Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin James Head, Carle Pieters, David Scott, Brandon Johnson, Ross Potter: Brown Univ., Providence, RI USA Jeffrey Hoffman: MIT, Cambridge, MA USA Bernard Foing: ESA ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Lev Zelenyi, Igor Mitrofanov: Institute for Space Research, RAS, Moscow, Russia Mikhail Marov, Alexander Basilevsky, Mikhail Ivanov: Vernadsky Institute, RAS, Moscow, Russia Ralf Jaumann, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany Long Xiao: China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China Junichi Haruyama, Makiko Ohtake: ISAS, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan P. Senthil Kumar: CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad, India Oded Aharonson: Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Vision 2050: Space Science and Technology • Vision: Predicting the Future: Why is this so hard to do? – How do we foresee and plan for the future? – “Wasn’t the Future Wonderful?” – Evolution is a non-linear stochastic process! • Brown President’s Science Advisory Council: Ruth Simmons – 2009: What should Brown be doing in 25 years, in 2034? • What was it like 25 years earlier, in 1984: – Ronald Reagan was President. – No internet, no cell phones, no text messages, – No Twitter, no non-military GPS, – No real personal computing (Mac 128K in 1/84). – RDI Systems releases the Halycon laserdisk home console. • Don’t Engineer Details! Follow Major Trends, Plan the Environment! • The Tyranny of the “Space-Time Continuum”. Vision 2050: Space Science and Technology • Vision: Predicting the Future: Why is this so hard to do? – How do we foresee and plan for the future? – “Wasn’t the Future Wonderful?” – Evolution is a non-linear stochastic process! • Brown President’s Science Advisory Council: Ruth Simmons – 2009: What should Brown be doing in 25 years, in 2034? • What was it like 25 years earlier, in 1984: – Ronald Reagan was President. – No internet, no cell phones, no text messages, – No Twitter, no non-military GPS, – No real personal computing (Mac 128K in 1/84). – RDI Systems releases the Halycon laserdisk home console. • Don’t Engineer Details! Follow Major Trends, Plan the Environment! • The Tyranny of the “Space-Time Continuum”. What CAN we say in the short term? What are the “Megatrends”? • 1) National space exploration programs will continue: • 2) Different countries will have different capabilities: • 3) International cooperation is possible and plausible. • 4) Space is inspirational!! • 5) Collective and organic creativity is crucial. Diversity! • 6) The Moon is a destination where science and engineering synergism can be practiced daily. • 7) Lunar research results in a legacy of scientific accomplishment and advancement. Map to Fundamental Goals Toward 2050? • 1. Develop exploration infrastructure: Get rid of covered wagons! • 2. Encourage science and engineering synergism with a real destination. • 3. Be able reach the destination in the course of a graduate career: It’s the Moon! • 4. Engage youth and diversity: We would be fools to try to accomplish anything with WAY <<50% of the population? • 5. Define a series of exploration roles that individual countries and institutions can participate. • 6. Utilize Design Reference Missions (DRMs) for training. • 7. Have a set of fundamentally important scientific problems to address! Origin/Evolution of Orientale Basin. Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin 1. Solve significant scientific problems. 2. Optimize international potential. 3. Establish exploration infrastructure. 4. Develop human/robotic partnerships. 5. Provide a short-term training platform. 6. Establish science-engineering synergism. 7. Develop diverse all-inclusive workforce. 8. Develop game-changing technology. Apollo Lunar Exploration Program: Six Scientific Expeditions to the Moon Established the Moon as a Cornerstone for Solar System Science • 1. Crustal-mantle geometry/physical structure • 2. Crustal chemistry/mineralogy/petrology; • 3. Exogenic crustal modification by impacts; • 4. Chronology of crustal formation/evolution. Formation and Evolution of Planetary Crusts S. R. Taylor The Moon is a Laboratory for the Study of Primary and Secondary Crusts in Early Planetary History. Composition of the Ejecta from the Orientale Basin: Crust and Mantle (Fassett and Head, 2011, GRL) Ejecta Thickness (Isopach) Map of the Hevelius Formation Orientale Basin: Rings & Geologic Units -------- Hevelius Formation (Basin Ejecta Deposit) Feldspathic breccias; homogeneous, well-mixed. Cordillera Mountains: Feldspathic breccias; unweathered. Montes Rook Fm. (Knobby, Domical Deposit) Feldspathic breccias; some anorthosite blocks. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Outer Rook Mountains: Norites, noritic anorthosite and anorthosite; more crystalline blocks. Inner Rook Mountains: Massifs are crystalline anorthosite; discrete peaks and clusters of peaks. Maunder Formation (Basin Impact Melt Deposit) (Pieters et al., 2009, 2011; Red Dots (Inner Rook Mountains): Head et al., 2010, 2012; Cheek et al., 2012) Materials >~98% plagioclase (Cheek et al., 2012) Orientale Impact Melt Sea Maunder Formation (Basin Impact Melt Deposit) (Wilson and Head, 2010; Vaughan et al, 2011, 2012) Summary of Orientale Maria Samples Wide Range of Nearside Ages (Whitten et al., 2010) Human/Robotic Exploration Optimization Centers on Six Themes • I) Precursor (What do we need to know before we send humans?). • II) Context (What are the robotic mission requirements for final landing site selection and regional context for landing site results?). • III) Infrastructure/Operations (What specific robotic capabilities are required to optimize human scientific exploration performance?). • IV) Interpolation (How do we use robotic missions to interpolate between human traverses?). • V) Extrapolation (How do we use robotic missions to extrapolate beyond the human exploration radius?). • VI) Progeny (What targeted robotic successor missions might be sent to the region to follow up on discoveries during exploration and from post-campaign analysis?). Orientale Design Reference Missions (DRM) Regions of Interest (ROIs) ROI 1- Basin Rings-Crustal Structure ROI 2- ROI -3 Origin of Inner Rook Mountains ROI 3- ROI -2 ROI -1 Nature of Impact Melt Sea. Exploration of Planetary Crusts 2050: A Human/Robotic Exploration Design Reference Campaign to the Lunar Orientale Basin 1. Solve significant scientific problems. 2. Optimize international potential. 3. Establish exploration infrastructure. 4. Develop human/robotic partnerships. 5. Provide a short-term training platform. 6. Establish science-engineering synergism. 7. Develop diverse all-inclusive workforce. 8. Develop game-changing technology. Workforce Development: -Develop a diverse and all-inclusive workforce. -Science and Engineering Synergism (SES): Apollo Technology Development for 2050: We don’t know WHAT it will be, but we do know WHO will be doing it! • MIT-Brown HALO Mission: – Human Architecture for Lunar Operations • Brown CubeSat: Rick Fleeter • Synthetic Biology: IGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine): Lynn Rothschild, NASA Ames. • Engage NASA Astronauts: Apollo Lunar Exploration Program: Science and Engineering Synergism Six Scientific Expeditions to the Moon Established the Moon as a Cornerstone for Solar System Science Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott Dave Scott in the Lab Dave Scott in the Classroom Dave Scott on the Moon NASA Astronaut Jeff Hoffman: MIT Aero-Astro Resuming Human Exploration of the Moon: What Approach? What Architecture? Science and Engineering Synergism Determine Science Requirements: -Full lunar access: Poles, NS/FS. -Longer stay times: 7-14 days. -More payload to/from Moon. -More mobility on Moon. -More flexibility with robots. -Human-Robotic Partnerships. Optimize Engineering for Science: -KISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid. -Start with what works: Luna/Apollo!! -Use 40 years of technology advance. Train the next generation: -Develop bottom-up approach. -Scientists and engineers work together. -Work toward a legacy: Lasting results. Science and Engineering Synergism: SES! Staging the Landing Vehicle Brown-MIT SSERVI Apollo Heritage Mission Design Class • Findings: • 1. Increased downmass: 25-30% through carbon composites. • 2. Increased bandwith: WiMax. Excellent network and gets good data rate and more capability. Comm equipment drive power. • 3. Sensors: Flash lidar for rendezvous (provides visual). ALHAT system. • 4. GNC: MASS AND POWER; ELIMINATE RADAR RECOVER 60% OF POWER. • 5. Power-potential upgrades: Zinc air batteries. Fuel cells: definitely the way to go. Provides water source. Fork lift application caused development of smaller fuel cells. • 6. Life Support: Carbon fiber for cells. Lots of application in mines. Bulk of mass came from structure. Total of 25% savings for the nominal mission. • 7. Payload: How to break walkback requirement! LM lifeboat on Chariot. Recover from base. Updated is 56% of original LM mass. • 8. Staging during descent: Land with ascent stage only. EQUiSat is a CubeSat Under Construction By Brown University Undergraduates Management Review Board for Brown CubeSat student Team Co-Chaired by Jennifer Whitten and Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQUiSat Synthetic Biology: iGEM: International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition NASA Ames: Dr. Lynn Rothschild -Brown University -Stanford University -Spelman College How to optimize: -Up-mass constraints. -Human-robotic partnerships.