OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 55 NO. 2 SPRING 2005 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: . „ _ .-..-C.^CDO Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H V.S.O. OFFICfcHb „UJ1M„ Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 'resident John Mode, Box 170 RD#1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 Qhjo s|gte Types by Robert N Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H 740) 676-1077. Tne Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H

/ice President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, BAC(< |SSUES QF OH1Q ARCHAEOLOGIST

DH 44512, (330) 788-1598. 1Q56 ,hm 1Q67 out 0f phnt mmediate Past President Brian G. Folz, 14 West College Ave., 1968- 1999 $ 2.50 Vesterville, OH 43081, (614) 800-6706. 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 3lain City, OH 43064 (614) 879-9825. 2003 $ 600 Measurer Gary Kapusta, 32294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Add $rj.75 For Each Copy of Any Issue 330) 296-2287. Back jssues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally Recording Secretary Cinthia Welles, 15001 Sycamore out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office ^oad, Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. for prices and availability. zditor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, ASO CHAPTERS DH 43064, (614) 873-5471. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681-2229 vlichael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Cedarville, OH Blue Jacket Chapter 15314 (937) 766-5411. President: Chris Shoe, 6055 St. Rt. 589, Fletcher, OH 45326 (937) 368-2611 3arl Harruff, PO Box 91, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 352-4804. Chippewa Valley Chapter 2006 Chri3hris Rummell, 478 BurnBums Drive North, Westerville, OH 430843082 President: Eric Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd., Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 (614)895-0714614) 895-0714. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 2006 Elain=laine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 453345331 President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High St., Mantua, OH 44255 (330) 274-2171 (937937) 548-032548-03255 . Dividing Ridges Chapter 2008 Walt SperrySperry, 1006 South Main St., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) President: John Mocic, Box 170, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077 392-9774,qP qf74 . ' Flint Ridge Chapter 2008 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-FMou„on-Ft, Amanda Rd., P^d^C^^mBSl.n.^J^ym,OHAa076m^^B WapakonetaWapakoneta , OH (419) 657-665657-66577 . _ .„.,.,, pLde^ Denn^Link, 1037 Ritchey Rd., Felicity, OH 45120 (513) 876-4140 2008 Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell Rd., Lewis Center, OH 43435 tO 2 0 P ™^ ann K ° ^ ° ' ' ™°" Creek Archaeology (614) 846-900b846-9006. President: Mike Coyle, 173 Beatty Ave., Richwood, OH 43344 (937) 642-0858 2008 Tony DeRegnaucourt, 106 North Street, Arcanum, OH 453045304 J(jhnny Appleseed chapter (937) 692-8669692-8669. President: Bob Bright, 1939 St. Rt. 302 Ashland, OH 42222 (n.a.) King Beaver Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORCOLLABORATORSS President Chuck King, 44 Shenango Rd., New Castle, PA 16105 (724) 654-2868 Mike Rusnaksnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 442444242 Kokosing Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 456445640 President: Fred Groseclose, 30 Longitudinal Dr., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) 397-6253 Steven KelleyCelley,, P.O. Box 1, Seaman, OH 456745679 Lake County Chapter James L . MurphyMurphy,, UniversitUniversity LibrariesLibraries,, 1851858 NeiNeill Ave.Ave.,, ColumbusColumbus,, OH President: Doug Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby, OH 44094 (440) 942-0563 43210 Mad River Chapter Jeff Carskaddenikadden, 8375 Heilman Dr., New Carlisle, OH 453445344 President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 45504 (937) 390-0889 Elaine Holzapfelolzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 453345331 Mahoning Valley Chapter Brian DaReRe , 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 439443943 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 Dr. Roberirtt Morris, Dept. of GeologyGeoloqy, Wittenberg UniversityUniversity,, Maumee Valley Chapter Springfield'Id , OH 455045501 President: Charles Carroll, 7771 St. Rt. 15, Defiance, OH 43512 (419) 658-4415 Gary Fogelmanjelman,, 245 Fairview Rd., Turboville, PA 177717772 Miamiville Arch. Chapter ASO Webmastebmaster - Steven Carpenter - www.ohioarch.orwww.ohioarch.org President: RaV Lovins' Bo* 86' Mlamivllle' 0H 45103 <513> 528"5112 All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Mound City Chapter should b3Se , senreviewst to th, ean Editord comment. Membershipss regardin, requestg the Ohios fo rArchaeologist back issues , President: John Barnhart, 200 Northridge Rd., Circleville, OH 43113 (740) 474-4608 ie sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Muskingum Valley Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi- President: Steven House, 1279 Glenwood Ave., Zanesville, OH 43701 (740) 454-1580 ness Manager. na9er- Paint Creek Chapter PLEASE: NOTIFNOTIFY THTHE BUSINESBUSINESS MANAGEMANAGER OOF ADDRESS President: Mick VanSteen, 5303 Wildman Rd., Cedarville, OH 45314 (937) 766-5411 CHANGEES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONSREGULATIONS,, Sandusky Bay Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDEDFORWARDED.. President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 44889 (440) 839-2512 Seccauim Archaeological Chapter MEMBERSHIP AND DUEDUES President: Brenda Galinas, 601 West Warren St., Bucyrus, OH 44820 (n.a.) Annual dueues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first Six Rivers Chapter of Januaryy as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one President: Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell, Lewis Center, OH 43035 (614) 846-9006 copy of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. HusbanHusband Standing Stone Chapter and wife Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist,Archaeologist, President: Joel Embry, 7503 Col-Lancaster Rd., NW, Carroll, OH 43112 (614) 833-1175 published quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Sugar Creek Chapter Archaeologicaogicall Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. president: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 (330) 753-7081 Their Fires Are Cold Chapter President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Wolf Creek Chapter President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page 3 PRESIDENT'S PAGE Front Cover Information 3 Hopewell Rectangular Gorgets by Robert N. Converse. .. A Ladies and Gentlemen of the ASO, Two Woodland Celts from Clark County, Ohio by Robert N. Converse 6 The Archaeological Society of Ohio has now been in existence for A Banded Slate Bird Lizard Effigy more than six decades. If the original founders could only see us now by Jim Beckman 7 - a Society with over 2,500 members! An Early Map of the Archaeological Features in There have been so many men and women who have given so Portsmouth, Ohio by Robert N. Converse 8 much of their talent, loyalty and dedication to make the growth of the A Ceremonial Knife from Arkansas by Jim Beckman... 10 Society possible. Two of the individuals who have made changes for Newly Discovered and Undocumented Scioto River the better are Mr. and Mrs. Don Casto. Business Manager Don Casto, Valley Indian Mounds by Hal Povenmire 11 with the untiring help of Mrs. Casto, were presented with an Award of Artifacts from the Savannah, Ohio Area by Bob Bright 12 Merit at the Annual Meeting in May for their many contributions. Expanded Notch Points and Bevels Past President Brian Foltz was presented with the Annual Converse by Mick Van Steen 14 Award for his efforts as Chairman in organizing the Paleo Symposium Two Large Hancock County Spears by Mike Cramer... 15 which was a resounding success. In addition, I would like to thank the Two Ohio Fluted Points by Mike Cramer 15 people behind the scenes in our Society. Without you we could get lit­ Collection of Ohio Hopewell Cores by Michael Rusnak 16 tle done. Thank you all! An Iroquois Warrior by Robert N. Converse 18 As for Society business, the Board of Directors has reviewed the Reflections on Glass Artifacts by Jennifer A. Saksa .... 19 financial situation of the ASO. Because of several increases in The Dana Baker Hopewell Cache postage, printing and other costs, we are left with no recourse but to by Robert N. Converse 20 increase membership dues. Beginning in January, 2006 there will be A Large Indiana Green Knife by Terry Elleman 21 an increase of $5.00. Although some members might think this too A Possible War of 1812 Flintlock Pistol much they must remember that we have not had a dues increase in by David J. Snyder 22 13 years. Following is a summary of our dues costs since 1950: A Large Ohio Piano Print by Doug Hooks 23 Hopewell: The Dynamics of a Prehistoric 1950-1956 $3.00 Ceremonial System by Olaf H. Prufer 24 1957-1962 $5.00 Hocking County Artifacts by Lar Hothem 30 1962-1970 $8.00 An Australasian Tektite Worked by Aborigines 1970-1985 $12.00 by Hal Povenmire & Clyde Barnhart 31 Artifacts from Pelee Island, Canada 1985-1992 $17.50 by David W. Didion 32 1992-2005 $20.00 An Engraved Glacial Kame Gorget by Dan Schleich ... 34 We will eliminate the extra $1.00 for husband and wife or family Three Eccentrics by Glenn Spray 34 member - dues will be $25.00 for both individual and husband and Artifacts from Columbiana & Stark County wife and family member. Please send dues on time! by Jeff Goodenow 35 Thanks to everyone in the Society - please support our summer A Glacial Kame Birdstone by Robert Mohr 36 meetings and chapter events. God bless and take care. Red Slate Notched Winged Banner by Doug Hooks ... 36 A Mahoning County Farm Collection by Carl Smith 37 Friends of America's Past by Cleone Hawkinson 38 Respectfully, Errata 38 John Mocic, President Silent Auction Donors at March Meeting 38 Archaeological Society of Ohio Obituary 38 ASO Fall Meet 39 State Sponsored Summer Picnic 39 Second Symposium 39 ASO Summer Meetings 39 Back Cover Information 39

Front Cover:

Nethers flint is one of the lesser known varieties of Flint Ridge flint. Characteristically it includes stripes - however subtle or however obvious - which are often combined with inclusions of pink, red, yellow and black, in fact, although it is often spoken of, there is no such thing as black Flint Ridge flint. The closest thing to pure opaque black Flint Ridge flint can be seen in the Nethers variety and then it is in small inclusions. A preponderance of some point types is made of Nethers flint - such types as Broadblades and Pentagonals include numbers of Nethers specimens. Some point types are never made of this stone - for example, Nethers flint is rarely seen in dovetails. Shown are various point types and tools made of this colorful stone.

3 HOPEWELL RECTANGULAR GORGETS by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio 43064

Although few gorgets such as those pic­ original hole at the broken end. In exam­ from the mounds. tured have been reported from classic ples where only a small part of one end Rarely are Hopewell rectangular gor­ Hopewell sites, they are fairly common on was broken - leaving the two original gets made of anything but banded slate. Middle Woodland or Hopewell village holes - a third hole was drilled to achieve Red slate is not unknown and some are sites. Typically they are around four to five symmetry (numbers 3 and 8). Some of made of black slate with little apparent inches long being about four times as long these salvaged gorgets apparently were banding. as they are wide (number 1). The two sus­ originally long - perhaps as much as As for the purpose of Hopewell gorgets, pension holes are usually closely spaced seven inches or longer in their original we simply don't know anything at all about - unlike similar Glacial Kame two-hole condition (numbers, 4 and 5). how they were used - the same could be gorgets which are usually thicker and have An anomaly is identical gorgets with a said with most prehistoric artifacts. It would more widely spaced holes. single hole. Many of these appear to have probably be safe to say that they acted as Many of these gorgets - especially the been salvaged without drilling a new hole some sort of indicator for status or position longer examples - have been broken and and simply grinding off the broken portion. in Hopewell society but that is only guess­ salvaged. Salvage usually consists of (Broken gorgets are often tally-marked or work. It is also of interest to note that drilling a new hole adjacent to one of the engraved.) However, those with only one although some of these objects were bro­ original holes and grinding the broken end original hole are a puzzle and they are ken, it did not diminish their symbolism or to make it more symmetrical. Some of the rare (number 7). The trait is similar to that value since they were obviously repaired re-drilled pieces still show remnants of the seen in one-holed "high church" gorgets for future use.

•UHB Fig. 1 (Converse) Two hole gorgets and broken gorgets from the Troyer Hopewell village site, Madison County, Ohio.

4 Fig. 2 (Converse) Ohio Hopewell two-hole and one-hole rectangular gorgets.

5 TWO WOODLAND CELTS FROM CLARK COUNTY, OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio

inches. The sides of this celt are nicely rounded and curve into the top and bottom faces resulting in an overall oval cross sec­ tion. The sides curve into the bit which is somewhat dull from prehistoric use. The surface of the celt is very smooth and pol­ ished. This celt is very similar to the Adena Rounded-poll celt described by Hothem (1989) and may be an example of this type. Its shape, characteristics and size well fit the description given by Hothem. It is also simi­ lar to the Tapered celt of the Hopewell cul­ ture described and illustrated by Converse (1973). However, Converse mentions that most Tapered celts are fairly large, in the 7 to 8 inch range, thus if this celt is that type it represents a smaller sized example. Note the old Harraman # 105 on the celt. In summary, both of these celts are Woodland period artifacts and further doc­ ument the presence of Adena. and Hopewell peoples in Clark County at that time. The author thanks Virginia L.

3 Weygandt, Senior Curator of the Clark Figure 1 (Morris) Rectangular celt from Clark County, Ohio. Length is 4 A inches. County Historical Society, for permission to study and photograph these two celts. celt described by Converse (1973); howev­ In 1934, Mr. A.C. Harraman generously References donated his collection of North American er, the flat sides do not intersect the top and Converse, Robert N. and European prehistoric artifacts to the bottom faces at as sharp a right angle as 1973 Ohio Stone Tools (Revised). A Clark County Historical Society. This collec­ Converse illustrates. The original Harraman Special Publication of the tion was received by Arthur L. Altick who # 104 in white ink is visible. Archaeological Society of Ohio. was Secretary and Curator of the CCHS at The other celt (Figure 2) is an excellent that time. Mr. Harraman was a resident of example of a Rounded to Tapered Poll celt Springfield, Ohio for more than 50 years made of dark gray, speckled diorite. Its Hothem, Lar and passed away in December 1943. He dimensions are 4V* inches long and % inch 1989 Indian Axes & Related Stone was formerly Secretary and Treasurer of wide at the poll expanding to 2 inches wide Artifacts. Collector Books, the Springfield Planing Mill and Lumber near the bit. The maximum thickness is VA Paducah, Kentucky. Company. Evidently an avid artifact collec­ tor, Mr. Harraman acquired a variety of items among which are the two celts described herein. These celts are listed as being from Clark County; however, no addi­ tional specific locality information is known. One celt (Figure 1) is a good example of a Rectangular celt. It has a length of 4% inches, a width of 2% inches and a maxi­ mum thickness of VA inches. Its composi­ tion is a finely textured gray granite. Overall it has a definite rectangular shape with the poll having a straight configuration with rounded corners. The poll and sides of the celt are almost flat, but gently round into the top and bottom surfaces. The top and bot­ tom surfaces (faces) taper evenly into the bit which is polished, especially more so on one side. Both the bit and poll show evi­ dence of prehistoric use. This celt is possi­ bly a Hopewell Rectangular celt since it possesses most of the features listed by Hothem (1989) for that variety. It is also somewhat similar to the Hopewell Square Figure 2 (Morris) Tapered or Rounded-poll celt from Clark County, Ohio. Length is 4'A inches.

6 A BANDED SLATE BIRD LIZARD EFFIGY by Jim Beckman Dayton, Ohio

The Meuser Collection contained many incised mouth, the body of the piece markings on the piece indicate unique and rare artifacts that stimulate the exhibits wings that are carved in relief. "Germantown" which is actually about 4 imagination. Here is one of those pieces. These wings, along with the tail, are liber­ miles southwest of Miamisburg. This Figure 1 shows the top view of a unique ally incised with "feathers". would indicate it was probably found IV2" x 4" red and black banded slate effigy Figure 3 shows a close-up of the head. "somewhere between the two.") from the collection bearing number Figure 4 shows details of the wings and Because of all the similarities to lizard 3176/5. Figure 2 shows a side view. tail "feathers". effigies, one could presume this piece Although crafted much like a typical According to Dr. Meuser's catalog, this probably dates to the Late Archaic/Glacial slate lizard effigy, this piece is unique in piece was found "2 miles south of Kame period. that, in addition to punctated eyes and an Miamisburg (Montgomery Co.) Ohio". (The

Fig. 1 (Beckman) Top view of effigy. Fig. 2 (Beckman) Side view.

Fig. 3 (Beckman) Head of effigy. Fig. 4 (Beckman) View of tail and wings.

7 AN EARLY MAP OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PORTSMOUTH OHIO by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

THE A^/iyiA;t. M0UW0 /5 • $«'*>* YffOM S.C. To /v.w ANO 30O >T. FflOM N.C. TO^iw'THeSlOCS; OF rue s <$uAfl(r 400 FT. .. • •-> . Several years ago my good friend Madelaine Wertz of Portsmouth, Ohio, gave me this early drawing of archaeological features in Portsmouth. Listed as a topographical map of the Portsmouth area by one G. S. Hempstead, M. D. there is no date or reference for its publication or, in fact, any other details surrounding its creation. The map was obviously made at a time when many of the features depicted were still in exis­ tence. The actual extent of the city shows nine blocks - north and south - of the county seat of Scioto County. The map is published for what it is - an early survey of the archaeolog­ ical features in Ohio's southernmost county. Portsmouth, located at the juncture of the Scioto River and the Ohio River, from what might be gained from early publications, maps and other details, was proba­ bly an important Hopewell center. Unfortunately, the expansion of the city obliterated many of the earth­ works depicted in this map, and their outlines, configurations and other features have long been forgotten. Perhaps some of our southern Ohio scholars, students or collectors can add additional information about this early map.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Early map of Portsmouth, Ohio, by Dr. G.S. Hempstead.

9 A CEREMONIAL KNIFE FROM ARKANSAS by Jim Beckman Dayton, Ohio

Osia D. Williams was plowing with a sin­ friends because Osia ended up giving the restoration on a number of other pieces, gle bottom plow when he turned up a won­ large ceremonial knife to Roscoe .... (pos­ he added more material to the original 7 restoration (without first removing the orig­ derful 8 /8" ceremonial knife on a farm just sibly because he thought it was broken). In outside Waldo, Columbia Co, Arkansas in a newspaper article published during the inal) transforming it into a larger "Lost 1931. This piece is illustrated in figures 1 '50s about Roscoe's collection, it was pic­ Lake" style base. (obverse) and 2 (reverse). tured in the center of one of Roscoe's It remained that way until 2004 when I Later on in the 1930's during the frames. (This article is reproduced on purchased it with the intention of "re- Depression he moved to Peoria, IL, and page 21 of Onken's book, Legends of restoring" it (again) using today's more went to work for the Caterpillar Implement Prehistoric Art - Volume 1). In that picture modern materials and tools. However, Co. There he met Roscoe Fiedler who it appears with a restored "Buck Creek" when I broke off the old plastic wood also worked at Caterpillar. style base that was probably done by or restoration, to my amazement and delight I found a very small but very complete Several years prior to working at for Roscoe. original ceremonial base existed beneath Caterpillar, Roscoe had been one of seven Sometime during the early 1960's this all that restoration. full-time buyers of Indian artifacts for one piece was acquired by Edwin S. Onken of of the country's largest collectors, Edward Manito, Illinois. It appears in WW#2 (Pg. Also restored was some slight damage G. Payne. He had traveled all over search­ 136) on the wall of his relic room with that to one of the shoulders that was undoubt­ ing for both historic and prehistoric arti­ same restored base. edly caused by Osia Williams' plowshare facts for Mr. Payne. After Mr. Payne Subsequently, in about 1970. Earl when he unearthed it. Had Mr. Townsend passed away, Roscoe began building his Townsend, Jr. purchased the piece from removed the original basal restoration own artifact collection and found or pur­ Ed Onken. Earl apparently studied the before "re-restoring it" he probably would chased many pieces. piece and determined that the base was have discovered, as I did, that "It wasn't Apparently Osia and Roscoe became "just not correct". Having tried his hand at broke "

^•••IH

Figures 1 & 2 (Beckman) Obverse and reverse of 8%" ceremonial knife HBHHHI from Arkansas.

10 NEWLY DISCOVERED AND UNDOCUMENTED SCIOTO RIVER VALLEY INDIAN MOUNDS

by Hal Povenmire Florida Institute of Technology 215 Osage Dr. Indian Harbour Bch., FL 32937

The Scioto River Valley in central Ohio was one of the richest are off the trees during the winter months. Several of the mounds areas in the world for Indian mounds. While some of the major found in the 1963-64 time period were searched for but could not mounds and earthworks have been preserved, many more have be located during the spring of 2005. been destroyed and the rest are being lost at an alarming rate. It is my belief that all the mounds are part of our heritage and In the school year 1963-64,1 taught at Saltcreek Township School should be preserved for the future generations. The first step is in Pickaway County. I spent my evenings and weekends hunting for identifying them and bringing them to the attention of the public so Indian mounds and found to my surprise that many landowners did they can be protected for science and history. not know that they had an indian mound on their property The following is a list of the mounds and their WGS 84 Global The best time to search for or locate mounds is when the leaves Positioning Satellite (GPS) coordinates.

THE MOUNDS Name Latitude N. Longitude W. Elevation 1. Church of God 39d 32.825 82d 48.363 980 2. Big Pine Bethel Church 39d 26.910 82d 38.831 722 3. Rt. 56 West 39d 37.449 83d 01.638 680 4. Rt. 104 39d 47.240 83d 01.277 699 5. Kenneth Cooper (approx.) 39d 30.964 82d 45.241 850 6. Huber-Hitler Rd. 39d 34.360 82d 54.000 754 7. Moccasin-Armstrong 39d 31.329 82d 44.361 950 8. Canaanville-Sutton (approx.) 39d 18.634 81 d 58.400 660 9. Morris-Leist-Tarlton 39d 33.897 82d 51.583 980 10 St Joseph Cemetery-North 39d 49.399 82d 59.975 712 11. St. Joseph Cemetery-South 39d 49.358 82d 59.975 648

Physical Description and Directions To The Mounds 1. Pickaway Co. From Leistville, go northeast on Rt. 159 toward to Saltcreek School and turn onto South Perry Rd. Go over the Tarlton. Just southwest of Jackson Rd. will be The Church of God. bridge to Moccasin Rd. and turn left. Take the old road along the The mound is beside the Church of God property. It is southwest Moccasin Creek for about a mile. It is between Moccasin Rd. and of Jackson Rd. and on the south of Rt. 159. It is quite large, Armstrong Rd. on the west side of Moccasin Creek. This very approximately 100 ft in diameter and about 8 ft. high. large mound is overgrown but apparently in excellent condition. It 2. Hocking Co. This mound is in front of Pine Bethel Church. From is approximately 110 ft in diameter and 35 ft. high Laurelville, go southeast on Rt. 56 for 4.2 miles to Big Pine Rd. Go 8. Athens Co. Go east on old Rt. 56 to Canaanville. The old Sutton north about 1.8 miles to Pine Bethel Church which is on the north farm is noted by a large, old yellow brick house on the north side side of the road. It is approximately 35 ft. in diameter and 5 ft. high. of the road. The mound is on the hill about 200 yards east of the 3. Pickaway Co. From Circleville, this mound is located on Rt. 56 house. It is overgrown at this time. The mound is approximately 50 west. Go to Rt. 104 and continue 1.5 miles to London Rd. This ft. in diameter and about 6 ft. high. mound is at the south edge of the highway just past this intersec­ 9. Pickaway Co. This mound is on the Tarlton Road just west of tion. It is approximately 100 ft. in diameter and approximately 12 Logan Elm School and just east of Rt. 56. It is northwest of the ft. high. It is composed mostly of gravel from the glacial outwash. intersection of Morris-Leist Rd. and about 200 yards out in the field 4. Franklin Co. About 4 miles north of the Pickaway Co. line on Rt. capping a low rise. It is approximately 100 ft. in diameter and 104. This large mound is visible from Rt. 104 and caps the large approximately 7 ft. high hill east of it. It is about 100 ft. diameter and 30 ft. high. 10. Franklin Co. On Rt. 23 south of Columbus is the St. Joseph 5. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Circleville, go southeast on Rt. 56. About Catholic Cemetery on the east side of the road. There are two 18 miles out, at Saitcreek School, turn onto South Perry Rd. Go across mounds there, both on the south side of the cemetery. The northern the bridge and past the new developments. Use the GPS to get into the mound is part of the decorations of the cemetery with monuments exact location. The Kenneth Cooper mound was partially excavated in on top of it. It is approximately 20 feet in diameter and 5 ft. high. February 1964. The indication from one artifact is that it is Adena. There 11. Franklin Co. On Rt. 23 south of Columbus in the St. Joseph is a large glacial erratic boulder higher on the hill. The coordinates are Catholic Cemetery. The south mound is larger and undisturbed. It only approximate since the area has grown up considerably since that is approximately 25 ft. high and 70 ft. diameter. It is built on a gla­ time. The mound is 90 ft. in diameter and approximately 6 ft. high cial rise and is not part of the cemetery proper. 6. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Circleville go southeast on Rt. 56. References: (1) Woodward, Susan L. and McDonald, Jerryn N. About 3 miles out turn south on Hitler Rd. for a half mile. This mound (2002) Indian Mounds of the Ohio Valley The McDonald and is just south of the intersection of Huber-Hitler Roads in a pasture field. Woodward Publishing Co. Blacksburg, Va. (2) Mills, W.C. (1914) It is well preserved and approximately 70 ft. in diameter and 8 ft. high. Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Fred J. Heer for the Ohio State 7. Pickaway Co. From Rt. 23 in Circleville, go east on Rt. 56. Go Archaeological and Historical Society.

11 ARTIFACTS FROM THE SAVANNAH, OHIO AREA by Bob Bright Ashland, Ohio

I recently acquired a collection of artifacts The Fluke collection contained many this area. The Cumberland point (Fig. 3) is collected in the 1920s by the late Howard pieces in whole condition - probably a made of black Upper Mercer flint, and Fluke on his farm in the Savannah area of reflection of their being found primarily in although slightly damaged, is the only one northern Ashland County. I have surface the days of horse drawn farm implements. I have heard of from Ashland County. hunted this farm for the last forty years and The three-quarter grooved axe (Fig 2) is The Lanceolate point (Fig. 4) is made of have found numerous Paleo and Piano arti­ finely made and is one of the most highly Plum Run flint - somewhat of a rarity for facts, many of which are broken. developed stone tools I have seen from this type.

Figure 1 (Bright) Some of the artifacts from the Fluke collection.

12 Figure 2 (Bright) Four views of ten-inch long three quarter-grooved axe.

por

W5 ~*

Figure 3 (Bright) Obverse and reverse of fluted Cumberland point.

Figure 4 (Bright) Both sides of Plum Run Lanceolate point.

13 EXPANDED NOTCH POINTS AND BEVELS by Mick Van Steen 5303 Wildman Road, Cedarville, Ohio

Shown are Ohio Expanded Notch points was done in order to make the spears - to edges which reduced them to a steep and Archaic Bevels from my collection. which they were supposedly mounted - angled appearance. The more sharpen­ These related types are not uncommon in rotate in flight. However, they were never ing, the more they were beveled and the Ohio but are extremely difficult to find in mounted on spears but were provided with smaller they became. Numerous exam­ unbroken condition. This damage apparently a short handle and used as knives - ples have large bases and small blades - reflects the heavy use to which they were put. hence the prevalent damage. Beveling the result of extended use. In the early days of collecting it was was not a part of the design but was the often postulated that the beveled design result of continual re-sharpening of blade

Figure 1 (Van Steen) Collection of Ohio Expanded Notch points and Archaic Bevels.

14 TWO LARGE HANCOCK COUNTY SPEARS by Mike Cramer Rawson, Ohio

The large Hopewell spear on the left was found in Hancock County, Ohio, and is 6% inches long. It is made of Flint Ridge chalcedony. On the right is an Ohio wide-based Dovetail, also from Hancock County, which is six inches long. It also is made of Flint Ridge flint.

Figure 1 (Cramer) Two Hancock County spears of Flint Ridge flint.

TWO OHIO FLUTED POINTS by Mike Cramer Rawson, Ohio 45881

The fluted point on the left is from Ross County, Ohio and is four inches long. The fluted point on the right is from Marion County. The Ross County point is made from what appears to be Carter Cave flint while the point on the right is probably Flint Ridge flint.

Figure 1 (Cramer) Two Ohio fluted points.

15 COLLECTION OF OHIO HOPEWELL CORES by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

At the March 2005 ASO show, Sam with whom he has field-hunted over the rejuvenate flake. After looking at some Bush of Mount Vernon, Ohio displayed his years. Bush noted that one site yielded 10 samples from Bush's collection, Converse impressive collection of approximately 200 cores in a single day, and more than 50 also commented that the material the Hopewell flint cores and received the Best over the course of many seasons. Hopewell chose to make their bladelets of Show honors. The Hopewell culture dates to was "the best of the best quality flint." Flint cores are the unused portions of approximately 100 BC to 500 AD in the Such quality material formed thin, and flint, from which small - and extremely Middle Woodland time period. There are undoubtedly superior cutting edges. Such sharp - bladelets were made (Figure 1). many Hopewell sites throughout south- quality tools could be used for fine detailed Cores bear the negative impressions central Ohio. work. where the bladelets were removed. In Ohio Flint Types, Robert Converse Bush, who grew up in Jersey in Licking Ohio Hopewell cores are fascinating and writes that cores and the bladelets that County, is an ASO member and has field- beautiful artifacts. The colorful flints com­ were made from them are "the most diag­ hunted for 25 years. He indicated that bined with facet-like look of the negative nostic and easily recognized of all Hopewell cores - because of their unusual blade impressions give many of them the Hopewell traits." He also states that the shapes, various colors and the fact that so appearance of polished gems (Figure 2). blades were "produced by a highly refined many were found around his home - have always fascinated him. He believes that Bush's substantial collection was blade making technique and are known in the Hopewell may have worked them in spread out in two large display cases, and no other culture," and were "probably areas at least a day's walk or more away contained examples of cores in virtually removed by pressure rather than percus­ form the quarries. He also added that the every color and variety from Flint Ridge. sion." Additionally, he notes that cores of bladelets that came from the cores proba­ His display contained cores of mixed pink less than V/i inches are probably exhaust­ bly were used for many everyday tasks. and white Flint Ridge material, translucent ed, and that "some cores may have facets chalcedony, as well as at least one exam­ as long as 3 inches." Much thanks to Sam Bush for sharing ple of a core of the Nethers variety. While Another interesting aspect of Hopewell this remarkable and extensive collection. the vast majority was of Flint Ridge, there cores is the area of the striking were also three cores of distant Indiana platform. The striking platform is Hornstone and one of high quality black the end where the flint was flint, possibly Zaleski flint. struck to create the blades. The The cores in the collection vary in striking platforms can be identi­ shape. Many have a rounded wedge or fied by the small concave cone shaped outline with the striking plat­ impressions left from the percus­ form on the wider end. Some contain sion bulbs where force was blade impressions halfway around the applied. sides, while others contain impressions all In order to remove a blade, the the way around, giving them what collec­ prehistoric craftsman would first tors call a "haystack" look. Still others are have to work the platform to cre­ longer pieces of flint, giving them what is ate a flat spot, allowing the flint called a "horse hoof" appearance, and to be struck or pressured at just some are small pieces or lumps of flint the correct angle. The striking with only a few blade scars. platform often bears numerous Nearly all of the pieces in the collection, scars where the ancient crafts­ including the three Hornstone cores, were man worked it to create these found in a three county area: Licking spots (figure 5). Converse point­ County, northern Perry County and north­ ed out that sometimes, after a ern Fairfield County. Figures 3 and 4 show number of blades were removed, some examples of Bush's personally the platform would have to be found cores from Licking County. rejuvenated in order to make While the collection contained a few more blades. To do this, a large acquired pieces, the majority were either flake was removed. Figure 6 personally found by Bush, or by friends shows a clear example of such a Sam Bush with one of his frames of Hopewell cores.

16 Figure 2 (Rusnak) Negative blade impressions on a Licking County Figure 1 (Rusnak) Two examples of Hopewell core of chalcedony. Hopewell bladelets.

Figure 3 & 4 (Rusnak) A sampling of Sam Bush's personally found Ohio Hopewell cores.

Figure 5 (Rusnak) Typical striking platform end of a core, Figure 6 (Rusnak) Striking platform where a note the many scars. large flake has been removed to rejuvenate it.

17 AN IROQUOIS WARRIOR by Robert N. Converse

This color plate is the second in a series of implements and tools being traded into ing in the tree. Also note the beaded ear­ which was published in France in a book North America by European traders. rings and metal necklace. The presence of dealing with New World aborigines some­ In this picture a muzzleloader gun and tattoos or body painting is interesting. time in the early 1700s. All of the illustra­ powder horn are shown as is a knife, metal A clue to the fact that these pictures tions are of course hand drawn - perhaps axe and a beaded bag. The warrior is were not drawn firsthand but from descrip­ from descriptions - and are hand colored. apparently preparing to remove the scalp of tions are the three trees in the background They provide graphic evidence of the kinds an enemy and two scalps are shown hang­ which are apparently palms.

18 REFLECTIONS ON GLASS ARTIFACTS by Jennifer A. Saksa Newton Falls, Ohio 44444

I have subscribed to the Ohio Archae­ Every time I surface hunt a field, I instead of having to spend a lot of time ologist for many years and I have not always pick up any sherds of glass that I drilling the holes themselves (Hothem seen very many articles published about find. A lot of them show random chipping 1990). glass scrapers, knives and historic glass (probably damaged from farm machinery The inspiration to write this article trade beads. The accompanying photo­ or farm animals), but occasionally I find came from my good friend, John Bag- graph depicts some of the glass artifacts purposely chipped artifacts such as the nola, Instructor of Interactive Multimedia that I have surface found over the years ones pictured. at the Trumbull Career & Technical in Trumbull, Portage and Licking Coun­ Glass artifacts were possibly used in Center in Trumbull County, Ohio and the ties. The three clear pieces (top row) have early historic times into the nineteenth owner of Treasured Moments Video Pro­ a deliberate pressure flaked beveled century. Indians could have used these ductions in Austintown, Ohio. He has edge along the sides. Apparently they artifacts for shaving, surgery, smoothing done an outstanding job in producing were used as side scrapers just like flint wooden handles of throwing sticks or for videos for over twenty years. I want to artifacts. The brown glass artifact (far left) sharpening spears (Holzapfel 1996). In thank him for taking an interest in my arti­ is fashioned from the shoulder and neck order to have kept the edges sharp, the facts and also for doing a fantastic and of an old bottle. It has a sharply beveled glass sherds would have been snapped creative job in producing my first Indian top edge with fine pressure flaking, there­ quite often since glass sharpness wears artifact video. fore creating a perfect endscraper. The out quickly (Holzapfel 1996). dark green glass artifact (second from In the center of the photograph is a References Cited left) is thick and has chipping along the mauve colored glass trade bead that I top edge. It was actually found in my found in a plowed field in Licking County. Holzapfel, E. brother's driveway - most likely dredged Trade beads were utilized in North 1996 Glass Scrapers and Knives from a quarry. The small piece of pink America from 1500 AD to the late 1800's, Ohio Archaeologist 46(4):27 china (far right) also has some pressure and were created in several different flaking along the side edge. The light colors, sizes and styles. Although the Hothem, L. aqua piece (second from right) was fash­ Indians used several different colors of 1990 North American Indian ioned from the base of an old bottle and beads, medium blue and white were the Ornamental & Ceremonial Artifacts has pressure flaking all around the rough two most popular. Indians were attracted Books Americana, Inc., 64-65 pontil mark. It has a curved appearance to trade beads because of their vibrant from the side just like a thumbnail colors, different shapes, and the conven­ scraper with a graver spur at the top. ience of having the holes already drilled

Figure 1 (Saksa) Various glass artifacts and a glass trade bead found by the author in Trumbull, Portage and Licking Counties.

19 THE DANA BAKER HOPEWELL CACHE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

These Hopewell blades were found Typical of other Hopewell caches, the be solved. The mindset of several prehis­ intermittently over several years north of number of blades is small (compared to toric cultures to create blades of the finest Richwood, Union County, Ohio. The cache Adena caches, for example, which often flint for no other purpose than to simply contained at least eighteen blades since contain in excess of 200 blades) and all bury them is a trait not known in present there are fourteen whole examples and are about the same size, also in contrast day cultures. That this flint would be quar­ fragments of four more. There may have to Adena caches which usually include ried, often from far distant areas, and in been more in the original cache. They several large examples as well as numer­ large quantities, in order to manufacture were collected from the finder over a peri­ ous smaller ones. numbers of chipped blades was in itself no od of years by Dana Baker, ex-ASO Although documentation is lacking on easy task. But to then bury them in some President, who lives in Mt. Victory, Ohio. the original source of many Hopewell far distant, and apparently obscure place, is foreign to our thinking. There are obvi­ Made of some of the finest translu­ caches, it is interesting to note that - like ous ritual implications but since most of cent Flint Ridge flint, it is obvious the Adena caches - many of them appear to these caches are discovered by accident knapper made the blades from a single have been buried away from what is con­ and out of context rather than excavated source of this colorful stone. When held sidered the central Hopewell area of we will probably never know the answer to to the light they display an amber col­ southern Ohio. this mysterious facet of prehistory. ored translucence. The riddle of caches will probably never

Figure 1 (Converse) The Dana Baker Hopewell cache from Union County, Ohio.

20 A LARGE INDIANA GREEN KNIFE by Terry Elleman Union, Ohio

In the color plate is what may be one of the largest Indiana Green flint artifacts known. This huge Archaic knife measures 10 inches long and over 4A inches wide. It is well-chipped and is only he inch thick. The piece was originally col­ lected by Walter Nelson of Muncie, Indiana.

Figure 1 (Elleman) Archaic knife of Indiana Green flint. A POSSIBLE WAR OF 1812 FLINTLOCK PISTOL by David J. Snyder 3841 Pymatuning Lake Road Andover, Ohio 44003

mer remain. The wood grips are com­ pletely gone. Figure 2 shows how the pis­ tol would have originally appeared. I have not seen the pistol in quite some time, but remember it to be about 7-8 inch­ es in overall length. The barrels and frame were made from either brass or bronze. As I recall, it was approximately .38 caliber. The pistol was most likely of English or possibly Belgium manufacture and of a style consistent from ca. 1770 to 1825. Although definitely not a military issue piece, it is of a type that may have been utilized by a soldier as a privately owned auxiliary back-up weapon. This pistol is an excellent example of the need for keeping accurate records regarding surface finds - both historic and prehistoric. Without the knowledge of the site location of this artifact, it would just be another interesting curio and nothing more. Because of the background infor­ Figure 1 (Snyder) 1978 photo of flintlock pistol found near War of 1812 Harrison Military Trail. 33- mation known about this pistol, possible WO-441. inferences can be surmised on its histori­ cal relevance. As is often the case, the An intriguing relic was brought to my not be certain as it could have been lost by information about an artifact is significant­ attention back in 1977 by a now deceased a civilian at a somewhat later date. ly more valuable than the item itself. This friend of mine. Lloyd Weddell, of Luckey, If the pistol was lost during the 1812 is generally true about most archaeologi­ Ohio, was in possession of this flintlock War, it lay exposed to the elements for 70 cal finds. Again, this is why proper docu­ pistol at the time. Mr. Weddell was 61 plus years. The level of deterioration mentation on individual artifacts and site years old in 1977 and his family had exhibited certainly appears consistent with location is so important. owned the pistol for many years. that time frame. As can be seen by Figure Postscript: Unfortunately, this flintlock Therefore, he had accurate information 1, only the over/under double barrels, pistol was sold at Mr. Weddell's estate sale about when, where, and how it had been frame, and a portion of the flintlock ham­ and its whereabouts are now unknown. discovered. As related to me by Mr. Weddell, the pistol had been found in the late 1880's by a young boy, Ben Stone, while doing field work on a farm that was located in Section 5 of Webster Township, Wood County, Ohio. This is near the farm that was in the Weddell family during this period. The site is entered in the Ohio Archaeological Inventory as 33WO-441. This location is especially significant because of its prox­ imity to the Harrison Trail, which was a connecting link between Fort (Camp) Seneca on the Sandusky River (present Old Fort, Ohio) and Fort Meigs on the Maumee River (Perrysburg, Ohio) during the War of 1812. This route traversed through a portion of the Black Swamp which dominated this region of Ohio. The pistol may have been dropped from a knapsack or discarded by a soldier or militiaman while traversing the trail or dur­ Figure 2 (Snyder) Original appearance of War of 1812 era pistol. ing a rest stop. Of course this scenario can

22 A LARGE OHIO PLANO POINT by Doug Hooks Mansfield, Ohio

This large Piano Lanceolate point was found on the Pence Farm near St. Paris in Champaign County, Ohio, many years ago. It is seven inches long. Many large Piano spears in Ohio, both Lanceolate and Stemmed Lanceolate types, are often made of Carter Cave flint from Kentucky as is this example. Although use of Carter cave flint for these large Piano examples is a well established but unexplainable trait, the fact that smaller Piano points are rarely made of this distinct non-local stone make it even more of a mystery.

Figure 1 (Hooks) Seven inch Piano Lanceolate point from Champaign County.

23 HOPEWELL: THE DYNAMICS OF A PREHISTORIC CEREMONIAL SYSTEM by Olaf H. Prufer Associate Professor of Anthropology Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio 1964

Sometime in 1786, Captain Jonathan within very large, geometric earthworks con­ was imported from the mountaneous areas Heart, an officer in Colonel Josiah sisting of linked squares, circles, octagons, of Virginia, North Carolina and Alabama. Harmar's military force stationed in the and parallel 'causeways'. The dimensions of Large conch shells used as ceremonial vicinity of what is now Marietta in southern some of these structures are immense; the drinking vessels have their origin on the Gulf Ohio, surveyed and drew a plan of the largest known Hopewellian earthwork in Coast. Obsidian, which was chipped into spectacular Hopewellian earthworks near Ohio, Newark in Licking County, at one time very large, obviously ritual artifacts was his army post. Driven by curiosity, Captain covered four square miles. Similarly, many obtained either from the Southwest or from Heart and some of his associates also of the burial mounds are of great size. This the Yellowstone region of the Rocky Moun­ excavated some of the burial mounds is especially true of the large central struc­ tains. Native copper and silver which were which abounded in and around the earth­ tures at Harness, Seip, and Hopewell, all in artfully hammered into a large variety of ear- works. The original plan and the results of Ross County, which range from 160 to 470 spools, breast-plates, filigree cut-outs, and Heart's excavations and speculations were feet in length, and from 20 to 32 feet in other ornaments, as well as into axes and subsequently published, and aroused great height. These and other burial mounds were other artifacts, were obtained from the interest among such contemporary celebri­ built with great care, and they contain Upper Great Lakes copper district. Finally, ties as Benjamin Franklin, Noah Webster, almost unbelievable quantities of material the canine teeth of the grizzly bear were St. John de Crevecoeur, and Benjamin wealth of unusually exceptional technical worked into spacers for necklaces; fre­ Smith Barton. These investigations which, and aesthetic quality. These grave goods quently they were inlaid with freshwater incidentally, were of remarkably high accompany the burials within the mounds. pearls. These teeth must have been quality, mark the beginning of Hopewell The burials consist of single or multiple imported from the Rocky Mountain area. archaeology in the eastern United States. inhumations and cremations, placed upon This list of exotic materials could be Since that time the Hopewell problem has earthen platforms surrounded by log cribs expanded without difficulty. In addition to been one of the major preoccupations of or within puddled clog crematory basins. At these obviously imported materials - as far American archaeologists. least in the large mounds the sequence of as Ohio is concerned - local, resources events leading to the final mound construc­ were also selected largely with a view to Fascinating though it may be, this is not tion appears to have been as follows: their special and exotic nature. This is par­ the place to enter into a discussion of the ticularly true of flint. Here the colorful Flint The ground was carefully cleaned and history of Hopewell research. Suffice it to Ridge flint deposits in Licking County, Ohio, covered with a layer of fine sand. Upon this say that Hopewellian remains were first rec­ served as a welcome source for truly superb prepared floor a large wooden structure, ognized and excavated on a large scale in raw material. Similarly, the local rivers of interpreted as charnel house, was con­ Ohio. By the beginning of the twentieth cen­ southern Ohio yielded numerous species of structed. The huge dimensions of some of tury, the Ohio archaeologist William Corliss mollusks which produced freshwater pearls. these suggest that they did not have roofs, Mills began to isolate Hopewell as a cultural These pearls must have been avidly col­ but were in the nature of stockaded enclo­ entity distinct from other mound-building lected, since they were literally heaped into sures. Within these enclosures the individual groups that inhabited, as we now know, the some of the burials. The tombs of the tombs were built, usually until all available Ohio area before and after the Hopewellian Hopewell Group of earthworks alone space had been filled. In many cases the phase. With the rise of American archae­ yielded an estimated 100,000 pearls, while a individual burials were covered with low pri­ ology as a systematic discipline, it became single deposit at Turner in Hamilton County mary mounds, immediately following the apparent that the Hopewellian phenomenon contained in excess of 48,000 specimens. was by no means restricted to the Ohio burial ceremony. Once the 'charnel house' area, but that similar or related remains to was filled, it was set on fire and burnt to the Other characteristic Hopewellian traits those found in Ohio occur throughout a vast ground, whereupon the entire complex was include platform pipes, both plain and area of the eastern United States, ranging buried under stratified layers of earth and effigy, a true parallel-sided blade industry, from Florida, throughout the Mississippi stone, forming the final mound. elaborately engraved bones of animals Valley, into Michigan and Wisconsin, but The artifacts accompanying the burials and humans, very characteristic flint pro­ apparently not crossing the Appalachians to indicate by their quantity and quality that the jectile points, the use of galena crystals the eastern seaboard. Feeble radiations of Hopewellians devoted a great deal of time which were derived from either Illinois or Hopewellian elements have been found and skill to the production of goods which the Ozarks, human clay figurines, stone west of the Mississippi and as far north as seem to have been primarily meant for the carvings, meteoric iron, and a highly dis­ Minnesota. maintenance of an elaborate funeral cere­ tinctive ceramic series. All Hopewellian artifacts and objets d'art exhibit very con­ What, then, is the nature of the monialism. The abandon with which objects siderable stylistic sophistication and unity, Hopewellian cultural phenomenon? of obviously great value were lavished upon as well as great technical perfection. Restricting our definition for the moment to the dead, frequently after having been cere­ Southern Ohio, where Hopewellian remains monially 'killed', can almost be called a form Although the above description of typical were found in their greatest density and of conspicuous consumption. This is under­ Hopewell traits was drawn from Ohio, many flamboyance, it must be pointed out that scored by the fact that the Hopewellians of them, especially the artifact traits, occur until very recently Hopewell was conceived showed a marked preference for exotic raw in greater or lesser quantities in other of as a 'culture' even though the evidence materials from which they fashioned their Hopewellianised areas as well. On the other was almost exclusively based upon the inventory of ceremonial artifacts. Some of hand, the burial practices proper, although nature and contents of numerous burial these materials were procured from far dis­ always in or under mounds, exhibit some mounds. These burial structures frequently, tant regions. Thus, mica which was fre­ regional variations which may reflect local though not always, occur in groups placed quently shaped into ornamental cut-outs, adaptations to already pre-existent patterns.

24 Apart from the sheer density of Hopewell mortuary ceremonial elements characteristic point in time in the shape of the mortuary remains in Ohio, this area too is character­ of many eastern North American prehistoric ceremonialism. In Illinois the local tradition ized by certain special elements not gener­ complexes. It is obvious that, opposed to is the Havana Tradition, in Ohio it is the ally present in other northern Hopewell the relative unity of the Hopewell ceremonial Scioto Tradition. During their respective phases: the occurrence of specific south­ complex, the more mundane manifestations Hopewellian phases these local sequences eastern ceramics typified by vessels with of the diverse archaeological regional com­ are enriched by the explosive flowering of tetrapodal supports and by certain highly ponents show great diversity. It is, therefore, the typical Hopewellian elements which do, specific types of stamped decorations. wrong to ask whether or not Hopewell had however, remain essentially distinct from, These elements betoken direct contacts such and such a settlement pattern, or running parallel as it were to, the local cul­ between Ohio Hopewell and the southern whether its economic basis was agriculture tural sequence. Once the Hopewellian Appalachian region. A trait entirely restricted or hunting and gathering. This entirely phenomenon had spent itself, for reasons to Ohio is the construction of huge geo­ ignores the fact that in each given area the which will he considered below, these local metric earthworks within which the majority extra-ceremonial-mortuary aspects of traditions, having gradually evolved but of the burial mounds are situated. Hopewell represent the most diversified and remaining essentially recognizable for what Current estimates of the chronological in all probability quite unrelated societies. It they had always been, re-emerge as the position of Ohio Hopewell based upon would seem that the Hopewell Cult - if we sole survivors in each area. In other words, radiocarbon dates and other evidence, wish to use this term for want of a better the Hopewellian ceremonial complex is an indicate a range from 100 B.C. to 700 A.D. one - had diffused across a multitude of extraneous phenomenon, essentially unre­ In other areas Hopewell chronology varies cultural forms similar, perhaps, to the spread lated to, and quite apart from, the bulk of within this range. In Illinois, the initial dates of such religions as Islam or Christianity local cultural development. There is good for Hopewell seem to be older, thus indi­ across a wide variety of societies and cul­ evidence that in other Hopewellianized cating that though Hopewell reached its tures. This has tended in the past to give areas this picture of double cultural tradi­ apotheosis in Ohio, it could not have origi­ Hopewell the appearance of a cultural unity tions is very similar. nated here. This is also apparent from the which, in fact, it possessed only in one par­ It now behooves us to return to Ohio, purely archaeological evidence which ticular sphere. The true picture appears to where recent investigations have not only shows that most typical Hopewellian ele­ be that of numerous regional cultural tradi­ permitted verification of the double tradi­ ments appear in Ohio rather abruptly, tions, each rooted in its own past, which tion concept in Illinois, but where new without any recognizable antecedents. during a particular period in time were archaeological evidence, combined with Hopewellianised by a dynamic mortuary On the face of the evidence it is perfectly an analysis of older data has made it ceremonial-religious complex which clear that Hopewell in Ohio as well as else­ possible to give tentative answers to expressed itself materially in terms of spe­ where cannot be called a culture. It is only a many heretofore puzzling questions on cific funeral customs and an associated specific segment of a cultural totality. More the social, economic, demographic, and cluster of material culture traits. The diffu­ precisely, it is a mortuary-ceremonial com­ chronological nature of the Hopewellian sion of this complex seems to have been plex that finds its expression in the con­ phenomenon: based upon certain religious concepts struction of very elaborate burial mounds, 1. What is the nature of the habitation which provided the basic psychodynamics, and in the massive deposition of fancy sites associated with Ohio Hopewell, and upon the associated need for exotic burial goods of extremely fine quality. These and what was the Hopewellian settle­ items of all kinds. The latter need would artifacts, in turn, reflect a strong preoccupa­ ment pattern? appear to have provided the mechanism of tion with rare, exotic raw materials, the pro­ 2. What was the economic basis of Ohio the Hopewellian spread in the form of a curement of which must have entailed a Hopewell? complex exchange system of scarce goods. highly sophisticated exchange system of It brought many areas into contact on the 3. What was the genesis of Ohio near-continental proportions. The evidence basis of their special natural resources Hopewell? also indicates that throughout the which were in great demand among the 4. What caused the decline and subse­ Hopewellian sphere of influence the charac­ practitioners of the Hopewell burial cult. quent disappearance of Ohio teristic artifacts that have traditionally been Why the Hopewellian ideal should have Hopewell? used to define the supposed 'Hopewell Cul­ caught on among so many diverse societies One of the many disturbing problems of ture', primarily served ceremonial purposes must, of course, remain an unanswered Ohio Hopewell has been for many years linked to specific burial cult. question. the seeming lack of habitation sites to While it is possible to distinguish which the great tumuli could he linked. regional variations within the Hopewellian The fact that most characteristic Well over a century of research has pro­ manifestations of the eastern United Hopewell artifacts occur in burial struc­ duced next to no evidence on this point States, there are nonetheless a great tures, and the fact that these structures and, by implication, no evidence on the number of basic material and ceremonial- themselves represent in each area a sepa­ cultural totality of those responsible for the traits throughout this area which demon­ rate cultural tradition from that represented erection of the mortuary monuments. This strate beyond a doubt that Hopewell by the habitation sites, explains, of course, is the more surprising, since other represents a unified phenomenon which why it has been difficult in some areas to Hopewellian areas, notably Illinois, have can probably be reduced to a single origin. identify the settlements associated with the yielded very large villages indeed which Clearly, the most intensive Hopewellian flamboyant tombs. To a large extent - bar­ could clearly be associated with local expression occurs in Ohio; in other areas ring a few ceramic traits and some of the Hopewell mounds. Still, in Ohio years of Hopewellian traits are less resplendent flint work - the material inventory of the vil­ patient fieldwork did not produce any site and not as massive in their concentration. lages is quite distinct from that of the that could legitimately be called a settle­ The recognition that Hopewell nowhere burials. Thus, it has recently been recog­ ment. Most surprising, the great ceremo­ represents a cultural totality, but simply a nized in at least two areas of intensive nial centers, the massive earthworks with particular ceremonial segment within var­ fieldwork - Illinois and Ohio - that we are their associated clusters of burial mounds, ious local cultures, has made it possible to dealing here with two distinct traditions: a contained no village refuse to speak of. If arrive at a number of refined analytical state­ local tradition exemplified by the settle­ anything was found at all, it was in the ments on the nature of the Hopewellian ments which has considerable time depth nature of a thin squatters' occupation that phenomenon. In the first place, it shows that in the local archaeological sequence, and may have been associated at best with the the seeming unity of all regional Hopewellian the Hopewellian Tradition which cuts construction of the burial mounds or with manifestations is restricted solely to the across these local sequences at a specific the ceremonies performed from time to

25 time at the great ceremonial centers. unspectacular. They consist of cord- nately, the trench extended beyond this Clearly, the nature of Hopewell Society in marked ceramics, flint chips, projectile knoll. Here, in the area which at the time of Ohio must have been markedly different points, shell and bone fragments, as well as the prehistoric occupation represented the from that of its counterpart in, say, Illinois. of the absolutely diagnostic Hopewell flint slope of the knoll and the adjacent low Previous investigators appear to have bladelets. The surface scatter of finds is ground, a dense midden deposit was dis­ approached this problem with the precon­ generally thin. This, combined with the covered under an average of two feet of ceived notion that such large earthworks small size of the sites and their position in flood deposit; within this deposit two and wealthy burial mounds as those in the bottom lands below the earthworks, periods of deposition could be distin­ Ohio must of necessity reflect relatively where nobody suspected them, must have guished. In terms of the ancient land con­ large populations gathered in sizeable vil­ caused them to have been overlooked in tour, the buried midden itself was located in lages perhaps similar to the great Missis- the past. Certainly, our survey teams have a slight depression, leaning against the sippian village sites of the post-Hopewell only been able to locate a relatively small slope of the knoll, but not really covering its Fort Ancient Culture. Moreover - even number of these sites, since the river bot­ top. The midden throughout proved to be a though this seems in contradiction to the toms of the Scioto have been, and still are, little less than one foot in thickness. It was big village - large population concept - it subject to severe flooding. In some cases densely packed with artifacts and cultural was widely supposed that Hopewell repre­ this must have washed away the archaeo­ debris of all kinds, clearly referable to a sented a pre-agricultural level of economic logical sites, while in others it demonstrably single Hopewellian occupation. The full- organization. Consequently, such attempts covered the ancient habitations with muddy scale excavations undertaken upon the dis­ as were made to locate Hopewellian set­ flood deposits. The latter point could be covery of the site's true nature showed that tlements, were restricted largely to the dramatically demonstrated in the case of the occupation covered an area of some­ immediate vicinity of the great earthworks the McGraw Site in Ross County, two miles what less than 100 feet square. These and mounds which usually are located on south of Chillicothe, Ohio. dimensions are entirely in line with the size a high terrace above the river bottoms. This site, which was to become the estimates for similar small sites derived In 1962, on the basis of a thorough type site of the Hopewellian settlements from surface surveys throughout the area. study of the then available older data, the in Ohio, was pointed out to us by its The wealth of material recovered from author formulated a tentative hypothesis owner, Dr. Alva McGraw of Chillicothe. It this small locality - pottery alone that might serve as point of departure for was located on the flood plain of the amounted to somewhat in excess of the search for Hopewell habitation sites in Scioto, near an ancient meander of the 12,000 sherds - made it possible for the Ohio. The central premises of this hypoth­ river. The closest major earthwork is the first time to gain an insight into the nature esis were (a) that Ohio Hopewell was Eastbank structure which was surveyed of Hopewell settlements. largely based upon agriculture and that by Squier and Davis in the early nine­ As was suspected from the evidence of habitation sites should therefore be teenth century, and which has now disap­ Illinois Hopewell villages, the actual diag­ located in the agriculturally most suitable peared as a result of recent house and nostic Hopewell artifacts were but little in bottom lands along rivers, and (b) that road construction. Intensive survey work evidence at the McGraw Site. They are such settlements probably were very in the immediate vicinity of the McGraw almost entirely restricted to flintwork and small, in the nature of farmsteads rather Site demonstrated the presence of sev­ to the classic Hopewell ceramic series. than villages, and were related to the great eral other small Hopewell occupations in The classic pottery constitutes somewhat ceremonial centers in a manner similar to the bottom lands. less than 1 % of the total ceramic series. It the classic Meso-American Vacant Cere­ Surface indications at McGraw were is represented by typical cross-hatched monial Center - Semi-Permanent Agricul­ scanty indeed. Only an area of about ten rims, rockerstamped and incised decora­ tural Village type. In this view, a large feet square showed a thin scatter of pot­ tions, zoned-incised body sherds, and by ceremonial center and its burial mounds sherds, shell fragments, flint debris, and vessels with quadri-lobate bodies. In gen­ would have been the socio-spiritual fire-cracked rocks. This material occurred eral this series conveys a late chronolog­ nucleus of a series of small adjacent farm on a very slight rise in the flood plain ical impression, especially if compared communities. The latter, in turn, were which otherwise was covered by flood with lllinoian ceramic counterparts which responsible for the maintenance of their deposits. Subsequent excavation showed are well-dated. The key lllinoian pottery center. This does not necessarily imply that the appearance of cultural debris on types which permit this comparison are small numbers of people, but a population the surface was the result of the sub-soil Baehr Brushed. Pike Rockerstamped. and living in dispersed, small hamlets. contour of the land which at this particular Pike Incised, all of which are late in the llli­ noian sequence. The flint projectile points, In the situation here postulated, the cer­ point consisted of a slight knoll from which typically made from Flint Ridge flint, emonial center served an overt symbol of the flood deposits could and did periodi­ largely consist of the classic Hopewell the component settlements' social cohe­ cally wash off. Under ordinary circum­ Snyders type; finally, the superb true par­ sion. Structurally, this cohesion which ties stances no archaeologist would have paid allel-sided bladelets occurred in profusion a series of farmsteads into a unit with a attention to the scanty debris found here. throughout the McGraw midden. These ceremonial center at its core, probably The only reason for trenching at this flint forms as well as the projectile points was based upon a network of kinship rela­ locality was the fact that within the near are absolutely diagnostic of Hopewell, tions, perhaps of a lineage type, for which future a new highway was to be laid out though they do not seem to be sensitive to the ceremonial center provided the ances­ through the land occupied by this and a refined chronological analysis within the tral burial ground. other small sites on the McGraw farm. In Hopewellian phase. Other characteristic On the basis of this working hypothesis, order to determine the exact nature of the Hopewell artifacts include a bear canine the past two years were devoted to exten­ occupation before the site's destruction, it tooth with countersunk perforations, and sive archaeological fieldwork. Thus far the was decided, without enthusiasm, to test several slate 'gorgets'; significantly, these results of these investigations have con­ the occupation debris by means of rather objects are all unfinished, which may firmed the basic hypothesis. Tedious survey limited trenching. The results of this deci­ explain their presence in the midden. Cut work along the middle and lower Scioto sion proved to be of great importance. and uncut mica occurred throughout the River in southern Ohio, revealed consider­ At the point where the surface indications site. This exhausts the list of artifacts diag­ able numbers of small sites, rarely more showed evidence of occupation, the cul­ nostic of the Hopewell Tradition. than 100 feet in diameter, which are located tural debris did not go beneath the plough in the flood plain along the river banks. The zone, the lower limit of which was the sur­ The bulk of the finds recovered material remains from these localities are face of the ancient gravelly knoll. Fortu­ belongs in the Scioto Tradition, i.e. in that

26 tradition which represents the basic local corn consists of a sizeable charred 12- is generally subdivided into Early, Middle, archaeological sequence. Clearly, the rowed ear with numerous preserved ker­ and Late Woodland, with a time span great quantities of plain and cord-marked nels still extant. This specimen was found ranging from about 1200 B.C. to 1600 A. D. ceramics are lineal descendants of the in the midden, at a depth of 30 inches or earlier, depending upon the area of local Ohio Valley Woodland sequence below the surface. Genetically it is some­ investigation. Within the Woodland cultural which was present in the area long before what intermediate to ancient small- pattern various regional groupings can be its participation in the Hopewellian inter­ cobbed pop and flint corns, and to the distinguished. These, in turn, can be con­ action sphere. The same holds true of the typical Northern Flint race grown in Late ceived of as the various regional traditions multitude of bone and shell artifacts Prehistoric times in Ohio, One of the iso­ previously referred to. Customarily, recovered from the site. lated corn kernels found in the midden Hopewell throughout the area of its tenure, Finally, the site yielded ceramic ele­ part of an 8- or 10-rowed ear, and may represents the Middle Woodland Period ments of Southeastern origin. They represent a small Northern Flint race. Dr. which, in fact, is defined by the presence of include vessels with tetrapodal supports, Hugh C. Cutler of the Missouri Botanical Hopewellian traits. The various regional and sherds with simple-stamped and Garden suggests that the McGraw corn Woodland sequences have generally been check-stamped decorations. finds indicate a long period of agricultural divided into distinguishable cultural phases. Despite diligent searching, no house activity prior to the occupation of the site. Thus, in Ohio the Early Woodland Period pattern could be found at the base of the Though corn has been found in two comprises the transitional Glacial Kame McGraw midden. There are two possible Ohio Hopewell mounds - Harness and Culture and the Adena Culture. The latter explanations for this. On the one hand Turner - these discoveries were made was succeeded by Hopewell, equating with the presence of a house may not have during poorly controlled 'diggings' more Middle Woodland, and Hopewell, in turn, been detected because of the peculiar than half a century, ago. Generally these was followed by a number of poorly nature of the sub-shell which may have finds have been ignored because of their defined Late Woodland cultures. Parenthet­ made identification of postholes impos­ doubtful provenience data; moreover, ically it should be noted that the Late sible; on the other hand the house or they were not reported upon beyond brief Woodland Period, in many areas presents houses associated with the midden may statements of their discovery. Thus, the problems of definition, because during the have been located adjacent to the refuse McGraw corn represents the first incon­ latter part of its chronological span it saw midden in a clean-swept area devoid of trovertible evidence for Hopewell corn in the rise and spread of the great Mississip- cultural debris. Test pits outside of the Ohio. Moreover, the site yielded two dis­ pian cultures which originated in the South, midden area certainly yielded no evi­ tinct races of corn indicative of long and which are totally unrelated to the dence of cultural refuse at the depth at established agricultural patterns. Woodland Pattern. which a house structure ought to have In sum, then, the McGraw Site in con­ The development of the double tradi­ been encountered. junction with the data derived from survey tion concept has somewhat modified the In addition to the artifacts, the McGraw work and selected test excavations at classificatory framework just outlined. On Site yielded most significant data on the other, similar sites, seems to indicate that the one hand it stresses the continuity economy of its Hopewellian occupants. the Hopewellian settlements consist of within the local sequence, thus blurring Hunting, fishing, and gathering were of con­ rather small farmsteads located primarily the divisions between the component siderable importance. Of the approximately in the river bottoms below the great cere­ 'cultures' of the regional Woodland 6,400 bones recovered, 12% could be iden­ monial and funeral centers. With the sequence, while, on the other hand it tified. The analysis of the fauna indicates exception of a few artifacts, the bulk of the emphasizes the intrusiveness of certain that the white-tailed deer was the most material culture inventory of these sites ceremonial phenomena (Hopewell) during common food animal. Also present in signif­ belongs in the local Scioto Tradition. Thus, Middle Woodland times within an other­ icant numbers are cotton-tail, turkey, and a these sites in no way reflect the wealth wise homogeneous sequence. variety of turtles. Nine species of fresh­ and stylistic properties of the burial goods I have repeatedly stressed the alien char­ water fish are indicative of fishing activities which were lavished upon the tombs and acter of the Hopewellian Tradition in the in the Scioto. The midden also yielded 1,987 which clearly are alien to the local cultural local Ohio archaeological picture. Here, as identifiable fresh-water mollusk shells, rep­ configuration. in many other areas, Hopewellian elements resenting 25 different species; these, again, In connection with the McGraw cannot be derived from the local cultural were undoubtedly derived from the Scioto ceramics it has been stated earlier that sequence. They make their rather sudden River for food purposes, though secondarily the occupation of the McGraw Site prob­ appearance during the Early Woodland they may have been collected for pearls ably falls within a late phase of Ohio Adena Phase of the Scioto Tradition. The which occur so abundantly in Hopewell Hopewell. This chronological assess­ result appears to have been a rapid burials. A control collection of recent mol- ment, which was based upon compara­ Hopewellianization of many Adena groups, lusks made in the Scioto near the McGraw tive data, has been confirmed by a series though this seems to have applied only to Site, indicates not only a general decline in of radiocarbon dates. The most reliable of the funeral ceremonialism. Moreover, many numbers of species probably due to these dates, run on charcoal samples Adena communities, especially but not modern stream pollution, but also a curious from various parts of the midden, have exclusively those in the hinterland, away reversal in the frequencies of occurrence of given the following values: 440±80 A.D. from the major river systems, seem to have certain species in prehistoric and modern (UCLA-679-C), 481 ±65 A.D. (OWU-61), remained totally free of Hopewell influences times: a number of species common in the and 435±166 A.D. (OWU-62). until several centuries after Hopewell began prehistoric midden are either completely There remain to be discussed very to flourish along the Scioto, Miami, and absent or very rare in the contemporary briefly some of the problems pertaining to Muskingum Rivers. Thus, many Adena peo­ sample, and vice-versa. the 'rise and fall' of the Hopewellian phe­ ples remained essentially unacculturated to Non-cultivated food plants recovered nomenon in Ohio. In order to do this it is the new phenomenon. Wherever it took from the site include charred remains of first necessary to place Ohio Hopewell place, the process of acculturation may walnut, acorn, hickory nut, wild plum, and within its regional cultural and chronolog­ have been facilitated because the Adena hackberry. ical framework. people too were mound builders. Hence, in The most important find, however, was In a broad sense, Hopewell forms part of a sense, there were common points of con­ the discovery of charred corn. Apart from the Woodland Period of the eastern United tact between the Hopewellians and those a number of kernels discovered in various States. The term Woodland has both people who came under their influence. parts of the midden, the evidence for chronological and cultural connotations. It The evidence seems to indicate that

27 the Hopewell ceremonial complex arrived monialism can be derived from the local llli­ ceramic series, it has been possible to more or less as a unit. In other words, all noian archaeological sequence, there is at divide the Hopewellian Phase in Ohio into or most of the typical traits are inter­ least a possibility that some of the stylistic several chronologically significant sub- linked, probably representing a sine qua elements of classic Hopewell ceramic deco­ phases. Except for the last of these, all non for the maintenance and perform­ rations can be derived from the zoning the subphases have yielded radiocarbon ance of the mortuary ceremonialism as a styles of the pre-Hopewellian Havana dates which, in essence confirm the whole. The point in time at which ceramic series. On the other hand, many chronological sequence based upon Hopewell makes its first appearance in other Hopewellian traits are as alien to Illinois typological and comparative data. Ohio seems to be represented by the Woodland as they are alien to Ohio. Regard­ In order to discuss the end of great Tremper tumulus which contained less, however, of the question of ultimate Hopewell, it is necessary to point out a more than 300 cremations. In many ways Hopewellian origins, the direct source of curious basic division within the Ohio Tremper is quite aberrant for Ohio Ohio Hopewell seems to have been Illinois. Hopewellian Phase. Even a casual study Hopewell. Although it yielded most of the Was the spread of Hopewell into Ohio a of Hopewell sites in Ohio will reveal that classic elements of Hopewell, it also pro­ matter of diffusion or was this complex the great earthworks and burial mounds duced many typical Adena traits. A radio­ introduced by newcomers, perhaps prosely­ are mainly if not exclusively located in the carbon date has given a value of tizing practitioners of the Hopewellian mor­ open valleys of major streams. It is 100±100 B.C. for Tremper (UCLA-290); tuary 'cult'? Only a very limited answer can obvious on the archaeological evidence this is the earliest reliable date for Ohio be given to this question. Regardless of the that no attempts had been made on the Hopewell on record. At this site every­ dynamics of the Hopewellianization of other part of the Hopewellians to place their thing seems to point to the conclusion areas - and there is evidence that in many great funeral monuments and all the that it represents the initial Hopewellian cases it was simply a matter of diffusion - in incredible wealth they contained into thrust into Ohio. Where did this thrust Ohio the introduction of the Hopewell Com­ either militarily defensible positions, or to come from and in which form? plex also marks the arrival of new peoples. provide them with some protection There are no indications whatever for The Adena people were a distinctive, against enemies bent upon loot. All avail­ either intensive or early Hopewellian occu­ brachycephalic population. The able data seem to indicate that the pations to the north, east, and south of Hopewellians, on the other hand, were Hopewellians felt perfectly secure from southern Ohio. On the contrary, markedly dolichocephalic. Clearly, the two external or internal dangers during the Hopewellian sites in northern Ohio, West physical types were unrelated. Again, Illinois major part of their tenure. Virginia, Pennsylvania, and western New seems to be the most likely point of origin of It is only toward the very end of the York are clearly quite late, thinly scattered, the dolichocephalic Hopewellians of Ohio. Hopewellian Phase in Ohio, that there is evi­ and rather impoverished. Kentucky, more­ By contrast to Ohio, the Illinois archaeolog­ dence of severe disturbances throughout over, has thus far yielded no solid ical sequence shows no sharp break in the area. After 600 A.D. the great earth­ Hopewellian occupation at all. This leaves physical type from the Archaic Time into the works and burial centers seem to have only Indiana and points west of that state Hopewellian Phase; the physical types here been abandoned. Instead the Hopewellians as possible areas from which Hopewell are uniformly dolichocephalic. Consequently seem to have retreated into the most inac­ might have entered Ohio. The near- it is well possible that the Hopewell Com­ cessible hills of southern Ohio, in order to absence of Hopewellian remains in north­ plex was introduced into Ohio by actual llli- construct hilltop enclosures the dimensions western Ohio strongly suggests that noians, rather than by a process of gradual of which were dictated by the configuration Hopewell did not penetrate into southern diffusion. Why these people should have of the hills, and which obviously served Ohio by way of northern or central Indiana. moved east, must remain a matter of spec­ defensive purposes. Examples of such Moreover, the Hopewellian expressions of ulation. I doubt whether this movement, if structures are Fort Hill, Fort Ancient, and the latter two areas seem to he rather late indeed it took place, involved great numbers Fort Miami. There is very little evidence for in time as well as somewhat marginal; they of individuals. Probably those persons the kind of elaborate ceremonialism so typ­ could hardly account for the Hopewellian interred in the Hopewell tumuli represent but ical of Hopewell in its heyday. It has been explosion in southern Ohio. a tiny minority of the true population of Ohio doubted by some that the hilltop enclo­ during Middle Woodland times; the bulk of sures served defensive functions. I suggest There remains only the southern route the population was probably made up of the that anyone familiar with similar, demon­ through Indiana, along the Ohio River. local brachycephalic Adena folk who remain strably defensive structures of prehistoric This indeed appears to have been the unacculturated, and who continued to live, Europe and elsewhere, could not possibly gateway through which Hopewell entered die, and inter their dead as they had always misinterpret the nature of the Ohio hilltop Ohio. It must however, be stressed that done. The numerous Adena mounds in enclosures. Moreover, there is internal evi­ Indiana could not have been the ultimate Ohio which demonstrably date from dence suggesting defensive functions of point of origin of Hopewell, because here Hopewell times may, in reality, represent the the 'forts'; first of all, there is the very too, it is clearly intrusive into the local bulk of the local population. The remoteness, even by modern standards, of Woodland sequence. This leaves only Illi­ Hopewellians with the respendent tumuli all these structures; second, the wall con­ nois as the donor. and ceremonial practices may never have struction clearly suggests defensive pur­ The evidence indicates that classic been more than a tiny minority of privileged poses. The walls are usually steepest where Hopewell elements occur in Illinois earlier outsiders who somehow had managed to the hill slope is gentlest, and vice-versa. than anywhere else, perhaps as early as 250 gain control of southern Ohio. If this was so, Finally, a number of the enclosures show B.C. Even if a conservative view is taken, it would be interesting to know whether internal evidence of warfare in the form of and this date be considered too old, the such sites as McGraw were inhabited by severe conflagrations and massacres. bulk of radiocarbon dates for the Hopewellians or by local Adena people Nonetheless, I believe that the term Hopewellian Phase of the Havana Tradition who, in a manner of speaking, were sub­ 'defensive' should be used with caution. in Illinois either pre-dates the earliest reliable servient to the Hopewellians. date from Ohio or else falls within the range Whatever is known of Indian warfare pat­ of the earliest Ohio assays. Thus it would The problem of the Hopewellian terns, or for that matter of primitive warfare seem that Illinois was the point of origin not decline is as difficult to answer with any in general, would suggest that the Hopewell only of Ohio Hopewell, hut of the assurance as that of Hopewellian origins. enclosures were not designed so much for Hopewellian phenomenon in general. On the basis of subtle changes in burial defensive purposes sensu strictu. Most of Although it has by no means been estab­ practices and on the basis of stylistic the enclosures have yielded very little occu­ lished with certainty whether Hopewell cere­ modifications in the classic Hopewell pation debris of any kind, suggesting at

28 best, very temporary habitations. A brief one or more points the delicate exchange survey of the land at the base of Fort Hill in network upon which the Hopewellian 'idea' L tt. OODLAI D E R 0 D Highland County, Ohio, has revealed a and its ceremonial execution depended. As number of typically small Hopewellian farm­ a result, like a house of cards once a single steads surrounding the hill. I suggest that card is withdrawn, the entire Hopewell / FORT HILL the true function of the enclosure on the Complex throughout the eastern United / ETC. / TURNER steep hill was to serve as occasional tem­ States began to collapse. The survivors / McGRAW DOLE porary refuge in a period of general distur­ were the various local cultural traditions H I MOOD .AND NEWARK bances during which the Hopewellians which now re-emerge, in somewhat modi­ PER I 0 D HOPEWELL were forced to withdraw from their open fied form, to re-assert themselves in their 1 SCIP valleys into the hilly hinterland. ancient regional isolationism. \ HARNESS

Although no radiocarbon dates are \ MOUND CITY available for the hilltop enclosures, it is NOTE BY THE AUTHOR VTREHPER generally believed that they are late on The Hopewell problem has been with us the Hopewell horizon. This is borne out since the 18th century. Early explorations by artifact typology and by the burial culminated in the monumental 1848 work EARL t HOOD L A 4 D PERIOD ^ practices noted at Fort Ancient. Since the by Squier and Davis. In 1902 Gerard Fowke, latest radiocarbon date for one of the irritated by the numerous uncritical publica­ ceremonial centers in the Scioto Valley - tions on specific Hopewell localities, pub­ the Russell Brown Mound No. 3 - has lished his clarion call for rationality in the Figure 1. Graphic representation of the given a value of approximately 600 A.D., study of Ohio archaeology. Except for site Hopewell intrusion into the double tradition concept Ohio Woodland archaeology. A ver­ the retreat into the hills may be expected reports, the Hopewell monster was to sleep sion of this paper was published in the June to fall between 600 and 700 A.D. until 1958 when Harvard University ordained 1964 Scientific American. It is difficult to assess the causes of the that the time was ripe to awaken the beast. Hopewellian retreat and ultimate disap­ The result was my huge Ph.D. dissertation tioned. Then, suddenly in 1992, William pearance. It certainly is of interest that at of 1961 which I wrote without enthusiasm. A Dancey and Paul Pacheco, without my about the same period here postulated mildly updated and severely condensed knowledge, had organized an entire ses­ for the Hopewellian retreat into fortified version of this work was published by the sion for testing the "Model" at the Annual positions, the inhabitants of Iroquoia in Illinois State Museum in 1964. Annoyed by Meetings of the Society for American the North were beginning to live in stock­ the absence in the record of any ordinary Archaeology. By some crazy oversight aded villages. There may have been, in Hopewell settlements, I began to look for nobody had informed me of this event. The fact, a general period of unrest at this them and by sheer luck chanced upon the hero might as well be dead. When a little time throughout the eastern United McGraw site in Ross County. Without my later a flustered Danceu and Pacheco States, foreshadowing the formation of friend, the late Alva McGraw, I would never apologized for their lapse, I offered to the Mississippian cultures at a somewhat have been able to locate this site. With the arrange the publication of the conference later time. While this may perhaps explain financial help of the National Science Foun­ papers (and then some) by the Kent State the unrest during the period under dis­ dation I excavated this locality in 1963. In University Press. The result was the 1997 cussion, it does not explain the reason 1965 my well-known site report was pub­ Dancey and Pacheco book entitled Ohio for the collapse of Hopewell. Considera­ lished. It contained a theoretical section of a Hopewell Community Organization. This is tion of this question cannot be restricted few pages in which I explained in some the book in which my autobiographical to a discussion of Ohio alone. True detail what was to become "Prufer's Model sketch entitled How to Construct a Model: enough, the collapse when it came was of the Ohio Hopewell Settlement Pattern". A A Personal Memoir was published. The thorough; yet, it was not restricted to slightly earlier version of this construct I sleeping Ohio Hopewell ogre was rising Ohio, and must therefore be viewed as a published in a more popular form in the again! In the next few years a veritable general phenomenon. Many explanations June 1964 issue of the Scientific American. deluge of weighty tomes on Ohio Hopewell have been advanced to explain the end After 1968 I largely ignored Hopewell, but saw the light of day. In 1997 there of Hopewell. They range from the sublime Hopewell was not about to ignore me. appeared Paul Pacheco's A View from the to the ridiculous, from pattern exhaustion After my 1963 excavations, I began to Core. In 2004 A. Martin Byers' The to diseases which may have wiped out think seriously about the theoretical impli­ Hopewell Episode: Paradigm Lost and Par­ the entire Hopewellian population. cations of what I had found at McGraw and adigm Gained was published by the Akron I believe that the end of Hopewell can several other Hopewell localities such as University Press, and a year later Christo­ reasonably be explained as follows: Browns Bottom in Ross County. After some pher Carr's Gathering Hopewell hit the Hopewell ceremonialism was based rather earnest reflections, in the winter of 1963- market at a modest $125.00. narrowly upon two essential factors, the 64, I took a yellow legal pad plus pen and One way or another, all of these recent Hopewell religious 'idea' and the need for went to a local bar to set down in a single massive works had to come to terms with scarce raw materials which through an swoop my newly gained insights into the my "Model". It is my impression that, even efficient exchange system brought many nature of Ohio Hopewell society. In my after all the spilled ink, we are no closer to distant areas into contact and communica­ autobiographic sketch of 1997 this event solving the Hopewell riddle than we were tion. The Hopewell 'idea' could not flourish was erroneously given as late summer (also in the 1960s. The only thing I have to offer without the scarce goods, whereas, on the see below). My theoretical passages in the here is the original, unpublished manu­ other hand the scarce goods were cher­ McGraw report of 1965 and in the 1964 script of 1964 in which I set forth my ideas ished only because of their meaning in essay in the June issue of the Scientific of Hopewell dynamics and structure. In terms of the 'idea'. Therefore, Hopewell American were largely based upon this late 1964, I once again obtained funding could only maintain itself, if the exchange manuscript which, but for a quotation in the from the National Science Foundation in network remained intact. I suggest, that by 1997 autobiography, was never published. order to allow me to investigate post- the seventh century A.D. certain basic dis­ Without my intention at the time, it was to Hopewell phenomena in southern Ohio. I turbances, reflected in the Ohio Hopewell become the basis of "Prufer's Model" had appended the present manuscript to retreat into the hills, must have begun to After 1965 my interests had drifted away the grant application in order to impress spread throughout eastern North America. from Hopewell, and on the wider archaeo­ the Agency with the seriousness of my These disturbances probably interrupted at logical stage Hopewell was rarely men- endeavors. Apparently I succeeded!

29 HOCKING COUNTY ARTIFACTS by Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458 Lancaster, OH 43130 When Jeff Reid and his family bought a bell-shaped pestle and a small grooved However, this plummet has the hole some land in Hocking County, they knew axe. There were several dozen flint points drilled directly down and into the body it contained an old building, a log cabin and blades, mainly Archaic period, with a center, and the hole is just less than % that had been relocated to the southcen- scattering of Hopewell pieces and some inch deep. It is a drilled hole, not a nat­ tral Ohio property about a hundred years Mississippian triangular points. A broken ural fault or cavity in the dark hardstone. ago. While the Reids were cleaning out bannerstone was made of colorful hard- The hole is straight and of uniform diam­ the cabin interior they made some inter­ stone, and there were four small hematite eter, patinated and somewhat worn. esting finds. celts or adzes. Assuming the plummet had a string Sometime, years ago, the second floor Two pieces with special forms or attached, the suspension cord must have of the cabin deteriorated and fell, adding designs are in the Reid collection. One been glued or wedged tightly in place. to a pile of debris at the first floor level. was a semi-circular atl-atl weight made of Overall the hardstone plummet is While this material was being removed dense dark hardstone. This specimen smoothly polished and is an elongated prehistoric Indian artifacts began to turn was artistically shaped and highly pol­ egg-shape. up. Someone in the past had stored a ished, 2Vi6 inches long. The other was a The narrowness and untapered diam­ small collection in the cabin, mainly rare plummet type 2Va inches long. eter of the hole suggest use of a copper objects of flint and stone. Some of the The writer has seen many hundred drill, perhaps of the kind used to make artifacts had typical use-marks and slight plummets over the years, but this is the stem holes in Hopewell platform pipes. damage, while others appeared to be as only example personally seen that was Beyond this speculation, however, the their ancient makers had left them. drilled in this fashion. Most drilled plum­ plummet can only be placed in the Artifacts included large and small celts, mets, whether of hematite, hardstone or Archaic to Woodland timeframes. other material, have the holes drilled at While many rock shelter finds have about right angles to the long dimension come from the sandstone ledges of of the plummet. The hole is usually drilled Hocking County, the Reid collection arti­ carefully from both directions and at the facts do not have typical shelter encrus­ smaller end of the plummet. tations. They were either field finds from the area or were brought in from else­ where. The flint material is dark eastern Ohio flint and Flint Ridge from Licking County, suggesting a Hocking County origin. While most of us would consider ourselves lucky to have a log cabin, an historic cabin with a prehistoric collection is even better.

Figure 1 (Hothem) Hopewell artifacts from the Reid collection, both made of Flint Ridge. Right 2'Ae inches long, very translucent cream and amber material. Left, resharpened condition, mul­ ticolored Flint Ridge. Hocking County, Ohio. Figure 2 (Hothem) Early Archaic bifurcates, Reid collection. Right, MacCorkle, 2% inches long, Indiana hornstone. Left, Upper Mercer material, Hocking County, Ohio.

Figure 3 (Hothem) Late Woodland points, Rac­ coon side-notches, both probably Upper Figure 4 (Hothem) Archaic points or blades, both Mercer materials. Each point is 1% inches long. probably Upper Mercer varieties, Right example Hocking County, Ohio. 1% inches long. They each have shoulder tips fracture-chipped off. Hocking County, Ohio.

Figure 5 (Hothem) Two large blades Figure 8 (Hothem) Hardstone plummet with from the Reid collection, both made of Figure 6 (Hothem) Atl-atl Figure 7 (Hothem) Atl-atl weight, drilled hole in end. The mark on the wooden Upper Mercer flint. Right, side-notch weight, side view, polished dark angled view showing the flat- toothpick indicates the hole depth of this arti­ blade in brown and tan, 3'A inches, hardstone, 2'Ae inches long, VA tened ridge and slightly excur- fact, 2'A inches long. How the plummet was Left, Dovetail, mixed blues, 3% inches inches high and % inches thick, vate faces. The bottom is suspended is a mystery. Hocking County, Ohio. long. Hocking County, Ohio. Hocking County, Ohio. flattened. Hocking County, Ohio.

30 AN AUSTRALASIAN TEKTITE WORKED BY ABORIGINES by by Hal Povenmire Clyde Barnhart Florida Institute of Technology 13637 AngellRd. 215 Osage Dr. Athens, Ohio 45701 Indian Harbour Bch., FL 32937

Tektites are small glassy meteorites of uncertain origin. Tektites are made of glass similar to obsidian so they have conchoidal fracture. This allows them to be worked into artifacts like flint. Artifacts have been fashioned from Georgia tek­ tites, moldavites, Libyan Desert Glass and probably bediasites. Some of these worked tektites show a high degree of sophistication. The Australasian tektites fell approximately 780,000 years ago over the Indochina area. These tektites are fairly common and Man inhabited the area when they fell. In spite of this, well developed artifacts from indochinites are not commonly found. About 2000, Clyde Barnhart of Athens, Ohio, purchased approximately 1800 pounds of indochinites to study their morphology. In this group were found about a half dozen stretched tektites and several Anda-type tektites from Thailand. He also collected about 200 tektites which he believed were worked into arti­ facts. This presented a problem. Many of the tektites were chipped or broken. It is very hard to discriminate a chipped tek- tite from a farm implement or a break by accident from a crude artifact. In 2004, this researcher became very Figure 1 (Povenmire and Barnhart) A prehistorically worked tektite. interested in tektite artifacts after four spectacular Georgia tektite artifacts were discovered. I requested to examine his tics that is clearly an artifact to a some­ to several artifact specialists and they collection of artifact suspects to deter­ what untrained observer. One specimen confirmed this conclusion. mine which ones were clearly worked by was picked out as an excellent example. man. These fell into three groups. One, This specimen is likely a thumb References: (1) Povemmire, H. (2003) many of which could be slightly worked scraper. It is approximately 31x25x10 Tektites-A Cosmic Enigma Blue Note but nothing definitive could be deter­ mm. and roughly triangular in shape. It Publishing Cocoa Beach, Fl (2) Poven­ mined. Two, a number which after some weighs approximately 6.86 grams. It is a mire, H. (2002) A Georgia Tektite worked study were determined to likely be arti­ very typical indochinite with enough of into an artifact Central States Archaeo­ facts, but would not be convincing to a the conchoidal chipping from multiple logical Journal Vol. 49 April (3) Poven­ person who did not have a background in surfaces that there can be no doubt that mire, H. (2005) A Georgia Tektite Worked both tektites and artifacts. Three, a tektite this was man made and not created by into a Clovis Type Arrow Point Ohio which has all of the obvious characteris- nature or accident. I took this specimen Archaeologist Vol. 55 No. 1 p 48.

31 ARTIFACTS FROM PELEE ISLAND, CANADA by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio 44870

Pelee Island is located in the western basin of Lake Erie and is part of the Province of Ontario, Canada, (see map Proi [ >ntario Figure 1) While visiting the island in the spring of 2004, I asked around about any Lake local farmers who might have collected St Clair Indian artifacts on their property and a Detroit number of people mentioned Kevin Ryersee. Kevin is a lifelong resident, Windsor farmer, dock worker and sort of jack-of-all- trades. I caught up with Kevin at his dock job, and had a chance to talk with him 1 \kl L-RIE about his relic collection. He piqued my interest when he began to describe what western he referred to as fetish stones, which were Pelee Island found on the family farm. He described one UCHIGAN f broken piece as resembling the head of a German Shepherd dog. I had to catch a boat later that day to return to Sandusky Hl and Kevin had to work a full day. Kevin was » ° ToLb open to the idea of a return visit by myself ^\£ with the opportunity to view and photo­ ^—^^-^jTv—" { levclan graph some of his collection, and I prom­ Sandusks ised to return later in the year. Later in the summer of 2004, I phoned Kevin and made arrangements to visit with him at his Figure 1 (Didion) Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada. farm. He was very gracious and proud to show his collection. He had a unique way CERAMICS EFFIGY/BIRD STONES of displaying many of his artifacts. He had Figures 2 and 3 are a sampling of the Three artifacts were found by Kevin applied a drop of glue to attach small twist- ceramics found by Kevin Ryersee on his which fit this category. The broken bird tie loops to many of the pieces and had farm and were photographed from his stone of fig. 6 is the piece Kevin referred to hung them for display from pegboards. pegboard display. Dr. Johnathon E. as a fetish stone. The two halves were Many of the photographs I took were of Bowen examined these photos and aided found years apart and were glued togeth­ these displays. On some individual pieces in identifying the sherds. Jeb stated that er for display purposes. It appears that this which I photographed, I had to do some they are easily identifiable as pottery from relic was a work-in-progress. The entire physical cutting and pasting of the photos the Western Lake Erie Basin Tradition surface is covered with peck marks and in order to remove the twist-ties from view. which dates in the 900-1200 AD time peri­ was never smoothed or ground. It is quite I'll quickly summarize the collection and od. This pottery tradition is obviously well possible that the piece broke during the then highlight some of the more interesting named since Pelee Island is centered in manufacturing process and was discard­ items. There were three stone mortars the western Lake Erie basin. It appears ed. In its finished state it would undoubt­ found on the farm, as well as hard stone that the Ryersee farm could qualify as a edly have protrusions from the head area axes and celts. Gorgets, pendants and type sight for Western Lake Erie Basin and a fanned out tail. The piece is made of small celts of slate and some unidentifi­ Tradition pottery. gray-green banded slate and measures 2 able slate pieces were also found. %" in length and 1 Vie wide at the base. Ceramics included pottery rim and body SLATE ITEMS Fig. 7 is an obverse and reverse view of sherds and a few pieces of pipes. There Figures 4 and 5 show slate artifacts the head of a popeyed style bird stone. were many flint items including gravers, from Kevin's pegboard display and include The piece was broken at the neck or scrapers, knives, preforms, and projectile many fragmented or damaged pendant shoulder and is also damaged at the beak points. The earliest flint item was a broken and gorgets. Styles seem to include or snout. It was in a completed state, Springtown style lanceolate point made Glacial Kame, Hopewell, and Adena. In being smoothed or ground over its entire from black Upper Mercer flint. The most the middle row of Fig. 4 an oval shaped surface. It was made from a gray hard­ recent was a small triangle point of light and top section of a coffin shaped gorget stone, probably granite. The head area is colored chert. Flint items included Adena are visible. They appear to be of Glacial 194" wide as measured across the eyes. style stemmed points of Flint Ridge mate­ Kame design. Also mid row there is a bro­ The eyes protrude W and %" respectively rial, corner notched points of Pipe Creek, ken quadriconcave gorget of adena from the head. The diameter of the flat eye and light colored cherts and most point design. In the upper left of fig. 5 can be surfaces measure %" and %" respectively. styles from the early and mid-archaic peri­ seen three broken effigy/bird stones which Although I refer to the protrusions as eyes, ods. I did not observe any archaic bevels are featured in greater detail later in this I realize that they may represent some­ or early side notched points. There were a article. Also displayed in the middle row of thing entirely different. I've often thought few Woodland style points but the most Fig. 5 is an unusual circular slate piece. In that they might represent the antlers of abundant chert/flint artifacts were triangu­ the center of the bottom row there is a perhaps deer, elk, or moose. Although we lar knives and preforms of a low grade of slate piece which seems to have been refer to these effigies as popeyed bird light colored chert. worked into the shape of a claw or tooth. stones, they may in fact be a rendition of

32 ent to you the Ryersee "Wolf stone of Pelee Island. For the purposes of the following measurements of the "wolf stone, I will con­ sider the protrusions to be ears, not eyes, and the head to be comprised of a snout, not a beak. The ears protrude V" from the head and the measurement from ear tip to ear tip is W. The snout measures %* in length and the distance from the top of the ears to the base bottom is 1V. The base is V in width. The material is a dark gray- green banded slate. The diagonal drilling Figure 2 (Didion) Western Lake Erie basin from the front and underside was never Tradition pottery sherds (900-1200 AD). completed. There is a slight dimple on the front lower face of the piece where drilling was begun but never finished, while the underside shows no drilling at all. Figure 6 (Didion) Reunited pieces of an unfinished banded slate bird stone. I hope that the reporting of Kevin's "wolf" stone adds to our knowledge of the Glacial ing piece in his collection. I'm thankful that Kame Indians. I gave Kevin a copy of he was willing to share it with me and the "Ohio Slate Types" and promised him a rest of the membership of the Archaeological copy of this article upon its publication. I Society of Ohio. Fig. 8 is the obverse, thank him for his hospitality and hope to reverse and frontal view of the stone he had visit with him again, some years in the mentioned. It certainly seems to be a rendi­ future, to see what new finds he may have ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ tion of some member of the canine family. added to his collection. Figure 3 (Didion) Western Lake Erie Basin Although it could represent a fox or a Tradition pottery sherds (Kevin Ryersee farm). domesticated dog, I believe that it very pos­ References: sibly represents a wolf. In his book about the 1994 Converse, Robert N., Ohio Flint Glacial Kame Indians and related cultures, Types. Robert Converse documents the inclusion 1998 Converse, Robert N., Ohio Slate of drilled wolf skull masks in the graves of Types. Glacial Kame. It therefore seems quite like­ 1982 Converse, Robert N., The Glacial ly that they might also have rendered the Kame Indians. likeness of the wolf in some sort of ceremo­ 2004 Bowen, Johnathon E., personal nial stone or emblem of their clan. So I pres­ communication.

F/gure 4 (Didion) Slate artifacts from the Ryersee farm.

Jk 4 • #111 •^ an iSS:* * • » • 1 » Figure 7 (Didion) Head of popeyed style bird stone made of gray hardstone. • l# * * Figure 5 (Didion) Effigy stones and slate arti­ facts on pegboard display. some entirely different creature by the cul­ ture that Bob Converse refers to as the Glacial Kame Indians. I've saved the best for last. The reason I made the return trip to Pelee Island was largely due to the mention Kevin Ryersee had made to the stone he had found, which to him, looked like the head of a German Shepherd dog. As I stated earlier he had piqued my interest and I was not disap­ pointed when I had a chance to view that stone. To me it is certainly the most interest- Figure 8 (Didion) Ryersee Wolf Stone from Pelee Island. Ontario, Canada.

33 AN ENGRAVED GLACIAL KAME GORGET by Dan Schleich Washington C.H., Ohio

This Glacial Kame gorget was found in Morrow County, Ohio. Made of banded slate, the piece was apparently salvaged and engraved. As with most engraved pieces, the design tells us little except that it apparently depicts a design or figure with which Glacial Kame people were familiar.

Figure 1 (Schleich) Glacial Kame gorget with engraving from Morrow County.

THREE ECCENTRICS by Glenn Spray Mt. Vernon, Ohio

While walking a field on May 7, 2005, I came across what I consider a rare find - an Eccentric which is shown on the left of the picture. It is 1% xT/4. That is the third Eccentric I have found. The piece pictured upper right, I found June 1, 1975, the point on the bottom right was the first one I found many years ago. This recent find could have been made from a broken point or was broken on purpose. There is no rechipping on the apparent break. All three pieces were found in Knox County.

Figure 1 (Spray) Three Eccentrics from Knox County, Ohio.

34 ARTIFACTS FROM COLUMBIANA AND STARK COUNTY by Jeff Goodenow 8253 Hidden Glen Avenue Canton, Ohio 44721

Don Haubert found the Late Archaic point is one of Ohio's scarcest types, the classic percussion flake scars and Ashtabula point (Figure 1) while raking his according to Converse (1998). fine pressure flaking along the edges, garden in Columbiana County, approxi­ John Haubert found a thin Hopewell although it is not fashioned from Flint mately 15 years ago. The retired owner of cache blade (Figure 2) on his first surface Ridge flint, as is frequently seen in most a produce and fruit farm, Don had never hunt in April 2002. The blade was com­ blades of this type. found an artifact in 30 years of working pletely exposed in a plowed field in Stark the soil, until he happened upon this County. Most Hopewell cache blades References specimen in the black, loamy soil of his appear to have been made as preforms Converse, Robert N. property near the headwaters of the rather than intentionally fashioned burial 1998 Ohio Flint Types. Mahoning River. This large Ashtabula pieces (Converse 1998). This blade has

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SJ ^H J

**> *J

f* u

Js ./» i

o * 5>

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Figure 1 (Goodenow) Ashtabula point from Columbiana County. Figure 2 (Goodenow) Hopewell cache blade from Stark County.

35 A GLACIAL KAME BIRDSTONE by Robert Mohr Holgate, Ohio

This Glacial Kame bird- stone is made of banded slate and is slightly more than five inches long. It was found many years ago 3 miles southeast of Wakeman Ohio.

Figure 1 (Mohr) Glacial Kame birdstone from northern Ohio

RED SLATE NOTCHED WINGED BANNER by Doug Hooks Mansfield, Ohio

This outstanding notched winged bannerstone was found around the turn of the twentieth century by Samuel Finney of Erie County, Ohio. It was found by Mr. Finney while farming with horses 10 miles southeast of Blue Hole, Castalia, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Hooks) Red slate notched winged bannerstone from Erie County, Ohio

36 A MAHONING COUNTY FARM COLLECTION by Carl Smith 7384 Germano Rd. Amsterdam, Ohio

In the fall of 2003, I met Raymond having first been bought by his ancestors rily Upper Mercer or Coshocton flint - Anderson and his wife Nelda. The con­ in 1813 and much of it was unplowed mostly of the blue-black variety. versation naturally turned to arrowheads until recent years. Also of interest is the presence on the and Raymond invited me to look at his All the artifacts with two exceptions Anderson farm of a state record White collection. The Anderson farm has been were found on the farm and span all pre­ Oak tree - its size unappreciated until in the family for several generations historic time periods. The stone is prima­ you stand beside it.

Figure 1 (Smith) The Anderson farm collection.

37 ERRATA The following was omitted from article The Late Stone Age. Stone Moulds From The Mid-Eighteenth to the Early Nineteenth V Centuries by George Carroll in Vol. 55 No. 1. f FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST May 13, 2005 it should be inserted on page 30 at line 28. Greetings,

Scientific constraints, legal challenges, and political manuevering continue in the Kennewick re-enactor enthusiasts are not pouring buttons Man saga, now in its ninth year. We thank you for your continued support over the years, and offer this update on our efforts. and perhaps other flatware as they demon­ strate early arts and camp crafts for modern As you know, the courts have upheld scientists' rights to study the Kennewick Man skeleton. audiences. Sam's assistance, by demonstrat­ After lengthy negotiations, the Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) has finally approved the ing for me the single sided moulding process, Phase 1 taphonomic study of the Kennewick man skeleton. These investigations, scheduled for July 2005, will attempt to reconstruct the geologic, biologic and other processes that and with most of the photography for this article have affected the skeleton since Kennewick Man died. Other investigations of the skeleton, (with his son K.C.), is very much appreciated. such as the gathering of metric measurements and postcranial data, will follow at a later date. A quite unique mould has been cut into a limestone rock about 1 in. thick with 2 by 3 in. The taphonomic session will establish the baseline of information for future studies and outside dimensions. The mould surface was promises to be unusually expensive. The ACOE will not allow gluing or permanent reconstruction of any of the bone fragments. High-resolution CT scans will be used to create dressed flat, and has been reddened by many polymer prototypes of the cranial fragments and projectile point in the right hip. The casting heats. A V/i in. circle was inscribed into accuracy of these prototypes will be evaluated during the July taphonomy session. If these the flat by using a steel tipped wood bit. Inside efforts are as successful as we hope, the resulting models can be made available to many the circle is an incised rendering of a turtle, researchers. The scientists also hope to conduct more precise C14 and stable isotope (Fig. 7). A pour spout is inlet along one edge chemistry on the bone samples remaining from government studies. Your gift supports these studies. near the turtle's head. The rough back side has a Meuser Collection ink on stone legend, "#50 However, efforts to prevent scientific study of the past continue. Although two courts have Loudenville, Ashland Co. Ohio." Around the found that the tribes have "no cognizable" connection to the Kennewick Man skeleton, three entire circumference of the medal face are tribes (Yakama, Nez Perce, and Umatilla) continue to maintain that they have a right to participate in all discussions and decisions relating to its study. In February 2005, the tribes small incised dashes apparently to imitate the appealed this issue to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. Briefs are due this summer, and funds edging of early U.S. silver dollar coinage. On are needed to help with the out-of-pocket appeal costs. the pour side of the mould are 3 scribe lines to produce an accurate alignment of both halves Friends of America's Past also hopes to file an amicus brief in the Fallon Paiute's lawsuit claiming the remains of the Spirit Cave Mummy. Nevada's Bureau of Land Management is (Fig. 18); to my knowledge the opposite half defending their conclusion that the Fallon Paiute have not established a cultural affiliation has never been recovered. This Turtle mould with these remains. We believe our support is important to BLM's effort to implement a was found in the heart of the historic Delaware more balanced approach to NAGPRA. Funds are needed for this project as well. occupancy while they resided in Ohio. It would appear to be for casting Indian pendants (no The Senate Indian Affairs Committee has proposed an amendment to expand NAGPRA's definition of Native American to overturn the Ninth Circuit's ruling in the Kennewick Man provision for suspension) with probable clan case. We are working energetically to raise the public's awareness of this proposed significance, and produced in the style of amendment through website postings and alerts to the media. Our website also continues to Euramerican presentation medals. offer unique resources to scholars, students, and the interested public from around the world. Your gift helps keep factual information available and easily accessible. Both of the steatite moulds are of the single sided variety; they rely upon the surface ten­ Thank you for your continued support, sion of molten metal to contain and thicken the casting without need for an opposing half. Such moulds are functional when casting flat tUu 7410 SW Oleson Rd., Sle 202 Cleone Hawkinson, President Portland, OR 97223 objects such as buttons. Figure 14 is of sand­ www.friendsofpast.org stone, and was found near Newark in Licking Co., Ohio. It features a single incised design approximately Vn in. deep. Another shallow button mould was cut into a glacially tumbled granite pebble. No other preparation appears to have been necessary beyond inletting the SILENT AUCTION DONORS AT MARCH MEETING cavity. It was found along Sugar Creek in Holmes Co., Ohio (Fig. 15). Both of these Dan Bartlett moulds are quite shallow, while the steatite Elaine button mould was cut deep enough to contain Robert Curry, DDS the full thickness of the buttons. To demonstrate the shallow single sided Robin McAbee process, fellow collector Sam Hamilton dressed and inscribed a copy mould out of limestone. He then poured the German silver button forms illustrated with it (Fig 16). By pre­ OBITUARY viously preparing wire button eye loops, he Mary Reed, born 1925, passed away at age 79. She was the was able to deftly set them in place before the castings could cool. Having been initially quite widow of long-time ASO member Jim Reed of Pickaway County. puzzled about how such shallow moulds might function, I now wonder that

38 ! Come Be Our Guests ! State Sponsored ASO FALL MEET Summer Picnic Knox County Career Center Cafeteria Seaman's Fort Mt. Vernon, Ohio 500 BC Fortified Village Sponsored by the Kokosing Chapter of The (3 miles west of Milan, Ohio on Rte. 113) Archaeological Society of Ohio Sunday August 21, 2005 Sunday September 25, 2005, 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission-Free Artifact Displays Educational Displays - Tables Free Tour of Seaman's Fort Dealer Tables 1 - $5 2 or more - $10 Dealers Show 50-50 Drawing Food Available Flint Knapping - Ceramic Demonstration Auction Silent Auction for Artifacts, etc. Donations for the auction would be greatly appreciated. For information or to reserve a table contact; Paul Hothem (ALL PROCEEDS WILL GO TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH) 740 397-5778 or Fred Groseclose 740 397-6253. Sponsored By: Directions from State Routes 3, 36, 13 North & 229 - Follow Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio State Route 13 south in Mt. Vernon to State Route 586, turn left The Firelands Archaeological Research Center on 586 and pass through one traffic light, look for Knox County The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program Career Center sign on left (approx. VA mile south of square). of the University of Toledo Directions from State Routes 13 South - Turn right at the first Attention: There will be shelter and tables ($5.00 ea. or dona­ blinking light and proceed to State Route 586, turn left and imme­ tion for auction) available for dealers. Dealers Must Call to diately right at Knox County Career Center sign on right. Reserve Tables - Contact: Ron Sauer (440-988-8036) or Gene Edwards (440-965-4451). Awards will be presented for best of Directions from State Route 586 South - Turn right at Knox show, best site display, most educational, etc. County Career Center sign on right as you enter town. Spaghetti Dinner will be served for a small charge.

ASO SUMMER MEETINGS THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JULY 17th, 2005. Blue Jacket Chapter Sponsor. Take Rt. 25 6 miles south out of Wapakoneta to Rt 219 - go west 3 miles to SOCIETY OF OHIO Shinbone Church on north - Auglaize County Historical Site. Call Jon Anspaugh 419-738-3708 for further information. PRESENTS AUGUST 21st, 2005. Sandusky Bay Chapter- Sponsor - with Firelands Archaeological Research Center, and Western Lake ITS SECOND SYMPOSIUM Erie Archaeological Research Program of University of Toledo. At Seamans Fort - 3 miles west of Milan, Ohio, on Rt 113. Call Ron Sauer 440-988-8036 for information or Gene Edwards AT THE CONCOURSE HOTEL, 440-965-4451. SEPTEMBER 25th, 2005. Kokosing Chapter Sponsor. At the PORT COLUMBUS, COLUMBUS, OHIO Knox County Career Center Cafeteria, Mt. Vernon, Ohio - 9 am to 2 pm. On Rt 586 at south side of Mt. Vernon 1 "A south of town square. Food available - silent auction - 50-50 - drawing plen­ ON SATURDAY IN CONJUNCTION WITH ty of tables. OUR ANNUAL MEETING IN MAY 2006 OCTOBER 2nd, 2005. Paint Creek Chapter Sponsor. At the Fayette County Fairgrounds, Washington CH, Ohio - 9 am. Plenty of indoor and outdoor tables for display. For farther infor­ mation call Mick Van Steen 937-766-5411 or cell 937-925-0330. ON THE ART, ARTIFACTS AND ORIGINS OCTOBER 16th, 2005. Johnny Appleseed Chapter Sponsor. OF THE HOPEWELL CULTURE At Cinnamon Lake on County Road 620. One mile east of State Rt. 89 - approximately 7 miles north of Ashland. Call Bob Bright This symposium will feature experts on the Hopewell culture 419-962-4222 for further information. Or write Bob Bright, 1039 from over eastern North America. They will present the archae­ St. Rt. 302, Ashland, Ohio 44805. ology, art, artifacts, and origins of America's most highly developed culture and its impact on prehistoric groups in the eastern United States. It will be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to see rare slides of Hopewell artifacts in the British Museum, the Field Museum of Chicago and the Ohio Historical Society. This gathering will present BACK COVER: the attendees with an opportunity for one on one conversations Three Ohio gorgets from the Rick Waibel collection. Left, Adena with presenters. Displays will feature some of the most unique and gorget, Sandusky Co., Center, Hopewell gorget from Ross Co., rare Hopewell artifacts known. Further information will be made Right, Elliptical gorget from Miami Co. available in future issues of the Ohio Archaeologist, or contact Mick Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, South Charleston, Ohio 45314 - phone 937-766-5411 or any Society officer.

39 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.