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Agate Basin Archaeology in Alberta And University of Alberta AGATE BASIN ARCHAEOLOGY IN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA by Quinn Benders A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology ©Quinn Benders Fall, 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written Examining Committee: Dr. Charles Schweger, Department of Anthropology Dr. Alwynne Beaudoin, Curator of Quaternary Environments, Royal Alberta Museum. Dr. John Ives, Department of Anthropology Dr. Duane Froese, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ABSTRACT This thesis documents Agate Basin archaeological remains in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. By extension, it examines the context of the rapidly changing Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene environment. A database of information on Agate Basin sites in the study area is assembled. Site analysis allowed for the examination of Agate Basin adaptations based on radiocarbon chronology, landform use, mobility, resource use, projectile point production and climate and environmental context. The results confirm that Agate Basin producing peoples within Alberta and Saskatchewan displayed variability concerning projectile point production, landscape use, resource extraction, and hunting practice. It appears that Agate Basin producing people within Alberta and Saskatchewan practiced a predominantly broad-based strategy for procuring resources. No evidence exists to support a model of large-scale communal hunting. Likely, the strongest influence on the particular adaptive behaviours of Agate Basin producing people in Alberta and Saskatchewan can be summarized as environmental. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of any work is always due to an array of people along with the author. This thesis is the result of a collaborative effort and a great deal of support. Much of the work here could not have been accomplished without the aid of many people. I would like to start by acknowledging the help I received from Joan Damkjar from the Alberta Archaeological Survey and Nathan Friesen from the Saskatchewan Heritage Resources Branch. Their contribution in the compilation of the Agate Basin database for Alberta and Saskatchewan used here was crucial. I would similarly like to thank Bob Dawe and Jack Brink at the Royal Alberta Museum for taking the time to give me access to the collections on many occasions, and the interest and support they gave to this project. Likewise, I would like to thank Dr. Evelyn Siegfried and Ian Brace of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum for taking time out of their schedule to show me the Saskatchewan collections that were invaluable to this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. David Meyer for the correspondence, advise, extensive knowledge and access to Agate Basin material housed at the University of Saskatchewan. I would especially like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Charles Schweger and Dr. Alwynne Beaudoin. They have contributed knowledge, time, effort and patience in making this thesis possible. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. John Ives and Dr. Duane Froese for their time, conversations and valuable feedback for this thesis. Their insight greatly improved the contribution I was able to make. Most importantly, I would like to thank the three most important people of my life. My parents, John and Joyce, who gave me unconditional support over the years in all that I have chosen to do. And to Nisha, you have been an anchor and a light. I could not have done it without you. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 THE AGATE BASIN TYPOLOGY AND AGATE BASIN ADAPTATION .............................................. 3 1.2 THE AGATE BASIN TYPOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 6 1.3 DISTRIBUTION................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 AGATE BASIN IN TIME .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................... 7 1.6 ORGANIZATION............................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2 - METHODS ................................................................................. 11 2.0 STUDY AREA................................................................................................................................11 2.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE DEFINITION..........................................................................................11 2.2 CHRONOLOGY AND RADIOCARBON DATES................................................................................12 2.3 DISTRIBUTION..............................................................................................................................13 2.4 LANDFORM DATA........................................................................................................................13 2.5 TYPOLOGY AND LITHIC DATA BASE ..........................................................................................15 CHAPTER 3 – RESULTS ................................................................................... 19 3.0 SITE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................19 3.1 CHRONOLOGY AND RADIOCARBON DATES................................................................................28 3.2 SITE DISTRIBUTION AND SITE CLASS .........................................................................................31 3.2.1 Relationship Between Site Locations and Present Human Population ..........................33 3.3 AGATE BASIN LANDFORM USE...................................................................................................35 3.3.1 Agate Basin Sites and Water Sources ...............................................................................37 3.3.2 Site Aspect ...........................................................................................................................39 3.4 PROJECTILE POINT AND LITHIC ANALYSIS.................................................................................40 3.4.1 Alberta and Saskatchewan Agate Basin Projectile Point Measurements.......................40 3.4.2 Comparisons with the Agate Basin Type Site, Wyoming. ................................................46 3.5 CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE/EARLY HOLOCENE ...............................50 CHAPTER 4 – DISCUSSION............................................................................. 58 4.0 RADIOCARBON DATES ................................................................................................................58 4.0.1 Overlapping Chronologies ................................................................................................58 4.0.2 Radiocarbon Dating Discussed .........................................................................................58 14 4.0.3 Sources of Error in C Dating ..........................................................................................59 4.1 DISTRIBUTION..............................................................................................................................63 4.1.1 Addressing Related Typologies outside the Study Area ...................................................64 4.2 LANDFORM ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................67 4.2.1 Landform Use and Frequency of Sites ..............................................................................67 4.2.2 Slope Facing Direction ......................................................................................................75 4.2.3 Landform and Water as a Limiting Factor .......................................................................75 4.2.4. Lake Minnewanka Site ......................................................................................................76 4.3 LITHIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................77 4.3.1 Movement of Raw Material................................................................................................80 4.3.2 Changes in the Frequency of Raw material Over Time ...................................................81 4.4 CLIMATE OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE/EARLY HOLOCENE ........................................................83
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