A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin

Home , David Scott, Jessica Meir

Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin

James Head, Carle Pieters, David Scott, Brandon Johnson, Ross Potter: Brown Univ., Providence, RI USA Jeffrey Hoffman: MIT, Cambridge, MA USA Bernard Foing: ESA ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Lev Zelenyi, Igor Mitrofanov: Institute for Space Research, RAS, Moscow, Russia Mikhail Marov, Alexander Basilevsky, Mikhail Ivanov: Vernadsky Institute, RAS, Moscow, Russia Ralf Jaumann, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany Long Xiao: China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China Junichi Haruyama, Makiko Ohtake: ISAS, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan P. Senthil Kumar: CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad, India Oded Aharonson: Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Vision 2050: Space Science and Technology • Vision: Predicting the Future: Why is this so hard to do? – How do we foresee and plan for the future? – “Wasn’t the Future Wonderful?” – Evolution is a non-linear stochastic process!

• Brown President’s Science Advisory Council: Ruth Simmons – 2009: What should Brown be doing in 25 years, in 2034?

• What was it like 25 years earlier, in 1984: – Ronald Reagan was President. – No internet, no cell phones, no text messages, – No Twitter, no non-military GPS, – No real personal computing (Mac 128K in 1/84). – RDI Systems releases the Halycon laserdisk home console.

• Don’t Engineer Details! Follow Major Trends, Plan the Environment!

• The Tyranny of the “Space-Time Continuum”.

Vision 2050: Space Science and Technology • Vision: Predicting the Future: Why is this so hard to do? – How do we foresee and plan for the future? – “Wasn’t the Future Wonderful?” – Evolution is a non-linear stochastic process!

• Brown President’s Science Advisory Council: Ruth Simmons – 2009: What should Brown be doing in 25 years, in 2034?

• Don’t Engineer Details! Follow Major Trends, Plan the Environment!

• The Tyranny of the “Space-Time Continuum”.

What CAN we say in the short term? What are the “Megatrends”?

• 1) National space exploration programs will continue: • 2) Different countries will have different capabilities: • 3) International cooperation is possible and plausible. • 4) Space is inspirational!! • 5) Collective and organic creativity is crucial. Diversity! • 6) The Moon is a destination where science and engineering synergism can be practiced daily. • 7) Lunar research results in a legacy of scientific accomplishment and advancement.

Map to Fundamental Goals Toward 2050?

• 1. Develop exploration infrastructure: Get rid of covered wagons! • 2. Encourage science and engineering synergism with a real destination. • 3. Be able reach the destination in the course of a graduate career: It’s the Moon! • 4. Engage youth and diversity: We would be fools to try to accomplish anything with WAY <<50% of the population? • 5. Define a series of exploration roles that individual countries and institutions can participate. • 6. Utilize Design Reference Missions (DRMs) for training. • 7. Have a set of fundamentally important scientific problems to address! Origin/Evolution of Orientale Basin. Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin

Established the Moon as a Cornerstone for Solar System Science • 1. Crustal-mantle geometry/physical structure • 2. Crustal chemistry/mineralogy/petrology; • 3. Exogenic crustal modification by impacts; • 4. Chronology of crustal formation/evolution. Formation and Evolution of Planetary Crusts

S. R. Taylor

The Moon is a Laboratory for the Study of Primary and Secondary Crusts in Early Planetary History. Composition of the Ejecta from the Orientale Basin: Crust and Mantle

(Fassett and Head, 2011, GRL)

Ejecta Thickness (Isopach) Map of the Hevelius Formation Orientale Basin: Rings & Geologic Units ------Hevelius Formation (Basin Ejecta Deposit) Feldspathic breccias; homogeneous, well-mixed. Cordillera Mountains: Feldspathic breccias; unweathered. Montes Rook Fm. (Knobby, Domical Deposit) Feldspathic breccias; some anorthosite blocks. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)

Outer Rook Mountains: Norites, noritic anorthosite and anorthosite; more crystalline blocks. Inner Rook Mountains: Massifs are crystalline anorthosite; discrete peaks and clusters of peaks.

Maunder Formation (Basin Impact Melt Deposit)

(Pieters et al., 2009, 2011; Red Dots (Inner Rook Mountains): Head et al., 2010, 2012; Cheek et al., 2012) Materials >~98% plagioclase (Cheek et al., 2012) Orientale Impact Melt Sea

Maunder Formation (Basin Impact Melt Deposit)

(Wilson and Head, 2010; Vaughan et al, 2011, 2012) Summary of Orientale Maria Samples Wide Range of Nearside Ages (Whitten et al., 2010) Human/Robotic Exploration Optimization Centers on Six Themes • I) Precursor (What do we need to know before we send humans?). • II) Context (What are the robotic mission requirements for final landing site selection and regional context for landing site results?). • III) Infrastructure/Operations (What specific robotic capabilities are required to optimize human scientific exploration performance?). • IV) Interpolation (How do we use robotic missions to interpolate between human traverses?). • V) Extrapolation (How do we use robotic missions to extrapolate beyond the human exploration radius?). • VI) Progeny (What targeted robotic successor missions might be sent to the region to follow up on discoveries during exploration and from post-campaign analysis?).

Orientale Design Reference Missions (DRM)

Regions of Interest (ROIs)

ROI 1- Basin Rings-Crustal Structure

ROI 2- ROI -3 Origin of Inner Rook Mountains

ROI 3- ROI -2 ROI -1 Nature of Impact Melt Sea. Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin

1. Solve significant scientific problems. 2. Optimize international potential. 3. Establish exploration infrastructure. 4. Develop human/robotic partnerships. 5. Provide a short-term training platform. 6. Establish science-engineering synergism. 7. Develop diverse all-inclusive workforce. 8. Develop game-changing technology. Workforce Development: -Develop a diverse and all-inclusive workforce. -Science and Engineering Synergism (SES): Apollo Technology Development for 2050: We don’t know WHAT it will be, but we do know WHO will be doing it! • MIT-Brown HALO Mission: – Human Architecture for Lunar Operations

• Brown CubeSat: Rick Fleeter

• Synthetic Biology: IGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine): Lynn Rothschild, NASA Ames.

• Engage NASA Astronauts:

Apollo Lunar Exploration Program: Science and Engineering Synergism Six Scientific Expeditions to the Moon

Established the Moon as a Cornerstone for Solar System Science Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott

Dave Scott in the Lab

Dave Scott in the Classroom

Dave Scott on the Moon NASA Astronaut Jeff Hoffman: MIT Aero-Astro Resuming Human Exploration of the Moon: What Approach? What Architecture? Science and Engineering Synergism

Determine Science Requirements: -Full lunar access: Poles, NS/FS. -Longer stay times: 7-14 days. -More payload to/from Moon. -More mobility on Moon. -More flexibility with robots. -Human-Robotic Partnerships.

Optimize Engineering for Science: -KISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid. -Start with what works: Luna/Apollo!! -Use 40 years of technology advance.

Train the next generation: -Develop bottom-up approach. -Scientists and engineers work together. -Work toward a legacy: Lasting results.

Science and Engineering Synergism: SES!

Staging the Landing Vehicle Brown-MIT SSERVI Apollo Heritage Mission Design Class • Findings: • 1. Increased downmass: 25-30% through carbon composites. • 2. Increased bandwith: WiMax. Excellent network and gets good data rate and more capability. Comm equipment drive power. • 3. Sensors: Flash lidar for rendezvous (provides visual). ALHAT system. • 4. GNC: MASS AND POWER; ELIMINATE RADAR RECOVER 60% OF POWER. • 5. Power-potential upgrades: Zinc air batteries. Fuel cells: definitely the way to go. Provides water source. Fork lift application caused development of smaller fuel cells. • 6. Life Support: Carbon fiber for cells. Lots of application in mines. Bulk of mass came from structure. Total of 25% savings for the nominal mission. • 7. Payload: How to break walkback requirement! LM lifeboat on Chariot. Recover from base. Updated is 56% of original LM mass. • 8. Staging during descent: Land with ascent stage only.

EQUiSat is a CubeSat Under Construction By Brown University Undergraduates

Management Review Board for Brown CubeSat student Team Co-Chaired by Jennifer Whitten and Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQUiSat Synthetic Biology: iGEM: International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition

NASA Ames: Dr. Lynn Rothschild -Brown University -Stanford University -Spelman College

How to optimize: -Up-mass constraints. -Human-robotic partnerships.

Examples: -Biobricks. -Biodgradable UAVs. Engage the Astronauts!!

Dos Equis

Kate Rubins-NASA Molecular and Cancer Biology

@Astro_Kate7 @NASA_Astronauts

"If you find something that you’re excited about and interested in, my advice to young women and young men? Do what you’re really interested in and what drives and motivates you"

Josh Cassada Victor Glover Tyler “Nick” Hague Christina Hammock NASA Astronaut Class of 2013-XXI-”The Eight Balls”

Nicole Mann Anne McClain Jessica Meir Andrew Morgan Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin

Most people Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum

Auguste Rodin The Thinker Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum Cultivate Creative Thinkers

Arthur C. Clarke Ray Bradbury Robert Heinlein Isaac Asimov Carl Sagan Cultivate Creative Thinkers Cultivate Creative Thinkers Cultivate Creative Thinkers

Stephen Hawking Elon Musk Craig Ventner Yuri Milner Phil Lubin

ChipSats to Starships

Photonic Propulsion Phil Lubin, Zac Manchester, Kerri Cahoy and many others! Sprite Spacecraft 1.0

Solar Cells DC-DC Power Converter

Energy Storage Radio Capacitor

Chip Antenna Microcontroller Sprite Spacecraft 2.0 KickSat Mission

Video Courtesy Ben Bishop NASA Vision 2050

“The road to the answer is the answer.” Hermann Hesse

Join In The Journey!