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Srnt. Ajita Sarkar

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Srnt. Ajita Sarkar Ethnobotanical Studies of Sub-Himalayan Duars in West Bengal and Assam with particular reference to the Tribe Mech THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SCIENCE (BOTANY) UNDER THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL 2011 SUBMITTED BY Srnt. Ajita Sarkar UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Prof. A.P. Das DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL DARJEELING, INDIA - 734013. \~ '5 &t b 'Q D<) SL\ .S 2-4Se. 1 8 DEC 2012 241124 Acknowledgements I am sincerefy grateju[ to my respected" supervisor (])r. }L6fiaya Prasad" (])as, Professor, (])epartment of (]Jotany, 'J{ortfi (]JengaCV ni·versity, wfiose innovative aJUf unprejudiced" attitude lias givw me an insigfit into tfi.e jieftf ofP.tfmo6otany. I wi[[ a[ways remain imfe6teafor fiis constant encouragement ana unfailing co-operation. I wouUf fit<! to pface in record" my situere gratitude to my uncf£ (])r. T.'l(, Pau{, Scientist, (]Jotanica[ Suroey of Inaia, J{owrafi for fiis appreciation ana encouragement. I am tfi.anlifu.C to tfie traaitiona[ ~zowkage fioUfers ana Coca[ guiaes from :M.ecfi. community, <J(amesli S u6a ('.Natjeena/y) ana (])fiira qa6ur, wfio fie [pea me in many ways auring my fieftf work_ sacnficing tfi.eir va[ua6f£ time. I 'WOuUf fl'f:J to express tfian/(j to a{{ peopf£ of :Mecfi. co mmtwity wfio sfia recf tfi.eir tratfitiona{ /i._nowf£tfge, specia{fy tfie fier6aU:sts witfiout tfieir fie{p my researcfi work_ was not at affpossi6f£. I specia[fy remem6er Satisli '.Natjeenary, (])fi.ana6ir Cfiampraman; Surenara (]Jasumata, (]Jraje nara (]Jasumata, (]3 fia6en Cfiampramari, (]3of£n (]Joro, }fnita (]Jramfi.a ana (]3a6fu qa6urfor sfiowing interest in my worl(; I am grateju[ to a{[ teacfi.ers of tfie (])epartment of(]Jotany, '.Nortfi (]Je nga[ 'University for tfi.eir constant support anava{ ua6f£ suggestions. I am greatfy inae6ted' to my Ca6-mates (])r. Cfianara qfi.osfi, }Lnimesfi Sark_ar, (])r. :M.onoranjan Cfioutfliury, Sonam <I( Lepcfi.a, f/?p.ji6 (]Jiswas, qoutam Safia, Suman 'J{irofa, 'l(islior (]Jiswas, }Lnana Lama, Saurav :Mok_tan, (])i6a/(szr Cfiouafiury, JLnurag Cfiou.tffi.wy ana }Lmaksfi. (]Jij'afi. I tfi.ank_ tfi.em for creating ana maintaining a fi.igfi.fy professiona[ attituae towaras tfie researcfi acti·vities anaat tfie same time maintaining a fi.omefy environment in tfie Ca6oratory. I offer tfwnl(j to a{[ staffs of qarden of :Meaicina[ Pfants, namefy 'Wazea }fCi, P.qramu[ }fCi, Papai Samaaaar, %pfo6 Sar/(szr, Sanji6 (]Jan i~ :M.anu :M.oiUfa{ ana (]Jij'oya (]Jiswas for tfi.eir support. I also tfiank_ to (]Jinoa Si11fJiia, La6- }fttenaant ofrr'~onomy anaP.twironmmta[(]JioCogy La6oratory, (])epartme. nt of(]Jotany . I wisfi. to record' my appreciation to my frienas !Rjtesfi. (]Jiswa, (])r. Sif<J;a (]Janetjee, Sraafia f/?p.i anaSrijana Su66a for tfi.eir mora[ support. Specia[ tfi.anl(j goes to IJ?jtesfi. (]Jiswa, lie fwa immensefy fi.e{pea rne in arranging of pfiotograpfts ana maps. I wouUf [it<! to express my appreciation to 'l(unjani f/?p.i ana Lal{pa %mang for fie {ping me in prepari11{j tfi.e maps. I am tfianlifu.C to my 6rotfi.er :Major (])r. Pragyajyoti IJ?.py, (}Jase Jfospita{, (]Jarral{pur ana to (])r. }Lmarenara '.Natfi Sark_ar, }fssociate Professor, '.Nortfi. (]JengaC :M.edlca[ Cofkge for fi.e{ping me to unaerstana tfi.e aifferent types ana symptoms ofdiseases. I owe a great sense of gratejufness to :Mrs. !}(Jt6y (])as for fi.er motfierfy Cove ana affection ana I wouftf U:k! to e:qmss inae6teaness to my dearest 6rotfur Sri Sanwit (])as for fi.is gooa wisfi.es. 'Woras are not enoU[Jfi. for expressing my fi.eartiest gratituae towaras my Co·ving parents, sn· (])ufa{ Sar/(szr anaSmt . :Mamata Sar/(szr for tfieir mora[ support anaenco uragement tfirougfiout my studies. I am intfe6tea to my uncks }fmakntfu Sar/(szr ana(])r. (]Jiman Cfiowafi.ury in tfi.e simifarway. :M.y aaoring tfian/(j to my eftfer 6rotfier, tfie 6est friend, JL6fiij.it Sarf(_ar for fi.is uncotufitiona[ Cove ana mora[ support auring tlie wfi.ok course. Jfe is tfi.e constant source of inspirat£on ana motivation tfi.rougliout 1ny stuaies. I e:x:press my aeep Cove ana appreciation for my sister-iu-faw Si{pi Sark_ar ana my affectionate nepfiew .fl,areet Sark_ar wlio e."(Jenaea Cove ana care to 6uiUf up my conjitfence awing tlie a[[ period" ofresearcfi. worf.:. Pface: '.No rtfi. (]JengaCVrzi·versity Afks~ (])ate: J !l. £Ff . z.o If {;ljita Satig.r] CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Maps, Figures, Tables & Photos i -iv Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1-10 1.1. Definition 2 1.2. Ethnobotany -A Multidisciplinary Science 3 1.3. Interdisciplinary Applications of Ethnobotany 3 1.4. Sub-disciplines of Ethnobotany 4 1.5. Knowledge Generation 4 1.6. Ethnic Knowledge 4 1.7. Folklore Knowledge 4 1.8. Life of Early Men and the Use of Plant Resources 5 1.9. Loss of Knowledge 5 1.10. Importance of Documenting Traditional Knowledge 6 1.11. Need of Ethnobotanical Studies 6 1.12. Organized Studies on Ethnobotany 7 1.12.1. Ethnobotanical Studies in the World 7 1.12.2. Ethnobotanical Studies in lndia 8 1.13. Scope of Ethnobotanical Studies in North Bengal 10 Chapter 2 2. THE MECH TRIBE 11-25 2.1. Wbo are Tribes? 11 2.2. Tribes/Indigenous Peoples in lndia 11 2.3. The Mech Tribe 13 2.3.1. Etymology of 'Mech' 14 2.3.2. Habitat and Distribution 15 2.3.3. Population Structure 16 2.3.4. The Faith and Religion among the Mechs 17 2.3.5. Economy and Education in Mech Society 17 2.3.6. Residence 18 2.3.7. Furniture 19 2.3.8. Beddings 19 2.3.9. Utensils 19 2.3.10. Lighting Implements 20 2.3.11. Dress 20 2.3.12. FootWear 20 2.3.13. Head Cover 21 2.3.14. Fishing and Hunting 21 2.3.15. Musical Instruments 22 2.3.16. Food-Habit 22 2.3.17. Garnes and Sports 23 2.3.18. Mech Language 24 2.3.19. Culture 24 Chapter3 3. THE PROPOSED WORK 26-28 3.1. The Present Work 26 3.2. Different Aspects of Present Study 27 3.3. Importance of the Present Work 27 Chapter4 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 29-35 4.1. Use of Plants in Ancient Ages 29 4.1.1. Development of Ayurvedic System 30 4.1.2. Development of Unani System 30 4.2. The Global Scenario 30 4.3. Status in India 31 4.4. Development in North Bengal 34 ChapterS 5. STUDY AREA 36-45 5.1. Location 36 5.2. Topography 37 5.3. Climate 39 5.4. Vegetation 42 Chapter6 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS 46-52 6.1. Ethnobotanical Studies 46 6.1.1 Preparation of Questionnaire 47 6.1.2. Development of Contact with Mech People 47 6.1.3. Observing the Daily Life 48 6.1.4. Edible Plants 49 6.1.5. Preparing Food,Medicine and Traditional Liquor 49 6.1.6. Documentation of Methods of Collecting Fodder Plants 51 6.1.7. Collection of Plant Related Folklores and Myths 51 6.2. Voucher Specimens 52 6.2.1. Herbarium Methodology 52 6.2.2. Identification of Specimens 52 6.2.3. Storing of Voucher Specimens 52 Chapter 7 7. RESULT 53-174 7.1. Recorded Edible Plants 54 7.1.1. Enumeration of Recorded Edible Plants 54 7.1.2. Discussion 64 7.2. Recorded Fodder Plants 71 7.2.1. Enumeration of Recorded Fodder Plants 71 7.2.2. Discussion 76 7.2.3. Conclusion 78 7.3. Recorded Plants for Domestic Uses 79 7.3.1. Enumeration of Recorded Plants for Domestic Uses 79 7.3.2. Discussion 83 7.4. Recorded Medicinal Plants 87 7.4.1. Plants Used in Solitary 87 7.4.2. Plants Used in Definite Formulations 98 7.4.3. Discussion 115 7.4.4. Conclusion 116 7.5. Recorded Plants for Veterinary Medicine 117 7.5.1. Enumeration of Plants of Veterinary Medicine 117 7.5.2. Analysis of Plants Used in Veterinary Medicines 120 7.6. Recorded Poisonous Plants 122 7.6.1. Introduction 122 7.6.2. Enumeration of Plants Recorded for Veterinary Medicines 122 7.6.3. Analysis of Recorded for Veterinary Medicines 123 7.7. Preparation of lou [Rice Beer] 125 7.7.1. Introduction 125 7.7.2. Ingredients 125 7.7.3. Preparation 126 7.8. Recorded Ornamental & Decorative Plants 127 7.8.1. Enumeration of Ornamental and Decorative Plants 127 7.8.2. Analysis of Recorded Decorative and Ornamental Plants 128 7.9. Religious Plants 130 7.9.1. Enumeration of Recorded Religious Plants 130 7.9.2. Analysis of Recorded Religious Plants 133 7.10. Plants Related to Birtb, Marriage & Death 135 7.10.1. Birtb 135 7.10.2. Marriage (Haba) 140 7.10.3. Death 144 7.10.4. Discussion 146 7.11. Recorded Plants for Festivals & Worship 148 7.11.1. Introduction 148 7.11.2. M ech Festivals 148 7.11.3. Analysis of Phunai Ethnobotany 160 7.12. Plants Referred in Folklores 162 7.12.1. Introduction 162 7.12.2. Plants in Mech Poems 162 7.12.3. Plants in Mech Puzzles 167 7.12.4. Analysis of Plants Used in Mech Puzzles 170 7.13. Recorded Plants in Traditional Cuisine 172 7.13.1. Traditional Cuisine 172 7.13.2. Analysis of Plants in Mech Kitchens 173 Chapter 8 8. ENUMERATION OF ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS 175-264 8.1. Delimitation and Classification 175 8.2. Presentation of Flora 175 8.3.
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