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Amino Acid Requirements of Acetobacter Suboxydans J

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Amino Acid Requirements of Acetobacter Suboxydans J AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS J. L. STOKES AND ALMA LARSEN Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. Received for publication January 16, 1945 Acetobacter suboxydans is of considerable interest because of its remarkable inability to dissimilate organic carbon compounds beyond the intial stages of oxidation (Visser't Hooft, 1925). This property of A. suboxydans and the fact that large amounts of substrate are transformed have suggested use of the organism for the large-scale production of various organic compounds. The oxidation of sorbitol to sorbose, which is used in the synthesis of vitamin C, is a well-established commercial process. It has been necessary to add yeast extract or other similar organic nitrogenous complexes to media for A. suboxydans, as a source of unknown growth factors and nitrogen. Recently Underkofler, Bantz, and Peterson (1943) established that the required growth factors are pantothenic, nicotinic, and p-aminobenzoic acids. This has made it possible to determine for the first time the specific nitrogen requirements of A. suboxydans. METHODS The strain of A. suboxydans was obtained from the University of Wisconsin. Stock cultures were maintained on yeast extract glycerol agar slants. The inoculum was prepared as described by Underkofler et al. (1943) except that the cells were washed once with water. One drop (ca. 0.05 ml) was used to inoculate 10 ml of medium contained in a 50-ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were in- cubated at 30 C for 48 hours unless otherwise indicated. Growth was measured in an Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter. The basal medium consisting of glycerol, hydrolyzed casein as nitrogen source, inorganic salts, and growth factors was that described by Underkofler et al. (1943) except that when amino acids, (NH4)2SO4, or yeast extract was used as a source of nitrogen in place of hydrolyzed casein, tryptophane and cystine were omitted. All media were adjusted to pH 6.0. The 20 amino acids (Merck) employed included synthetic leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, lysine, serine, norleucine, and glycine. Those isolated from natural sources were cystine, tryptophane, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, proline, and hydroxy- proline. Each 10 ml of medium received 2 mg of the natural amino acids and 4 mg of the synthetic amino acids. A larger amount of the latter was used since it was considered probable that only one of the two isomers would be available to A. suboxydans. EXPERIMENTS In agreement with the results of Underkofler et al. (1943) a mixture of the 20 amino acids listed above could replace hydrolyzed casein for growth of A. 495 496 J. L. STOKES AND ALMA LARSEN suboxydans. To determine which amino acids of the 20 are required, each one was omitted in turn from the medium and the effect on growth noted. Valine is essential since no growth occurred in its absence (table 1). Growth was slight without isoleucine or alanine. The need for isoleucine may be absolute since the small amount of growth obtained in its absence may be due to a small amount of isoleucine present as an impurity in the synthetic leucine of the medium (Hegsted and Wardell, 1944). Somewhat less than maximum development occurred when histidine, cystine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, or hydroxy- proline was omitted. These amino acids can be classified as stimulatory. The remaining amino acids are not required by A. suboxydans since maximum growth occurred without them. On repeating this experiment, similar results were obtained except that cystine and aspartic acid, in contrast to their previous slight stimulatory action, had no effect on growth. TABLE 1 Effect of omission of individual amino acidefrom the "20 amino acid medium" upon the growth of Acetobacter suboxydan8 ESSENTIL PROBABLY ESSENTIAL STIMULATORY NONESSENTIfAL Leucine ....... 31 Valine.......... 98* Isoleucine...... 68 Histidine ......... 45 Methionine ....... 32 Alanine........... 72 Cystine.37 Tryptophane . 30 Glutamic acid..... 41 Tyrosine. 33 Aspartic acid..... 38 Phenylalanine. 28 Proline........... 39 Threonine 30 Hydroxyproline... 38 Lysine. 33 Arginine 32 Serine 28 Norleucine 29 Glycine 33 * Per cent transmissible light of cultures grown without the amino acid indicated; un- inoculated medium = 100. Cultures grown with all 20 amino acids gave a reading of 32. Although valine, isoleucine, and alanine are essential components of the nitrogen requirements of A. suboxydans, growth did not take place in a medium containing only those three amino acids. This was not due to an insufficiency of nitrogen since a threefold increase of each amino acid did not alter the results. The further addition of histidine permitted slight growth, which increased on continued incubation as described below. The same effect was obtained also with proline but not with any of the other amino acids. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or hydroxyproline, when added to the four amino acids, did not materially increase growth. However, on the addition of either of the sulphur-containing amino acids, cystine and methionine, to the medium containing valine, isoleucine, alanine, and histidine, A. suboxydans developed fairly well although less than with the 20 amino acids. This marked effect of cystine and methionine is in sharp contrast to their inactivity in the previous experiment in which each amino acid, in turn, was omitted from the 20 amino acid mixture (table 1). In that AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS 497 experiment, methionine was present in the medium when cystine was omitted and vice versa, so that the effect of each was masked by the presence of the other. The apparent nonessentiality of a particular amino acid in this type of experi- ment may, therefore, simply mean that some other remaining amino acid may serve the same but, nevertheless, necessary physiological function. On the con- trary, absence of growth when one amino acid of the mixture is omitted is fairly conclusive evidence that the omitted amino acid is required for growth. Growth with the 20 mino acids was about equal to that obtained with hydrolyzed casein.I The cultures in the medium containing valine, isoleucine, alanine, and his- tidine read only 94 after 48 hours of incubation, and this decreased to 78 on in- cubation for 3 additional days. Although growth was slow, sparse, and occurred in smnall clumps, all indicative of an unfavorable environment, A. suboxydan8 was successfully subcultured through six serial transfers in the same medium. TABLE 2 Growth of Acetobacter suboxydane with various combinations of amino acids % TRANSMISSIBLE LIGHT AMINO ACIDS IN BASAL MEDIUM_ Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Valine + isoleucine + alanine + histidine + cystine (A)... 52 50 (A) + proline................................................. 29 34 (A) + hydroxyproline ......................................... 38 37 (A) + serine.................................................. 32 40 (A) + phenylalanine .......................................... 41 37 20 Amino acids................................................ 29 29 Hydrolyzed casein............ 17 27 The combination of valine, isoleucine, alanine, and histidine represents, there- fore, the smallest number of amino acids which can consistently support some growth of A. suboxydans. Growth was raised to the same level as with 20 amino acids by the addition of proline to the medium containing valine, isoleucine, alanine, histidine, and cystine (table 2). Hydroxyproline, serine, and phenylalanine were only slightly less effective than proline. The somewhat limited specificity of the latter suggests that it may be utilized by A. suboxydans for the synthesis of the 15 or more other amino acids normally present in cellular proteins rather than directly as a structural building block. The remainiTng amino acids were substantially inactive when substituted for proline. It is thus established that the nitrogen requirements of A. suboxydans are satisfied by a mixture of six amino acids, namely, valine, isoleucine, alanine, histidine, cystine, and proline. The medium containing these six amino acids, which supported, on repeated serial subculture, as much growth as the medium containing 20 amino acids, was used in the following experiments. ' Prepared from S. M. A. Corp. "vitamin-free" casein by hydrolysis with H2S04. 498 J. L. STOKES AND AMA LAMRSEN Effect of amino acid concentration and ammontum sufate. Increasing the concentration of the six amino acids in the basal medium from the customary 2 mg of the naturally occurring isomer per 10 ml of medium to 2,3, or 4 times this amount did not appreciably increase the amount of cell substance. However, use of less than 2 mg caused a reduction in growth (table 3). With 0.01 to 0.1 mg of each amino acid, little or no growth occurred. The decrease may be due to a critical reduction of one or more of the essential amino acids, but probably not all. Nitrogen supply was a limiting factor under these conditions since addition of (NH4)S04 led to better growth. The effect of (NH4)2S04 Was decisive at the lowest amino acid concentrations, which alone failed to support development of A. suboxydans. At these low concentrations it was necessary to extend the incubation period to 4 days to obtain maximlm effect of (NIL)2SO4. There is no doubt, therefore, that A. suboxydans can utilize NH4-nitrogen for growth provided it is supplied with the 6 amino acids which it is unable to syn- thesize or which are formed too slowly for normal development. TABLE 3 Influence of amino acid concentration and (NH4)2SO4 on the development of Acetobacter suboxydan8 in the "6 amino acid medium" MOUNT 07 EACH GROwT AlTER 2 DAYS GRowTH AlTER 4 DAYS AMINO ACID PER .___ .- 10XL OF ~ D Without (NE)42S04 With (NHQ)2SO4 Without NH)2SO4 With (NH)2OS4 mg* Per ceng trexsmissible light 2.0 33 24 25 21 1.0 43 30 36 27 0.5 51 40 47 36 0.1 91 81 87 65 0.05 94 90 93 62 0.01 94 93 96 60 * In terms of the l-isomer. (NH4)2S04 could not be substituted for any of the 6 o acids required by A.
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