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MKF Post-Defence Edits Aug.14 A Gathering of Names: On the Categories and Collections of Siberian Shamanic Materials in Late Imperial Russian Museums, 1880–1910 by Marisa Karyl Franz A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Study of Religion Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto © Copyright by Marisa Karyl Franz 2019 A Gathering of Names: On the Categories and Collections of Siberian Shamanic Materials in Late Imperial Russian Museum, 1880-1910 Marisa Karyl Franz Doctor of Philosophy in the Study of Religion Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto 2019 Abstract A Gathering of Names is an intellectual history of the ethnographic naming and systematising of Siberian shamanic materials by collectors for late imperial Russian museums, between approximately 1880-1910. The late imperial era was a time of social and political change in the Russian Empire, during which there was a dramatic increase in the number of local Siberian museums founded. This project approaches Siberia and the local Siberian museums within the context of late imperial Russian scientific modernity to argue that these museums were constructing a new local Siberian intellectual and scientific network of researchers who were defining shamanism through their collections. This project focuses on collectors and the museum communities in the cities of Yakutsk, Irkutsk, and St. Petersburg. It approaches these sites as increasingly interconnected through the ii academic and personal networks and infrastructural developments that brought increasing numbers of people, willingly and unwillingly, to Siberia at the turn of the century. Specifically looking at collection programmes, a form of desiderata, this dissertation traces what types of objects and categories of information were understood as shamanic in order to explore how the category circulated and became defined within the ethnographic museums in Siberia and in European Russia. iii Acknowledgements I grew up wanting to go to Siberia, and while it was not a straight path to get there, I like to think that there was something inevitable about it. Over the years, my project shifted, morphed, formed, and reformed, and I see the narratives of these changes in the my chapters. Finishing a dissertation means that there is a rigidity imposed on what had, for many years, been a malleable and unsettled text. Perhaps readers will find ghosts of earlier ideas and foreshadows of future ones throughout, and I hope these add a little bit of that unsettledness back into the work and keep it in a space of change rather than ossification. To those who saw first-hand the processes of researching and writing, I would like to express my thanks. I am particularly grateful for the support of my supervisor, Pamela Klassen, and my committee members, Alison Smith, J. Barton Scott, and Irina Mihalache. Without their mentorship throughout the different stages of my doctoral work, I would still be wandering in the wilds of research. I would also like to thank Judith Brunton, Nicholas Field, and Hannah Turner for their friendship and encouragement throughout our time together as graduate students. My research would not have been possible without financial support. I would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, the Canadian Corporations for Studies in Religion, American Councils, Massey College, and the University of Toronto for supporting my research abroad and providing me the financial assistance to fund my research trips to Siberia and European Russia. I would also like to thank the Northrop Frye Centre and Victoria College for supporting me once I returned to Toronto to write, and for providing me a college community within the University of Toronto. In Russia, the excellent archivists, librarians, and researchers in Yakutsk, Irkutsk, and St. Petersburg supported and facilitated my research. In Yakutsk, I would like to thank the National Library of the Republic of Sakha, the State Archive of the Republic of Sakha (who had to deal with my first attempts at navigating the Russian archive system and I appreciate their kindness and patience), and Northeastern Federal University for providing Sakha language classes. In Irkutsk, I am grateful for the assistance of the ethnographic and archaeological departments of the Irkutsk Museum of Local History, as well as their librarians. In St. Petersburg, I would like to iv thank Vladimir Davydov, the Siberian Department at the Kunstkamera, and the Academy of Science for supporting my research. I am also grateful to the staff at the National Library of Russia and at the Geographic Society Library. Finally, I would like to thank my friends in Yakutsk for taking me in and providing a home for me there. I am forever grateful for their kindness and their care. Here, at the end, I would like to thank my family. My chaotic assemblage of aunts, uncles, loved- ones, cousins, parents, brother, and husband formed a community that surrounded me throughout this project. They advised me on Russian translations, provided home-cooked meals, walked the dog, read and reread drafts, and encouraged me when I needed encouragement. This work is dedicated to them. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................x Notes on Translation and Transliteration....................................................................................... xi Prologue ........................................................................................................................................ xii Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Sites of Research..................................................................................................................3 1.1.1 The Kunstkamera.....................................................................................................4 1.1.2 The Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local History (The Irkutsk Museum)................6 1.1.3 The Yakutsk State Museum of the History and Culture of the People of the North named after Emilian Iaroslavski (The Yakutsk Museum).............................7 1.2 Desired Documents and Research Methods ........................................................................9 1.3 An Overview of the Argument ..........................................................................................11 1.3.1 Systems and Structures: An Organizational Overview..........................................22 1 Chapter One: Museums and Modernity in Late Imperial Russia..............................................27 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................27 1.2 Late Imperial Russia ..........................................................................................................30 1.3 The Siberian Colony ..........................................................................................................35 1.4 Museums and Imperial Intellectuals ..................................................................................43 1.5 The Local Exotic................................................................................................................53 1.6 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................56 2 Chapter Two: Shamans and Shamanism...................................................................................58 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................58 vi 2.2 Defining Shamans and Shamanism: ..................................................................................59 2.2.1 Shaman: Etymology and Europeanization.............................................................59 2.2.2 Shamans and Shamanism: Locating a Central Definition .....................................63 2.3 Periodizing Shamanic Studies............................................................................................64 2.3.1 Intellectual Histories ..............................................................................................64 2.3.2 Shamans as Charlatans...........................................................................................66 2.3.3 Shamans and Psychology: Hysteria and Queerness...............................................73 2.3.4 Shamans as a Universal Type ................................................................................80 2.3.5 Shamans as Geographically Bound .......................................................................85 2.3.6 Shamanism: Deconstructing and Reconstructing the Shaman in Context.............88 2.3.7 Periodisation: In sum..............................................................................................93 2.4 Late Imperial Russian Shamanic Studies...........................................................................93 2.4.1 Hysteria in
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