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The Siege & Battle of the Alamo
The Siege & Battle of the Alamo It is often difficult for visitors who come to the Alamo to imagine that a historic battle took place here. The buildings and streets hide one of the nation’s most important battlefields. I’d like to take you back to that time when the Alamo was a Texian fort deep in Mexican Texas. Hopefully when I’ve finished you will have a better understanding of why so many people have a feeling of reverence for the Alamo and the men who died here. Texas was in revolt 1836. Within months of General Antonio López de Santa Anna’s becoming president in 1833, he instructed the Mexican Congress to throw out the Federal Constitution and established a Centralist government with himself as its leader. While Santa Anna proclaimed himself the “Napoleon of the West,” his opponents had other names for him like tyrant, despot, and dictator. Most Anglo-Texans, or Texians as they were called, had tried to support the Mexican government after coming to Texas. Accepting Mexican citizenship and the Roman Catholic religion seemed small concessions for the chance to purchase land for 12 cents an acre. For the Mexican government, the plan to colonize Texas with Americans actually proved too successful when an 1829 census revealed that Texians outnumbered Tejanos, or Mexican-Texans, nearly ten to one. Distrust grew on both sides. Many Texians believed themselves underrepresented in Mexico City and asked for separate statehood from Coahuila. Mexican officials saw this as a prelude to independence and began to crack down on Texas, strengthening military garrisons at key towns. -
Flag Research Quarterly, August 2016, No. 10
FLAG RESEARCH QUARTERLY REVUE TRIMESTRIELLE DE RECHERCHE EN VEXILLOLOGIE AUGUST / AOÛT 2016 No. 10 DOUBLE ISSUE / FASCICULE DOUBLE A research publication of the North American Vexillological Association / Une publication de recherche de THE FLAGS AND l’Association nord-américaine de vexillologie SEALS OF TEXAS A S I LV E R A NN I V E R S A R Y R E V I S I O N Charles A. Spain I. Introduction “The flag is the embodiment, not of sentiment, but of history. It represents the experiences made by men and women, the experiences of those who do and live under that flag.” Woodrow Wilson1 “FLAG, n. A colored rag borne above troops and hoisted on forts and ships. It appears to serve the same purpose as certain signs that one sees on vacant lots in London—‘Rubbish may be shot here.’” Ambrose Bierce2 The power of the flag as a national symbol was all too evident in the 1990s: the constitutional debate over flag burning in the United States; the violent removal of the communist seal from the Romanian flag; and the adoption of the former czarist flag by the Russian Federation. In the United States, Texas alone possesses a flag and seal directly descended from revolution and nationhood. The distinctive feature of INSIDE / SOMMAIRE Page both the state flag and seal, the Lone Star, is famous worldwide because of the brief Editor’s Note / Note de la rédaction 2 existence of the Republic of Texas (March 2, 1836, to December 29, 1845).3 For all Solid Vexillology 2 the Lone Star’s fame, however, there is much misinformation about it. -
Stephen F. Austin and the Empresarios
169 11/18/02 9:24 AM Page 174 Stephen F. Austin Why It Matters Now 2 Stephen F. Austin’s colony laid the foundation for thousands of people and the Empresarios to later move to Texas. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Moses Austin, petition, 1. Identify the contributions of Moses Anglo American colonization of Stephen F. Austin, Austin to the colonization of Texas. Texas began when Stephen F. Austin land title, San Felipe de 2. Identify the contributions of Stephen F. was given permission to establish Austin, Green DeWitt Austin to the colonization of Texas. a colony of 300 American families 3. Explain the major change that took on Texas soil. Soon other colonists place in Texas during 1821. followed Austin’s lead, and Texas’s population expanded rapidly. WHAT Would You Do? Stephen F. Austin gave up his home and his career to fulfill Write your response his father’s dream of establishing a colony in Texas. to Interact with History Imagine that a loved one has asked you to leave in your Texas Notebook. your current life behind to go to a foreign country to carry out his or her wishes. Would you drop everything and leave, Stephen F. Austin’s hatchet or would you try to talk the person into staying here? Moses Austin Begins Colonization in Texas Moses Austin was born in Connecticut in 1761. During his business dealings, he developed a keen interest in lead mining. After learning of George Morgan’s colony in what is now Missouri, Austin moved there to operate a lead mine. -
Six Flags of Texas
SIX FLAGS OF TEXAS 1685–1689 French flag possibly used by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, during the French colonization of Texas 1690–1785 State flag and ensign of New Spain, also known as the Cross of Burgundy flag 1785–1820 Spanish state flag on land 1821–1823 Flag of the first Mexican Empire 1823–1836 First flag of the Mexican Republic, flown over soil claimed by Mexico until the Texas Revolution 1836–1839; 1839–1879 The "Burnet Flag," used from December 1836 to 1839 as the national flag of the Republic of Texas until it was replaced by the currently used "Lone Star Flag"; it was the de jure war flag from then until 1879 1839–1845/1846 Republic of Texas national flag from 1839-1845/1846 (identical to modern state flag) 1845–1861, 1865–present US flag in 1846 when Texas became part of the Union 1861–1865 CS flag in 1861 when Texas became a part of the Confederacy (for further CS flags, see CS flag: National flags) Secession flags of Texas, 1861[ In early 1861, between the secession of Texas from the U.S. and its accession to the Confederacy, Texas flew an unofficial, variant flag of Texas with fifteen stars, representing the fifteen states. No drawings exist of the flag, there are only imprecise descriptions. The flag may have been based on the state flag or the Bonnie Blue Flag.[23] Possible secession flag based on the state flag Possible secession flag based on the Bonnie Blue Flag State flag over Texas 1845–present Flag of the State of Texas in the United States of America TH BATTLE FLAG OF THE 4 TEXAS The 4th Texas carried two different battle flags during the Civil War. -
Center for Public History
Volume 8 • Number 2 • spriNg 2011 CENTER FOR PUBLIC HISTORY Oil and the Soul of Houston ast fall the Jung Center They measured success not in oil wells discovered, but in L sponsored a series of lectures the dignity of jobs well done, the strength of their families, and called “Energy and the Soul of the high school and even college graduations of their children. Houston.” My friend Beth Rob- They did not, of course, create philanthropic foundations, but ertson persuaded me that I had they did support their churches, unions, fraternal organiza- tions, and above all, their local schools. They contributed their something to say about energy, if own time and energies to the sort of things that built sturdy not Houston’s soul. We agreed to communities. As a boy, the ones that mattered most to me share the stage. were the great youth-league baseball fields our dads built and She reflected on the life of maintained. With their sweat they changed vacant lots into her grandfather, the wildcatter fields of dreams, where they coached us in the nuances of a Hugh Roy Cullen. I followed with thoughts about the life game they loved and in the work ethic needed later in life to of my father, petrochemical plant worker Woodrow Wilson move a step beyond the refineries. Pratt. Together we speculated on how our region’s soul—or My family was part of the mass migration to the facto- at least its spirit—had been shaped by its famous wildcat- ries on the Gulf Coast from East Texas, South Louisiana, ters’ quest for oil and the quest for upward mobility by the the Valley, northern Mexico, and other places too numerous hundreds of thousands of anonymous workers who migrat- to name. -
BERNAL-THESIS-2020.Pdf (5.477Mb)
BROWNWOOD: BAYTOWN’S MOST HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOOD by Laura Bernal A thesis submitted to the History Department, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Chair of Committee: Dr. Monica Perales Committee Member: Dr. Mark Goldberg Committee Member: Dr. Kristin Wintersteen University of Houston May 2020 Copyright 2020, Laura Bernal “A land without ruins is a land without memories – a land without memories is a land without history.” -Father Abram Joseph Ryan, “A Land Without Ruins” iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, and foremost, I want to thank God for guiding me on this journey. Thank you to my family for their unwavering support, especially to my parents and sisters. Thank you for listening to me every time I needed to work out an idea and for staying up late with me as I worked on this project. More importantly, thank you for accompanying me to the Baytown Nature Center hoping to find more house foundations. I am very grateful to the professors who helped me. Dr. Monica Perales, my advisor, thank you for your patience and your guidance as I worked on this project. Thank you to my defense committee, Dr. Kristin Wintersteen and Dr. Goldberg. Your advice helped make this my best work. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Debbie Harwell, who encouraged me to pursue this project, even when I doubted it its impact. Thank you to the friends and co-workers who listened to my opinions and encouraged me to not give up. Lastly, I would like to thank the people I interviewed. -
LOTS of LAND PD Books PD Commons
PD Commons From the collection of the n ^z m PrelingerTi I a JjibraryJj San Francisco, California 2006 PD Books PD Commons LOTS OF LAND PD Books PD Commons Lotg or ^ 4 I / . FROM MATERIAL COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE OF TEXAS BASCOM GILES WRITTEN BY CURTIS BISHOP DECORATIONS BY WARREN HUNTER The Steck Company Austin Copyright 1949 by THE STECK COMPANY, AUSTIN, TEXAS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper. PRINTED AND BOUND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PD Books PD Commons Contents \ I THE EXPLORER 1 II THE EMPRESARIO 23 Ml THE SETTLER 111 IV THE FOREIGNER 151 V THE COWBOY 201 VI THE SPECULATOR 245 . VII THE OILMAN 277 . BASCOM GILES PD Books PD Commons Pref<ace I'VE THOUGHT about this book a long time. The subject is one naturally very dear to me, for I have spent all of my adult life in the study of land history, in the interpretation of land laws, and in the direction of the state's land business. It has been a happy and interesting existence. Seldom a day has passed in these thirty years in which I have not experienced a new thrill as the files of the General Land Office revealed still another appealing incident out of the history of the Texas Public Domain. -
Texas Co-Op Power • December 2019
1912_local covers black.qxp 11/12/19 7:54 AM Page 5 COMANCHE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE DECEMBER 2019 Origins of the Lone Star Nixon vs. Co-ops Desert Vistas Tamale Time The making—and eating—of tamales signals the start of the season Since 1944 December 2019 FAVORITES The blueprint for Texas’ 5 Letters iconic lone star is some- what of a mystery. 6 Currents 18 Co-op News Get the latest information plus energy and safety tips from your cooperative. 29 Texas History Nixon’s Attack on Co-ops By Ellen Stader 31 Retro Recipes Cookies & Candies 35 Focus on Texas Photo Contest: Deserts 36 Around Texas List of Local Events 38 Hit the Road Camp Street Blues By Chet Garner ONLINE TexasCoopPower.com Find these stories online if they don’t FEATURES appear in your edition of the magazine. Texas USA A Star Is Born Texas’ iconic lone star may trace its origins The Southwestern Tempo 8 to 1817 Mexican coins. Excerpt by J. Frank Dobie By Clay Coppedge Observations Lazarus the Bug The Call of the Tamalada Making tamales is a holiday By Sheryl Smith-Rodgers 10 tradition, though eating them never ends. Story by Eileen Mattei | Photos by John Faulk NEXT MONTH Texas Feels a Draft Craft breweries bring entertainment and economic opportunity to communities. 31 38 29 35 STAR: JACK MOLLOY. BEER: MAXY M | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM ON THE COVER Celia Galindo helps continue a tamalada tradition started by her grandmother in 1949 in Brownsville. Photo by John Faulk TEXAS ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Alan Lesley, Chair, Comanche; Robert Loth III, Vice Chair, Fredericksburg; Gary Raybon, Secretary-Treasurer, El Campo; Mark Boyd, Douglassville; Greg Henley, Tahoka; Billy Jones, Corsicana; David McGinnis, Van Alstyne • PRESIDENT/CEO: Mike Williams, Austin • COMMUNICATIONS & MEMBER SERVICES COMMITTEE: Marty Haught, Burleson; Bill Hetherington, Bandera; Ron Hughes, Sinton; Boyd McCamish, Littlefield; Mark McClain, Roby; John Ed Shinpaugh, Bonham; Robert Walker, Gilmer; Brandon Young, McGregor • MAGAZINE STAFF: Martin Bevins, Vice President, Communications & Member Services; Charles J. -
Texas Forts Trail Region
CatchCatch thethe PioPionneereer SpiritSpirit estern military posts composed of wood and While millions of buffalo still roamed the Great stone structures were grouped around an Plains in the 1870s, underpinning the Plains Indian open parade ground. Buildings typically way of life, the systematic slaughter of the animals had included separate officer and enlisted troop decimated the vast southern herd in Texas by the time housing, a hospital and morgue, a bakery and the first railroads arrived in the 1880s. Buffalo bones sutler’s store (provisions), horse stables and still littered the area and railroads proved a boon to storehouses. Troops used these remote outposts to the bone trade with eastern markets for use in the launch, and recuperate from, periodic patrols across production of buttons, meal and calcium phosphate. the immense Southern Plains. The Army had other motivations. It encouraged Settlements often sprang up near forts for safety the kill-off as a way to drive Plains Indians onto and Army contract work. Many were dangerous places reservations. Comanches, Kiowas and Kiowa Apaches with desperate characters. responded with raids on settlements, wagon trains and troop movements, sometimes kidnapping individuals and stealing horses and supplies. Soldiers stationed at frontier forts launched a relentless military campaign, the Red River War of 1874–75, which eventually forced Experience the region’s dramatic the state’s last free Native Americans onto reservations in present-day Oklahoma. past through historic sites, museums and courthouses — as well as historic downtowns offering unique shopping, dining and entertainment. ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ 2 The westward push of settlements also relocated During World War II, the vast land proved perfect cattle drives bound for railheads in Kansas and beyond. -
Spanish Colonial and Mexican National Content Module
Texas History Spanish Colonial and Mexican National Eras Content Module This content module has been curated using existing Law-Related Education materials along with images available for public use. This resource has been provided to assist educators with delivering the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for middle school Texas History. This content module may be utilized as a tool to help supplement instruction. It is not intended to be a complete unit of study. Note: Arrows have been placed throughout the module to indicate areas where students should interact with the module. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for these materials to be reproduced for classroom use only. No part of these materials may be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the written consent of Law Related Education, State Bar of Texas. For additional information on the LRE Program, please go to www.texaslre.org Spanish Colonial (late 1600s to early 1800s) and Mexican National (1821-1836) Era On the map below, circle Spain , Mexico, and the area we call Texas today. Source: https://lccn.loc.gov/78692118 Read the summary of this era of Texas History below and highlight or underline 3 key words that stand out and help to explain the summary. Spain gave up the search for gold during the Spanish Colonial period and turned their focus to establishing presidios and missions, as well as converting native inhabitants to Catholicism. Spain established missions throughout present-day Texas and laid claim to much of the land in Central America, and Mexico in North America. -
2014 Winter the Medallion
WINTER 2014 Scouting the Forts Trail Frontier Outposts Near Abilene Tell Real Stories of Texas’ Past CONTENTS PRESERvatiON NEwS THC Commissioner Emeritus T.R. Fehrenbach Dies WINTER 2014 Legendary Texas Historian, Writer Was ‘Recognized the World Over’ TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION FEATURES Matthew F. Kreisle, III, Chairman By Andy Rhodes Thomas E. Alexander, Vice Chair Robert K. Shepard, Secretary 4 On the Road Managing Editor, The Medallion to Progress Former Texas Historical Commission Fehrenbach authored Earl Broussard Jr. Bankhead Highway John W. Crain Team Embarks on (THC) Chairman T.R. Fehrenbach, an several significant Michael D. Donegan Resource Development. iconic Texas historian, author, and books, some of which August W. Harris, III columnist, died on December 1, 2013 are required reading for Steven L. Highlander Tom Perini of congestive heart failure. He was 88 students of Texas and Gilbert E. Peterson years old. Korean War history. He Judy C. Richardson Nancy M. Steves THC OUTREACH Theodore Reed Fehrenbach served published 18 nonfiction Daisy Sloan White on the commission for three terms books, including the 6 Frontier Texas from 1983–2001, and was chairman 792-page Lone Star: Texas Forts Trail Region from 1987–1991. Gov. Rick Perry A History of Texas Executive Director: Mark Wolfe ‘Is the Real Texas People appointed him commissioner emeritus and the Texans (1968, Expect to Experience.’ in 2001. 1999), the most widely Medallion Staff: “T.R. Fehrenbach was the read history of Texas. Heather McBride embodiment of the Texas Historical His book This Kind Department Head Andy Rhodes 10 Grass-Roots Commission’s mission to preserve of War (1963, 1995) Managing Editor Preservation Texas history and to tell the real stories is considered the Barbara Putrino of the real places of the Lone Star classic military history Senior Projects Coordinator Researchers Unearth Judy Jensen Cultural Heritage Clues at State,” said THC Executive Director of the Korean War. -
Heritage Tourism Guidebook
TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION HERITAGE TOURISM G ook uideb Tbl f n INTRODUCTIONa e o ...................................................................................................................Co tents ..........................1 WHAT IS TOURISM?........................................................................................................................................2 WHAT IS HERITAGE TOURISM?...................................................................................................................3 GROWTH OF THE HERITAGE TOURISM INDUSTRY .............................................................................6 THE HERITAGE TOURISM TRAVELER........................................................................................................7 HERITAGE TOURISM PLANNING ................................................................................................................8 STEP ONE: ASSESS THE POTENTIAL ..................................................................................................9 STEP TWO: PLAN AND ORGANIZE...................................................................................................14 STEP THREE: PREPARE, PROTECT AND MANAGE........................................................................28 STEP FOUR: MARKET FOR SUCCESS................................................................................................36 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................43