvar had a population of 5, 62,200. This tribe has lost it own dilect now and they are using mix-language. Their popular Clans (Gotra) are Tanver, Kamal, Vansi, Pakara, Doodh kanvar, Rathia, Chanti, Cherva, and Paikara and constitute the largest group.

Medicine practice: This tribe is also involved in treating diseases by plants drugs like Baiga Vaidya, but they are more interested in agriculture, they are hard working.

11. Bhumia:

Bhumiatribes primarily reside at Chhudda, Balaundi, Baherha and Amdeeh villages of Jaisinghnagar Tehsil. Earlier Bhumiya tribe dwelt in the villages. They use to worship Earth (Dhartimata) and it was a sin to plough the land or make any kind of drilling in the earth. These people collectively worship Bhumi (Dharti Mata) and offer sacrifices. Physically they are dark in complexion and have dark hair, medium height with flat nose. This tribe has the following subtribes- Maina, Paliha, Sauta. They claim to have only two clans (Gotra) namely Dhurva and Marasi. These subtribes live in Hut or Mud house. They also rear Cows, Goats, and Buffalo. They hunt Fish, Crab, Tortoise, Prawn, Hare, Rat, Deer, and Boar for their livelihood.

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Medicine practice: This tribe is treating patients from plants drugs like Baiga Vaidya, but they are good for agricultural. They also collect forest product.

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** List of Illustrations:** (Plants Photo Plate)

Fig.1. Cassia fistula (Linn.)TreeFig. 2. Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) Tree

Fig. 3. Abrus precatorius (Linn.). Fig.4. Pueraria tuberose (D.C.), Tuberous root.

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Fig.5. Semecarpus anacardium,(Linn.) Fig.6. Adina cordifolia Roxb.

Fig. 7. Aegle marmelos (Corr.). Fig. 8. Madhuca indica (Gmel.) Mahua forest.

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Fig. 9. Holarrhena antidysentrica(Wall.). Fig.10. Lawsonia inermis (Linn.)

Fig.11. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Linn.). Fig.12.Mimosa pudica (Linn.).

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Fig.13. Gloriosa superba(Linn.). Fig.14. Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm.

Fig.15. Euphorbia royleana, (Boiss.). Fig. 16. Argemone mexicana, (Linn.).

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Fig.17. Caesalpinia banducella (Linn.). Fig.18. A. Bacopa monnieri (Linn.)

Fig.19. Acalypha indica (Linn.).Fig.20. Muraya exotica (Linn.).

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Fig.21. Asparagus racemosus, (Willd.) Fig.22. Adhatoda vasica (Nees.).

Fig.23. Tephrosia purpurea, (L.)Pers.. Fig.24. Tribulus terrestris (Linn.).

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Fig.25. Andrographis paniculata, (Nees.). Fig.26. Jatropha curcas (Linn.)

Fig.27. Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz. Fig.28. Datura alva (Nees).

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Fig.29. Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban. Fig.30. Hydrocotyle javanica (Thunb).

Fig.31. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.). Fig.32. Terminalia belerica (Roxb.).

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Fig.33.Terminalia chebula (Retz.). Fig.34. Plumbago zeylanica. (Linn.).

Fig.35. Desmodium gangeticum D.C.Fig.36. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.

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Fig. 37. A. Momordica dioica(Roxb.) Male. Fig.38.B. Momordica dioica(Roxb.) Female.

Fig. 39. Convolvulus prostratus (Linn.) Fig. 40. Centratherum anthelminticum (Willd.)

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Fig.41. Abutilon indicum (Wall.) Fig. 42. A Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.)

Fig. 43.Echinops echinatus (Roxb.) Fig.44. Abrus precatorius (Linn.)

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Fig.45. Heliotropium indicum (Linn.) Fig. 46.Pongamia glabra (Vent.)

Fig.47.A. Calotropis procera (R.Br.) Fig.48.B. Calotropis gigantea (R.Br.)

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Fig.49. Smilex china Linn. Fig.50. Capparis zeylanica (Linn.)

Fig. 51. Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad.) Fig.52. Eclipta alba (Hassk.)

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Fig.53. Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.)Fig. 54. Acorus calamus (Linn.)

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Fig. 55. A. Celastrus paniculatus (Willd.) Fig. 56. B. C. paniculatus (Willd.)Climber stem

Fig. 57. Helicteres isora (Linn. Fig. 58. Cyperus rotundus (Linn.)

Fig.57. Equisetum debile (Linn.) Fig.58. Eichhornia crassipes (Solms.)

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Fig. 59. Barleria cristata (Linn.) Fig. 60. Phyllanthus niruri (Linn.)

Fig.63.A. Dioscorea bulbifera (Linn.) Fig.64.B. Dioscorea bulbifera (Linn.)

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Fig.65. Annona squamosa (Linn.) Fig.66. Asteracantha spinosa (T.Anders.)

Fig.67. Curculigo orchioides (Gaertn) Fig.68.Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Tikhur

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Fig.69.Drosera indica (Linn.)

Fig.70. Abelmoschus crinitus (Wall.)Fig.71. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.

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Fig.72. Solenum indicum (Linn.) Fig.73. Martynia annua (Linn.)

Fig.74.Cardiospermum halicacabum(Linn.) Fig.75. Biophytum sensitivum(Linn.) DC.

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Fig.76. Momordica charantia(Linn.) Wild sp. Fig.77. Rauwolfia serpentina(Benth.ex Kurz.)

Fig.78.Trchosanthes cucumerina(Linn.) Fig.79. Bryonia indica (Linn.)

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Fig.80. Solenum nigrum(Linn.)Fig.81. Xanthium strumarium ( Linn.)

Fig.82. Hemidesmus indicus (R.Br.) prostrate Fig.83. Hemidesmus indicus (R.Br.)

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Fig.84. Salvia coccinia (Linn.) Fig.85. Dendrophthoe falcata(Linn.)

Fig.86.Vanda roxburghii(R.Br.) Fig.87. Leonotis nepetaefolia (R.Br.)

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Fig.88. Tylophora. asthmatica (W.&A.) Fig.89.Hedychium coronarium (Ham.ex Smiths)

Fig.90. Solanum suratens Linn. Fig. 91. Physalis minima Linn.

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Fig.92. Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch. ( Lakshmana Kand)

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*Baiga Vaidyas,Ornaments & Photographs *

Fig.1. medicineman & Hunting position

Fig. 2 A ‘Baiga’ Couple, medicineman

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Fig.3. A ‘Baiga couple, medicineman

Fig.4 . A medicineWoman along with Son.

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Fig.5. Medicinemen Couple

Fig.6. Medicine Woman Fig.7. Medicineman

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Fig.8. Medicine Woman Fig.9. MedicineWoman.

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Fig.10. Medicineman. Fig.11. Medicineman.

Fig. 12. Medicinemen

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Fig.13. A. Medicineman.

Fig. 14. A ‘ Medicineman. Fig. 15. A ‘ Medicineman

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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS- (INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE)

Fig. 16. Tambura Fig. 17. Dubiki

Fig.18. Ghughru Fig. 19. Timki

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Fig.20. Damru Fig.21. Dolk

Fig.22. Karma Nritya (Dance) Fig.23. Madar (Mridang)

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Appendix Table N0. – I Medicinal Value of Plants Parts as Root, Stem, and Bark etc.

Roots:

Botanical Name Local Name Family Plant Nature

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Bhindi Malvaceae Herb

Abelmoschus moschatus (Medik) Van bhendi Malvaceae Herb

Abrus precatorius (Linn.) Ghumchi Fabaceae Climber

Abutilon indicum (G.Don.) Kanghi Malvaceae Under Shrub

Achyranthes aspera L. Chirchita Acantheacea Herb

Acorus calamus (Linn.) Vach Araceae Herb

Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Adusa Acanthaceae Shrub

Adiantum caudatum (Linn.) Mayurashikha Polypodiaceae Herb

Alangium salviifolium (Linn.) Kolha / Akola Alangiaceae Tree

Allium cepa (Linn.) Piyaz Liliaceae Herb

Allium sativum (Linn.) Lehsun Liliaceae Herb

Amaranthus spinosus (Linn.) Kantili chaulaii Amaranthaceae Herb

Amorphophallus campanulatus Suran kand Araceae Herb (Blume.)

Ampelocissus arnottiana (W & A) Amrolla Vitaceae Climber

Argemone mexicana (Linn.) Pili Kateri Papaveraceae Herb

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Aristolochia indica(Linn.) Batilha / Aristolochiaceae Climber Karigurisan

Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) Satavar Liliaceae Under Shrub

Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) Punarnava/ Nyctaginaceae Herb Patherchata

Bombax malabaricum (D.C.) Semal Bombacaceae Tree

Butea superba (Roxb.) Persutiha Fabaceae Climber

Carissa carandas Karonda Apocynaceae Shrub

Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Bada Chakauda Fabaceae Shrub

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Baker.) Safed musali Liliaceae Herb

Citrullus colocynthis (Schard.) Indraman Cucurbitaceae Climber

Colocasia esculenta (Linn.) Kochii / Arbi Araceae Herb

Costus speciosus (Koen) sm. Sikta Phool Zingiberaceae Herb

Curculigo orchioides (Gaertn.) Kalimusli Hypoxidaceae Herb

Curcuma angustifolia (Roxb.) Tikhur Zingiberaceae Herb

Curcuma longa (Linn.) Haldi / Hardi Zingiberaceae Herb

Curcuma zedoaria (Rosc.) Van hardi Zingiberaceae Herb

Cyperus rotundus (Linn.) Gangaura Cyperaceae Herb

Datura alba (Nees.) Dhatur Solanaceae Under Shrub

Datura metel (Linn.) Kala Dhatur Solanaceae Small Shrub

Desmostachya bipinnata (Stapf.) Kusha Poaceae Herb

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Diospyros chloroxylon (Roxb.) Kala Tendu Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros melanoxylon (Roxb.) Tendu Ebenaceae Tree

Dolichos lablab (Linn.) Semi Fabaceae Climber

Dryopteris cochleata (Buch. Ham.) Ex Jatashankri Drypteriadaceae Herb D. Don. C.Che.

Embelia robusta (Roxb.) Baibiring Myrsinaceae Shrub

Gardenia lucida (Roxb.) Mali / Dikamali Rubiaceae Under Shrub

Gloriosa superba (Linn.) Kaliyari Liliaceae Herb

Grewia hirsuta (Vahl.) Gursakari Tiliaceae Shrub

Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) Gudmar Asclepidaceae Climber

Hedychium coronarium (Koenig.) Gulabkaoli Zingiberaceae Herb

Hemidesmus indicus (R.Br.) Anantmool Ascalpidaceae Climber

Jasminum arborescens (Roxb.) Chameli Oleaceae Climber

Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) Mehndi Lythraceae Shrub

Mucuna prurita (Hook.) Kewanch Fabaceae Climber

Nelumbo nucifera (Willd.) Kamalgata / Kamal Nymphaceae Herb

Nerium odorum (Soland.) Lal Kaner Apocynaceae Shrub

Ocimum canum (Sims.) Mamri Labiatae Herb

Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Chitchitia Acanthaceae Herb

Physalis minima (Linn.) Rusbhari Solanaceae Herb

Phoenix acaulis (Buch.) Chhindi Araceae Under Shrub

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Plumbago zeylanica (Linn.) Chitawar Plumbaginaceae Herb

Pueraria tuberosa (D.C.) Patal kohda Fabaceae Climber

Ricinus communis (Linn.) Rendi / Arundi Euphorbiaceae Shrub& Small Tree

Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.) Bhelma Anacardiaceae Tree

Sida rhombifolia (Linn.) Bariyari/Balraj Malvaceae Under Shrub

Smilax zeylanica (Linn.) Sherdatoon Liliaceae Climber

Solanum indicum (Linn.) Ban Bhata Solanaceae Under Shrub

Solanum xanthocarpum (schrad.) Bhatkataiya Solanaceae Herb

Sonchus arvensis (Linn.) Kanphull Asteraceae / Herb Compositae

Sterculia urens (Roxb.) Kuloo/Kulu Sterculiaceae Tree

Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Kochila Loganiaceae Tree

Tectaria coadunate (Wall. ex. Hook. Jatamasi Aspidaceae Herb et. Grev.) C.Chr.

Tephrosia purpurea (Pers.) Shirphoka Fabaceae Herb

Thevetia neriifolia (Juss. Ex. Steud) Pila Kaner Apocynaceae Small Tree

Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) Gokhru Zygophyllaceae Herb

Ventilago calyculata (Tul.) Keonti Rhamanaceae Climber

Vernonia roxburghii (Linn.) Somraj / Lampati Compositae / Under Shrub Asteraceae

Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Urai Ghas Poaceae Herb

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Zizyphus jujuba (Lamk.) Ber Rhamanaceae Medium Tree

Zizyphus rotundifolia (Lamk.) Jharberi Rhamanaceae Under Shrub

Stem

Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.) Amarbel Convolvulaceae Parasite

Euphorbia roylena Boiss Thuha / Sehunda Euphorbiaceae Small Tree

Lantana camara (Linn.) Phulchuhiya Verbenaceae Shrub

Mimosa pudica (Linn.) Lajvanti / Fabaceae Under Shrub Chhuimui

Nicotiana tabacum (Linn.) Tambakhu Solanaceae Herb

Pterocarpus marsupium (Roxb.) Bijahara / Bijasal Fabaceae Tree

Tinospora cordifolia (Miers.) Gurij Menispermaceae Climber

Vitis quadrangularis (Wall.) Harjor Vitaceae Shrub

Bark

Acacia arabica (Willd.) Babul Fabaceae Medium Tree

Acacia catechu (Willd.) Khair Fabaceae Medium Tree

Acacia leucophloea (Willd.) Rennja Fabaceae Tree

Albizzia lebbeck (Benth.) Siris / Karhi Fabaceae Tree

Anogeissus latifolia (Wall.) Dhawa Combretaceae Tree

Bauhinia purpurea (Linn.) Keolar Fabaceae Medium Tree

Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) Kachnar Fabaceae Medium Tree

Bombax malabaricum (D.C.) Semal Bombacaceae Tree

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Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) Salain / Salai Burseraceae Tree

Bridelia retusa (Spreng) Kasihi Euphorbiaceae Medium Tree

Cassia glauca (Lamk.) Sandan Fabaceae Medium Tree

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Wall.) Koraya / Kurchi Apocynaceae Medium Tree

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)C.B. Robin. Maida Lauraceae Medium Tree

Madhuca indica (Gmel.) Mahua Sapotaceae Tree

Mangifera indica (Linn.) Aam Anacardiaceae Tree

Moringa oleifera (Lamk.) Munga Moringaceae Medium Tree

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kosum Sapindaceae Tree

Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.) Bhelma Anacardiaceae Tree

Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.)Juss. Rohina Meliaceae Tree

Sterculia urens (Roxb.) Kuloo / Kulu Sterculiaceae Tree

Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Jamun Myrtaceae Tree

Tamarindus indica (Linn.) Imli Fabaceae Tree

Terminalia arjuna (Bedd.) Kahua / Arjuna Combretaceae Tree

Leaves

Abrus precatorius (Linn.) Ghumchi Fabaceae Climber

Abutilon indicum (G.Don.) Kanghi Malvaceae Shrub

Acacia arabica (Willd.) Babul Fabaceae Medium Tree

Acacia donaldi (Nov.) Ramna Fabaceae Medium Tree

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Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Adusa Acanthaceae Shrub

Adiantum caudatum (Linn.) Mayurashikha Polypodiaceae Herb

Aegle marmelos (Corr.) Bel Rutaceae Tree

Albizzia lebbeck (Benth.) Siris / Karhi Fabaceae Tree

Aloe barbadensis (Mill.) Gheegwar Liliaceae Herb

Annona squamosa (Linn.) Sitaphal Annonaceae Shrub

Asteracantha longifolia (Ness.) Talmakhana Acanthaceae Under Shrub

Azadirachta indica (A.Juss.) Neem Miliaceae Tree

Barleria cristata (Linn.) Patharphor Acanthaceae Shrub

Bauhinia vahlii (W & A) Mahroii / Mahulina Fabaceae Climber

Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnava Nyctaginaceae Herb

Bryophyllum calycinum (Salisb) Bhasam pathi Crassulaceae Herb

Buchanania lanzan (Spreng.) Char Anacardiaceae Tree

Calotropis procera (R.Br.) Madar Ascalpidaceae Shrub

Capparis zeylanica (Linn.) Ulatkanta Capparidaceae Climber

Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Gatarun Fabaceae Climber

Cassia fistula (Linn.) Amaltas Fabaceae Medium Tree

Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Bada Chakauda Fabaceae Under Shrub

Cassia tora (Linn.) Chakauda Fabaceae Herb

Chenopodium album (Linn.) Bhathua sag Chenopodiaceae Herb

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Cleome viscosa (Linn.) Hurhur Capparidaceae Herb

Cordia macleodii (H.F. & Th.) Dahiman Boraginaceae Medium Tree

Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb.) Shisham (Wild) Fabaceae Tree

Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) Shisham Fabaceae Tree

Datura metel (Linn.) Kala Dhatur Solanaceae Shrub

Datura stramonium (Linn.) Dhatur Solanaceae Under Shrub

Dendrocalamus strictus (Nees.) Bans Poaceae Shrub

Desmostachya bipinnata (Stapf.) Khusa Poaceae Herb

Eleusine aegyptiaca (Deaf) Ghod chaba Poaceae Herb

Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.) Gul-enishtar and Fabaceae UnderTree Coral tree

Euphorbia hirta (Linn.) Badi Dudhi Euphorbiaceae Herb

Euphorbia roylena (Boiss.) Thuha Euphorbiaceae Medium Tree

Ficus religiosa (Linn.) Pipal Moraceae Tree

Gardenia turgida (Roxb.) Kharhari Rubiaceae Medium Tree

Gmelina arborea (Linn.) Khambhar Verbenaceae Under Tree

Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) Gudmar / Phenia Asclepiadaceae Climber

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) Gudhal Malvaceae Shrub

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Chirul Fabaceae Medium Tree

Hyptis suaveolens (Poit.) Ganga Tulsi Labiateae Under Shrub /VanTul.

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Jasminum arborescens (Roxb.) Chameli Oleaceae Climber

Lantana camara (Linn.) Phulchuihiya Verbenaceae Shrub

Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) Mehndi Lythraceae Shrub

Mimosa pudica (Linn.) Lajvanti Fabaceae Under Shrub

Moringa oleifera (Lamk.) Munga Moringaceae Medium Tree

Mucuna prurita (Hook.) Kewanch Fabaceae Climber

Murraya paniculata (Koeng.) Hathil Meliaceae Medium Tree

Musa paradisiaca (Linn.) Kera / Kela Musaceae Shrub

Nelumbo nucifera (Willd.) Kamal guta Nymphaeceae Herb

Nerium odorum (Soland.) Lal kaner Apocynaceae Shrub

Nicotiana tabacum (Linn.) Tambakhu Solanaceae Herb

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Linn.) Khirsali Oleaceae Medium Tree

Ocimum canum (Sims.) Mamri Labiateae Under Shrub

Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) Tulsi Labiateae Under Shrub

Oxalis corniculata (Linn.) Khatti buti / Amtii Oxalidaceae Herb sag

Psidium guajava (Linn.) Bihi / Amrud Myrtaceae Medium Tree

Ricinus communis (Linn.) Rendi / Arundi Euphorbiaceae UndeTree

Sida cordifolia (Linn.) Biskhpadi Malvaceae Herb

Solanum nigrum (Linn.) Makoiya Solanaceae Herb

Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Jamun Myrtaceae Tree

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Tagestes erecta (Linn.) Genda Asteraceae Herb

Tephrosia purpurea(Pers.) Shirphoka Fabaceae Under Shrub

Thevetia neriifolia (Juss.) Pili kaner Apocynaceae Shrub

Trigonella foenum-graecum (Linn.) Methi Fabaceae Herb

Ventilago calyculata (Tul.) Keonti Rhamnaceae Climber

Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Urai Ghas Poaceae Herb

Vitex negundo (Linn.) Nirgundi Verbenaceae Shrub

Flower

Abelmoschus crinitus (Wall.) Amru Malvaceae Herb

Abutilon indicum (G.Don.) Kanghi Malvaceae Shrub

Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Adusa Acantheceae Shrub

Albizzia lebbeck (Benth.) Sirish / Karhi Fabaceae Tree

Bauhinia purpurea (Linn.) Keolar Fabaceae Medium Tree

Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) Kachnar Fabaceae Medium Tree

Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Chhuela Fabaceae Medium Tree

Datura metel (Linn.) Kala Dhatur Solanaceae Shrub

Hedychium coronarium (Koeng.) Gulbakaoli Zingirberaceae Herb

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) Gudhal Malvaceae Shrub

Jasminum arborescens (Roxb.) Chameli Oleaceae Climber

Madhuca indica (Gmel) Mahua Sapotaceae Tree

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Nerium odorum (Soland.) Lal kaner Apocynaceae Shrub

Pongamia glabra (Vent.) Karanj / Kanji Fabaceae Tree

Rosa centifolia (Linn.) Gulab Rosaceae Shrub

Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) Gorakh mundi Asteraceae Herb

Fruits

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Bhindi Malvaceae Herb

Acacia concinna (D.C.) Ritha Fabaceae Shrub

Aegle marmelos (Corr.) Bel Rutaceae Tree

Anthocephalus cadamba (Mia.) Kadam Rubiaceae Tree

Azadirachta indica (A.Juss.) Neem Meliaceae Tree

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Bariha (Petha) Cucurbitaceae Climber

Canavalia ensiformis (Linn.) Badi Semi Fabaceae Climber

Citrullus colocynthis (Schrad) Indraman Cucurbitaceae Climber

Citrus aurantifolia (Swingle) kagi Nibu Rutaceae Shrub

Emblica officinalis (Gaertn.) Amla Euphorbiaceae Tree

Feronia elephantum (Correa) Kaitha Rutaceae Tree

Ficus glomerata (Linn.) Dumar / Gular Moraceae Tree

Helicteres isora (Linn.) Anthi / Murra Sterculiaceae Shrub

Mangifera indica (Linn.) Aam Anacardiaceae Tree

Momordica charantia (Linn.) Karella Cucurbitaceae Climber

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Opuntia dillenii (Haw.) Nagphani Cactaceae Shrub

Psidium guajava (Linn.) Bihi / Amrud Myrtaceae Medium Tree

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kosum Sapindaceae Tree

Solanum nigrum (Linn.) Makoiya Solanaceae Herb

Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad.) Bhatkataiya Solanaceae Herb

Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Jamun Myrtaceae Tree

Tamarindus indica (Linn.) Imli Fabaceae Tree

Terminalia arjuna (Bedd.) Kahua / Arjun Combrataceae Tree

Terminalia belerica (Roxb.) Bahera Combrataceae Tree

Terminalia chebula (Retz.) Harra Combrataceae Tree

Thevetia neriifolia (Juss.) Pili Kaner Apocynaceae Shrub

Seeds

Abelmoschus moschatus (Medic) Van Bhindi Malvaceae Under Shrub

Abrus precatorius (Linn.) Ghumchi Fabaceae Climber

Acacia arabica (Willd.) Babul Fabaceae Medium Tree

Asteracantha longifolia (Nees.) Talmakhana Acanthaceae Under Shrub

Barleria cristata (Linn.) Patharphor Acanthaceae Shrub

Bauhinia vahlii (W. & A.) Mahroii Fabaceae Climber

Buchanania lanzan (Spreng.) Char Anacardiaceae Tree

Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Chhuela Fabaceae Medium Tree

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Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Gatarum Fabaceae Climber

Cassia fistula (Linn.) Amaltas Fabaceae Medium Tree

Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Bada Chakauda Fabaceae Shrub

Celastrus paniculata (Willd.) Malkangni Celastraceae Climber

Centratherum anthelminticum (Willd.) Banjeer Compositae Herb

Datura stramonium (Linn.) Dhatur Solanaceae Under Shrub

Derris scandens (Benth.) Amjun/Amjin Fabaceae Climber

Gloriosa superba (Linn.) Kaliyari Liliaceae Herb

Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) Gudmar Asclepiadaceae Climber

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Wall.) Koraya Apocynaceae Medium Tree

Jatropha curcas (Linn.) Bhkrandi Euphorbiaceae Shrub

Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) Alsi Linaceae Herb

Martynia annua (Linn.) Bichu Pedaliaceae Under Shrub

Mimosa púdica (Linn.) Lajvanti / Chuimui Fabaceae Under Shrub

Momordica charantia (Linn.) Karella Cucurbitaceae Climber

Mucuna prurita (Hook.) Kewanch Fabaceae Climber

Nelumbo nucifera (Willd.) Kamal Nympheaceae Herb

Ocimum canum (Sims.) Mamri Labiatae Shrub

Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) Tulsi Labiatae Under Shrub

Ricinus communis (Linn.) Arundi / Rendi Euphorbiaceae Shrub&M.Tree

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Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.) Bhelma Anacardiaceae Tree

Solanum indicum (Linn.) Ban bhata Solanaceae Shrub

Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad.) Bhatkataiya Solanaceae Herb

Strychnous nux-vomica (Linn.) Kochila Loganiaceae Medium Tree

Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Ajwain Umbelliferae Herb

Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) Gokhru Zygophyllaceae Herb

Xanthium strumarium (Roxb.) Kuthua / Gokhru Compositae Under Shrub

Oil

Azadirachta indica (A.Juss.) Neem Meliaceae Tree

Brassica Compestris(Linn.) Sarson Brassicaceae Herb

Brassica juncea (Linn.) Rai Brassicaceae Herb

Derris scandens (Benth.) Amjun/Amjin Fabaceae Climber

Guizotia abyssnica (Cass.) Ramatila Compositae Herb

Jatropha curcas (Linn.) Bhkrandi Euphorbiaceae Shrub

Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) Alsi Linaceae Herb

Madhuca indica (Gmei.) Mahua Sapotaceae Tree

Melia azadirachta (Linn.) Bakain Neem Meliaceae Tree

Plumbago zeylanica (Linn.) Chitawar/Chitrak Plumbaginaceae Herb

Pongamia glabra (Vent.) Karanj Fabaceae Tree

Ricinus communis (Linn.) Rendi / Arundi Euphorbiaceae Shrub&M.Tree

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Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kosham/Kusum Sapindaceae Tree

Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.) Bhelma Anacardiaceae Tree

Shorea robusta (Gaertn.) Sarai Dipterocarpaceae Tree

Terminalia belerica (Roxb.) Bahera Combretaceae Tree

Gums ,Resins &Tannin

Acacia catechu (Willd) Khair Fabaceae Medium Tree

Anogeissus latifolia (Wall.) Dhawa Combretaceae Medium Tree

Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Chhuela Fabaceae Medium Tree

Gardenia Lucida (Roxb.) Mali / Dakamali Rubiaceae Medium Tree

Shorea robusta (Gaertn.) Sarai / Sal Dipterocarpaceae Tree

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Appendix Table No. – II Medicinal Plant Species Availability in Study Site (Wild & Cultivated Plants)Common Sp. & Rare

Common Sp.

S Lo. Name Scientific Name Family Land Soil Type

1 Amru Abelmoschus crinitus Malvaceae Cultivated Sandy (Wall.) Land Loamy Soil

2 Bhindi Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae Cultivated Sandy (Linn.) Loamy Soil

3 Kanghi Abutilon indicum (Wall.) Malvaceae Cultivated Loamy black Soil

4 Babool Acacia arabica (Willd.) Fabaceae Cultivated Loamy black Soil

5 Renja Acacia leucophloea Fabaceae Forest Gravel Red (Willd.) Soil

6 Ail/Rail/Chil Acacia pennata (Linn.) Fabaceae Wild soil Sandy eti Loamy.Soil

7 Chirchita Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Culti/Forest Gravel Red (Linn.) Soil

8 MayurPankhi Adiantum caudatum Polypodiaceae Wild soil Sandy and (Linn.) Loamy.

9 Kolha Alangium salviifolium Alangiaceae Wild Gravel and

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(Linn.) Cultivated Loamy Soil

10 Safed sirish / Albizzia lebbeck (Benth.) Fabaceae Forest Land Lo. and Karhi Sandy Soil

11 Piyaz Allium cepa (Linn.) Liliaceae Cultivated Lo. and Sandy Soil

12 Lehsun Allium sativum (Linn.) Liliaceae Cultivated, Loamy and Sandy

13 Kanchri Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Moist Loamy Soil (Linn.)

14 Suran Kanda Amorphophallus Araceae Cultivated, Loamy. campanulatus (Bl.) Sandy

15 Amrolla Ampelocissus arnottiana Vitaceae Forest, Loamy and (W.& A) Cultiv. Sandy

16 Katili Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Cultivated Loamy chaulaii (Linn.) Sandy Soil

17 Sitaphal Annona squamosa (Linn.) Annonaceae Cultivated Gravel Sandy Soil

18 Dhawa Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Forest Loamy (Wall.) Sandy Soil

19 Kadam Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae Cultivated, Sandy and (Miq.) Loamy S.

20 Pili Kateri Argemone mexicana Papavaraceae Wild, Loamy (Linn.) Cultiv. Sandy Soil

21 Batil. Ishwar Aristolochia indica (Linn.) Aristolochiacea Wild, Sandy Soil

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bhata Loamy

22 Kathal Artocarpus integrifolia Moraceae Cultivated Loamy (Linn.) Sandy Soil

23 Shatavar Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Forest, Loamy (Willd.) Sandy Soil

24 Tal makhana Asteracantha longifolia Acanthaceae Ditch,Wild, Loamy (Nees.) Sandy Soil

25 Neem Azadirachta indica (Linn.) Meliaceae Wild, Loamy Cultivated Sandy S Soil

26 Koelar Bauhinia purpurea (Linn.) Fabaceae Cultivated Loamy Sandy Soil

27 Mahroii Patta Bauhinia vahlii (W. & A.) Fabaceae Forest Loamy Sandy Soil

28 Bariha/Petha Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Cultivated, Loamy (Thunb.) Sandy Soil

29 Pathr.Punarn Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) Nyctaginaceae Forest Culti. Loamy ava Sandy Soil

30 Semal Bombax malabaricum Bombacaceae Forest, Loamy (D.C.) Culti. Sandy Soil

31 Salain/salaiya Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) Burseraceae Forest Lo. Soil & Black Soil

32 Sarso Brassica campestris Brassicaceae Cultivated Sandy (Linn.) Loamy Soil

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33 Karkacha Brassica juncea (Linn.) Brassicaceae Cultivated Sandy Loamy Soil

34 Kasahi Bridelia retusa (Spreng.) Euphorbiaceae Forest, Loamy Sandy & Blac.

35 Char Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Forest, Sandy (Spreng.) Culti. Gravel Soil

36 Chhula/Palas Butea monosperma Fabaceae Forest Culti. Hilly and (Lamk.) gravel Soil

37 Madar Calotropis gigantea Asclepidaceae Wild, Sandy (Linn.) Cultivated. Loamy Soil.

38 Akwan Calotropis procera (R.Br.) Asclepidaceae Wild,Cultiv Sandy ated Loamy

39 Sankhfuli Canscora decussata Gentianaceae Field Sandy (Schult.) Loamy Soil.

40 Karunda Carissa carandas(Linn.) Apocynaceae Forest Sandy Loamy Soil.

41 Gataran Caesalpiniabonducella Fabaceae Cultivated Sandy (Linn.) Loamy Soil.

42 Amaltas Cassia fistula Linn.) Fabaceae Cultivated Sandy Loamy Soil.

43 Bada Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Fabaceae Wild, Sandy Chaukoda Cultivated andLoamy Soil

44 Bathua Sag Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Cultivated Sandy

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Linn.) Loamy Soil.

45 Kagji Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Cultivated Sandy (Swingle.) Loamy Soil.

46 Hur hur Cleome viscosa (Linn.) Capparidaceae Cultivated Sandy Loamy Soil.

47 Kochai Colocasia esculentum Araceae Cultivated, Sandy (Linn.) Loamy Soil.

48 Kali Musli Curculigo orchioides Amaryllidaceae/ Cultivated Sandy (Gaertn.) Loamy Soil. Hypoxidaceae

49 Haldi Curcuma longa (Linn.) Zingiberaceae Cultivated, Sandy Loamy Soil.

50 Amarbel Cuscuta reflex (Roxb.) Convolvulaceae Parasite Parasite plant

51 Siktaphool Costus speciosus Zingiberaceae Wild ,Land Loamy Soil (Kave Kand) (Koen.)Sm.

52 Doobi ghass Cynodon dactylon (pers.) Poaceae Cultivated Sandy and Loamy soil

53 Gangaura Cyperus rotundus (Linn.) Cyperaceae Bank of Sandy and River Loamy soil

54 Shisham Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb.) Fabaceae Wild Sandy and Loamy soil

55 Shisham Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) Fabaceae WildCultiva Gravel, ted Loamy and S.

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56 Dhatoor Datura alba (Nees.) Solanaceae Cultivated, Gravel, Loamy and S.

57 Kala Dhatoor Datura metel (Linn.) Solanaceae WildCultiva Gravel, ted, Loamy and S.

58 Bans Dendrocalam strictus Poaceae Wild Gravel, (Nees.) Cultivated LoamySand y

59 Banda Dendrophthoe falcata Loranthaceae Wild Sandy and (Linn.) loamy Soil

60 Kala Tendu Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae Wild Hilly, sand (Roxb.) Cultivated loamy Soil

61 Tendu Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Wild Hilly, sand (Roxb.) Cultivated loamy Soil

62 Semi Dolichos lablab (Linn.) Fabaceae Cultivated Hilly, sand loamy Soil

63 Ghamira Eclipta alba (Hassk.) Asteraceae / Wild Sandy and Compositae Cultivated loamy Soil

64 Ghod Chaba Eleusine aegyptiaca Poaceae Wild Sandy and Chara (Desf.) Cultivated loamy Soil

65 Amla Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Wild Sandy and (Gaertn.) Cultivated loamy Soil

66 Thuha / Euphorbia roylena Euphorbiaceae Cultivated Sandy and Sehuda (Boiss.) loamy Soil

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67 Badi Dudhi Euphorbia hirta (Linn.) Euphorbiaceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy S.

68 Choti Dudhi Euphorbia microphylla Euphorbiaceae Wild Loamy and (Heyne.) Cultivated Sandy S.

69 Shankh Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae Wild Loamy and pusphi (Linn.) Cultivated Sandy S.

70 Kaitha Feronia Rutaceae Cultivated l Sandy and elephantum(Correa.) loamy Soil

71 Bar / Bara Ficus benghalensis (Linn.) Moraceae Wild Gravel, Cultivated Loamy Soil

72 Dumar Ficus glomerata (Linn.) Moraceae Wild Gravel, Cultivated Loamy Soil

73 Pakari Ficus infectoria (Roxb.) Moraceae Wild Sandy and Cultivated loamy Soil

74 Pipal Ficus religiosa (Linn.) Moraceae Wild Sandy and Cultivated loamy Soil

75 Mali / Gardenia lucida (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Wild Land Sandy and Dekamuli loamy Soil

76 Kharhari Gardenia turgida (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Wild Land Gravel, Sandy and Loamy Soil

77 Gursakri Grewia hirsuta (Vahl.) Tiliaceae Wild Land Gravel, Loamy Soil

78 Ramtila Guizotia abyssnica (Cass.) Asteraceae / Cultivated Gravel and Sandy Soil

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79 Gudhal Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Cult.soil Sandy and (Linn.) loamy Soil

80 Koraya Holarrhena Apocynaceae Wild Gravel antidysenterica (Wall.) Cultivated Loamy Soil

81 Van Tulsi Hyptis suaveolens (Poit) Lamiaceae Wild Gravel, Cultivated Loamy Soil

82 Beshram Ipomoea biloba (Forsk.) Convolvulaceae Wild Gravel, Cultivated Loamy Soil

83 Chameli Jasminum arborescens Oleaceae Cultivated Gravel, (Roxb.) Loamy Soil

84 Bhakrendi Jatropha curcas (Linn.) Euphorbiaceae Cultivated Gravel, Sa Loamy Soil

85 Phul-chuhia Lantana camara (Linn.) Verbenaceae Wild Gravel, Cultivated Sandy

86 Mehndi Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) Lythraceae Cultivated Gravel, Sandy Loamy

87 Bada Guma Leonotis nepetaefolia (R. Lamiaceae Wild Gravel, (Ghth Br.) Cultivated Loamy Soil

88 Gumi Leucas aspera (Spreng.) Lamiaceae Cultivated Gravel, Loamy Soil

89 Alsi Linum usitatissimum Linaceae Cultivated Gravel, (Linn.) SaLoamy Soil

90 Maida Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Lauraceae Forest Gravl

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Loamy Soil

91 Mahua Madhuca indica (Gmel) Sapotaceae Foret. Sandy and Cultivated loamy Soil

92 Aam Mangifera indica (Linn.) Anacardiaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

93 Bichhu / Martynia annua (Linn.) Pedaliaceae Fore. Sandy and Baghnoki Cultivated loamy Soil

94 Bakain Neem Melia azadirachta (Linn.) Meliaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

95 Podina Mentha spicata (Linn.) Lamiaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

96 Karella Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Cultivated Sandy and (Linn.) loamy Soil

97 Munga Moringa olifera (Lamk.) Moringaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

98 Kewanch Mucuna prurita (Hook.) Fabaceae Wildand Sandy and Cultivated loamy Soil

99 Kera / kela Musa paradisiaca (Linn.) Musaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

100 Kamal Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaeaceae Water Sandy and (Gaertn.) loamy loamy Soil

101 Tambakhu Nicotiana tabacum (Linn.) Solanaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

102 Khirsali / Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Forest Sandy and

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Saherua (Linn.) loamy Soil

103 Damna Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Wild Hilly and (Linn.) Cultivated Loamy

104 Mamri Ocimum canum (Sims.) Lamiaceae Wild Hilly and Cultivated Loamy

105 Ram Tulsi Ocimum Lamiaceae Cultivated Sandy and gratissimum(Linn.) loamy Soil

106 Krishna Tulsi Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) Lamiaceae Cultivated Gravel and Loamy S.

107 Amti Bhaji Oxalis corniculata (Linn.) Oxalidaceae Wild Gravel and Cultivated Loamy S

108 Chitchitia Peristrophe bicalyculata Acanthaceae Wild Hilly, Gra. (Retz.) Cultivated Loamy Soil

109 Chhindi Phoenix acaulis (Buch.) Palmae Wild Gravel Cultivated Loamy Soil

110 Bhuiamla Phyllanthus niruri (Web Euphorbiaceae Wild Hilly, Grav ster.) Cultivated Loamy Soil

111 Rusbhari Physalis minima (Linn.) Solana]ceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sand Soil

112 Kanji Pongamia glabra (Vent.) Fabaceae Wild, Hilly, Cultivated GraLoamy Soil

113 Bihi / Amrud Psidium guajava (Linn.) Myrtaceae Cultivated Loamy and Sandy

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114 Bijahara Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Wild, Loamy and (Roxb.) Cultivated Sandy S.

115 Bhalu punch Rhynchelytrum Poaceae Wild Loamy and villosum,(Parl.) Ch. Sandy.

116 Rendi Ricinus communis (Linn.) Euphorbiaceae Cultivated Loamy Soil

117 Gulab Rosa centifolia (Linn.) Rosaceae Cultivated Loamy and Sandy S.

118 Kans Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae Cultivated Sandy and (Linn.) loamy Soil

119 Kosum Schleichera oleosa (Linn.) Sapindaceae Wild land Hilly and Loamy Soil

120 Bhelma Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Wild land Loamy and (Linn.) Sandy S.

121 Tili Sesamum indicum (Linn.) Pedaliaceae Cultivated Hilly and Loamy Soil

122 Sarai Shorea robusta (Gaertn.) Dipterocarpaceae Wild Hilly, Loamy and Sa

123 Bariyari Sida acuta (Burm.) Malvaceae Wild, Loamy and Cultivated Sandy S

124 Biskhapadi Sida cordifolia (Linn.) Malvaceae Cultivated Hilly, Loamy and S

125 Balraj / Sida rhombifolia (Linn.) Malvaceae Cultivated Hilly, Bariyari Loamy and

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126 Van Bhata Solanum indicum (Linn.) Solanaceae Wild soil Loamy and Sandy

127 Makoiya Solanum nigrum (Linn.) Solanaceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy Soil.

128 Bhatkataiya Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Wild & Loamy and (Schrad.) Cultivated Sandy Soil.

129 Rohina Somida febrifuga (Juss.) Meliaceae Wild soil Loamy and Sandy Soil.

130 Kanphull Sonchus arvensis (Linn.) Asteraceae Wild Loamy soil Cultivated

131 Bhui mundi / Sphaeranthus indicus Asteraceae Wild Loamy and Gorakh (Linn.) Cultivated Sandy Soil. Mundi

132 Kulu / Kullu Sterculia urens (Roxb.) Sterculiaceae Wild soil Loamy and Sandy Soil.

133 Jamun Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Myrtaceae WildCultiva Loamy and ted Marshy Sandy l

134 Genda Tagetes erecta (Linn.) Asteraceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

135 Imili Tamarindus indica (Linn.) Fabaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

136 Shirphoka Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Wild a Loamy and (Pers.) cultivated Sandy Soil.

137 Kahua Terminalia arjuna (Bedd.) Combretaceae Cultivated Loamy and Marshy Sandy Soil.

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138 Bahera Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Marshy & Loamy and (Roxb.) Sandy Soil.

139 Harra Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Marshy Loamy and (Roxb.) &Cultivated Sandy Soil.

140 Pila Kaner Thevetia neriifolia (Juss.) Apocynaceae Cultivated Loamy and Sandy Soil.

141 Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Apiaceae Cultivated Loamy and (Linn.) Sandy Soil.

143 Baramasi Tridex procumbens (Linn.) Asteraceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

144 Methi Trigonella foenum- Fabaceae Cultivated Loamy and graecum (Linn.) Sandy S.

145 Gehun Triticum aestivum (Linn.) Poaceae Cultivated Sandy and loamy Soil

146 Banda Vanda roxburghii (R.Br,) Orchidaceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy S..

147 Keonti Ventilago calyculata (Tul.) Rhamnacaeae Wild Hilly Loamy and Sandy S..

148 Lampti / Vernonia roxburghii Asteraceae Wild Hilly, Somraj (Less.) Cultivated Loamy and S..

149 Urai / Vetiveria zizanioides Poaceae Hilly, Wild Hilly, KhasKhas (Linn.)/Andropogon Loamy & muricata(Retz.) Sandy

150 Nirgundi Vitex negundo (Linn.) Verbenaceae Wild soil Sandy and

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loamy Soil

151 Fulchuhia Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae Hilly, Wild Hilly and (Linn.) Loamy Soil

152 Khuthua Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae Cultivated Hilly and (Roxb.) Loamy Soil

153 Aada / Adrak Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) Zingiberaceae Cultivated Gravel, Hilly and Loa.

154 Ber/Bair Zizyphus jujuba (Lamk.) Rhamnaceae Cultivated Gravel, Hilly and Loa.l

155 Makohara Zizyphus oenoplia (Mill.) Rhamnaceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy S.

156 Jharberi Zizyphus rotundifolia Rhamnaceae Wild Loamy and (Lamk.) &Cultivated Sandy S.

157 Gheegwar Aloe barbadensis (Mill.) Liliaceae Cultivated Loamy and Sandy

158 Bhasam patti Bryophyllum calycinum Crassulaceae Cultivated Gravel (Salib) Loamy Soil

159 Kauhari Trichosanthes palmata Cucurbitaceae Wild Land. Gravel, (R.) Sandy Soil

Tinospora cordifolia Wild Sandy and 160 Gurij (Meris.) Menispermaceae Cultivated Loamy

Calotropis gigantea Wild, west Loamy and Safed 161 (Linn.) Asclepiadaceae land Sandy madar/Akwa

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n

Plant Species Rare

1 Van Bhindi Abelmoschus moschatus Malvaceae Wild soil Gravel, Sandy (Medic.)

2 Ghumchi Abrus Precatorius Fabaceae Wild Gravel, Sandy (White,Red, (Linn.) Abrus Sp. Cultivated Black)

3 Sikakai Acacia concinna (D.C.) Fabaceae Wild soil Loamy and Sandy

4 Ramna Acacia donaldi(Nov.) Fabaceae Wild soil Sandy and lo. Soil

5 Vach Acorus calamus (Linn.) Araceae Wild Loamy and &Cultivated Sandy

6 Adusa Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Acanthaceae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy

7 Bhui Neem Andrographis Acanthaceae Wild Loamy Soil paniculata(Nees)

8 Brahmi Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Scrophulariacea Shady moist Loamy and e soil Sandy

9 Patharphor Barleria cristata (Linn.) Acanthaceae Wild Gravel, Sandy Cultivated Soil

10 Parsutiha Butea superba (Roxb.) Fabaceae Wild Land Loamy Soil

11 Baghnoki Capparis zeylanica Capparidaceae Wild Loamy Soil (Linn.) Cultivated

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12 Badi semi Canavalia ensiformis Fabaceae Cultivated Loamy and (Linn.) Sandy

13 Van jeer Centratherum Asteraceae Wild Loamy and anthelminticum (Willd.) Cultivated Sandy

14 Brahmi Centella asiatica (Linn.) Umbelliferae Wild Loamy and Cultivated Sandy

15 KhurKhunda Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Wild soil Loamy Soil n / (Willd.) Malkangni

16 Indrawan Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Wild Land Hilly and (Stapf.) Loamy S

17 Dahiman Cordia macleodii (Hook. Boraginaceae Wild soil Loamy Soil f.&Thoms.)

18 Tikhur Curcuma angustifolia Zingiberaceae Wild Land Loamy Soil (Roxb.)

19 Tupbel/Noala Derris. Scandens Fabaceae Wild land Sandy, loamy ta (Roxb.) Soil

20 Kusha Desmostachya bipinnata Poaceae Wild Land Sandy ,Loamy (S.) Soil

21 Paharia / Dryopteris marginata Polypodiaceae Shadymoist Loamy and Mayurshikha (Wall.) Sandy

22 Jamrasi Elaeodendron glaucum Celastraceae Forest area Sandy and (P.) Loamy

23 Baibiring Embelia robusta (Roxb.) Myrsinaeae Hilly Land Loamy Soil Wild

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24 Harjor ghass Equisetum debile (Roxb.) Equisetaceae Wild & Cult. Loamy and soil Sandy

25 Shankhpushp Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae Wild & Gravel, Hilly i (Linn.) Cultivated

26 Kaliyari Gloriosa superba (Linn.) Liliaceae Wild Gravel, Loamy &Cultivated Soil

27 Phenia, / Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Wild & Gravel, Sandy Gudmar (R.Br.) Cultivated

28 Ainthi, Murra Helicteres isora (Linn.) Sterculiaceae Wild Gravel, Sandy &Cultivated and

29 Dudhia / Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae Wild Gravel, Sandy Anantmool (R.Br.) &Cultivated and

30 Chirul Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Wild & Gravel, Sandy (Rox.) Cultivated and

31 Lajavanti Mimosa pudica (Linn.) Fabaceae Wild & Sandy and Cultivated Loamy

32 Damna Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Wild & Sandy and (Linn.) Cultivated loamy

33 Sandan/Tinsa Ougeinia dalbergioides Fabaceae Wild Sandy and (Be.) loamy

Patalkohra, Sandy and 34 (Ghorbel) Pueraria tuberosa (D.C.) Fabaceae Hilly (Wild) Loamy

Randia dumetorum Sandy and 35 Mainhar (Lamk.) Rubiaceae Wild (Forest) Loamy

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Sandy and 36 Ramdatun Smilax zeylanica (Linn.) Liliaceae Wild land loamy

Sandy and 37 Van Bhata Solanum indicum (Linn.) Solanaceae Wild (Forest) Loamy

Sandy and 38 Chiraita Swertia chirata (Roxb.) Gentianaceae Wild Land Loamy

Tribulus terrestris Wild Sandy and 39 Gokhru (Linn.) Zygophyllaceae Cultivated Loamy

40 Van piyaz Urginea indica (Kunth.) Liliaceae Forest soil Loamy Soil

Vitis quadrangularis 41 Harjor (Wall.) Vitaceae Cultivated Loamy Soil

Heliotropium indicum Loamy ,Sandy 42 Hathisund (Linn.) Boroginaceae Cultivated Soil

Chlorophytum tuberosum Loamy and 43 Safed Musli (R.Br.) Liliaceae Forest hilly Sandy

Curcuma zedoaria 44 Van hardi (Rosc.) Zingiberaceae Shady Loamy Loamy Soil

Hedychium coronarium Moist & 45 Gulbakaoli (Ko.) Zingiberaceae Hilly Loamy Soil

Strychnos nux-vomica agriculturesoi Loamy and 46 Kochila (Roxb.) Loganiaceae l Sandy

Hedychium coronarium Hilly Moist Loamy and 47 Gulbkaoli (Ko.) Zingiberaceae soil Sandy

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Appendix Table No. – III Medicinal Plants -FloraIdentification

Family Botanical Name Local Name Flow. Ge Sp &Fruiting n. Periods

Acanthaceae Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Adusa 1 1 Dec-Jan

Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata (Nees.) Bhui Neem 1 Sep-Dec

Acanthaceae Asteracantha longifolia (Nees.) Talmakhana 1 Oct-Mar

Acanthaceae Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Chitchitia 1 Oct-Nov

Acanthaceae Barleria cristata (Linn.) Patharphor 1 Nov-Dec

Alangiaceae Alangium salviifolium (Linn.) f. Kolha 1 1 Jul-Aug

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera (Linn.) Chir chira 1 1 Annual

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus (Linn.) Katili Chaulai 1 Annual

Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis(Br.) Kanchri 1 Sep-Mar

Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan (Spreng.) Char 1 Jan-Feb

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica (Linn.) Aam 1 Jan-Feb

Anacardiaceae Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.) Bhelma 1 Jun-Jul

Annonaceae Annona squamosa (Linn.) Sita Phal 1 1 Jun-Aug

Apiaceae Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Ajwain 1 1 Oct-Nov

Apeaceae Coriandrum sativum (Linn.) Dhania 1 Dec-Jan

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Apiaceae Centella asiatica (Linn.) Brahmi 1 Jan-Feb

Apocynaceae Holarrhena antidysenterica (wall.) Koraya 1 1 Jun-Dec

Apocynaceae Carissa carandas (Linn.) Karonda 1 Aug-Dec

Apocynaceae Thevetia neriifolia (Juss.) Pila Kaner 1 Annual

Araceae / Amorphophallus campanulatus Suran 1 Aug-Sep Aroideae (Blume.)

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia indica (Linn.) Batilha / 1 1 Sep-Dec Ishwarbhta

Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (R. Br.) Madar 1 1 Annual

Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea (R. Br.) Akwan 1 Annual

Asclepiadaceae Hemidesmus indicus (R. Br.) Dudhia / 1 Sep-Feb Sugandhi / Anantmoal

Asclepiadaceae Gymnema sylvestre (R. Br.) Phenia / Gudmar 1 Aug-Dec

Asclepiadaceae Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Dambel 1 Sep-Dec

Asteraceae Spilanthes acmella (Murr.) Akalkarha 1 1 Oct-Feb

Asteraceae Eclipta alba (Hassk.) Ghamira 1 Annual

Asteraceae Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) Gorakh mundi 1 Oct-Feb

Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis (Linn.) Kanphull 1 Annual

Asteraceae Centratherum anthelminticum Van jeer 1 Sep-Nov (Willd.)

Asteraceae Tagetes erecta (Linn.) Genda 1 Annual

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Asteraceae Tridex procumbens (Linn.) Baramasi 1 Annual

Asteraceae Vernonia roxburghii (Linn.) Less. Lampati / Kala 1 Aug-Nov jeera

Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium (Roxb.) Kuthua / Chota 1 Aug-Nov Linn. Gokhru

Bombacaceae Bombax malabaricum (D.C.) Semal 1 1 Jan-Feb

Boraginaceae Cordia macleodii (H.f. & Th.) Dahiman 1 1 Mar-Apr

Brassicaceae Brassica juncea (Linn.) Rai 1 1 Oct-Nov

Brassicaceae Brassica campestris (Linn.) Sarson 1 Nov-Jan

Burseraceae Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) Salain 1 1 Mar-Apr

Cannabiaceae Cannabis sativa (Linn.) Bhang/ Ganja 1 1 Apr-May

Capparidaceae Capparis zeylanica (Linn.) Baghnakhi / 1 1 Nov-Dec Ulatkanta

Capparidaceae Cleome viscosa (Linn.) Hurhur 1 Sep-Dec

Celastraceae Celastrus paniculatus (Willd) Malkangni / 1 Jun-Jul Amjun

Celastraceae Elaeodendron glaucum (Pers.) Jamrasi 1 Mar-Apr

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album (Linn.) Bathua Sag 1 1 Annual

Combretaceae Anogeissus latifolia (Wall.) Dhawa 1 1 May-Jun

Combretaceae Terminalia belerica (Roxb) Bahera 1 Jun-Jul

Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna (W. & A.) Kahua 1 Jun-Jul

Combretaceae Terminalia chebula (Retz.) Harra 1 Jun-Jul

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Combretaceae Terminalia tomentosa (W. & A.) Saja 1 Jun-Jul

Convolvulaceae Ipomea batata (Linn.) Sakarkand 1 1 Dec-Jan

Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.) Amarbel 1 Dec-Jan

Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Shankhapuspi 1 Jan-Feb

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea biloba (Forsk.) Beshrum 1 Annual

Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (Kurz.) Bhasam patti 1 1 Dec-Jan

Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (Schrad.) Indraman 1 Aug-Nov

Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia (Linn.) Karella 1 Aug-Sep

Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes cucmeria (Linn.) Van Chichinda 1 Jan-Feb

Cucurbitaceae Momordica dioica (Roxb.) Padora 1 Aug-Sep

Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (Voigt.) Berain kanda 1 Sep-Oct

Cucurbitaceae Coccinia cordifolia (Cugn.) Kundru 1 Aug-Sep

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta (Gaertn.) f. Sarai 1 1 May-Jun

Ebenaceae Diospyros melanoxylon (Roxb) Tendu 1 1 Mar-Apr

Ebenaceae Diospyros chloroxylon (Roxb.) Kala Tendu 1 Mar-Apr

Euphorbiaceae Bridelia retusa (Spreng.) Kashi 1 1 May-Jun

Euphorbiaceae Emblica officinalis (Gaertn.) Amla / Amra 1 Jul-Aug

Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis (Linn.) Rendi / Arandi 1 Annual

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia royleana (Boiss.) Thuha / Sehurda 1 May-June

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia thymifolia (Linn.) Choti Dudhi 1 Annual

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Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta (Linn.) Badi Dudhi 1 Annual

Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas (Linn.) Bhakrendi 1 Jul-Aug

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus niruri (Linn.) Bhui amla 1 Oct-Nov

Fabaceae Abrus precatorius (Linn.) A. Sp. Common 1 3 Oct-Nov (Black-White) Ghumchi

Fabaceae Albizzia lebbeck (Benth.) Karhi /Siris 1 May-Jun

Fabaceae Hardwickia pinnata (Roxb.) Anjan 1 Apr-May

Fabaceae Bauhinia purpurea (Linn. Koilar 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Bauhinia vahlii (W.& A.) Mahuline 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) Kachnar 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Acacia arabica (Willd.) Bamoor / Babul 1 Jun-Jul

Fabaceae Acacia catechu (Willd.) Khair 1 Jun-Jul

Fabaceae Acacia pennata (Linn.) Willd Ail / Raiil 1 Annual

Fabaceae Acacia donaldi (Nov.) Ramna 1 Jun-July

Fabaceae Acacia concinna (D.C.) Sikakai 1 May-Jun

Fabaceae Acacia leucophloea (Willd.) Rennja 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Atylosia scarabaeoides (Benth.) Van Arhar 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Chhuela/Palas 1 Feb-Mar

Fabaceae Butea superba (Roxb.) Persutiha 1 Feb-Mar

Fabaceae Ougeinia dalbergioides (Benth.) Sandan 1 Feb-Mar

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Fabaceae Canavalia ensiformis (Linn.) D.C. Badi Semi 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Bada Chakauda 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Cassia fistula (Linn.) Karkacha 1 Apr-Jun

Fabaceae Cassia tora (Linn.) Chakauda 1 Jul-Aug

Fabaceae Cassia sp. Chakauda 3 Jul-Aug

Fabaceae Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb.) Shisham 1 Jul-Aug

Fabaceae Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) Shisham 1 Jul-Aug

Fabaceae Dolichos lablab (Linn.) Semi 1 Nov-Dec

Fabaceae Derris scandens (Roxb.) (Benth.) Amjun/Amjin 1 Apr-May

Fabaceae Mimosa pudica (Linn.) Chhuimui 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Mucuna prurita (Hook.) Kewanch 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Pongamia glabra (Vent.) Karanj 1 Jul-Aug

Fabaceae Pterocarpus marsupium (Roxb) Bijahra / Bija 1 Jun-Jul

Fabaceae Pueraria tuberosa (D.C.) Patal Kohnda 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Tamarindus indica (Linn.) Imli 1 Aug-Sep

Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea (Pera.) Shirphoka 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Trigonella foenum-graecum (Linn.) Methi 1 Oct-Nov

Fabaceae Crotalaria juncea (Linn.) Sanai/Sana 1 Sep-Oct

Fabaceae Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Arhar 1 Dec-Jan

Fabaceae Lathyrus sativus (Linn.) Heruan 1 Nov-Dec

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Gentianaceae Canscora decussata (Schult.) Shankhaphul/ 1 1 Jan-Feb Shankhapushpi

Lamiaceae Swertia chirata (Buch.) Ham. Chirata 1 1 Sep-Oct

Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum (Linn.) Ram Tulsi 1 Dec-Jan

Lamiaceae Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) Tulsi 1 Dec-Jan

Lamiaceae Ocimum canum (Sims.) Mamri 1 Sep-Oct

Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum (Linn.) Damna / Van 1 Sep-Oct Tulsi

Lamiaceae Leucas aspera (Spreng.) Gumi 1 Oct-Nov

Lamiaceae Mentha spicata (Linn.) Kodina / Podina 1 Mar-Apr

Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (poit) Ganga Tulsi 1 Sep-Oct

Lamiaceae Leonotis nepatefolia (Br.) Bada Guma 1 Sep-Oct (Gathva)

Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Maida 1 1 Apr-May

Lineaceae Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) Alsi 1 1 Nov-Dec

Loganiaceae Strychnos nux-vomica (Linn.) Kochila 1 1 Sep-Oct

Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn. f.) Banda 1 2 Mar-Apr

Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) Mehndi 1 1 Dec-Jan

Lythraceae Woodfordia Fruticosa (Kurz.) Phulchuhia / 1 Dec-Jan Dhavaii

Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Bhindi 1 1 Jul-Aug

Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus (Medic.) Van Bhindi 1 Aug-Sep

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Malvaceae Abelmoschus crinitus (Wall.) Amru 1 Oct-Nov

Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (Linn.) (G-Don.) Kanghi 1 Oct-Nov

Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) Gudahal 1 Annual

Malvaceae Sida cordifolia (Linn.) Biskhpri 1 Annual

Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia (Linn.) Balraj / Bariyari 1 Annual

Malvaceae Sida acuta (Burm.) Bariyari 1 Annual

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica (A, Juss.) Neem 1 1 Apr-May

Meliaceae Melia azadirachta (Linn.) Bakain Neem 1 Jun-Jul

Meliaceae Somida febrifuga (A.Juss.) Rohina 1 Mar-Apr

Meliaceae Chloroxylon swietenia (D.C.) Bharhi 1 May-Jun

Menispermaceae Tinospora cordifolia (Miers.) Gurij 1 1 Jun-Jul

Moraceae Ficus benghalensis (Roxb.) Bar / Bargad 1 Mar-Apr

Moraceae Ficus glomerata (Linn.) Dumar / Gular 1 Apr-May

Moraceae Ficus infectoria (Roxb.) Pakari 1 Mar-Apr

Moraceae Ficus religiosa (Linn.) Pipal 1 Annual

Moringaceae Moringa oleifera (Lamk.) Munga 1 1 Nov-Dec

Myrsinaceae Embelia ribes (Burm.) f. Baibiring 1 1 Jul_Aug

Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Jamun 1 1 May-Jun

Myrtaceae Psidium guajava (Linn.) Bihi /Amrud 1 Oct-Nov

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globules (Linn.) Lyptus 1 Jan-Feb

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Myrtaceae Careya arborea (Roxb.) Kumbhi 1 May-Jun

Myrtaceae Syzygium heynenum (Wall.) Kathjamti 1 Jul-Aug

Nyctaginaceae Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) Patharchata/ 1 1 Oct-Nov Punarnava

Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) Kamalgatta 1 1 Sep-Oct

Oleaceae Jasminum arborescens (Roxb.) Chameli 1 1 Aug-Sep

Oleaceae Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Linn) Khirsali / 1 Jul-Aug Saherua

Orchidaceae Vanda roxburghii (R, Br.) Banda/Cat tail 1 2 Jan-Feb

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata (Linn.) Amti bhaji / 1 1 Annual Khatti buti

Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana (L.) Pili Kateri 1 1 Feb-Mar

Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum (Linn.) Tili 1 1 Aug-Sep

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica (Linn.) Chitawar/Chtrak 1 1 Oct-Nov

Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea (Linn.) Lonia Bhaji 1 1 Dec-Jan

Rhamnaceae Zizyphus jujuba (Lamk.) Ber 1 1 Sep-Oct

Rhamnaceae Zizyphus oenoplia (Mill.) Makohra 1 Sep-Oct

Rhamnaceae Zizyphus rotundifolia (Lamk.) Jharberi 1 Sep-Oct

Rhamnaceae Ventilago calyculata (Tulasne) Keonti 1 Sep-Oct

Rubiaceae Anthocephalus cadamba (Miq.) Kadamb 1 1 Aug-Sep

Rubiaceae Randia dumetorum (Lamk.) Mainhar 1 Jun-Jul

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Rubiaceae Gardenia turgida (Roxb.) Kharhari 1 Jun-Jul

Rubiaceae Gardenis lucida (Roxb.) Malin \ Mali 1 Dec-Jan

Rubiaceae Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Haldu / Mudru 1 May-Jun

Rutaceae Feronia elephantum (Correa.) Kaitha 1 1 Jun-Jul

Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia (Swingle) Kagji Nibu 1 Jan-Feb

Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (Corr.) Bel 1 May-Jun

Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kosum 1 1 Mar-Apr

Sapindaceae Sapindus trifoliatus (Linn.) Ritha 1 Jun-Jul

Sapotaceae Madhuca indica (Gmel.) Mahua 1 1 Feb-Mar

Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Brahmi 1 1 Jan-Feb

Solanaceae Datura metel (Linn.) Kala Dhatur 1 1 Dec-Jan

Solanaceae Datura alba (Nees.) Dhatur 2 Dec-Jan

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum (Linn.) Tambhaku 1 Jan-Feb

Solanaceae Solanum indicum (Linn.) Van Bhata 1 Sep-Oct

Solanaceae Solanum nigrum (Linn.) Makoiya 1 Annual

Solanaceae Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad.) Bhatkataya 2 Jan-Feb

Solanaceae Physalis minima (Linn.) Rushbhari 1 Dec-Jan

Solanaceae Capsicum annum (Linn.) Mirhca 1 Annual

Sterculiaceae Sterculia urens (Roxb.) Kullu 1 1 Jan-Feb

Sterculiaceae Helicteres isora (Linn.) Ainthi Murra 1 Aug-Sep

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Tiliaceae Grewia hirsuta (Vahl. Var.) Gursakari 1 1 Aug-Sep

Ulmaceae Holoptelea integrifolia (Planch.) Chirul 1 1 Mar-Apr

Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea (Linn.) Khambher 1 1 May-Jun

Verbenaceae Tectona grandis (Linn.) Sagon 1 Jul-Aug

Verbenaceae Vitex negundo (Linn.) Nirgundi 1 Apr-May

Verbenaceae Lantana camara (Linn.) Phulchuhiya 1 Nov-Dec

Vitaceae Ampelocissus arnottiana (W. & A.) Amrolla 1 1 Aug-Sep

Vitaceae Vitis quadrangularis (Wall.) Harjor 1 Apr-May

Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) Gokhru 1 1 Sep-Oct

Monocotyledons

Amaryllidaceae Curculigo orchioides (Gaertn.) Kalimusli / 1 1 Aug-Sep Musarmundi

Araceae / Acorus calamus (Linn.) Vach 1 1 Dec-Mar Aroideae

Palmae Phoenix acaulis (Buch.) Chhindi 1 1 Mar-Apr

Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus (Linn.) Nagarmotha / 1 1 Dec-Jan Gangaura

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera (Linn.) Githora kand 1 1 Aug-Sep

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea sativa (Linn.) Githora kand 1 Sep-Oct

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea pentaphylla (Linn.) Khanima kanda 1 Oct-Nov

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea sp. Khanima/Baicha 1 Oct-Nov

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ndi kanda

Liliaceae Allium cepa (Linn.) Piyaj 1 1 Sep-Oct

Liliaceae Allium sativum (Linn.) Lehsun 1 Oct-Nov

Liliaceae Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) Satavar 1 Sep-Oct

Liliaceae Chlorophytum tuberosum Safed musali 1 Sep-Oct (Baker.)

Liliaceae Gloriosa superba (Linn.) Kaliyari 1 Sep-Oct

Liliaceae Smilax zeylanica (Linn.) Sher Datoon / 1 Sep-Oct Ram Datoon

Liliaceae Urginea indica (Kunth.) Van piyaz 1 Aug-Sep

Liliaceae Aloe barbadensis (Mill.) Gheegwar 1 Apr-May

Poaceae Heteropogon contortus (Linn.) Kushlampa 1 Oct-Nov

Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum (Linn.) Kans 1 Sep-Oct

Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (Pers.) Doob ghas 1 Annual

Poaceae Desmostachya bipinnata Kusha 1 Dec-Jan (Stapf.)

Poaceae Eleusine aegyptiaca (Desf.) Ghodchaba 1 Aug-Sep chara

Poaceae Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Oorai ghass 1 Sep-Oct

Poaceae Dendrocalamus strictus Bans 1 Mar-Apr (Nees.)

Poaceae Panicum miliare (Lamk.) Kutki/Sama 1 Aug-Sep

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Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum Kodo 1 Sep-Oct (Linn.)

Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Solms.) Jal Kumbhi 1 1 Sep-Oct

Zingiberaceae Curcuma angustifolia (Roxb.) Tikhur 1 1 Sep-Oct

Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa (Linn.) Hardi / Haldi 1 Nov-Dec

Zingiberaceae Curcuma zedoaria (Rosc.) Van Hardi 1 Nov-Dec

Zingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium Gul bkaoli 1 Dec-Jan (Koeng.)

Zingiberaceae Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Siktaphool 1 Aug-Sep

Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale (Rosc.) Adrak 1 Jan-Feb

Pteridophytes

Equisetaceae Equisetum debile (Roxb.) Harjor 1 1 Jul-Aug chara

Polypodiaceae Adiantum caudatum (Linn.) Hansraj / 1 1 Nov-Dec Mayurpan (Spore forming khi period)

Dryopteris marginata Paharia 1 1 Nov-Dec (Wall.) (Spore forming =70 =208 period) Genera Species

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Appendix Table N0. – IV *List of Plants used for various Ailments by Baiga Vaidyas*

4. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND DISEASES: In the Anuppur district has resides different village and remote forest areas of Baiga people. They used medicinal plants especially individuals and traditionally treatment of various ailments in Amarkantak region and also around village and forest regions.

4.1- PARALYSIS, RHEUMATIC, AND ARTHRITIS: 48-55 1. Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Fabaceae) “Ghumchi” 2. Alangium salviifolium, Linn.f. (Alangiaceae) “Akola or Kolha” 3. Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) “Batilha/Ishwar Bhata” 4. Calotropis procera R. Br., (Asclepiadaceae), ‘Madar’ 5. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” 6. Jasminum arborescens, Roxb (Oleaceae) “Chameli” 7. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Arandi / Randi” 8. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatur” 9. Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae) “Gumi” 10. Caesalpinia bonducella, Fleming. (Fabaceae), “Gataran” 11. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) “Tikhur” 12. Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.) Bl. (Araceae), “Suran Kanda”

13. Semecarpus anacardium, (L0inn.) f. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” 14. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Linn. (Oleaceae), “Khirsali/ Parijat, Harsingar” 15. Vitex negundo, Linn. (Verbenaceae) “Nirgundi” 16. Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae) “Lehsun” 17. Leonotis nepetaefolia, R. Br. (Labiatae/Lamiaceae), “Bada guma” 18. Cassia tora Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chakauda / Chakunda” International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 246

19. Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae), “Munga” 20. Bridelia retusa, Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), “Kasihi” 21. Strychnous nux-vomica, Linn. (Loganiaceae), “Kochila” 22. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” 23. Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Chitchitia” 24. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. (Sapindaceae), “Kosum / Kusum”

25. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. (Malvaceae), “Van Bhindi” 26. Guizotia abyssnica, Cass. (Compositae / Asteraceae) “Ramtila” 27. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru”

28. Vanda roxburghii, R. Br. (Orchidaceae), “Banda” 29. Randia dumetorum, Lamk. (Rubiaceae), “Mainhar” 30. Elaeodendron glaucum, pers. (Celastraceae), “Jamrasi” 31. Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae), “Vach” 32. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Arandi” 4. 2- COUGH, CORYZA AND COLD: 56-59 1. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” 2. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool / Babul”

3. Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” 4. Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae) ‘Vach’ 5. Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Adusa” 6. Leucas aspera, spreng. (Lamiaceae), “Gumi Sag” 7.Euphorbia royleana, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha/ Sehunda” 8. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle. (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nibu” 9. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” 10. Oxalis corniculata, Linn. (Oxalidaceae), “Khattibuti /Amti Sag” 11. Terminalia belerica, Roxb, (Combretaceae), “Bahera” 12. Trachyspermum ammi, Linn. (Umbelliferae/Apeaceae), “Ajwain”

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13. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitawar/Chitrak” 14. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” 15. Tephrosia purpurea, Linn. Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphonka” 16. Gardenia lucida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Malin/Mali” 4. 3- PAIN DISEASE: 59-67 1. Aloe barbadensis, Mill (Liliaceae), “Gheegwar”

2. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), "Kanghi"

3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Piyaj”

4. Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (Malvaceae), “Amru" 5. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae),”Neem” 6. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkacha” 7. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. (Burseraceae), “Salain/Salainya”

8. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela/palas”

9. Acorus calamus, Linn.(Araceae), “Vach”

10. Capparis zeylanica, Linn. (Capparidaceae), “Ulata Kanta / Bagh Muchha”

11. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni /Khurkhundan” 12. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” 13. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle. (Rutaceae), “Kagji nibu” 14. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi / Hardi” 15. Dendrophthoe falcata, (Linn.f.)Ettin. (Loranthaceae), “Banda” 16. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Kala Dhatur” 17. Eclipta alba, Hassak. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira/Bhringaraj”

18. Embelia robusta, (C. B. Cl.) non Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibiring” 19. Erythrina suberosa, Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha / Sehunda” 20. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bar / Bargad” 21. Ficus religiosa, Linn. (Moraceae), “Peepal” 22. Ficus glomerata, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Dumar / Dumar” 23. Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha”

24. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Ainthi / Murra” International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 248

25. Ocimum canum, Sims. (Lamiaceae), “Mamri” 26. Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrendi” 27. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitabar / Chitrak” 28. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Anantmool / Doodhi” 29. Ocimum americanum, Linn. (Lamiaceae / Labiatae), “Damna” 30. Nicotiana tobaccum, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Tambakhu” 31. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Rendi / Arandi”

32. Tephrosia purpurea, (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” 33. Soymida februfuga, A. Juss. (Meliaceae),”Rohina” 34. Sphaeranthus indicus, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Gorakh mundi / Bhui mundi” 35. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. & Wendell. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” 36. Tridex procumbens, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Baramasi Ghass” 37. Sesamum indicum, Linn. (Pedaliaceae), “Tilli / Til” 38. Trigonella foenum-graecum, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Methi”

39. Tagetes erecta, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Genda” 40. Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. (Sapotaceae) “Mahua”

4.4- SKIN DISEASE: 68-74 1. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” 2. Eichhornia crassipes,Solms.(Pontederiaceae)"Jal Bhata/Jal Kumbhi" 3. Abelmoschus moschatus, Medic. (Malvaceae), “Van Bhindi” 4. Amaranthus spinosus, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kantili Chauli” 5. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira” 6. Allium sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” 7. Albizzia lebbeck, Benth. (Fabaceae) , “Sirish/Karhi” 8. Barleria cristata, Linn. (Acanthaceae) , “Pathar phor” 9. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkach / Amaltas” 10. Calotropis gigantea, (Linn.) R. Br. exait. (Asclepiadaceae), “Akwan/Madar” 11. Cassia tora, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chakauda” 12. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Bada chakoda” 13. Caesalpinia bonducela, Fleming. (Fabaceae), “Gataran”

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14. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” 15. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apeaceae), “Bramhi” 16. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni” 17. Ipomoea biloba, Forsk. (Convolvulaceae), “Beshram” 18. Grewia hirsuta, Vahl. (Tiliaceae), “Gudsakri” 19. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. (Ulmaceae), “Chirul” 20. Desmostachya bipinnata, Stapf. (Poaceae), “Kusha” 21. Nerium indicum, Mill. , (Apocynaceae), “Lal Kaner/Gulabi Kaner” 22. Musa paradisiaca, Linn. (Musaceae), “Kera /Kadli/ kela”:- 23. Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrandi” 24. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae / Labiatae), “Tulsi” 25. Sterculia urens, Roxb. (Sterculiaceae). “Kulu” 26. Sida cordifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Biskhapri” 27. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chiraita” 28. Phyllanthus niruri, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Bhui Amla” 29. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Apocynaceae), “Pila Kaner” 30. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij” 31. Ventilago calyculata, Tulasne. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” 32. Martynia annua, Linn. (Pedaliaceae), “Bichhu / Bhaghnokhi” 33. Melia azadirachta, Linn. (Meliaceae), “Bakain Neem” 34. Madhuca indica, (J.F.) Gmel. (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” 36. Tectaria caudata Cav. (Dryopteridaceac) “Jata Shankri” 37. Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae), “Batilha/ Ishwar Bhata” 38. Vetiveria zizanioides, Linn. (Poaceae), “Oorii Ghass/Khas Ghass” 4.5- PLANTS USED AS ANTIPYRETIC (FEVER DISEASE): 74-78 1. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae) “Chirchira/Apamarga” 2. Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench. (Malvaceae) “Bhindi/Bhedi” 3. Abutilon indicum, Linn. & Sw. (Malvaceae) “Kanghi” 4. Adiantum caudatum, Linn (Polypodiaceae) “Mayur Pankhi” 5. Adina cordifolia, (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) “Haldu” 6. Andrographis paniculata, Nees. (Acanthaceae) “Bhui Neem/ Kalmegh”

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7. Euphorbia royleana, Boise.(Euphorbiaceae) “Thuha/Sehuda” 8. Caesalpinia bonducela, Fleming. (Fabaceae) “Gataran” 9. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae) “Bada Chakauda” 10. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 11. Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae), “Gumi” 12. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae) “Tulsi” 13. Ocimum canum, Sims. (Lamiaceae) “Mamri” 14. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” 15. Tinospora cordifolia, (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae) “Gurij/ Giloe” 16. Solanum indicum, Linn (Solanaceae) “Van Bhata” 17. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” 4.6- VENEREAL-DISEASE: 78-82 1. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira/Latjira/Apamarga” 2. Asteracantha longifolia, Nees. (Acanthaceae). “Talmakhana” 3. Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench. (Malvaceae), “Bhindi” 4. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babul. 5. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” 6. Asparagus racemosus, Willd, (Liliaceae), “Satavar” 7. Amaranthus spinosus, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kantili chaulai” 8. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela” 9. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patharchata” 10. Curcuma angustifolia, Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), “Tikhur” 11. Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Shisham” 12. Ficus infectoria, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Pakri” 13. Ficus glomerata, Roxb. (Moraceae), “Dumar” 14. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bara / Bargad” 15. Gloriosa superba, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Kaliyari / Kalihari” 16. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Labiatae / Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” 17. Tephrosia purpurea, (Linn.) Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” 18. Zizyphus rotundifolia, Lamk. (Rhamnaceae), “Jhadberi” 19. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij”

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20. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru” 21. Sida cordifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Biskhapdi” 22. Phyllanthus emblica, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” 4.7. FOR JAUNDICE DISEASE: 82-84 1. Alternanthera sessilis, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kachri” 2. Phyllanthus niruri, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhui Amla” 3. Centratherum anthelminticum, Willd.(Asteraceae), “Van jeer” 4. Curcuma angustifolia, Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), “Tikhur” 5. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” 6. Euphorbia microspora, Hegne. (Euphorbiaceae), “Chhoti Dudhi” 7. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patherchata / Punarnava” 8. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Gamira” 9. Sonchus arvensis, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Kan phul” 10. Calotropis gigantea, (Linn.) R. Br. ex Ait. (Asclepiadaceae), “Akwan” 11. Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) Indian madder / “Manjishtha/ Majitha” 4.8-FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASE: 85-87 1. Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Acanthaceae),”Adusa” 2. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni / Khurkhundan” 3. Albizzia lebbeck, Benth. (Fabaceae), “Sirish / Karhi” 4. Bauhinia variegata, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Koilar” 5. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” 6. Chenopodium album, Linn. (Chenopodiaceae), “Bathua Bhaji” 7. Datura stramonium, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” 8. Lukas aspera, Spreng. (Lamiaceae/ Labiatae), “Gumi Sag” 9. Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Gudmar/ Phenia” 10. Ficus religiosa, Linn. (Moraceae), “Pipal” 11. Solanum indicum, Linn, (Solanaceae), “Van Bhata” 12. Leonotis nepetaefolia, R. Br. (Lamiaceae), “Bada Guma” 13. Terminalia belerica Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera”

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4.9. FOR WEAK DIGESTION / INDIGESTION: 87-89 1. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb. (Crassulaceae), “Bhasam Patti” 2. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nimbu” 3. Embelia robusta, (C.B. Clarke) Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibiring” 4. Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” 5. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” 6. Feronia elephantum, Lamk. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” 7. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” 8. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitwar/ Chitrak” 9. Psidium guajava, Linn. (Myrtaceae), “Bihi / Amrud” 10. Trachyspermum ammi, Linn. Syn., Carum copticum, Benth. (Apeaceae), “Ajwain” 11. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Fabaceae), “Shirphoka” 12. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” 13. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Harra” 4.10- DIABETES DISEASE: 89-97 1. Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” 2. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira” 3. Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Adusa” 4. Adiantum caudatum Linn. (Adiantaceae), “Muyurshikha/Jata Shankri” 5. Aegle marmelos Linn. (Rutaceae) “Bel” 6. Alangium salviifolium (Linn.f.) Wang. (Alangiaceae) “Kolha” 7. Albizzia lebbeck (Linn.) Willd. (Fabaceae) “Kala Siris” 8. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex. Nees. (Acanthaceae) “Bhui Neem” 9. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. (Rubiaceae) “Kadam” 10. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) “Punarnava” 11. Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) ex. Colebr. (Burseraceae) “Salain” 12.Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) “Malkangni/Amjin” 13. Citrullus colocynthis Schard; (Cucurbitaceae) “Indraman” 14. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) “Kalimusli” 15. Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) “Badi Dudhi”

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16. Ficus Benghalensis Linn. (Moraceae) ‘Bargad’ 17. Helicteres isora Linn. (Sterculiaceae) “Marorphali” 18. Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. Asclepiadaceae “Fenia, Gudmar / Phulkati / phenia” 19. Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. (Fabaceae) “Sandan Tinsa” 20. Swertia chirata Roxb. (Gentianaceae) “Chirata” 21. Pongamia pinnata Linn. Fabaceae “Kanji” 22. Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae) “Bel” 23. Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf. (Poaceae) “Ghodchaba” 24. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) DC. (Apocynaceae) “Koreya” 25. Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) “Karelia/Karela” 26. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Menispermaceae “Gurij” 27. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Fabaceae) “Methi” 28. Pueraria tuberosa D.C. (Fabaceae) “Patal Kohnda” 29. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae) “Bijasal / Bijahra/ Bija” 30. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) “Gorakhmundi Bhumudii” 4. 11- ANTIDOTES MEDICINE: 97-101 1. Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Ghumchi / Ratti” 2. Abutilon indicum, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Kanghii” 3. Aristolochia indica, Linn. (Aristolochiaceae), “Ishwar Bhata, / Batilha” 4. Barleria cristata, Linn. (Acanthaceae), “Pathar phor, Bajradanti" 5. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. (Burseraceae), “Salain” 6. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae),”Karkacha” 7. Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepidaceae). “Madar” 8. Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Imli” 9. Datura stramonium, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” 10. Dolichos lablab, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Semi” 11. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira” 12. Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn. (Sapindaceae), “Ritha / Kari” 13. Sida rhombifolia, Linn. (Malvaceae), “Balraj / Bariyari” 14.Vernonia roxburghii, Less. (Asteraceae), “Kala jeer/Lampati” 15. Alangium salviifolium, Linn. (Alangiaceae), “Kolha / Akola”

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16. Ventilago calyculata, Tulasne. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” 17. Mucuna prurita, Hook. (Fabaceae), “Kevanch” 18. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Anantmool/ Doodhi” 19. Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Gudmar/ Phenia” 20. Semecarpus anacardium, (Linn.)f. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” 21. Heliotropium indicum, Linn. (Boraginaceae), “Hathi sund” 22. Diospyros chloroxylon, Roxb. (Ebenaceae), “Kala Tendu” 23. Gardenia túrgida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Kharahari” 24. Tectaria coadunata (Wall. Ex Hook & Grev.) C. Chr. “Jatashankari” 4.12- TUBERCULOSIS (T.B.) DISEASES:- 101-102 1. Bauhinia vahlii, W. & A. (Fabaceae), “Mahroii / Mahulain” 2. Derris scandens, Benth. (Fabaceae), “Amjun/Amjin” 3. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” 4. Tinospora cordifolia, (Willd.) Miers. (Menispermaceae), “Gurij” 4. 13- CONSTIPATION: 102-103 1. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae), “Bel” 2. Bauhinia variegata, spreng. (Fabaceae), “Koilar” 3. Buchanania lanzan, Spreng. (Anacardiaceae), “Char” 4. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indrawn 5. Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae), “Bihi / Amrud” 6. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” 7. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” 4. 14- SWELLING DISEASE: 103-105 1. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Pyaj / Piaj” 2. Cordia macleodii, Hook. f. & Thorns (Boraginaceae), “Dahiman” 3. Capparis zeylanica, Linn. (Capparidaceae),”Ulta Kanta / Bagmuchha” 4. Datura stramonium, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” 5. Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers. (Celastraceae), “Jamrasi” 6. Euphorbia royleana, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), “Thuha/Sehuda” 7. Hedychium coronarium, Koeng. (Zingiberaceae), “Gulbakauli” 8. Mimosa púdica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Lajvanti / Chhuimui”

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9. Solanum nigrum, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Makoia” 10. Swertia chirata, Buch. Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chiraita” 11. Tamarindus indica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Imli” 4.15- EYE DISEASES: 105-107 1. Hedychium coronarium, Koen. (Zingiberaceae), “Gulbakauli” 2. Argemone mexicana, Linn. (Papaveraceae), “Pili Katilli” 3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Piyaj / Piaz” 4. Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.) Blume. (Araceae), “Suran” 5. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. (Celastraceae), “Malkangni” 6. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” 7. Rosa centifolia, Linn. (Rosaceae), “Gulab” 8. Swertia chirata, Buch. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata” 9. Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Phenia,/ Gudmar” 10. Flacourtia indica Merr.syn. F. ramontchi L.’Herit. (Flacourtiaceae) “Rakta sokh / Bincha” 4.16- EAR DISEASES: 107-109 1. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” 2. Benincasa hispida, Thunb. (Cucurbitaceae), “Bariha” 3. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indrawan” 4. Cleome viscosa, Linn. (Capparidaceae), ‘Hurhur” 5. Dendrophthoe falcata, (L. f.) E. (Loranthaceae), “Banda” 6. Jasminum arborescens, Roxb. (Oleaceae), “Chameli” 7. Ocimum gratissimum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Ram Tulsi” 8. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Apocynaceae), “Pili Kaner” 9. Vitex negundo, Linn. (Verbenaceae), “Nirgundi” 10. Vanda roxburghii, R. Br. (Orchidaceae), “Banda” 11. Radermachera xylocarpa, (Roxb.) Roxb.ex K. Schum. (Bignoniaceac) “Garus” 4.17- BONE FRACTURE: 109-110 1. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool” 2. Equisetum debile, Roxb. (Equisetaceae), “Harjor" (Horse tail) 3. Litsea glutinosa, Lour. (Lauraceae), “Maida”

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4. Terminalia arjuna, W. & A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” 5. Vitis quadrangularis, Wall. (Vitaceae), “Harjor” 6. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae) “Mahua” 4.18- LUNACY (MAD) DISEASES: 111 1. Bacopa monnieri, Linn. (Scrophulariaceae) “Brahmi” 2. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apiaceae / Umbelliferae), “Bramhi/ buti” 3. EEvolvulus alsinoides, Linn. (Convolvulaceae), “Shankhapushpi” 4. Spilanthes acmella, Murr. (Asteraceae), “Akarkarha/ Akalkarha” 4.19- BURN (INFLAMMATION) DISEASES: 112-113 1. Aloe barbadensis, Mill. (Liliaceae), “Gheegwar” 2. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae), “Kalimusli” 3. Eclipta alba, Hassk. (Asteraceae), “Ghamira” 4. Ficus benghalensis, Linn. (Moraceae), “Bar / Bargad” 5. Lawsonia alba, Lam. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi/Hena” 6. Terminalia arjuna, W.&A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” 7. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. (Zygophyllaceae), “Gokhru” 8. Urginea indica, Kunth. (Liliaceae), “Van Piaj” 9. Ventilago calyculata, Tul. (Rhamanaceae), “Keonti” 4.20- EPILEPSY (MIRGI): 113-114 1. Bacopa monnieri, Linn. (Scrophulariaceae), "Bramhi" 2. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae), “Chhuela / Palas” 3. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Poaceae), “Doob ghass” 4. Centella asiatica, Linn. (Apiaceae), “Brahmi buti” 5. Dryopteris cochleata D.Don. (C.Chr.), (Dryopteridaceae), "Jata shankri" 6. Lawsonia inermis, Linn. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi” 7. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad. (Solanaceae), “Bhatkataiya” 3.21- PILES DISEASES: 114-116 1. Amorphophallus campanulatus, (Roxb.) Bl. (Araceae), “Suran Kanda” 2. Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Madar” 3. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman/Indryan” 4. Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle (Rutaceae), “Kagji Nibu”

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5. Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Amla” 6. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” 7. Mimosa púdica, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Chhuimui / Lajvanti” 8. Woodfordia fruticosa, Kurz. (Lythraceae), “Dhavaii, / Phulchuhiya” 4.22- STERILITY (SUPPRESSION): 116-117 1. Abutilon indicum, (Linn) Sw. (Malvaceae), “Kanghi” 2. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae),“Kalimusli/ Musarmundi” 3. Mucuna prurita, Hook. (Fabaceae), “Kewanch” 4. Semecarpus anacardium, (Linn.) f (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” 5. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Charaita” 4.23- BLISTER (Skin Disease)DISEASES: 117 1. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Chirchira/ Latjeera” 2. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair” 3. Acacia Arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool, / Bamoor” 4. Eugenia jambolana, Lamk. (Myrtaceae), “Jamun” 5. Terminalia arjuna, W. & A. (Combretaceae), “Kahua” 6. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” 4. 24- INTESTINAL WORM (STOMACH PARASITE): 118-119 1. Adiantum caudatum, Linn. (Polypodiaceae), “Mayurpankhi” 2. Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), “Bhui Neem” 3. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 4. Butea monosperma, Lamk. (Fabaceae) “Chhuela / Palas” 5. Centratherum anthelminticum, Willd. (Asteraceae), “Vanjeer” 6. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” 7. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” 8. Embelia robusta (C.B. Cl.) non Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), “Baibring / Baibidang” 9. Gloriosa superba, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Kaliyari / Kalihari” 10. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. (Apocynaceae), “Koraya / Kurchi” 11. Solanum indicum Linn. (Solanaceae), “Van Bhata” 12. Swertia chirata, (Buch.) Ham. (Gentianaceae), “Chirata”

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3. 25-SUPPRESSION OF BODY WEAKNESS (FOR STRENGTH): 119-121 1. Anogeissus latifolia, wall. (Combretaceae), “Dhawa” 2. Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” 3. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi, / Hardi” 4. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae), “Musarmundi / Kalimusli” 5. Madhuca indica, Gmel. (Sapotaceae), ‘Mahua’ 6. Musa paradisiaca, Linn. (Musaceae), “Kera /Kela ” 7. Smilax zeylanica, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Ram datoon/ Sherdatoon” 8. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” 9. Tectaria caudata (Wall.) ex. Hook. Et. Grev) C. Chr. (Dryopteridaceac), "Jatamasi" Tectaria 4.26- PNEUMONIA (CHILLED):121-122 1. Allium Sativum, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lehsun” 2. Butea superba, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Persutiha / Lata Palas” 3. Dryopteris marginata, Wall. (Polypodiaceae), “Paharia/ Pahadia” 4. Gardenia lucida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Malin / Mali” 4. 27- CRACK HEAL: 122 1. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Poaceae), “Doob Ghas” 2. Jatropha curcas, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Bhakrendi” 3. Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Randi” 3.28- CHOLERA (VOMITING WITH DIARRHOEA): 123 1. Madhuca indica, (J.F.) Gmel (Sapotaceae), “Mahua” 2. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Murra / Ainthi” 3. Pueraria tuberosa, D.C. (Fabaceae), “Patal Kohnda” 4. 29- FOR EASILY DELIVERY (BIRTH): 123-124 1. Acorus calamus, Linn. (Araceae), “Vach” 2. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Bada Chakuda” 3. Gardenia túrgida, Roxb. (Rubiaceae), “Kharahari” 4.Ricinus communis, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), “Rendi” 4.30- SMALL POX: 124

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1. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 2. Curcuma longa, Linn. (Zingiberaceae), “Haldi” 4. 31- VOMITING: 124-125 1. Aegle marmelos, Corre. (Rutaceae), “Bel” 2. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 3. Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. (Poaceae), “Bans” 4. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae),”Murra / Aainthi” 5. Cassia fistula, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Karkacha / Amaltas” 6. Randia dumetorum, Lamk. (Rubiaceae), “Mainahar/Mainphal” 4. 32- EXTERNAL PARASITE: 125 1. Annona squamosa, Linn. (Annonaceae), “Sita phal” 2. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 3. Datura metel, Linn. (Solanaceae), “Dhatoor” 4. 33- FAMILY PLANNING, CONTRACEPTIVE, OR STERILIZATION:126 1. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), “Indraman” 2. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” 3. Momordica dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae), (Male) “Padora Kand” 4. Vetiveria zizanioides, Linn. (Poaceae), “Oorii Ghass” 4. 34- HERNIA PAIN: 126-127 1. Canavalia ensiformis, Linn. (Fabaceae), “Seama, Badi Semi” 2. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” 4. 35- ANTISEPTIC DISEASE: 127-128 1. Acacia leucophloea, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Reanja” 2. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem” 3. Ampelocissus arnottiana, Planch. (Vitaceae), “Amrolla” 4. Hyptis suavelens, (Linn.) Poit, (Lamiaceae), “Ban Tulsi/ Gangatulsi, Vilayti Tulsi” 5. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” 4.36- DIARRHOEA AND STOOL DISEASE: 128-129 1. Euphorbia thymifolia, Linn (Euphorbiaceae) "Chhoti Dudhi" 2. Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) “Liptis”

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3. Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” 4. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae), “Murra / Ainthi” 5. Ocimum sanctum, Linn. (Lamiaceae), “Tulsi” 6. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Bijahra/Bija Sal” 7. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. (Plumbaginaceae), “Chitawar/ Chitrak” 8. Terminalia chebula, Retz. (Combretaceae), “Harra” 9. Terminalia belerica, Roxb. (Combretaceae), “Bahera” 4.37- DYSENTERY DISEASE: 129-131 1. Acacia arabica, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Babool, / Bamoor” 2. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae), “Bel” 3. Alternanthera sessilis, Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “Kachri” 4. Euphorbia hirta, Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) "Badi dudhi" 5. Eugenia jambolana, Lamk. (Myrtaceae), “Jamun” 6. Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Rutaceae), “Kaitha” 7. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. (Apocynaceae), “Koraya/ Kurchi“ 8. Ougeinia oojeinensis, Roxb. (Fabaceae), “Sandan / Tinsa” 9. Smilax zeylanica, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Sherdaoon / Ramdatoon” 10. Shorea robusta, Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae), “Sarai / Sal” 11. Saccharum spontaneum (Linn.) (Poaceae) “Kans/Kanshi” 4. 38- FOR MILK SECRETION: 131-132 1. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. (Liliaceae), “Satawar” 2. Cyperus rotundus, Linn. (Cyperaceae), “Gangaura /Nagarmotha” 3. Chlorophytum tuberosum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” 4. Pergularia daemia (Forck.) syn. Daemia extensa (R.Br.) (Asclepiadaceae) “Doodhibel” 5. Oxystelma esculentum R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae) “Hiran Khuri” 4.39- FOR CUT WOUND, AND HURT: 132-134 1. Acacia catechu, Willd. (Fabaceae), “Khair / Katha” 2. Aegle marmelos, Corr. (Rutaceae), “Bel” 3. Allium cepa, Linn. (Liliaceae), “Piaj / Piyaj” 4. Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. (Nyctaginaceae), “Patharchata”

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5. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. (Convolvulaceae), “Amarbel” 6. Carissa carandas, Linn. (Apocynaceae), “Karaunda” 7. Chlorophytum tuberosum, Baker. (Liliaceae), “Safed musli” 8. Ficus infectoria, Roxb. (Moraceae), “pakri” 9. Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Fenia, Gudmar” 10. Heliotropium indicum, Linn. (Boraginaceae), “Hathisund” 11. Hemidesmus indicus, R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), “Dudhia / Anantmool” 12. Lawsonia inermis, Linn. (Lythraceae), “Mehndi” 13. Moringa oleifera, Lamk (Moringaceae), “Munga / Sahijan” 14. Tridex procumbens, Linn. (Asteraceae), “Baramasi” 15. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae), “Bhelma” 16. Mitragyan parvifolia Korth. (Rubiaceae) “Kaim” 4. 40- BLOOD PRESSURE (HIGH/LOW): 135 *High Blood Pressure* 1. Moringa oleifera Lam. Syn. M. pterygosperma Gaertn. (Moringaceae) “Munga” 2. Cordia macleodii Hook. (Boraginaceae) “Dahiman” *Low Blood Pressure* 3. Terminalia arjuna W. & A. (Combretaceae) “Arjun/Kahua” 4.41- CANCER DISEASE: 135-136 1. Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch. (Araceae) Corm (Lakshmana Kanda / Tuber) 2.Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f. (Anacardiaceae) “Bhelma/Bhilwa” 4.42- CATTLE DISEASE: 136-138 1. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 2. Melia azadirachta, Linn. (Meliaceae) “Bakain Neem” 3. Calotropis procera, R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) “Madar” 4. Curculigo orchioides, Gaertn. (Amaryllideae) “Musarmundi/ Kalimusli” 5. Helicteres isora, Linn. (Sterculiaceae) “Ainthi / Murra” 6. Abelmoschus crinitus, Wall.(Malvaceae) “Amru” 7. Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. (Anacardiaceae) “Bhelma” 8. Amorphophallus campanulatus, Blume. (Araceae) “Suran kand”

International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 262

9. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. (Meliaceae) “Neem” 10. Echinops echinatus, Roxb. (Asteraceae) “Safed Kantili” 11. Alangium salviifolium, Linn. (Alangiaceae) “Kolha”

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International E Publication www.isca.co.in THE BAIGAS: ETHNOMEDICINALPRACTICES SINCE ANCIENT TIME 263

International E Publication www.isca.co.in