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The Married Life of Anne of Austria Queen of France (1864)

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The Married Life of Anne of Austria Queen of France (1864) THE MARRIED LIFE ANNE OF AUSTRIA. THE MARRIED LIFE OF ANNE OF AUSTBIA QUEEN OF FRANCE, MOTHER OF LOUIS XIV. AND DON SEBASTIAN, KING OF PORTUGAL FROM NUMEROUS UNPUBLISHED SOURCES, INCLUDING MS. DOCUMENTS IN THE BIBLIOTHEQUE IMPERIALS, AND THE ARCHIVES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. " Author of "The Life of Marguerite d'AngoulSme, Queen of Navarre ;" The Life of " " of of France and Jeanne d'Albret ; The Court and Times Kerry III., King " " " Life of &c. Poland ; The Henri Quatre &c., IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON : TINSLEY BROTHERS, 18, CATHERINE ST., STRAND. 1864. [The right of Translation is reserved.] 3K F14 LONDON : BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHTTEFRIAES. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. ANNE OF AUSTRIA. CHAPTER I. PAGE ANNE OF AUSTRIA, AND THE CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU . 1 CHAPTER II. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, MOTHER OF THE DAUPHIN ... 85 CHAPTER III. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, AND THE MARQUIS DE CINQ-MARS . .163 CHAPTER IV. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, A WIDOW 239 DON SEBASTIAN. CHAPTER I. DON SEBASTIAN HIS BIRTH AND EDUCATION . 275 CHAPTER II. DON SEBASTIAN HIS INTERVIEW WITH PHILIP II. KING OF SPAIN; AND HIS CRUSADE AGAINST THE MOORS OF BARBARY . 326 iv CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PAGE DON SEBASTIAN HIS DEATH, AT THE BATTLE OF ALCAZEE . 370 CHAPTER IV. DON SEBASTIAN PEETENDEES TO HIS NAME AND GROWN , 404 THE CHAPTER I, 1637. ANNE OF AUSTRIA AND THE CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU. THE year 1637 opens an important and myste- rious era in the married life of Anne of Austria. It is the period of her most flagrant treason against her husband's realm ; of her reconciliation with the Cardinal de Richelieu and of the ; hope which trans- ported France, and which was realised during the following year, by the birth of Louis Quatorze. Europe, during the year 1637, continued con- vulsed with warfare : every realm seemed shaken to its foundation. The invasion of Germany by Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden, in the year 1630, in behalf of the Protestant Princes of Ger- many, and to serve the cause of the dethroned Elector Palatine, had moved every nation. Spain, united to 2 THE MARRIED LIFE OF [1637. the Empire by close family ties and political sym- pathies, threw in her lot with the Emperor Fer- dinand II. Soon the war had assumed the terrible aspect of a conflict waged between the Protestant Powers of Europe, allied with France, against the orthodox and potent Empires of Spain and Austria. The invasion of the Swedes occurred during the first session of the Diet of Ratisbon, to which the envoys of France, the able diplomatist Brulart, and the astute Capuchin father, Joseph de Tremblay, had been sent by Richelieu to negotiate a peace between France, the Empire, and the Dukes of Mantua and or to the Savoy ; oppose, by every artifice, election of the Emperor's eldest son as King of the Romans. The desired pacification was obtained : Casale was to be surrendered. The Emperor, moreover, in his anxiety to secure the promise of the imperial dignity for his son, disbanded, at the solicitation of a majority of the Electors, a part of that vast army under his renowned general, Albert de Wallenstein, Duke de Friedland, which held the rebellious princes and have in check ; might arrested the victori- ous advance from Pomerania of King Gustavus Adolphus.* The Swedish armies laid siege to Stettin, * Harte's History of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus, t. 1. Galeazzo Hist, delle Guerre di Ferdinando II. e III. contro Gostavo-Adolfo Re di Suetia, e Luigi XIII. Re di Francia. 1637.] ANNE OF AUSTEIA. 3 which was soon taken at the point of the sword, and the town given up to pillage : the members of the Diet thereupon, retired in dismay from Ratisbon, without proceeding to the much-coveted election, France, meanwhile, had been at war with the Emperor, and the King of Spain since the year 1626, concerning the succession to the Duchy of Mantua. The old policy of Henri Quatre, therefore, pre- sented itself with double zest to Louis XIII, and his minister : alliance with the Protestant Powers of Europe, to bring about the humiliation of the over- of to wrest the grown power Spain ; Empire from the Hapsburgs, Archdukes of Austria, by causing the election of a King of the Romans from among the of another to the princes dynasty ; moderate preten- of to confer the of sions the Papacy ; power supreme nomination to ecclesiastical benefices on the rulers of of and to the various countries Europe ; abolish the faculty of appeal to Rome in disputed cases con- cerning temporalities. The Great Henry projected while this political . revolution, holding the Calvinists of the realm in strict subjection. Richelieu ven- tured a step further : he crushed "les religionnaires ;" drove with a strong hand their allies from the coast of their of France ; resumed possession cities of annulled the charters of La refuge ; Rochelle and cities and whilst the other powerful ; Calvinists 4 THE MARRIED LIFE OF [1637. cowered before the prestige of the crown, the able minister, to exalt the power of France abroad, joined their foreign allies, to effect in other countries the reforms which he had so sternly repressed at home. In 1628 the Valteline was rescued from papal to in domination, and restored liberty ; and 1631, two years after La llochelle fell at the feet of Richelieu, the alliance between the Protestant crown of Sweden with the Catholic realm of France, was concluded, for the overthrow of the Imperial House, and the reform of the Germanic Confederation. The treaty between France and Sweden was signed January, 1631, at the camp of Berwalt, in Brandenburg : the plenipo- tentiaries who ratified this astonishing alliance were on behalf of M. de Charnece, France ; and Horn, Marechal de Camp of the Swedish forces, and Bannier, their famed general of infantry/' The articles stipulated an alliance offensive and defensive the two crowns that the between ; King of France should furnish annually for the service of the war an annual subsidy of one million of livres ;f that the invading army should always be maintained at a complement of thirty thousand infantry, and six thousand cavalry. Finally, that the Roman Catholic be and that religion should respected ; no wilful * Harte's History of Gustavus Adolphus, t. 1, p. 231. t Equivalent to 400,000 crowns, as stated in the treaty of Berwalt. 1637.] ANNE OF AUSTRIA. 5 spoliation of cathedrals, monasteries, and church treasures should be permitted. England joined the allies ; Denmark wished well to the forces of the thus gallant realm, her neighbour ; and was inaugu- rated that contest known under the familiar designa- tion of the Thirty Years' "War. France fought well and in the contest the success of the bravely ; Scandinavian monarch was unparalleled ; victory followed his banners : in vain Tilly, Wallenstein, Montecuculi, and the Emperor himself, sought to arrest his progress. Complete religious and political freedom seemed about to dawn on Germany : in the space of two years Gustavus Adolphus gained thirty battles, and took two hundred towns ; no limit, therefore, could be prescribed to the prowess of a conqueror so mighty. Richelieu thereupon began to : the reflect the war approached Alsatian frontier ; and possibly the Swedish hero might long to test his veteran soldiers against the world-renowned chivalry of France. When Germany lay prostrate, Richelieu argued might not the Imperial banner be again raised from the dust the hero and by ; Gustavus Adolphus, become the ally of the Emperor Ferdinand, lead his legions over the frontier, and dictate the paci- fication of Europe from Paris \ Long did Richelieu and his two confidants, the Capuchin and Dominican fathers, Joseph de Tremblay, and Carre, ponder over 6 THE MARRIED LIFE OF [1637. a glory that eclipsed the exploits of the minister in Piedmont and Montferrat ; and which reduced the much-lauded conflict of the Pass of Susa into an ignoble skirmish, -when compared to the mighty victories of Gustavus. The jealousy of the Cardinal did not long ferment : on the 6th day of November, 1632, the gallant King fell on the plains of Lutzen, in the very arms of victory. Gustavus received two mortal wounds from the hand, it was rumoured, of an assassin, who himself died from the pistol of an officer mysteriously at hand to avenge the assassina- tion. Later, the body of this personage was like- wise found extended on the battle-field, mutilated by sabre wounds.* France then rallied from her panic : in the preceding month Montmorency had suffered the of treason the rebel penalty ; league with Spain, cemented by the boyish resentment of Monsieur, was dissolved on the field of Castel- naudari. Monsieur, penitent, as has been before related, so long as the rod was suspended over his head, soon regretted his concessions, and fled again from the realm. The flight of Orleans gave Richelieu opportunity for completing the annex- ation of the duchy of Lorraine. Nancy was in- * Harte, 1. 1. Galeazzo, Hist, delle Guerre di Ferdinando II. The of the name officer who gave the mortal wound to the great Gustavus was Maurice Falkenberg. The Duke of Saxe Lauenburg was suspected as the contriver of the base assassination. Vie du Pere Joseph de Tremblay. 1637.] ANNE OF AUSTRIA. 7 and French the vested, garrisoned by troops ; Duke, after a hasty abdication in favour of the Cardinal his brother, fled to Besancon, and joined a division of the Imperial army under Montecuculi. On the plains of Lombardy the French armies encountered the Spanish forces with varying suc- cess and but few notable achievements lustre ; gave or renown to the contest. The King's generals were Marshal de Crequi and the Cardinal de la Valette, the brother of the famous Duke d'Epernon, who was renowned rather for his military capacity, than known as a prince of the Church, and Cardinal Archbishop of Toulouse.
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