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Narrating Monte Alban Narrating Monte Albán: Seven True Stories of the Great Zapotec Capital of Southern Mexico The first of three books on Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Lindsay Jones Copyright © 2015 by Lindsay Jones All rights reserved. ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE The Special Interests of an Outsider to Oaxacan Studies…….……………xvii INTRODUCTION The Absence of a Master Narrative: 100 Years of Storytelling at the “Ruins” of Monte Albán……………………1 CHAPTER ONE The Unfolding of Alfonso Caso’s Story of Monte Albán: From Tales of Discovery to a Five-Stage History of the Zapotec Capital……………37 CHAPTER TWO Ignacio Bernal’s Affirmation of Intercultural Admixing: Monte Albán as a Microcosm of Mesoamerica and Model for Modern Mexico………...…140 CHAPTER THREE John Paddock on Monte Albán as an Urban Work of Art: A Story of the Emergence and Perseverance of Zapotec Cultural-Ethnic Identity………….208 CHAPTER FOUR Richard Blanton on Monte Albán as a “Disembedded Capital”: A Story of Militarism, Regional Cooperation and Religious Neutrality……..…..282 CHAPTER FIVE Marcus Winter’s Story of Strategic Resource Management: Monte Albán as Part and Parcel of a pan-Oaxacan Social Evolution………..….364 CHAPTER SIX Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus’s “Actor-Centered” Story of Oaxacan Social Evolution: Charismatic Leadership and an Illusion of Control……..…..436 CHAPTER SEVEN Arthur Joyce’s Poststructural Rereading of Oaxacan Social History: A Story of Sacred Spaces, Rituals and the Agency of Commoners……..….…548 p. iv FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviated Table of Contents……………….………………………………………….………iii Full Table of Contents………………….………………………………………………………..iv PREFACE The Special Interests of an Outsider to Oaxacan Studies……..……..…xvii I. The Preoccupations of a Historian of Religions: Scrutinizing “Religion,” Architectural Meaning and Archaeological Storytelling……………………………………xix A. Concerns about the Conceptualization of “Religion”: Aspirations to Methodological Clarity and Self-Consciousness………………………………..…xix B. Concerns about Meanings of Monumental Architecture: The Superabundance and Autonomy of Enduring Built Forms……………………..….xxi C. Concerns about the Writing of Ancient History: Archaeological (Re)construction and “the Poetic Act of Emplotment”……………….……………xxiii II. Essential Preparation for More Venturous Interpretations of Monte Albán: Self-Critical Reading and the History of Ideas ……………………………………………xxvi INTRODUCTION The Absence of a Master Narrative: 100 Years of Storytelling at the “Ruins” of Monte Albán………..………1 I. Six Working Propositions: The Rewards and Ramifications of Storytelling about Monte Albán…………………………………………………………..………………...5 A. “Emplotment,” “Followability” and Understanding: Invariably Narrative Solutions to the Enigma of Archaeological Ruins………………………...6 B. Archaeological Storytelling: The Non-Exemption of Scholarly Accounts of Monte Albán History……………………………………….…………..9 C. Respecting the Historical Record: Empirical Accuracy as One among Many Measures of Storiological Success……………………......………….14 D. Accentuating the Differences: Seven Unique and Viable (Re)constructions of Monte Albán History………………….………………………18 E. The Priority of Presuppositions: The Contingent Quality of Every Monte Albán Narrative (Re)construction…………………….……………….19 F. Reception and Indeterminacy: Intended, Unintended and Not-Yet-Realized Utilizations of Monte Albán (Re)constructions…………….…... 23 Full Table of Contents; p. v II. Seven Superabundant Stories: Alternative Versions of “What Really Happened” at Monte Albán…………………………………………………………………28 A. The Unfolding of Alfonso Caso’s Story of Monte Albán: From Tales of Discovery to a Five-Stage History of the Zapotec Capital………………...29 B. Ignacio Bernal’s Affirmation of Intercultural Admixing: Monte Albán as a Microcosm of Mesoamerica and Model for Modern Mexico………………….30 C. John Paddock on Monte Albán as an Urban Work of Art: A Story of the Emergence and Perseverance of Zapotec Cultural-Ethnic Identity……………..31 D. Richard Blanton on Monte Albán as a “Disembedded Capital”: A Story of Militarism, Regional Cooperation and Religious Neutrality……………………..32 E. Marcus Winter’s Story of Strategic Resource Management: Monte Albán as Part and Parcel of a pan-Oaxacan Social Evolution………………………33 F. Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus’s “Actor-Centered” Story of Oaxacan Social Evolution: Charismatic Leadership and an Illusion of Control……………..34 G. Arthur Joyce’s Poststructural Rereading of Oaxacan Social History: A Story of Sacred Spaces, Rituals and the Agency of Commoners………………..35 CHAPTER ONE The Unfolding of Alfonso Caso’s Story of Monte Albán: From Tales of Discovery to a Five-Stage History of the Zapotec Capital………..37 I. The Foundations of a Monte Albán Narrative: Identifying the Protagonists and Formulating the Plotline………………………………………………………………..40 A. Initial Impressions and Forward-Looking Ambitions: Monte Albán Emerging from the Shadow of Mitla………………………………………………..43 B. Disentangling the Mixtecs and Zapotecs: Epigraphic Analysis as a Crucial First Step……………………………………………………………………46 1. Zapotec Monuments and Mixtec Codices: Entirely Different and Distinct Cultures………………………………………………………..47 2. Emerging Narrative Themes: Imagining Monte Albán as a Strictly Zapotec City………………………………………………………...51 C. Excavation Begins and Tomb 7 Emerges: A Discovery that Changes Everything….……………………...………………………………………53 1. The Earliest Narrations: An Interim Tale of Personal Discovery and a Provisional Story of Monte Albán……………………………………55 2. Scholarship and Publicity: Academic versus Popular Renditions of the Tomb 7 Discovery……………………………………………………62 II. The Inception and Revisioning of a Monte Albán Narrative: Reconsidering the Roles of Zapotecs, Mixtecs and Others…………………………………………………70 A. A New Problem and an Old Problem: Reconsidering the End and the Beginning of Zapotec Monte Albán………………………………………………...69 1. Revising the Story of Late Monte Albán: Finding a Place for Mixtecs in the Zapotec City…………………………………………………70 Full Table of Contents; p. vi 2. Revising the Story of Early Monte Albán: Danzante Anomalies and Intimations of a non-Zapotec, non-Mixtec Third Party………………...72 B. Ascertaining the Mixtec Role in a Zapotec City: Tomb 7 as Instructive but Anomalous………………………………………………………………………78 1. Two Versions of Zapotec-Mixtec Interaction at Monte Albán: Successive and/or Contemporaneous Cultures……………………………...80 2. Reasserting Zapotec Primacy and Fine-tuning the Mixtec Role: The Prospect of a Mixtec Invasion………………………………………….82 III. The Prototype for All Subsequent Monte Albán (Re)construction Narratives: Settling on a Five-Epoch Saga of the City…………………………………… …………..86 A. Chronology via Ceramic Stratigraphy: From Three-Stage Sketch to Five-Stage Scheme………………………………………………………………….86 B. The Very First Synthesis of Oaxaca Archaeology: Caso’s Prototypic Statement of the Five-Epoch History of Monte Albán……………………………..92 1. A Primer on Stratigraphic Method: The Endurant Ambiguity of Successive Periods versus Overlapping Ceramic Styles……………………95 2. The Five Stages Elaborated: Monte Albán within the Broader Context of Mesoamerica…………………………………………………….98 a. Epoch I: Prefiguring an Olmec Role in the City’s Founding…………99 b. Epoch II: Mayanoid Stimulus to a Great but Brief Florescence…….102 c. Epoch III: A Grander Teotihuacan-Stimulated Florescence………... 104 d. Epoch IV: A Gradual Rather than Sudden Decline………………… 105 e. Epoch V: A Mixtec Presence of Still-Uncertain Sorts………………107 C. Technical Adjustments and Popular Enhancements: Answering the Exuberance of Mayanist Aficionados……………………………………………...109 1. A Five-Epoch Ode to the Ancient Zapotecs: Pre-Columbian Oaxacans as Even Greater than the Classic Mayas…………………………110 a. Epoch I: Fabulously Skilled and Sublime Oaxacan Founders……… 114 b. Epoch II: Well-Balanced Zapotec Artist-Intellectual-Politicians…... 116 c. Epoch III: Oaxacan Excellence Born of Cultural Symbiosis……….. 117 d. Epoch IV: Multiple, But Still Uncertain Causes of Collapse………. 118 e. Epoch V: Mixtecs as Also Excellent in their Own Ways…………... 119 2. Alternative Routes to Cultural Excellence: Maya Isolationism versus Zapotec Interactivity………………………………………………..120 IV. Closing Thoughts: The Content and Context of a Mexican Story of Monte Albán…….……………………………………………… …..……………………122 A. Ongoing Corrections and Readjustments: The Resilience of an Untidy Five-Stage Scheme………………………………………………………………...123 B. The Content of Caso’s Story of Monte Albán: Four Unresolved Issues of Major Import……………………………………………………………………127 C. Contextualizing Caso’s Story of Monte Albán: Personal, Professional and Political Incentives…………………………………………………………….130 Full Table of Contents; p. vii CHAPTER TWO Ignacio Bernal’s Affirmation of Intercultural Admixing: Monte Albán as a Microcosm of Mesoamerica and Model for Modern Mexico……….….140 I. From Alfonso Caso to Ignacio Bernal: Major Similarities and Significant Differences……….……………………………………………………………143 II. A Guiding Narrative Theme: Mexican National Identity and the Fortuitous Consequences of Intercultural Admixing………...………………………….....146 A. Ancient Peoples as Modern Models: Appealing Pre-Columbians, Ambiguous Religious Piety and Advantageous “Cultural Fusion”………………..147 B. Archaeological Syntheses and/or Museum Displays: Composing and Extracting a Five-Stage, Six-Actor Story of Monte Albán……………………151 III. The Sequence of Events: Ignacio Bernal’s Historical (Re)construction…………………..157 A. The Valley of Oaxaca in Advance of Monte Albán: A Distinctive, Independent and Sturdy Cultural Presence………………………………………..157 B. Period I: The Early Ascent of Monte Albán: Indigenous Oaxacan Founders
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