DOCSLIB.ORG

State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest State and Ethnicity in China’s Southwest GUO_f1_i-x.indd i 3/26/2008 5:24:18 PM China Studies Published for the Institute for Chinese Studies University of Oxford Editors Glen Dudbridge Frank Pieke VOLUME 15 GUO_f1_i-x.indd ii 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM State and Ethnicity in China’s Southwest By Xiaolin Guo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 GUO_f1_i-x.indd iii 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM On the cover. Lugu Lake, photograph by Xiaolin Guo. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guo, Xiaolin. State and ethnicity in China’s Southwest / by Xiaolin Guo. p. cm. — (China studies ; 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16775-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Ethnicity—China—Yunnan Sheng. 2. Matrilineal kinship—China—Yunnan Sheng. 3. Patrilineal kinship— China—Yunnan Sheng. 4. Human ecology—China—Yunnan Sheng. 5. Politics and culture—China—Yunnan Sheng. 6. Yunnan Sheng (China)—Ethnic relations. 7. Yunnan Sheng (China)—Politics and government. 8. Yunnan Sheng (China)— Environmental conditions. I. Title. II. Series. GN635.C5G86 2008 305.800951’35—dc22 ISSN 1570-1344 ISBN 978 90 04 16775 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands GUO_f1_i-x.indd iv 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM To Michael GUO_f1_i-x.indd v 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM GUO_f1_i-x.indd vi 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM CONTENTS List of Illustrations, Figures and Maps ...................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Chapter One The Southwest Frontier .................................... 19 1.1 Imperial Rule ..................................................................... 20 1.2 Republican Nation Building .............................................. 31 1.3 Socialist Transformation .................................................... 41 Chapter Two Of Difference and Change ............................... 63 2.1 Varieties of Cultural Experience ....................................... 64 2.2 Kinship and Economy ....................................................... 81 2.3 Administered Development ............................................... 93 Chapter Three The Land of Women ..................................... 109 3.1 The People in Question .................................................... 110 3.2 Matrilineal Descent ............................................................ 123 3.3 Mosuo Livelihood .............................................................. 141 Chapter Four The Three-River Basin .................................... 161 4.1 Old Garrison Settlement ................................................... 162 4.2 Patrilineal Kinship ............................................................. 180 4.3 Rice Economy .................................................................... 197 Chapter Five Ethnicity and Government ............................... 215 5.1 Local Domination .............................................................. 216 5.2 State in Society .................................................................. 230 5.3 Preferential Policy at Work ................................................ 244 GUO_f1_i-x.indd vii 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM viii contents Chapter Six Between the Interior and Frontier ...................... 265 6.1 Evolution of the Local State ............................................. 266 6.2 Rural Administration ......................................................... 279 6.3 Economic Imperative ......................................................... 296 Conclusion .................................................................................. 311 Bibliography ................................................................................ 321 Index ........................................................................................... 335 GUO_f1_i-x.indd viii 3/26/2008 5:24:19 PM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES AND MAPS Illustrations On the cover: Lugu Lake (book cover in color) Plate 1: Mosuo residence (Chapter Three, p. 126) Plate 2: Kaiji River (Chapter Three, p. 143) Plate 3: Grazing cattle (Chapter Three, p. 148) Plate 4: The Three-River basin (Chapter 4, p. 163) Plate 5: Watchtower in Wengpeng village (Chapter 4, p. 167) Plate 6: Cuihu village (Chapter 4, p. 169) Plate 7: Han residence (Chapter 4, p. 186) Maps 1. Yunnan Province, (p. 16) 2. Ninglang County, (p. 17) 3. Yongsheng County, (p. 18) Figures 1. Basic Information of the Sites under Study (1992), (p. 11) 2. Yunnan Provincial Population by Nationality, (p. 50) 3. Divisions of the Solar Year in the Traditional Chinese Calendar, (p. 198) GUO_f1_i-x.indd ix 3/26/2008 5:24:20 PM GUO_f1_i-x.indd x 3/26/2008 5:24:20 PM INTRODUCTION If China as a realm and as a polity were analogous to an extended family, it would boast a long line of ancestry. Horizontally, its administra- tive divisions would equal the agnatic siblings that individually formed subordinate domestic units while sharing the commons with the rest of the extended family. In some generations the family expanded, while in others it contracted—depending on population growth, or decline, as affected by harvests, natural disasters, wars, epidemics, and other pre- dictable or unpredictable events. The incorporation of members from other descent groups through marriage (political alliance) or adoption (military conquest) not only impinged upon the life of those coming in but also of those receiving. Harmony was forever held as an ideal, perhaps only because the extended family as such was fraught with internal confl icts, and dis- integration remained a constant threat. In each generation (dynasty), the patriarch (the emperor) assumed the responsibility mandated by his ancestors for keeping the family estate (territory) intact. The parental authority (state machinery) played a key role in preventing, or at the very least postponing, the division of the family estate. Disputes were sometimes settled amicably through compromise (treaties), though at times coercive measures (suppression) were called for in order to maintain order. Eventually, the values of the traditional family clashed with modern concepts endorsing a simplifi ed domestic organization—each household assuming a separate identity—and ultimately decentralized property management. The structuring of the modern family, to take this analogy to its logical conclusion, corresponds to the construction of the nation state. But unlike the case of the transformation of human families, modern China as a nation state retains the form of the old empire: it is, metaphorically speaking, both a family and a ‘post-family.’ The tension inherent in this duality poses a major challenge to contemporary China’s political leaders as well as to those who study them and their policies, especially when concerned with the ethnically diverse peoples inhabiting the periphery of China. GUO_f2_1-18.indd 1 3/11/2008 9:03:50 PM 2 introduction Issues That Matter Dominating if not actually defi ning contemporary studies of China’s ethnic minorities are two recurring theses, both entrenched in the para- digm of the monolithic state: that of the Han and non-Han dichotomy, and that of cultural assimilation. The fi eld of anthropology seldom engages in in-depth analyses of local politics, much less of the operation of the Chinese state bureaucracy as a whole. Studies of the Chinese political economy, meanwhile, and quite predictably, marginalize the periphery. All too often, what we see is the product of a concept-driven approach to research that prefers to delimit rather than delineate. This present study of state and ethnicity seeks to merge the gap, with very different approaches to political integration. Emphasizing historically conditioned transformations, it explains the operation of the Chinese state on the national periphery and, simultaneously, the experience of this rule by local society as well as state agents. Pursuing change and continuity in social, political and economic circumstances where interac- tion between state and society occurs, this book illuminates variations in the state penetration of frontier societies, and the impact state and local society have on each other. Dichotomy of Han Versus Non-Han Early studies of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its policy towards ethnic minorities were fi xated more on the role of the trans- formative state than on ethnicity per se in relation to the nation (e.g. Dreyer 1976; Heberer 1989). The aftermath of the break-up of the Soviet Union and the ‘Eastern Bloc’ stimulated a greater awareness of ethnicity and growing academic interest in the subject. As a nation that is anything but ethnically uniform, China has since been viewed as increas- ingly in confl ict with the Western idea of the nation state. This confl ict or contradiction duly permeates studies of China’s ethnic minorities, with their focus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beyond Life and Death Images of Exceptional Women and Chinese Modernity Wei Hu University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 Beyond Life And Death Images Of Exceptional Women And Chinese Modernity Wei Hu University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hu, W.(2017). Beyond Life And Death Images Of Exceptional Women And Chinese Modernity. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4370 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEYOND LIFE AND DEATH IMAGES OF EXCEPTIONAL WOMEN AND CHINESE MODERNITY by Wei Hu Bachelor of Arts Beijing Language and Culture University, 2002 Master of Laws Beijing Language and Culture University, 2005 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Michael Gibbs Hill, Major Professor Alexander Jamieson Beecroft, Committee Member Krista Jane Van Fleit, Committee Member Amanda S. Wangwright, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Wei Hu, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To My parents, Hu Quanlin and Liu Meilian iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my graduate studies at the University of South Carolina and the preparation of my dissertation, I have received enormous help from many people. The list below is far from being complete. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • No.9 Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter June 1990
    [Last updated: 28 April 1992] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- No.9 Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter June 1990 This NEWSLETTER is edited by Gehan Wijeyewardene and published in the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies; printed at Central Printery; the masthead is by Susan Wigham of Graphic Design (all of The Australian National University ).The logo is from a water colour , 'Tai women fishing' by Kang Huo Material in this NEWSLETTER may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. Correspondence is welcome and contributions will be given sympathetic consideration. (All correspondence to The Editor, Department of Anthropology, RSPacS, ANU, Box 4 GPO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.) Number Nine June 1990 ISSN 1032-500X The International Conference on Thai Studies, Kunming 1990 There was some question, in the post Tien An Men period, as to whether the conference would proceed. In January over forty members of Thammasart University faculty issued an open letter to the organizers, which in part read, A meeting in China at present would mean a tacit acceptance of the measures taken by the state, unless there will be an open critical review. Many north American colleagues privately expressed similar views. This Newsletter has made its views on Tien An Men quite clear, and we can sympathize with the position taken by our colleagues. Nevertheless, there seems to be some selectivity of outrage, when no word of protest was heard from some quarters about the continuing support given by the Chinese government to the murderous Khmer Rouge. This does not apply to the Thai academic community, sections of which were in the vanguard of the movement to reconsider Thai government policy on this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014
    Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014 Annual Threat Assessment SOUTHEAST ASIA Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA China and Central Asia MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Egypt, Libya and Somalia INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2 ANNUAL THREAT ASSESSMENT Terrorism and Political Violence in 2013 Southeast Asia peace talks were held in January 2014. Iraq, too, remains besieged by sectarian violence and constant attacks. In Yemen, Southeast Asia has seen some of its insurgencies and conflicts multiple insurgencies and a robust threat from Al Qaeda in the diminish while others have continued unabated. In Thailand, the Arabian Peninsula have hampered an already difficult political restive south continued to see violence in 2013 while Bangkok transition. In Egypt, Morsi’s ouster has seen protests continuing witnessed a political crisis with protests against the government to plague the country while the military attempts another turning violent. In Myanmar, reforms have moved forward but political transition. Libya, meanwhile, faces a persistent security communal violence continues to plague the country and has challenge in its southern border region and the success of its evolved from targeting Rohingyas towards Muslim minority transition after Gaddafi will depend on the militias which communities in general. Indonesia continues to face a potent deposed the former dictator giving up their arms. In Somalia, threat from radicalization and concern has emerged over the al-Shabaab has intensified its campaign against the role its “hard” counterterrorist approach is playing in fueling government in the wake of a hardline faction emerging further extremism.
    [Show full text]
  • POWER an D IDENTITY I N the CHINES E WORLD ORDE R Festschrift M Honour of Professor Wang Gomgwui
    POWER AN D IDENTITY I N THE CHINES E WORLD ORDE R Festschrift m Honour of Professor Wang Gomgwui Edited by Billy K.L. So John Fitzgerald Huang Jianli James K. Chin # » * # i h Bf c *t HONG KON G UNIVERSIT Y PRES S Hong Kon g Universit y Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centr e 7 Tin Wan Pray a Roa d Aberdeen Hong Kon g © Hon g Kong Universit y Pres s 200 3 ISBN 96 2 20 9 59 0 9 All rights reserved . No portio n o f this publication ma y be reproduced o r transmitte d i n an y form o r by an y means, electronic o r mechanical , includin g photocopy, recording , or an y information storag e o r retrieva l system , withou t prior permissio n i n writing fro m th e publisher . This volume i s published with th e suppor t o f the Universit y o f Hong Kon g an d the Australia n Academ y o f the Humanities . British Librar y Cataloguing-in-Publicatio n Dat a A catalogu e recor d fo r thi s book i s available fro m th e British Library . Secure On-lin e Orderin g http://www.hkupress.org Printed and bound by Liang Yu Printing Factory Ltd., Hong Kong, China . Contents Acknowledgements i x Contributors x i Introduction 1 Billy K. L . So Prologue Wang Gungwu : Th e Historia n i n Hi s Times 1 1 Philip A. Kuhn Part I . I n Searc h o f Power : Powe r Restructurin g i n 3 3 Modern Chin a 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Association for Chinese Music Research Bibliography 2017
    Association for Chinese Music Research Bibliography 2017 Compiled by Alec McLane and Ai Mei Luo Books: Bao, Huai. 2017. Cross-Gender China: The Revival of Nandan Performance in Jingju. Routledge Advances in Theatre and Performance Studies;. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. [ISBN: 9781138057906] Chiu, Elena Suet-Ying. 2017. Bannermen Tales (Zidishu): Manchu Storytelling and Cultural Hybridity in the Qing Dynasty. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monographs; 105. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. [ISBN: 9780674975194] Clark, Paul, Laikwan Pang, and Tsan-Huang Tsai, eds. 2016. Listening to China's Cultural Revolution: Music, Politics, and Cultural Continuities. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World. Houndmills (Basingstoke, Hampshire): Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN: 9781349565085] Cupchik, Jeffrey W. 2017. The Sound of Vultures' Wings: The Tibetan Buddhist Chöd Ritual Practice of the Female Buddha Machik Labdrön. Suny Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. [ISBN: 9781438464411] Editorial Department of the Journal of the Central Conservatory of Music. 2016. Researches on Traditional and Contemporary Music in China. Beijing: Zhong yang yin yue xue yuan chu ban she. [ISBN: 9787810967372] Hanneken, Bernhard, and Tiago de Oliveira Pinto, eds. 2017. Music in China Today: Ancient Traditions, Contemporary Trends. Intercultural Music Studies. Würzburg: Department of Ethnomusicology, Institute for Music Research, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg. [ISBN: 9783861356523] Ho, Wai-chung. 2017. Popular Music, Cultural Politics and Music Education in China. Ashgate Popular and Folk Music Series. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. [ISBN: 9781472476548] Lawson, Francesca R. Sborgi. 2017. The Women of Quyi: Liminal Voices and Androgynous Bodies. Soas Musicology Series. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. [ISBN: 9781138234130] Meyer-Clement, Elena. 2016. Party Hegemony and Entrepreneurial Power in China: Institutional Change in the Film and Music Industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia Michel Ferlus
    Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia Michel Ferlus To cite this version: Michel Ferlus. Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia. 42nd International Conference on Sino- Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Payap University, Nov 2009, Chiang Mai, Thailand. halshs- 01182596 HAL Id: halshs-01182596 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01182596 Submitted on 1 Aug 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics Payap University, Chiang Mai, November 2-4, 2009 Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia Michel Ferlus Independent researcher (retired from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) In the Southeast Asian Sinosphere, we can observe a circulation of ethnonyms between local languages and Chinese. A local Southeast Asian autonym is borrowed into Chinese, undergoes sound changes affecting the Chinese language, and then returns to the original populations, or to other populations. The result is a coexistence of ethnonyms of highly different phonetic outlook but originating in the same etymon. We will examine four families of ethnonyms, mostly Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai. Some of these ethnonyms are still in use today, others are known through Chinese texts where they are transcribed by phonograms.
    [Show full text]
  • China: a New Trajectory Prioritizing Rural Rather Than Urban Development?
    land Article China: A New Trajectory Prioritizing Rural Rather Than Urban Development? Hongzhang Xu 1,2,3,* , Jamie Pittock 1,3 and Katherine A. Daniell 1,3 1 Fenner School of Environment and Society, 48 Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (K.A.D.) 2 Australian Centre on China in the World, Building 188, Fellows Lane, Acton, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 3 Institute for Water Futures, 48 Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-(0)-026-125-3503 Abstract: The adverse effects of rapid urbanization are of global concern. Careful planning for and accommodation of accelerating urbanization and citizenization (i.e., migrants gaining official urban residency) may be the best approach to limit some of the worst impacts. However, we find that another trajectory may be possible: one linked to the rural development plan adopted in the latest Chinese national development strategy. This plan aims to build rural areas as attractive areas for settlement by 2050 rather than to further urbanize with more people in cities. We assess the political motivations and challenges behind this choice to develop rural areas based on a literature review and empirical case analysis. After assessing the rural and urban policy subsystem, we find five socio-political drivers behind China’s rural development strategy, namely ensuring food security, promoting culture and heritage, addressing overcapacity, emphasizing environmental protection and eradicating poverty. To develop rural areas, China needs to effectively resolve three dilemmas: (1) implementing decentralized policies under central supervision; (2) deploying limited resources Citation: Xu, H.; Pittock, J.; Daniell, efficiently to achieve targets; and (3) addressing competing narratives in current policies.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC) Dataset Codebook
    The Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) Dataset Codebook (Version 1.0, 2015.07) (Presented in Bartusevičius, Henrikas (2015) Introducing the Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) dataset. Forthcoming in Conflict Management and Peace Science) The Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) Dataset provides a categorization of 331 intrastate armed conflicts recorded between 1946 and 2010 into four categories: 1. Ethnic governmental; 2. Ethnic territorial; 3. Non-ethnic governmental; 4. Non-ethnic territorial. The dataset uses the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v.4-2011, 1946 – 2010 (Themnér & Wallensteen, 2011; also Gleditsch et al., 2002) as a base (and thus is an extension of the UCDP/PRIO dataset). Therefore, the dataset employs the UCDP/PRIO’s operational definition of an aggregate armed conflict: a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths (Themnér, 2011: 1). The dataset contains only internal and internationalized internal armed conflicts listed in the UCDP/PRIO dataset. Internal armed conflict ‘occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) without intervention from other states’ (ibid.: 9). Internationalized internal armed conflict ‘occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) with intervention from other states (secondary parties) on one or both sides’(ibid.). For full definitions and further details please consult the 1 codebook of the UCDP/PRIO dataset (ibid.) and the website of the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University: http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/definitions/.
    [Show full text]
  • Melissa Barber – the Cicada and the Plum September 22 – October 9 2016
    The Corner Store Gallery www.cornerstoregallery.com Melissa Barber – The Cicada and the Plum September 22 – October 9 2016 This exhibition introduces work from Melissa’s new series The Cicada and the Plum. This series concerns itself with the exploration of the transition of a four thousand year old culture into the modern day era, namely that of China. Melissa has been strongly influenced by antique photographs of Chinese society that reveal a culture steeped in tradition but on the very verge of change. Melissa Barber is a self-taught artist based in the Central West town of Canowindra. She has been painting professionally since the age of 24, exhibiting from time to time in Sydney and Melbourne, and has paintings in private and corporate collections within Australia and internationally. GST included in all prices. 1 The Divorcee (The Cicada and the Plum Series), oil on canvas, 91.5cm x 91.5cm. $5500 Wenxiu was the second wife of Puyi. She was actually his first choice before his advisers told him to marry Wanrong. She was 14 when they married and she became extremely bored and lonely with palace life as Puyi mainly ignored her. She eventually escaped and with the help of a friend managed to arrange a divorce from Puyi - the first ever royal divorce in Chinese Imperial history. It is said that she ended up becoming a school teacher and remarrying. The orchids in her hair are symbolic of the Chinese meaning for love and marriage, and the fact that they’re white refers to death and ghostliness adding another meaning to her marriage to Puyi.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Art of Not Being Governed
    they lack the substance: a taxpaying subject population or di- rect control over their constituent units, let alone a standing army. Hill polities are, almost invariably, redistributive, com- petitive feasting systems held together by the benefits they are able to disburse. When they occasionally appear to be rela- The Art of Not Being tively centralized, they resemble what Barfield has called the Governed “shadow-empires” of nomadic pastoralists, a predatory periph- ery designed to monopolize trading and raiding advantages at An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia the edge of an empire. They are also typically parasitic inthe sense that when their host-empires collapse, so do they.45 James C. Scott Zones of Refuge There is strong evidence that Zomia is not simply a region of resistance to valley states, but a region of refuge as well.46 By “refuge,” I mean to imply that much of the population in the hills has, for more than a millennium and a half, come there to evade the manifold afflictions of state-making projects in the valleys. Far from being “left behind” by the progress of civiliza- 45 Thomas Barfield, “The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier,” in Empires: Perspectives from Archaeol- ogy and History, ed. Susan E. Alcock, Terrance N. D’Altroy, et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 11–41. Karl Marx identified such para- sitic, militarized peripheries engaged in slave-raiding and plunder on the fringe of the Roman Empire as “the Germanic mode of production.” For the best account of such secondary state formation by the Wa people, see Mag- nus Fiskesjö, “The Fate of Sacrifice and the Making of Wa History,” Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]