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Maya Knowledge and "Science Wars"
Journal of Ethnobiology 20(2); 129-158 Winter 2000 MAYA KNOWLEDGE AND "SCIENCE WARS" E. N. ANDERSON Department ofAnthropology University ofCalifornia, Riverside Riverside, CA 92521~0418 ABSTRACT.-Knowledge is socially constructed, yet humans succeed in knowing a great deal about their environments. Recent debates over the nature of "science" involve extreme positions, from claims that allscience is arbitrary to claims that science is somehow a privileged body of truth. Something may be learned by considering the biological knowledge of a very different culture with a long record of high civilization. Yucatec Maya cthnobiology agrees with contemporary international biological science in many respects, almost all of them highly specific, pragmatic and observational. It differs in many other respects, most of them highly inferential and cosmological. One may tentatively conclude that common observation of everyday matters is more directly affected by interaction with the nonhuman environment than is abstract deductive reasoning. but that social factors operate at all levels. Key words: Yucatec Maya, ethnoornithology, science wars, philosophy ofscience, Yucatan Peninsula RESUMEN.-EI EI conocimiento es una construcci6n social, pero los humanos pueden aprender mucho ce sus alrededores. Discursos recientes sobre "ciencia" incluyen posiciones extremos; algunos proponen que "ciencia" es arbitrario, otros proponen que "ciencia" es verdad absoluto. Seria posible conocer mucho si investiguemos el conocimiento biol6gico de una cultura, muy difcrente, con una historia larga de alta civilizaci6n. EI conodrniento etnobiol6gico de los Yucatecos conformc, mas 0 menos, con la sciencia contemporanea internacional, especial mente en detallas dcrivadas de la experiencia pragmatica. Pero, el es deferente en otros respectos-Ios que derivan de cosmovisi6n 0 de inferencia logical. -
ISE Newsletter, Volume 1 Issue 2, Without Photos
Volume 1, Issue 2 June 2009 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: ISE’S 1ST ASIAN 2 THE ISE’S FIRST ASIAN CONFERENCE OF ETHNOBIOLOGY CONFERENCE TAIWAN, 21-29 OCTOBER 2009 Profile: Dr. Yih-Ren 3 During the 11th International In order to demonstrate the Resource Management Profile: RECAP 4 Congress of Ethnobiology in unique and diverse cultural 3. Natural Disaster Zones UPDATES ON ISE 4 Peru, the idea of an Asian characteristics of the area, and and Environmental ACTIVITIES regional conference was therefore the topic of “Sacred Mastery posited. When Dr. Yih-Ren Places”, which bears great 4. Local Indigenous Scientific Re-Evisioning Activity 4 Lin, Director of the Research local representation, was Education Global Coalition and 5 Centre for Austronesian chosen as an entrance point Ethics Committee Peoples at Providence into this conference. In order 5. Indigenous Policies and University, was elected as the to reflect the commitment to Biological/Cultural Ethics Toolkit 6 Asian Representative for ISE, research ethics and explore Diversity Conservation 2009-2011 Darrell 7 he was encouraged to hold the academic and practical 6. Traditional Ecological Posey Fellowship the First Asian Conference of dialectical spirit in this Recipients Knowledge Ethnobiology (FACE; www.ise- interdisciplinary field, the topic 7. Indigenous Area Reports: 2006-2008 8 asia.org). of participatory research Research and Research Darrell Posey Small The aim of this conference is methodology was specifically Methodology added. CONFERENCE 10 to address topics that have 8. Religion and Indigenous been long-term priorities for The focus of the ISE FACE is REPORTS Sacred Spaces the ISE that also relate to the “The Position of Indigenous Snowchange 10 portrayal of Indigenous culture Peoples, Sacred Places and 9. -
Thinking About the Human Bias in Our Ecological Analyses for Biodiversity Conservation Sérgio De Faria Lopes1,*
REVIEW Ethnobiology and Conservation 2017, 6:14 (18 August 2017) doi:10.15451/ec2017086.14124 ISSN 22384782 ethnobioconservation.com The other side of Ecology: thinking about the human bias in our ecological analyses for biodiversity conservation Sérgio de Faria Lopes1,* ABSTRACT Ecology as a science emerged within a classic Cartesian positivist context, in which relationships should be understood by the division of knowledge and its subsequent generalization. Overtime, ecology has addressed many questions, from the processes that lead to the origin and maintenance of life to modern theories of trophic webs and non equilibrium. However, the ecological models and ecosystem theories used in the field of ecology have had difficulty integrating man into analysis, although humans have emerged as a global force that is transforming the entirety of planet. In this sense, currently, advances in the field of the ecology that develop outside of research centers is under the spotlight for social, political, economic and environmental goals, mainly due the environmental crisis resulting from overexploitation of natural resources and habitat fragmentation. Herein a brief historical review of ecology as science and humankind’s relationship with nature is presented, with the objective of assessing the impartiality and neutrality of scientific research and new possibilities of understanding and consolidating knowledge, specifically local ecological knowledge. Moreover, and in a contemporary way, the human being presence in environmental relationships, both as a study object, as well as an observer, proposer of interpretation routes and discussion, requires new possibilities. Among these proposals, the human bias in studies of the biodiversity conservation emerges as the other side of ecology, integrating scientific knowledge with local ecological knowledge and converging with the idea of complexity in the relationships of humans with the environment. -
Archaeology As Restoration Ecology: a Model from Sunwatch
ARCHAEOLOGY AS RESTORATION ECOLOGY: A MODEL FROM SUNWATCH INDIAN VILLAGE/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK (33My57) A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Sara Rose DeAloia August 2004 This thesis entitled ARCHAEOLOGY AS RESTORATION ECOLOGY: A MODEL FROM SUNWATCH INDIAN VILLAGE/ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK (33My57) BY SARA ROSE DeALOIA has been approved for the Program of Environmental Studies and the College of Arts and Sciences by Elliot Abrams Professor of Anthropology Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences DeALOIA, SARA ROSE. M.S. August 2004. Environmental Studies Archaeology as Restoration Ecology: A Model from SunWatch Indian Village/ Archaeological Park (33My57)(87 pp.) Director of Thesis: Elliot Abrams This research is intended to demonstrate how SunWatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park presents possibilities for how restoration ecology and archaeology can augment and inform each other by looking at both the site and the environmental restoration at the site from an historical ecology perspective. There are two major themes of this work: first, the application of archaeological data to modern environmental issues and second, the importance of viewing landscapes as both natural and cultural phenomena which interact in a series of complex relationships throughout time. I present a comprehensive overview of the site, providing the paleothnobotanical data collected by previous researchers in order to show how such archaeological data can be used to inform restoration work. The research ends with a presentation of how SunWatch can provide a model for doing this work in other places, as well as a series of questions and criteria necessary for determining when and where it is appropriate. -
Ethnoecology and Conservation, Spring 2015, J
ETHNOECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION, SPRING 2015, J. R. STEPP, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1 Ethnoecology and Conservation LAS 6290/ANT 6930/ANT4930 M periods 6-8 (12:50 pm-3:20 pm) GRINTER HALL 376 Instructor: Richard Stepp Office Hours: 9-12 pm Monday or by appointment Office phone: 392-0299 Ethnoecology is the study of the dynamic relationships between people, biota and the environment. This seminar will provide an overview along with an emphasis on how indigenous and small scale societies know and utilize natural resources and the implications for conservation and development. It will also explore tensions between small-scale societies and big conservation and exclusionary protected areas. Additionally, the course will explore useful research skills and methods for students desiring to add an ethnoecological component to their existing or future research. Case studies will be examined from all over the tropics and world. Readings and discussions in the course will draw from both the social sciences and the biological sciences. The course is part of the interdisciplinary TCD (Tropical Conservation and Development) core curriculum, although students from any discipline are welcome and encouraged to take the course. There are no prerequisites needed. Texts There are 3 required texts for the course: 1) Anderson, E. et al.(eds) 2011. Ethnobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2) Dowie, M. 2009. Conservation Refugees: The Hundred Year Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples. MIT Press. 3) Stevens, S. (ed.) 2014. Indigenous Peoples, National Parks, and Protected Areas: A New Paradigm Linking Conservation, Culture, and Rights. U Arizona Press. Additional readings will be made available through the class email listserv as pdf files at least 1 week prior to discussion. -
Toward Principles of Historical Ecology1
NEWS & VIEWS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ON THE NATURE OF THINGS: ESSAYS New Ideas and Directions in Botany Toward principles of historical ecology1 Erin Beller 2,3,10 , Loren McClenachan 4 , Andrew Trant5 , Eric W. Sanderson 6 , Jeanine Rhemtulla7 , Anita Guerrini 8 , Robin Grossinger 2 , and Eric Higgs 9 Rising temperatures and sea levels, biological homogenization and on a broad range of qualitative and quantitative sources that vary biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, and other environmental in temporal and spatial coverage, require creative and thoughtful changes are dramatically reshaping landscapes across the globe. In methods to synthesize and interpret, and are oft en integrated in this context, understanding the patterns, drivers, and conse- ways that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries ( Fig. 1 ). Data quences of these changes has become one of the central challenges include traditional archival sources such as written documents, facing environmental scientists and managers today. Yet to do so maps, oral histories, land surveys, landscape views and photogra- requires a long-term perspective on environmental systems that phy, along with biological and physical data such as sediment and predates many of the accelerated anthropogenic impacts of the re- pollen records, tree rings, species lists, and habitat relationships cent past. How, then, can we understand these changes in the con- ( Swetnam et al., 1999 ; Egan and Howell, 2001 ; Vellend et al., 2013 ). text of decade- and century-scale ecosystem trajectories and While relying on data from the past, historical ecology is an inher- human history? What was the structure, function, and dynamics ently future-oriented discipline given its emphasis on temporal of ecosystems like before these changes? And how have people dynamics and change trajectories ( Higgs et al., 2014 ). -
An Earthly Cosmology
Forum on Religion and Ecology Indigenous Traditions and Ecology Annotated Bibliography Abram, David. Becoming Animal: An Earthly Cosmology. New York and Canada: Vintage Books, 2011. As the climate veers toward catastrophe, the innumerable losses cascading through the biosphere make vividly evident the need for a metamorphosis in our relation to the living land. For too long we’ve ignored the wild intelligence of our bodies, taking our primary truths from technologies that hold the living world at a distance. Abram’s writing subverts this distance, drawing readers ever closer to their animal senses in order to explore, from within, the elemental kinship between the human body and the breathing Earth. The shape-shifting of ravens, the erotic nature of gravity, the eloquence of thunder, the pleasures of being edible: all have their place in this book. --------. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World. New York: Vintage, 1997. Abram argues that “we are human only in contact, and conviviality, with what is not human” (p. ix). He supports this premise with empirical information, sensorial experience, philosophical reflection, and the theoretical discipline of phenomenology and draws on Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of perception as reciprocal exchange in order to illuminate the sensuous nature of language. Additionally, he explores how Western civilization has lost this perception and provides examples of cultures in which the “landscape of language” has not been forgotten. The environmental crisis is central to Abram’s purpose and despite his critique of the consequences of a written culture, he maintains the importance of literacy and encourages the release of its true potency. -
Past Imperfect: Using Historical Ecology and Baseline Data for Conservation and Restoration Projects in North America
Past Imperfect: Using Historical Ecology and Baseline Data for Conservation and Restoration Projects in North America Peter S. Alagona Department of History & Environmental Studies Program, 4231 Humanities and Social Sciences Building, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9410; [email protected] John Sandlos Department of History, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada; [email protected] Yolanda F. Wiersma Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; [email protected] Conservation and restoration programs usually involve nostalgic claims about the past, along with calls to return to that past or recapture some aspect of it. Knowledge of history is essential for such programs, but the use of history is fraught with challenges. !is essay examines the emergence, development, and use of the “ecological baseline” concept for three levels of biological organization. We argue that the baseline concept is problematic for establishing restoration targets. Yet historical knowledge—more broadly conceived to include both social and ecological processes—will remain essential for conservation and restoration. Introduction Conservation almost always involves nostalgic claims about the past—along with calls to return to that past or recapture some aspect of it. Activists, scholars, and practitioners regularly invoke images of historical abundance and subsequent decline in their pleas to preserve what is left of wild nature, and they use these images to promote programs that aim to return ecosystems to their natural, or “original,” conditions. Such calls span the diversity of environmental discourse— from the conservation of endangered species, to the restoration of ecosystems, to the re-wilding of entire landscapes and even the North American continent. -
Program of the 34Th Annual Meeting of the Society of Ethnobiology
Program of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Ethnobiology Historical and Archaeological Perspecives in Ethnobiology May 4 - 7, 2011 Columbus, Ohio Welcome to the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Ethnobiology This meeting continues a long tradition in our Society. Since the first Society meeting in 1978 – when many of the world’s leading ethnobiologists came together to share ideas – the Society has been at the forefront of inter-disciplinary ethnobiological research. Equally important, since those first days, the Society has created and nurtured a worldwide ethnobiological community that has become the intellec- tual and emotional home for scholars world-wide. Our meetings are the forum for bringing this community together and our world-class journal is the venue for sharing our research more broadly. For my part, my deep commitment to the Society began as a student in 1984, at the 7th Annual meetings. At that time, I was fortunate to present the results of my Masters research (while referring to text on glossy erasable typing paper!) in Harriet Kuhnlein’s session on her inter-disciplinary and community-based “Nuxalk Food and Nutrition Project”. This project and indeed my opportunity to be involved in it (as a Masters student in Archaeology, of all things), exemplifies the potential of ethnobiology to make linkages. Looking at the society today, we see abundant linkages between academic disciplines, between academic and non-academic knowledge holders, and between advanced scholars and new researchers. This is what the Society of Ethnobiology is all about. In the past four years, your Board and many other Society volunteers have worked hard to promote the Society’s goals by focus- ing on these linkages. -
M.Sc. Sem-IV BOTANY CBO-505
M.Sc. Sem-IV BOTANY CBO-505 1. The symbiotic relationship between Fungi and roots of higher plants is called A. Lichen B, Mycorrhiza C. Helotins D. Mutualism. 2. The advantage of fungus in this association is A. Food B. Protection C. Mineral absorption D. All of these. 3. In mycorrhiza, the fungus may form colonies A. Extracellularly B. Intracellularly C. both A and B D. Depends on conditions. 4. The advantage of plnts in mycorrhiza A. Food B. Protection C. increased mineral absorption and disease protection D. All of these. 5. The endomycorrhizas are also called as A. Hratig nets B. mat forming mycorrhizas C. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza D. Intracellular mycorrhiza. 6. The ectomycorrhizas form an intercellular network in root cortex called A. Arbuscules B. Vescicles C. Hratig nets D. haustoria. 7. The ectomycorrhizas are commonly formed in A. herbaceous plants B. Woody plants C. all plants D. Grasses. 8. The characteristic feature of VAM is it penetrates plant cell wall and form A. Spores intracellularly B. Vescicles and dichotomously branched invaginations called arbuscules C. haustoria D. Massive spore forming structures intracellularly. 9. The major advantage of plant with VAM is A. Increased N2 absorption B. Increased ‘P ‘absorption C. Increased K absorption D. Increased Mn absorption. 10. The fungal partner in ectomycorrhiza belongs to the class A. Basidiomycetes B. Ascomycetes C. Zygomycetes D. All of the above 11. The endomycorrhiza are found in A. herbaceous plants B. Woody plants C. Grasses D. all type of plants. 12. What is the name of Mushroom? A. Funaria B. Dryopteris C. -
European Newcomers Use of Indigenous Plant Foods in Tempterate North America
Sustained by First Nations: European newcomers use of Indigenous plant foods in tempterate North America PL | EN Szukaj Przeglądaj Pomoc O nas Szukaj Cytuj PL EN BibTeX Szukaj podobnych Preferencje Język Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt 20 Liczba wyników Artykuł - szczegóły Czasopismo Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 2012 | 81 | 4 | Tytuł artykułu Sustained by First Nations: European newcomer`s use of Indigenous plant foods in tempterate North America Autorzy Turner N.J. , Aderkas P. Treść / Zawartość Pełne teksty: Pobierz Warianty tytułu Języki publikacji EN Abstrakty EN Słowa kluczowe Wydawca - Czasopismo Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Rocznik 2012 Tom 81 Numer 4 Opis fizyczny p.295-315,fig.,ref. Twórcy autor Turner N.J. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada autor Aderkas P. Bibliografia 1. Nabhan GP, Rood A. Renewing America’s food traditions (RAFT): bringing cultural and culinary mainstays of the past into the new millennium. Flagstaff AZ: Center for Sustainable Environments at Northern Arizona University; 2004. 2. Moerman D. Native American ethnobotany. A database of foods, drugs, dyes and fibers of Native American peoples, derived from plants [Internet]. The University of Michigan-Dearborn. 2003 [cited 2012 Aug 15]; Available from: http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ 3. Fernald ML, Kinsey AC. Edible wild plants of eastern North America. New York NY: Harper; 1958. 4. Gibbons E. Stalking the wild asparagus. New York NY: D. McKay Co.; 1962. 5. Gaertner EE. The history and use of milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Econ Bot. 1979;33(2):119–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858278 6. -
Caatinga Ethnoherpetology: Relationships Between Herpeto- Fauna and People in a Semiarid Region of Northeastern Brazil
Copyright: © 2014 Mendonça et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported Amphibian & Reptile Conservation License, which permits unrestricted use for non-commercial and education purposes only [General Section] 8(1): 24–32. provided the original author and source are credited. The official publication credit source: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation at: amphibian-reptile-conservation.org Caatinga Ethnoherpetology: Relationships between herpeto- fauna and people in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil 1,2Lívia Emanuelle Tavares Mendonça, 2Washington Luiz Silva Vieira, and 3,*Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves 1,3Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário Bodocongó, 58109-753 Campina Grande, PB, BRAZIL 1,2 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, BRAZIL Abstract.—We investigated the interactions between humans and herpetofauna in the semiarid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Data were obtained by means of interviews with 124 hunters or ex-hunters using semi-structured questionnaires, complemented by informal conversations. We recorded 18 species (17 reptiles and one amphibian) that local human populations interact with because they have some utilitarian value or because of conflicting relations with local inhabitants. Implementation of conservation measures aimed at the herpetofauna in this region is particularly difficult due to the aversion that local people hold toward many of these species. Therefore, environmental education strategies should be adopted. These efforts should not be solely directed at species subject to hunting, but should be all-inclusive and take into consideration the cultural, social, and utilitarian role that governs the interactions of human populations and the herpetofauna of the Caatinga.