Fire Suppressionnot for SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

■ Describe the tactics used to suppress basement fi res. Knowledge Objectives ( NFPA 5.3.10, 5.3.10.A, 5.3.10.B , p 692) © Jones After & studying Bartlett this Learning, chapter, you will LLC be able to: © Jones■ Describe & Bartlett the tactics Learning,used to suppress LLC fi res above ground level. ( NFPA 5.3.10, 5.3.10.A, 5.3.10.B , p 692–693) NOT FOR■ Describe SALE the OR objectives DISTRIBUTION of an offensive attack. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in large ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 680–681) buildings. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 694) ■ Describe the operations performed during an offensive ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in buildings under attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 680–681) construction, renovation, or demolition. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 694) ■ Describe the objectives of a defensive attack. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in lumberyards. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 680–681) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ( NFPA 5.3.8A , p 694) ■ Describe the operations performed during a defensive NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION■ Describe the tactics used to suppressNOT FOR fi res in SALE stacked orOR DISTRIBUTION attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 680–681) piled materials. ( NFPA 5.3.8, 5.3.8.A , p 694–695) ■ Describe the characteristics of a fog stream. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in trash ( NFPA 5.3.8 , p 682) containers. ( NFPA 5.3.8 , p 695) ■ Describe the characteristics of a straight stream. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in confi ned ( NFPA 5.3.8 , p 682) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC spaces. ( NFPA© Jones5.3.8.A , p 695–696) & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Describe the characteristics of a solid stream. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in vehicles. ( NFPA 5.3.8NOT, p 682) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ( NPFA 5.3.7 , p 696–697) ■ Describe the objectives of an interior fi re attack. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in alternative-fuel ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 682–683) vehicles. ( NPFA 5.3.7.A , p 697) ■ Describe the objectives of a direct attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 683) ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in the passenger ■ Describe the objectives of an indirect attack. compartment of a vehicle. ( NPFA 5.3.7 , p 697) ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 683–684) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones■ Describe & Bartlett the tactics Learning,used to suppress LLC fi res in the engine ■ Describe the objectives of a combination attack. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORcompartment SALE of OR a vehicle. DISTRIBUTION ( NPFA 5.3.7.A , p 698) ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 684) ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res in the trunk of a ■ Describe the techniques used to advance a large handline. vehicle. ( NPFA 5.3.7.A , p 698) ( NFPA 5.3.1.A , p 684–687) ■ Describe how to overhaul a vehicle fi re. ( NPFA 5.3.7.A , p 698) ■ Describe the characteristics of a master stream device. ■ Describe the hazards presented by fl ammable-liquid fi res. ( NFPA 5.3.8.A , p 687–688) ( NFPA 5.3.7 , p 698–699) ■ Describe the characteristics© ofJones a deck gun. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fl ammable-liquid fi res. ( NFPA 5.3.8.A , p 688–689) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ( NFPA 5.3.7 , p 698–699) ■ Describe the characteristics of a portable monitor. ■ Discuss when gas service should be shut off. ( NFPA 5.3.8.A , p 689) ( NFPA 5.3.18, 5.3.18A , p 701) ■ Describe the characteristics of elevated master streams. ■ Describe when the electrical system should be shut off. ( NFPA 5.3.8.A , p 689–690) ( NFPA 5.3.18, 5.3.18A , p 701) ■ Describe the tactics used to protect exposures. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Describe the© hazardsJones posed & Bartlett by electrical Learning, fi res. LLC ( NFPA 5.3.10.A , p 690) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ( NFPA 5.3.18.ANOT, p 701–702) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Describe the characteristics of concealed-space fi res. ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress an electrical ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 690–692) fi re. ( p 701–702) ■ Describe the characteristics of basement fi res. ( NFPA 5.3.10 , p 692) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION22 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

■ Describe the characteristics of a solid stream. Skills Objectives ( NFPA 6.3.2A , p 682) © Jones & After Bartlett studying Learning, this chapter, you LLC will be able to perform the © Jones■ Describe & Bartlett the objectives Learning, of an interior LLC fi re attack. NOT FOR followingSALE ORskills: DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR( NFPA SALE 6.3.2B , pOR 682–683) DISTRIBUTION ■ Describe the objectives of a direct attack. (NFPA 6.3.2B , p 683) ■ Perform a direct attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10.B , p 683) ■ Describe the objectives of an indirect attack. ■ Perform an indirect attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10.B , p 684) ( NFPA 6.3.2B , p 683–684) ■ Perform a combination attack. ( NFPA 5.3.10.B , p 684) ■ Describe the objectives of a combination attack. ■ Perform the one-fi re fi ghter method for operating a large ( NFPA 6.3.2B , p 684) handline. ( NFPA 5.3.8.B©, pJones 685–686) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Explain how ventilation is coordinated with fi re suppression ■ Perform the two-fi re fi ghter method for operating a large NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoperations. ( NFPA 6.3.2 , p 690)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION handline. ( NFPA 5.3.8.B , p 685–687) ■ Describe the characteristics of concealed-space fi res. ■ Operate a deck gun. ( NFPA 5.3.8.B , p 688–689) ( NFPA 6.3.2 , p 690, 692) ■ Deploy and operate a portable monitor. ( NFPA 5.3.8.B , p 689) ■ Describe the characteristics of basement fi res. ■ Locate and suppress concealed-space fi res. ( NFPA 6.3.2 , p 692) ( NFPA 5.3.8.B , p 692) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Describe© theJones tactics used& Bartlett to suppress Learning, basement fi res. LLC ■ Extinguish an outside trash fi re or other outside Class A fi re. ( NFPA 6.3.2,B , p 692) ( NOTNFPA 5.3.8.B FOR, p 695) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fi res above ground level. ■ Extinguish a vehicle fi re. ( NPFA 5.3.7.B , p 697) ( NFPA 6.3.2,B , p 692–693) ■ Shut off gas utilities. ( NFPA 5.3.18.B , p 701) ■ Describe the characteristics of fl ammable-gas cylinders. ■ Control the electric utility system. ( NFPA 5.3.18.B , p 701) ( NFPA 6.3.3A , p 699–700) ■ Describe the hazards presented by fl ammable-gas fi res. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones( &NFPA Bartlett 6.3.3A , p 699–700) Learning, LLC NOT FORFire SALE Fighter OR DISTRIBUTION II FFII NOT FOR■ Describe SALE a boiling OR DISTRIBUTIONliquid/expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). ( NFPA 6.3.3A , p 700) ■ Describe the tactics used to suppress fl ammable-gas fi res. Knowledge Objectives ( NFPA 6.3.3, 6.3.3A , p 700–701) After studying this chapter, you will be able to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ List the factors that the incident commander evaluates when Skills Objectives determining whether NOTto perform FOR a defensive SALE attack OR orDISTRIBUTION an NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION offensive attack. ( NFPA 6.3.2 , p 681) After studying this chapter, you will be able to perform the ■ Describe the characteristics of a fog stream. following skills: ( NFPA 6.3.2A , p 682) ■ Coordinate an interior attack. (NFPA 6.3.2.B , p 683) ■ Describe the characteristics zof a straight stream. ■ Suppress a fl ammable-gas cylinder fi re. ( NFPA 6.3.3.B , ( NFPA© Jones 6.3.2A , p 682) & Bartlett Learning, LLC p 700–701)© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 679 15/11/12 2:42 PM © Jones You & Bartlett Are the Learning, Fire LLC Fighter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION his is it—your fi rst night at the fi re station. You lie in your bed wide awake, just hoping for a call. Just past midnight, the alarm sounds for a fi re in a house. You slide down the pole Tand quickly slip on your turnout gear before climbing into the cab. Your heart is racing as the other© Jones crew members & Bartlett mount Learning, the apparatus LLC like it is just another day at the© offi Jones ce. As you & Bartlettget close to Learning, the LLC scene, youNOT can FORsee the SALE orange glow:OR DISTRIBUTIONThe incident is a working fi re. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1. What is the difference between an offensive attack and a defensive attack? 2. When would you use an indirect attack rather than a direct attack? 3. Which© Jonestype of nozzle & Bartlett would you Learning, use for an indirect LLC attack? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Introduction Offensive operations expose fi re fi ghters to the heat and smoke of the fi re inside the building as well as to several other risk factors, such as the possibility of being trapped by a struc- © Jones The &term Bartlett “fi re suppression” Learning, refers LLC to all of the tactics and tasks © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that are performed on the fi re scene to achieve the fi nal goal of tural collapse. The objective in an offensive operation is for fi re NOT FORextinguishing SALE theOR fi re.DISTRIBUTION Fire suppression can be accomplished NOTfi ghters FOR to SALE get close OR enough DISTRIBUTION to the fi re to apply extinguishing through a variety of methods that will stop the combustion agents at close range. This allows the extinguishing agent to be process. All of these methods involve removal of one of the applied directly where it is needed to overpower the fi re. When four components of the fi re tetrahedron—that is, a fi re can an offensive attack is successful, the fi re can be controlled with the least amount of property damage. be extinguished by removing© the Jones oxygen, & the Bartlett fuel, or theLearning, heat LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC from the combustion process; interrupting the chemical chain An offensive strategy is used in situations where the fi re reactions will also stop the combustionNOT FOR process SALE and OR extinguish DISTRIBUTION is not too large or too dangerousNOT to be FORextinguished SALE by OR apply- DISTRIBUTION the fi re. ing water from interior handlines. Small handlines (1½- or This chapter presents the methods that fi re fi ghters most 1¾-inch [38- or 45-mm] lines) are used for most interior fi re frequently use to extinguish fi res. The apparatus and equip- attack operations. Large handlines (2½-inch [65-mm] lines) are often used to conduct an interior attack on a large fi re. ment employed© Jones by most & fi Bartlettre departments Learning, are designed LLC to apply © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC large volumes of water to a fi re in an attempt to cool the fuel Although they are much heavier and more diffi cult to maneu- below itsNOT ignition FOR temperature. SALE OR Although DISTRIBUTION fi re departments ver inside a buildingNOT FOR than their SALE smaller-diameter OR DISTRIBUTION counterparts, typically deploy a variety of extinguishing agents for differ- the volume of fi re may require the use of these larger-diameter ent situations, water is used more often than any other agent. hoses. Water is a very effective extinguishing agent for many different Large handlines and master streams are more often used types of fi res, because tremendous quantities of heat energy are in defensive operations. A defensive strategy is used in situa- © Jonesrequired & Bartlett to convert Learning, water into steam. LLC When water is applied © Jonestions where & Bartlett the fi re is tooLearning, large to be controlledLLC by an offensive NOT FORto a fi re,SALE all of theOR heat DISTRIBUTION that is used to create steam is removed NOTattack FOR and SALE in situations OR DISTRIBUTION where the level of risk to fi re fi ght- from the combustion process. If a suffi cient quantity of water ers conducting an interior attack would be unacceptable. The is applied, the fuel is cooled below its ignition temperature and primary objective in a defensive operation is to prevent the the fi re is extinguished. fi re from spreading. Thus water is directed into the building through doorways, windows, and openings in roofs, or onto © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC FIRE FIGHTER Tips exposures to keep the fi re from spreading. During this type NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof fi re suppression operation, fi NOTre fi ghters FOR remain SALE outside OR the DISTRIBUTION building and operate from safe positions. While fi re suppression operations are ongoing, a variety of The decision whether to conduct offensive or defensive other activities will be occurring simultaneously. All fi refi ghting operations must be made by the incident commander (IC) at activities are important because successful fi refi ghting requires the beginning of each fi re suppression operation and is peri- a team effort and coordinated attack. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC odically reevaluated© Jones throughout & Bartlett the incident. Learning, This decisionLLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION must be madeNOT before FOR operations SALE begin OR andDISTRIBUTION must be clearly Offensive Versus Defensive Operations communicated and understood by everyone who is involved in the operation. There is no room for confusion: It would be All fi re suppression operations are classifi ed as either offen- an extremely dangerous situation if one group of fi re fi ghters sive or defensive. When fi re fi ghters advance hose lines into initiated defensive operations while another group of fi re fi ght- © Jonesa building & Bartlett to attack Learning, a fi re, the strategyLLC is offensive. By con- © Jonesers was conducting& Bartlett an Learning,offensive attack LLC inside the building. NOT FORtrast, defensiveSALE ORoperations DISTRIBUTION are conducted from the exterior, by NOT FOR If the SALE decision OR is made DISTRIBUTION to switch from offensive to defen- directing water streams toward the fi re from a safe distance. sive strategy, or from defensive to offensive strategy, at any

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■ Is this building made of lightweight construction? point during an operation, this change must be clearly com-© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones municated& Bartlett and Learning, understood byLLC all fi re fi ghters. A change from ■ Are there any lives at risk? NOT FORoffensive SALE to OR defensive DISTRIBUTION operations could be warranted if an inte-NOT FOR ■SALE Does the OR size DISTRIBUTION of the fi re prohibit entry? rior attack is unsuccessful or if the risk factors are determined ■ Are enough fi re fi ghters on the scene to mount an inte- FIRE FIGHTER II to be too great to justify having fi re fi ghters work inside the rior attack? (Remember the two-in/two-out rule.) building. Sometimes the strategy switches from defensive to ■ Is an adequate water supply available? ■ Can proper ventilation be carried out to support offen- offensive after an exterior© attackJones has &reduced Bartlett the volume Learning, of fi re LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC inside a building to the point at which fi re fi ghters can enter sive operations? and complete extinguishmentsNOT FOR with SALEhandlines. OR An DISTRIBUTION offensive After sizing up the situation,NOT theFOR IC must SALE determine OR DISTRIBUTION which fi re attack requires well-planned coordination among crews type of attack is appropriate. As a new fi re fi ghter, you are not performing different tasks, such as ventilating, operating hose responsible for determining the type of fi re attack that will be lines, and conducting aggressive search and rescue. used. Nevertheless, you should understand the various factors that go into making these decisions and recognize why the IC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC orders different© Jones types &of fiBartlett re attacks Learning,for different types LLC of fi res. Fire NOT Fighter FOR Safety SALE Tips OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Operating Hose Lines Some of the most basic skills that must be mastered by every fi re fi ghter involve the use of hose lines to apply water onto © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesa fi re.& BartlettPut simply, Learning, a fi re fi ghter LLCmust be able to advance and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORoperate SALE a hose OR line DISTRIBUTIONeffectively to extinguish a fi re. The proper A defensive strategy should be implemented when the operation of a hose line is also essential to protect yourself, IC determines that it would be impossible to enter the burn- your crew, and any trapped victims from the fi re. Fire attack ing building and control the fi re with handlines, as well as in operations are often conducted under extremely stressful con- situations where the risk of injury to or death of a fi re fi ghter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCditions, including high heat© conditions, Jones & limited Bartlett or zero Learning, visibil- LLC is excessive. A defensive operation involves the use of large- ity, and unfamiliar surroundings. Care should be taken not to diameter hoses and masterNOT stream FOR devices SALE from OR the DISTRIBUTIONexterior of have opposing hose lines, NOTsuch thatFOR two SALE crews areOR working DISTRIBUTION the structure in an attempt to confi ne the fi re. Exposure pro- “against” each other. tection should be a high priority during a defensive operation. Fire fi ghters must learn how to operate both large and small handlines, as well as master stream appliances. Small Fire © Fighter Jones Safety & Bartlett Tips Learning, LLC handlines© can Jones be as large & Bartlett as 2 inches Learning, (50 mm) in diameter. LLC The most frequently used size for interior fi re attack is 1¾-inch NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (45 mm)NOT handlines. FOR Although SALE one OR fi re DISTRIBUTION fi ghter can usually operate the nozzle on a small hose line, a second fi re fi ghter will provide valuable assistance when a small hose line must be advanced and maneuvered. Fire Fighter Safety Tips Large handlines are defi ned as hoses that are at least 2½ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesinches & Bartlett(65 mm) inLearning, diameter. Because LLC water can fl ow through NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORthese SALEhoses at aOR rate DISTRIBUTIONof more than 250 gallons per minute (gpm) (1136 liters per minute [lpm]), large handlines are heavier and less maneuverable than smaller lines. At least two fi re fi ghters are required to advance and control a large handline, although one ■ Command Considerations fi re fi ghter can control a large handline if it is fi rmly anchored. The IC must evaluate ©a Joneswhole range & Bartlett of factors Learning, to decide LLCThis task can be accomplished© Jones by utilizing & Bartlett a webbing Learning,strap or LLC whether an offensive strategyNOT FOR(interior SALE attack) OR or a DISTRIBUTION defensive by looping the line and sittingNOT down FOR on it SALEFIGURE 22-1 OR. DISTRIBUTION

FIRE FIGHTER II strategy (exterior attack) should be used at a particular fi re. Master streams are used when large quantities of water are If the risk factors are too great, an exterior attack is the only needed to control a large fi re. Such a stream can deliver water at acceptable option. If the decision is made to launch an interior a rate of at least 350 gpm (1591 lpm), and some master stream attack, the IC must determine where and how to attack, after devices can fl ow more than 2000 gpm (9092 lpm). The most considering© Jones both &safety Bartlett issues andLearning, the potential LLC effectiveness commonly© usedJones master & Bartlettstream devices Learning, deliver fl owsLLC between of theNOT operation. FOR The SALE factors OR to be DISTRIBUTION evaluated when considering 350 (1591)NOT and FOR 1500 (6819)SALE gpm/lpm. OR DISTRIBUTION Master stream devices whether to enter the structure to mount an attack include the are operated from a fi xed position—either on the ground, on top following: of a piece of fi re apparatus, or on an aerial ladder or elevated plat- ■ What are the risks versus the potential benefi ts? form. They are typically used for defensive operations, although ■ Is it safe to send fi re fi ghters into the building? Do not master streams can also be used to “blitz” a fi re before begin- © Jones & Bartlettrisk fi reLearning, fi ghters’ lives LLC to retrieve the dead or save© a Jones ning & an Bartlett offensive Learning,attack. This fi reLLC suppression method knocks NOT FOR SALEbuilding OR DISTRIBUTION about to be demolished. NOT FORthe main SALE body OR of fi re DISTRIBUTION down with a heavy stream; crews can then ■ What are the structural concerns? stretch handlines into the site and extinguish the remaining fi re.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 681 15/11/12 2:42 PM 682 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

wide fog pattern, depending on the reach that is required and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Joneshow the & stream Bartlett will be Learning, used. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORA straight SALE stream OR hasDISTRIBUTION a greater reach than a fog stream, so it can hit the fi re from farther away. A straight stream also keeps the water concentrated in a small area, so it can penetrate through a hot atmosphere to reach and cool the burn- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, ingLLC materials. To produce a straight© Jones stream, the& Bartlett fi re fi ghter Learning,sets LLC the adjustable nozzle to the narrowest pattern it can discharge. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThis type of stream is made up ofNOT a highly FOR concentrated SALE OR pattern DISTRIBUTION of droplets that are all discharged in the same direction. A solid stream is produced by a smooth-bore nozzle FIGURE 22-3 . A solid stream has a greater reach and penetrat- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ing power than© aJones straight &stream, Bartlett because Learning, it is discharged LLC as a continuous column of water. FIGURENOT 22-1 OneFOR fi re fiSALE ghter can ORcontrol DISTRIBUTION a large handline if it NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION is fi rmly anchored. This task can be accomplished by utilizing a webbing strap or by looping the line and sitting down on it.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ NOT FOR Fire SALE Streams OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSolid Stream Different types of fi re streams are produced by using different types of nozzles. As described in the Fire Attack and Foam FIGURE 22-3 A solid stream is produced by a smooth-bore chapter, the nozzle defi nes the pattern and form of the water nozzle. that is discharged onto the fi re. A fi re stream can be produced with a smooth-bore nozzle© Jones or an adjustable& Bartlett nozzle. Learning, Fire LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC department policies and standardNOT operating FOR SALE procedures OR (SOPs) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION usually dictate the types of nozzles that are used with differ- One consideration when selecting and operating nozzles ent types of hose lines. The nozzle operator must know which is the amount of air that is moved along with the water. A fog type of nozzle should be used in the specifi c situation at hand. stream naturally moves a large quantity of air along with the When an adjustable nozzle is used, the nozzle operator must mass of water droplets. This air fl ows into the fi re area along know how© toJones set the &discharge Bartlett pattern Learning, to produce LLC different © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC with the water. When this air movement is combined with kinds of streams. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION steam productionNOT as FOR the water SALE droplets OR DISTRIBUTIONencounter a heated The fi rst major distinction in nozzle discharge patterns is atmosphere, the thermal balance is likely to be disrupted between a fog stream and a straight stream FIGURE 22-2 . A fog quickly. In such a case, the hot fi re gases and steam may be stream divides water into droplets, which have a very large displaced back toward the nozzle operator. Straight and solid surface area and can absorb heat effi ciently. When heat levels streams move little air in comparison with a fog stream, so in a building need to be lowered quickly, a combination of ven- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesfewer concerns & Bartlett with displacement Learning, and LLC disruption of the ther- tilation and a fog stream may be the fi re suppression method NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTmal FOR balance SALE arise whenOR DISTRIBUTIONthese types of streams are used for fi re of choice. A fog stream can also be used to protect fi re fi ghters suppression. from the heat of a large fi re. Most adjustable nozzles can be When applied correctly, the air movement created by a fog adjusted from a straight stream, to a narrow fog pattern, to a stream can be used for ventilation. Discharging a fog stream out through a window or doorway, for example, will draw © Jones & Bartlett Learning,smoke LLC and heat out in the same ©manner Jones as an & exhaust Bartlett fan. ThisLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoperation must be performed carefullyNOT FOR to prevent SALE accidentally OR DISTRIBUTION drawing hidden fi re toward the nozzle operator. The use of a water stream to provide ventilation is called hydraulic ventilation and is discussed further in the Ventilation chapter. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Interior ©Fire Jones Attack & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION An interior fi NOTre attack FOR is an SALE offensive OR operation DISTRIBUTION that requires fi re fi ghters to enter a building and discharge an extinguishing agent (usually water) onto the fi re. An interior structure fi re is a fi re that occurs inside a building or structure. Its fuel could be the contents of the building, or the structure itself might be © Jones &FIGURE Bartlett 22-2 A straightLearning, stream and LLC a fog stream are both © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC produced using a fog nozzle. burning. The larger the fi re, the greater the challenge in sup- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTpressing FOR it,SALE and the OR more DISTRIBUTION ominous the risks that are involved in interior fi re suppression.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 682 15/11/12 2:42 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 683

Interior fi re attack can be conducted on many different © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &1 Bartlett Exit the Learning,fi re apparatus LLC wearing full PPE, including scales. In many cases, such an attack is geared toward a fi re SCBA. NOT FORthat SALE is burning OR inDISTRIBUTION only one room; this kind of fi re may be con-NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Select the proper hose line to fi ght the fi re based on trolled quickly by one attack hose line. Larger fi res require the fi re’s size, location, and type. more water, which could be provided by two or more small 3 Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the entry handlines working together or by one or more larger hand- point of the structure. Flake out excess hose in front lines. Fires that involve multiple rooms, large spaces, or con- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of the door. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cealed spaces are more complicated and require more extensive coordination; nevertheless,NOT the FOR basic SALEtechniques OR for DISTRIBUTION attacking 4 Don a face piece andNOT activate FOR the SALE SCBA andOR personal DISTRIBUTION these fi res are similar to the techniques used when extinguish- alert safety system (PASS) device prior to entering the ing smaller fi res. building. As a trained Fire Fighter II, you should be able to under- 5 Signal the pump operator/driver that you are ready for water. stand ©and Jones coordinate & Bartlett an interior Learning, fi re attack. To LLC coordinate an © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC interior attack, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 22-1 (Fire Fighter 6 Open the nozzle to purge air from the system and II, NFPANOT 6.3.2): FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION makeNOT sure FOR water SALE is fl owing. OR DISTRIBUTION FIRE FIGHTER II 1 Don full personal protective equipment (PPE), 7 Make sure that ventilation is completed or in progress. including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). 8 Enter into the structure and locate the seat of the fi re. Enter the personnel accountability system, and pro- 9 Apply water in either a straight or solid stream onto ceed to work as a team. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlettthe base Learning,of the fi re until LLC all visible fl ame has been 2 NOT FOR SALE Perform OR DISTRIBUTION size-up and give an arrival report. Call NOTfor FOR SALEextinguished. OR DISTRIBUTION additional resources if needed. 10 Watch for changes in fi re conditions. 3 Ensure that an adequate water supply and backup 11 Shut down the nozzle and listen. resources are available. 12 Locate and extinguish hot spots. 4 Select the appropriate attack technique. 5 Communicate ©the Jones attack technique & Bartlett to the Learning, team. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 6 Maintain constantNOT team FOR coordination. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7 Evaluate conditions on an ongoing basis. 8 Communicate and manage search, rescue, and ventilation requirements. ©9 JonesReport hazards. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 10NOT Inform FOR incident SALE command OR DISTRIBUTION of changing conditions. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 11 Assess burn patterns to determine the fi re’s origin. 12 Preserve signs of the fi re’s origin, cause, and arson. 13 Ensure complete extinguishment of fi re during overhaul. 14 © Jones & Bartlett Exit theLearning, hazard area, LLC account for all members of the© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC team, and report to incident command. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Direct attack and indirect attack are two different meth- FIGURE 22-4 In a direct attack, a straight or solid hose stream is ods of discharging water onto a fi re. A combination attack is used to deliver water directly onto the base of the fi re. performed in two stages, beginning with an indirect attack and then continuing with a direct attack. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Indirect Attack © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Indirect application of water is used in situations where the Fire Fighter Safety NOTTips FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtemperature is increasing NOTand it FORappears SALE that the OR room DISTRIBUTION or space is ready to fl ash over. With this fi re suppression method, the fi re fi ghter aims a short burst of water at the ceiling to cool the superheated gases in the upper levels of the room or © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC space. This© Jonesaction can & prevent Bartlett or delay Learning, fl ashover longLLC enough for fi re fi ghters to apply water directly to the seat of the fi re or DirectNOT Attack FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to make NOTa safe exit.FOR Follow SALE your OR department’s DISTRIBUTION SOPs regarding The most effective means of fi re suppression in most situations the application of water. is a direct attack . This kind of attack uses a straight or solid The objective of an indirect attack is to quickly remove hose stream to deliver water directly onto the base of the fi re as much heat as possible from the fi re atmosphere. An indi- © Jones &FIGURE Bartlett 22-4 . The Learning, water cools LLC the fuel until it is below its igni-© Jonesrect & attack Bartlett is particularly Learning, effective LLC at preventing fl ashover tion temperature. Water should be applied until fl ame is no from occurring. This method of fi re suppression should be NOT FORlonger SALE visible. OR ToDISTRIBUTION perform a direct attack, follow the stepsNOT in FORused SALEwhen a fi ORre has DISTRIBUTION produced a layer of hot gases at the ceil- SKILL DRILL 22-2 (Fire Fighter I, NFPA 5.3.10): ing level. When water is injected into the hot fi re gases, it is

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 683 15/11/12 2:42 PM 684 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

converted to steam, absorbing tremendous quantities of heat © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones6 &Open Bartlett the nozzle Learning, and make LLC sure that air is purged in the process. The atmosphere cools quickly down to 212°F from the hose line and that water is fl owing. If using NOT FOR(100°C), SALE the boiling OR DISTRIBUTIONpoint of water. In this way, heat—which NOT FOR aSALE fog nozzle, OR ensure DISTRIBUTION that it is set to the proper nozzle is used to convert the water to steam—is removed from the pattern for entry. Shut down the nozzle until you are combustion process. in a position to apply water. Fire fi ghters can make an indirect attack by using a straight 7 Advance with a charged hose line to the location stream, a solid stream, or a narrow© Jones fog stream. & Bartlett With this Learning, strat- LLC where you will apply water.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC egy, they direct their water toward the ceiling of the intensely 8 Direct the water stream toward the upper levels of the heated area where the hot NOTgases areFOR layered, SALE so asOR to DISTRIBUTIONcreate NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION room and ceiling into the heated area overhead, and steam FIGURE 22-5 . This practice is often referred to as “paint- move the stream back and forth. Flow water until the ing the ceiling” with the water stream. The water is distributed room begins to darken. Shut the nozzle off, and reas- over a large surface area so that it will absorb heat as quickly as sess the fi re conditions. possible. Once the temperature has been reduced and the area © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 9 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC has been properly ventilated, fi re fi ghters can switch to a direct Watch for changes and a reduction in the amount of attack to completeNOT FOR extinguishment. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION fi re. NOTOnce the FOR fi re isSALE reduced, OR shut DISTRIBUTION down the nozzle. 10 Confi rm that ventilation has been completed. 11 Attack any remaining fi re and hot spots until the fi re is completely extinguished. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Combination & Bartlett Attack Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTA combination FOR SALE attack OR employs DISTRIBUTION both indirect attack and direct attack methods in a sequential manner. This strategy should be used when a room’s interior has been heated to the point that it is nearing a fl ashover condition. Fire fi ghters should fi rst use an indirect attack method to cool the fi re gases down to safer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, temperaturesLLC and prevent fl ashover© Jones from occurring. & Bartlett This oper- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONation is followed with a direct attackNOT on FOR the main SALE body OR of fi re.DISTRIBUTION In a combination attack, the fi re fi ghter who is operating the nozzle should be given plenty of space to maneuver. Only enough water as is needed to control the fi re should be used, so as to avoid unnecessary water damage. FIGURE 22-5 In an indirect attack, fi re fi ghters direct a fog stream at the ceiling© Jones of the intensely & Bartlett heated area Learning, so as to create LLCsteam. To perform© Jones a combination & Bartlett attack, Learning, follow the stepsLLC in NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SKILL DRILL 22-4NOT (Fire FORFighter SALE I, NFPA OR 5.3.10): DISTRIBUTION 1 Don full PPE and SCBA. Select the correct hose line to accomplish the suppression task at hand. As soon as enough steam has been produced to reduce 2 Stretch the hose line to the entry point of the struc- the fi re, the fi re stream should be shut down so that the ther- ture, and signal the operator/driver that you are ready © Jonesmal &layering Bartlett of the Learning, superheated LLC gases is disturbed as little © Jones &to Bartlettreceive water. Learning, LLC as possible. When water is converted to gaseous steam, it NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR3 OpenSALE the ORnozzle DISTRIBUTION to get the air out and make sure that expands to occupy a volume 1700 times greater than the vol- water is fl owing. ume of an equivalent amount of liquid water. This expansion 4 tends to displace the hot gases that were near the ceiling and Enter the structure, and locate the room or area where push them down toward the fl oor. The resulting mixture of the fi re originated. steam and hot gases is capable© Jonesof causing & serious Bartlett steam Learning, burns LLC5 Aim the nozzle at the upper-left© Jones corner & Bartlett of the fi re Learning,and LLC make either a “T,” “O,” or “Z” pattern with the nozzle. Start to fi re fi ghters, even those whoNOT are FORwearing SALE PPE. Serious OR DISTRIBUTION inju- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ries can occur if fi re fi ghters put too much water into the high and then work the pattern down to the fi re level. upper atmosphere and the hot gases are forced down on top 6 Use only enough water to darken down the fi re with- of them. out upsetting the thermal layering. To perform an indirect attack, follow the steps in 7 Once the fi re has been reduced, fi nd the remaining SKILL DRILL ©22-3 Jones (Fire Fighter & Bartlett I, NFPA Learning,5.3.10): LLC hot ©spots Jones and complete & Bartlett fi re extinguishment Learning, LLCusing a 1 ExitNOT the FOR fi re apparatus SALE ORwearing DISTRIBUTION full PPE, including directNOT attack. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SCBA. 2 Select the correct hose line to be used to attack the fi re ■ Large Handlines depending on the type of fi re, its location, and its size. Large handlines can be used either for offensive fi re attacks 3 Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the opening © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesor for defensive & Bartlett operations. Learning, In an offensive LLC attack situation, a in the structure where the indirect attack will be made. 2½-inch (65 mm) attack line can be advanced into a building NOT FOR4 SALE Don aOR face DISTRIBUTIONpiece, and activate the SCBA and PASS NOTto applyFOR a SALEheavy stream OR ofDISTRIBUTION water onto a large volume of fi re. The device. same direct and indirect attack techniques that were described 5 Notify the operator/driver that you are ready for water. for small hose lines can also be used with large handlines. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 684 15/11/12 2:42 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 685

water stream for a long period of time. Although this method © Jones &Fire Bartlett Fighter Learning, Safety Tips LLC © Jonesdoes & not Bartlett allow the Learning, hose to be moved LLC while water is fl owing, it NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORis a good SALE choice OR for DISTRIBUTIONprotecting exposures when fi re fi ghters are operating in a defensive attack mode.

■ To perform the one-fi re fi ghter method for operating a SKILL DRILL 22-5 ■ large handline, follow the steps in : 1 Select the correct size of fi re hose for the task to be ■ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ performed. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ While wearing full PPE and SCBA, advance the hose into the position from which you plan to attack the fi re 3 Signal the pump operator that you are ready for water. ■ 4 Open the nozzle to allow air to escape the hose and to ■ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©ensure Jones that water& Bartlett is fl owing. Learning, LLC ■ NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5 Close NOT the FOR nozzle SALE and then OR make DISTRIBUTION a loop with the hose, ensuring that the nozzle is under the hose line that is coming from the fi re apparatus. (STEP 1 ) 6 Lash the hose sections together where they cross, or FIRE FIGHTER Tips use your body weight to kneel or sit on the hose line © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlettat the point Learning, where the hoseLLC crosses itself. (STEP 2 ) NOT FOR WhenSALE using OR an DISTRIBUTIONindirect or combination attack, watch for drop-NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7 Allow enough hose to extend past the section where lets of water raining down; they indicate lowered ceiling tem- the line crosses itself for maneuverability. (STEP 3 ) peratures. If no droplets fall, the ceiling is still too hot. 8 Open the nozzle and direct water onto the designated area. (STEP 4 ) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC A 2½-inch (65 mm) handline can overwhelm a substantial Two-Fire Fighter Method interior fi re if it can beNOT discharged FOR directly SALE into OR the DISTRIBUTION involved When two fi re fi ghters are availableNOT FOR to operate SALE a large OR handline, DISTRIBUTION area. The extra reach of the stream can also prove valuable one should act as the nozzle operator, while the other serves as when making an interior attack in a large building. a backup. The nozzle operator grasps the nozzle with one hand It is more diffi cult for fi re fi ghters to advance and maneuver and holds the hose behind the nozzle with the other hand. The a large handline inside a building, particularly in tight quarters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hose should© Jones be cradled & Bartlettacross the fiLearning, re fi ghter’s hip LLC for added or around corners. At least three team members are usually stability. The backup fi re fi ghter should be positioned approxi- neededNOT to advance FOR andSALE maneuver OR aDISTRIBUTION 2½-inch (65 mm) handline mately 3 NOTfeet (0.9 FOR m) behind SALE the OR nozzle DISTRIBUTION operator. This person inside a building. These fi re fi ghters must contend with the grasps the hose with both hands and holds the hose against a leg nozzle reaction force as well as the combined weight of the or hip. The backup fi re fi ghter can also use a hose strap to main- hose and the water. In situations where the hose line must be tain a better hand grip on a large handline. When the line is advanced over a considerable distance into a building, addi- operated from a fi xed position, the second fi re fi ghter can kneel © Jones &tional Bartlett fi re fi ghters Learning, will be required LLC to move the line. The extra© Joneson the& Bartletthose with oneLearning, knee to stabilize LLC it against the ground. NOT FOReffort SALE required OR toDISTRIBUTION deploy such a line, however, is balanced NOTby FOR ToSALE perform OR the DISTRIBUTION two-fi re fi ghter method for operating a the powerful fi re suppression capabilities of a large handline. large handline, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 22-6 : Large handlines are often used in defensive situations to 1 Don all PPE and SCBA. direct a heavy stream of water onto a fi re from an exterior posi- 2 Select the correct hose line for the task at hand. tion. In these cases, the nozzle is usually positioned so that 3 Stretch the hose line from the fi re apparatus into posi- it can be operated from© a Jones single location & Bartlett by one Learning,or two fi re LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tion. (STEP 1 ) fi ghters. The stream canNOT be used FOR to attack SALE a large OR exterior DISTRIBUTION fi re NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION or to protect exposures. It can also be directed into a build- 4 Signal the pump operator that you are ready for ing through a doorway or window opening to knock down a water. large volume of fi re inside. If the exterior attack is successful 5 Open the nozzle a small amount to allow air to escape in reducing the volume of fi re, the IC might decide to switch and to ensure that water is fl owing. to an© offensive Jones (interior) & Bartlett attack toLearning, complete extinguishment LLC of 6 © Advance Jones the & hose Bartlett line as needed. Learning, (STEP 2LLC) the fi NOTre. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7 NOTBefore FORattacking SALE the fi re, OR the DISTRIBUTION fi re fi ghter on the nozzle One-Fire Fighter Method should cradle the hose on his or her hip while grasp- One fi re fi ghter can control a large attack hose by forming a ing the nozzle with one hand and supporting the hose large loop of hose about 2 feet (0.6 m) behind the nozzle. When with the other hand. © Jones &the Bartlett loop is placed Learning, over the top LLC of the nozzle, the weight of the© Jones &8 Bartlett The second Learning, fi re fi ghter LLC should stay approximately hose stabilizes the nozzle and reduces the nozzle reaction. To 3 feet behind the fi re fi ghter who is on the nozzle. NOT FORadd SALE more ORstability, DISTRIBUTION lash the hose loop to the hose behind theNOT FOR SALEThe secondOR DISTRIBUTION fi re fi ghter should grasp the hose with nozzle where they cross. This technique reduces the energy two hands and, if necessary, use a knee to stabilize the needed to control the line if it is necessary to maintain the hose against the ground. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 685 15/11/12 2:43 PM 686 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

© JonesSKILL & Bartlett DRILL Learning, 22-5 Performing LLC the One-Fire Fighter© JonesMethod &for BartlettOperating Learning, a Large Handline LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(Fire Fighter I, NFPA 5.3.8) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1 Select the correct size of fi re hose. Advance the hose 2 Lash the hose sections together where they cross, into position. Signal that you are ready for water and or use your body weight to kneel or sit on the hose open the nozzle to allow© Jones air to escape & Bartlett and to ensure Learning, LLCline at the point where the hose© crosses Jones itself. & Bartlett Learning, LLC that water is fl owing.NOT Close theFOR nozzle SALE and then OR make DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a loop with the hose, ensuring that the nozzle is under the hose line that is coming from the fi re apparatus.

3 Allow enough hose to extend past the section where 4 Open the nozzle and direct water onto the

the© lineJones crosses & itself Bartlett for maneuverability. Learning, LLC designated area.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9 Use a hose strap to maintain a better grip on the hose. fl owing water. It is much easier to shut down the nozzle (STEP 3 ) momentarily and move it to the new position than to relocate 10 a fl owing line. If the line must be moved while water is fl ow- © Jones & Bartlett Open the Learning, nozzle in a controlledLLC fashion and direct © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC water onto the fi re or designated exposure. (STEP 4 ) ing, both fi re fi ghters must brace the hose against their bodies NOT FORIf SALEit is necessary OR DISTRIBUTION to advance a fl owing 2½-inch (65 mm) NOTto FORkeep it SALE under control. OR DISTRIBUTION Three fi re fi ghters can stabilize and handline over a short distance and only two fi re fi ghters are advance a large handline more comfortably and safely than can available, be aware of the large reaction force exerted by the two fi re fi ghters. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 686 15/11/12 2:43 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 687

© Jones &SKILL Bartlett DRILL Learning, 22-6 LLCPerforming the Two-Fire Fighter© Jones Method & Bartlett for Operating Learning, a Large LLCHandline NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(Fire Fighter I, NFPA 5.3.8) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 Stretch the hose line from the ﬁ re apparatus into 2 Signal that you are ready for water and open the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION position. nozzle to allow air to escape and to ensure water is ﬂ owing. Advance the hose line as needed.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3 Before attacking the fi re, the fi re fi ghter on the nozzle 4 Open the nozzle in a controlled fashion and direct NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION should cradle the hose on his or her hip while grasping water onto the fi re or designated exposure. the nozzle with one hand and supporting the hose with the other hand. The second fi re fi ghter should stay approximately 3 feet behind the fi re fi ghter who is on the nozzle. The© second Jones fi re fi &ghter Bartlett should grasp Learning, the LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hose with two hands and may use a knee to stabilize the hose againstNOT the ground FOR if SALEnecessary. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

■ Master Stream Devices A master stream device can be either manually operated © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Master stream devices are used to produce high-volume or directed by remote control. Many of these devices can waterNOT streams FOR for largeSALE fi res. OR Several DISTRIBUTION types of master stream be set upNOT and FORthen left SALE to operate OR DISTRIBUTIONunattended. This capa- devices exist, including portable monitors, deck guns, ladder bility may prove extremely valuable in a high-risk situation, pipes, and other elevated stream devices. Most master streams because it eliminates the need to leave a fi re fi ghter in an discharge between 350 and 1500 gallons (1591 to 6819 lpm) unsafe location or a hazardous environment to operate the device. © Jones &of waterBartlett per minute, Learning, although LLC much larger capacities are avail-© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC able for special applications. In addition, the stream that is dis- Master streams are used mainly during defensive opera- NOT FORcharged SALE from OR a DISTRIBUTIONmaster stream device has a greater range thanNOT FORtions. SALE They should OR DISTRIBUTION never be directed into a building while the stream from a handline, so it can be effective from a greater fi re fi ghters are operating inside the structure, because these distance. streams can push heat, smoke, or fi re onto the fi re fi ghters. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 687 15/11/12 2:43 PM 688 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

The force and impact of the stream can also dislodge loose © JonesFire & Fighter Bartlett Safety Learning, Tips LLC © Jones materials & or Bartlett cause a structural Learning, collapse. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Deck Guns A deck gun is permanently mounted on a vehicle and equipped with a piping system that delivers water to the device. These devices are sometimes called turret pipes or wagon pipes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCFIGURE 22-6 . If the vehicle is equipped© Jones with a& pump, Bartlett the pump Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoperator can usually open a valveNOT to start FOR the flSALE ow of water. OR DISTRIBUTION Sometimes, however, a hose must be connected to a spe- Fire Fighter Safety Tips cial inlet to deliver water to the deck gun. If your fi re apparatus is equipped with a deck gun, you need to learn your role when placing it in operation. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC To operate© a Jones deck gun, & follow Bartlett the steps Learning, in SKILL DRILL LLC 22-7 : NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 Make NOT sure thatFOR all SALEfi refi ghting OR personnel DISTRIBUTION are out of a structure before using a deck gun.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 Make sure that all fi refi ghting personnel are out of a 2 Aim the deck gun at the fi re or at the target exposure. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION structure before using a deck gun. Place the deck gun Signal the pump operator that you are ready for water. in the correct position.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 688 15/11/12 2:43 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 689

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 22-6 A deck gun is permanently mounted on a vehicle and equipped with a piping system that delivers water to the device. FIGURE 22-7 A portable monitor is placed on the ground and supplied with water from one or more hose lines. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE2 Place OR the DISTRIBUTION deck gun in the correct position. (STEP 1NOT) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 Aim the deck gun at the fi re or at the target exposure. 4 Signal the pump operator that you are ready for water. To set up and operate a portable monitor, follow the steps (STEP 2 ) in SKILL DRILL 22-8 (Fire Fighter I, 5.3.8): 5 1 Remove the portable monitor from the fi re apparatus Once water is fl© owing, Jones adjust & theBartlett angle, aim, Learning, or water LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC fl ow as necessary. (STEP 3 ) and move it into the desired position. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Attach the necessary hose lines to the monitor as per FIRE FIGHTER Tips SOPs or the manufacturer’s instructions. 3 Loop the hose lines in front of the monitor to counter- Remote-controlled wildland monitors can be mounted on the front act the force created by water fl owing out of the nozzle. bumper© Jones of wildland & apparatus. Bartlett These Learning, devices operate LLC through an 4 ©Signal Jones the pump & Bartlett operator that Learning, you are ready LLC for water. electrically operated remote control and are built to fl ow anywhere NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5 NOTAim the FOR water SALE stream ORat the DISTRIBUTION fi re or onto the desig- between 15 gpm (68 lpm) and 350 gpm (1591 lpm). They can be nated exposure, and adjust the stream as necessary. used to mount an attack while the operator remains in the vehicle. If the portable monitor is not adequately secured, the nozzle reaction force can cause it to move from the position where Portable Monitor it was originally placed. A moving portable monitor poses a © Jones &A portableBartlett monitor Learning, is a master LLC stream device that can be posi-© Jonesdanger & Bartlett to anyone Learning, in its path. ManyLLC of these master stream NOT FORtioned SALE wherever OR DISTRIBUTION a master stream is needed FIGURE 22-7 . ItNOT is FORdevices SALE are equipped OR DISTRIBUTION with a strap or chain that may be secured placed on the ground, and hose lines are then connected to to a fi xed object to prevent the monitor from moving. Pointed the portable monitor to supply the water. Most of these devices feet on the base also help to keep a portable monitor from come equipped with either one, two, or three inlets. Portable moving. If the stream is operated at a low angle, the reaction monitors can be built with 2½-inch (65 mm) inlets or with a force will tend to make the monitor unstable. For this reason, large-diameter hose inlet.© SmallerJones portable & Bartlett monitors Learning, are some- LLCa safety lock is usually provided© Jones to prevent & Bartlett the monitor Learning, from LLC times set up attached toNOT a preconnected FOR SALE hose. OR This DISTRIBUTION arrange- being lowered beyond a safeNOT angle FOR of 35 SALE degrees. OR When DISTRIBUTION set- ment enables one fi re fi ghter to step away from the engine with ting up any portable monitor, always follow the manufacturer’s the portable monitor and attached hose, walk to an assigned instructions and your department’s SOPs to ensure its safe and area, and quickly place the portable monitor in operation. effective operation. Elevated Master Streams Some© master Jones stream & Bartlettdevices can Learning, be used as deck LLC guns or taken © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC off the fi re apparatus and used as portable monitors. Elevated master stream devices are mounted on aerial lad- To NOT deploy FOR a portable SALE monitor, OR DISTRIBUTION remove it from the appara- ders, aerialNOT platforms, FOR orSALE special OR hydraulically DISTRIBUTION operated booms tus and carry it to the location where it will be used. Advance FIGURE 22-8 . A ladder pipe is an elevated master stream device an adequate number of hose lines from the engine to the moni- that is mounted at the tip of an aerial ladder or tower ladder. tor. The number of hose lines needed depends on the volume On many aerial ladders, the ladder pipe is attached to the top © Jones &of waterBartlett to be Learning,delivered and LLCthe size of the hose lines. Form© a Jonesof the& Bartlettladder only Learning, when it is actually LLC needed, and a hose is large loop in the end of each hose line in front of the monitor, run up the ladder to deliver water to the device. Most newer NOT FORand SALE then attach OR DISTRIBUTIONthe male coupling to the inlets of the monitor.NOT FORaerial SALE ladders andOR tower DISTRIBUTION ladders are equipped with a fi xed pip- The loops serve to counteract the force created by the fl ow of ing system to deliver water to a permanently mounted mas- the water through the nozzle. ter stream device at the top. This arrangement saves valuable © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 689 15/11/12 2:43 PM 690 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

FIGURENOT 22-8 ElevatedFOR SALEmaster stream OR devices DISTRIBUTION can be mounted FIGURE 22-9NOTProtecting FOR an SALE exposure fromOR radiant DISTRIBUTION heat. on aerial apparatus.

© Jonessetup & time Bartlett at a fi re Learning,scene. If your LLCapparatus is equipped with a © Jonesor in danger & Bartlett of building Learning, collapse. Fog LLC streams can sometimes NOT FORladder SALE pipe, you OR need DISTRIBUTION to learn how to assist in its setup. NOTbe FORused to SALE absorb someOR ofDISTRIBUTION the heat coming from the main body of fi re. Protecting Exposures Ventilation Protecting exposures refers to actions that are taken to prevent the spread of a fi re to areas© Jones that are & not Bartlett already burning. Learning, VentilationLLC must be coordinated© with Jones the suppression & Bartlett efforts Learning, to LLC Exposure protection is a considerationNOT FOR at every SALE fi re; OR it becomes DISTRIBUTION ensure that both events occur simultaneouslyNOT FOR SALEand in a mannerOR DISTRIBUTION FIRE FIGHTER II even more important with a large fi re. If the fi re is relatively that supports the attack plan. Proper ventilation is designed small and contained within a limited area, the best way to pro- to allow hot gases and smoke to be removed from the build- tect exposures is usually to extinguish the fi re; when the fi re ing, thereby improving visibility and tenability in the building is extinguished, the exposure problem ceases to exist. In cases for any trapped victims and fi re fi ghters. Conversely, improper where the© fi reJones is too large & Bartlett to be controlled Learning, by an initial LLC attack, ventilation can© create Jones conditions & Bartlett that allow Learning, a fi re to burn LLC more exposure protectionNOT FOR becomes SALE a priority. OR DISTRIBUTION In some cases, the best aggressively andNOT make FOR it more SALE diffi cult OR for DISTRIBUTION fi re fi ghters to enter outcome that fi re fi ghters can hope to obtain is to stop the fi re the structure and attack the fi re. from spreading. Coordination is essential to ensure that the hose lines will The IC must consider the size of the fi re and the risk to be ready to attack when the ventilation openings are made. exposures in relation to how much fi refi ghting capability is These openings must be located so that the hot smoke and © Jonesavailable & Bartlett and how Learning,quickly those LLCresources can be assembled. © Jonesgases will & be Bartlett drawn away Learning, from the attack LLC crews. NOT FORIn some SALE cases, theOR IC DISTRIBUTION will direct the fi rst-arriving companies to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION protect exposures while a second group of companies prepares to attack the fi re. At other times, the IC must identify a point where the progress of the fi re can be stopped and direct all Fire Fighter Safety Tips fi refi ghting efforts toward that objective. Protecting exposures involves© Jones very &different Bartlett tactics Learning, from LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC offensive fi re attacks. At a largeNOT free-burning FOR SALE fi re, the OR fi rst DISTRIBUTIONprior- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ity is to protect exposed buildings and property from a combination of radiant heat, convective heat, and burning embers FIGURE 22-9 . The best option in these circumstances is usually to direct the fi rst hose streams at the exposures rather than at the fi re itself.© Jones Wetting & the Bartlett exposures Learning, will keep the LLC fuel from © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC reaching NOTits ignition FOR temperature. SALE OR Because DISTRIBUTION radiant heat can NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION travel through a water stream, directing water onto the exposed Specifi c Fire-Ground Operations surface is more effective than aiming a stream between the fi re and the exposure. Master stream devices such as deck guns, ■ Concealed-Space Fires portable monitors, and elevated master streams are excellent Fires in ordinary and wood-frame construction can burn in © Jonestools & for Bartlett protecting Learning, exposures. They LLC also ensure that large vol- © Jonescombustible & Bartlett void spaces Learning, behind walls LLC and under subfl oors and NOT FORumes ofSALE water canOR be DISTRIBUTION directed onto the exposures from a safe NOTceilings. FOR ToSALE prevent OR the DISTRIBUTION fi re from spreading, these fi res must distance without putting fi re fi ghters in the path of excess heat be found and suppressed FIGURE 22-10 . To locate and suppress

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 690 15/11/12 2:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORVOICES SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OF EXPERIENCE© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

It wasNOT 0400 FOR hours SALE and I was OR the companyDISTRIBUTION offi cer on duty. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION We had just returned from an EMS call. I went into the kitchen to start a pot of coffee and then headed into the Captain’s offi ce to start my report. That’s when the tone went off and the dispatcher reported a structure © Jones & Bartlettfi re. As I looked Learning, at the run book,LLC I noticed that address given ©was Jones on the right & sideBartlett of the street Learning, LLC and there was a hydrant near the house. Knowing that we had a secure water supply, my next NOT FOR SALEconcern ORwas, wereDISTRIBUTION all the occupants out of the structure? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION As we rolled down the street, my focus was on the right side of the street, looking for the house involved. A fl icker out of my left eye caught my attention. The house involved was across the street from the reported address. The house was a two-story balloon frame structure from the turn of the century. The© front Jones windows & onBartlett the fi rst fl oorLearning, were blown out,LLC with fi re lapping up the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC front and heading toward the second fl oor windows. I had my operator stop just past the house, providing him easy accessNOT to the FOR hydrant. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION As I exited the engine, I heard people yelling from the rear of the structure that there was a victim inside needing rescue. I directed my crew to grab the 24’ ladder and meet me in the back of the house. When I got to the rear of the structure, I found a woman out on the roof of a fi rst fl oor© addition.Jones She& Bartletthad escaped Learning, through a window LLC on the second fl oor onto the ©roof Jones over the & Bartlett Learning, LLC kitchen. NOTI noticed FOR that SALE the fi re wasOR now DISTRIBUTION spreading into the kitchen rapidly. There wasNOT no time FOR to SALE OR DISTRIBUTION wait for a ladder to arrive. I made the decision to assist the victim from the roof before the ladder arrived. I was able to reach the edge of the roof and direct her to roll over onto her stomach and slide off of the roof as I assisted her to the ground. She was able to escape the roof safely. © Jones & BartlettThen I askedLearning, her if there LLC were any other people in the house.© SheJones stated that& Bartlett she had assisted Learning, LLC her daughter out of the same window and that her son was already out of the house. Thinking NOT FOR SALEthat all occupantsOR DISTRIBUTION were out of the house and with the growing intensityNOT FOR of the fi SALEre, my next OR prior- DISTRIBUTION ity was extinguishing the fi re. I redirected my crew to pull two 1¾" hose lines to the front of the house. The fi re on the fi rst fl oor was extinguished quickly. Accompanied by a crew member, I made entrance with a hose line through the front door, turned the corner, and© started Jones extinguishing & Bartlett the fi re Learning, on the second LLCfl oor. As we made our way © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC through the second fl oor, the radio crackled to life and I heard the message that no fi re fi ghter wants to hear, “GrandmaNOT is unaccounted FOR SALE for.” OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION We initiated an immediate search of the second fl oor, but were hampered by piles of junk jamming the hallway. Additional units arrived to assist in the search, but it took over 50 minutes to uncover the location of the bedroom where the victim was found. © DuringJones the &investigation, Bartlett it Learning,was discovered thatLLC the room that the victim was in© had Jones an open & Bartlett Learning, LLC grate to the fi rst fl oor. When she stood up to exit the room, she inhaled super-heated air and was renderedNOT unconsciousFOR SALE immediately. OR DISTRIBUTION She never had a chance. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Three people survived but one lost her life. As I refl ected back on the incident days later, I asked myself, was there anything else I could have done to save the one we lost? The realization is that sometimes there is nothing we can do, fi res kill. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Mark Romer NOT FOR SALEDivision OR Chief, DISTRIBUTION Retired NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Lincoln, California

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 691 15/11/12 2:44 PM 692 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones FIRE FIGHTER& Bartlett Tips Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Floors that are built using lightweight materials such as prefab- ricated wood I-joists or trusses may fail faster than ﬂ oors built with more solid lumber.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdiffi cult to ventilate, which meansNOT that FOR an interior SALE attack OR must DISTRIBUTION often be made in conditions of high heat and low visibility. Likewise, it will be diffi cult to remove the fi re gases and steam produced by the attack lines. As a consequence, fi re fi ghters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC may fi nd it hard© Jonesto see in a& basement Bartlett even Learning, after ventilation LLC has been performed. Basements are often used for storage, so fi re NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION fi ghters may fiNOT nd it challengingFOR SALE to keep OR their DISTRIBUTION sense of orienta- tion in the narrow, disorganized cluttered spaces. Fire fi ghters should identify the safest means of entry and exit into the area where fi refi ghting operations will be © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesconducted. & Bartlett An exterior Learning, access point LLC allows them to enter a basement without passing through the hot gas layers at the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTbasement FOR SALEceiling level. OR IfDISTRIBUTION the only point of entry is an interior stairway, fi re fi ghters must protect that opening to keep the fi re from extending to the upper fl oors of the building FIGURE 22-11 . Ventilation must be planned and conducted early. If this opera- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, tionLLC is not managed properly, the© Jonesinterior stairwell & Bartlett will act Learning, as LLC a chimney and bring heat and smoke up from the basement. FIGURE 22-10 Fire may be hiddenNOT behind FOR walls. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

fi res behind walls and under subfl oors, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL© 22-9 Jones(Fire Fighter & Bartlett I, 5.3.8): Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 Locate the area of the building where a hidden fi re is believedNOT FOR to exist. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Look for signs of fi re such as smoke coming from cracks or openings in walls, charred areas with no out- ward evidence of fi re, and peeling or bubbled paint or © Jones & Bartlettwallpaper. Learning, Listen for cracks LLC and pops or hissing steam. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR3 SALE Use a thermalOR DISTRIBUTION imaging camera to look for areas of heat NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that may indicate a hidden fi re. 4 Use the back of your hand to feel for heat coming from a wall or fl oor. FIGURE 22-11 A fi re below grade level is often not recognized. 5 If a hidden fi re is suspected, use a tool such as an axe These fi res can quickly weaken the fl oor above them. or Halligan tool to ©remove Jones the building& Bartlett material Learning, over LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the area. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 If fi re is found, expose the area as much as possible without causing unnecessary damage and extinguish Cellar fi res can also spread to upper fl oors in houses with the fi re using conventional fi refi ghting methods. balloon-frame construction. Thermal imaging cameras are especially useful in identifying fi res below the fl oor. ■ Basement© Jones Fires & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fires in basementsNOT FOR or below SALE grade OR level DISTRIBUTION present several differ- ■ Fires AboveNOT Ground FOR SALE Level OR DISTRIBUTION ent challenges. First and foremost, they are diffi cult to recog- Advancing charged hose lines up stairs and along narrow nize. Basement fi res can damage the fl oor above the fi re. If fi re hallways requires much more physical effort than advancing fi ghters do not identify a basement fi re and enter the building a charged hose line on a level surface. It is important to pro- © Jonesabove & the Bartlett basement Learning, fi re, they are LLC at risk of falling through the © Jonestect stairways & Bartlett and other Learning, vertical openings LLC between fl oors when damaged fl oor and ending up in the burning basement. fi ghting a fi re in a multiple-level structure. Specifi cally, hose NOT FOR Basements SALE ORare diffiDISTRIBUTION cult and dangerous spaces to enter, NOTlines FOR must SALE be placed OR to keepDISTRIBUTION the fi re from extending vertically and they have limited routes of egress. They are also usually and to ensure that exit paths remain available.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 692 15/11/12 2:44 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 693

When working with a hose above the ground fl oor, fi re © Jones fi& ghters Bartlett should Learning, advance the line LLC uncharged until they reach the© Jones Fire & FighterBartlett Safety Learning, Tips LLC NOT FORfi reSALE fl oor and OR have DISTRIBUTION extra hose available. This approach allowsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for easier advancement of attack lines. Interior fi re crews must always look for a secondary exit path in case their entry route becomes blocked by the fi re or by a structural collapse.© This Jones secondary & Bartlett exit could Learning,be a second LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC interior stairway, an outside fi re escape, a ground ladder placed to a window, or an aerialNOT device. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In high-rise buildings, the standpipe system is typically FIRE FIGHTER Tips used to supply water for hose lines. Fire fi ghters must practice connecting hose lines to standpipe outlets and extending lines Do not use more water than is needed to extinguish the fi re, from ©stairways Jones into & remoteBartlett fl oor Learning, areas. Additional LLC hose lines, because© retained Jones water & Bartlettadds weight Learning, to the structure LLC and may tools, air cylinders, and Emergency Medical Services equip- lead to structural collapse. ment NOTshould FOR be staged SALE one or OR two DISTRIBUTION fl oors below the fi re. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Near Miss REPORT © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION w w m w o . .c f s ir s Report Number: 06-0000533 ef i ighternearm

Synopsis : Aerial master© Jones stream hits & second-fl Bartlett oor Learning,attack crew. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Event Description: On the afternoon of July 4, 2006, our department was dispatched to a residential structure fi re. We responded with three engine companies, one truck company, and two squads. The responding units were staffed with two people, and there were two battalion chiefs responding. One of the battalion chiefs was on duty, and the other responded from his house less than a block away. All other units were staffed with three people, and another engine was requested later in the incident. The© fiJones rst engine & arrived Bartlett on the Learning, scene of an approximately LLC 3500-square-foot (1066© Jonesm), two-story, & Bartlett wood-frame Learning, dwelling. Heavy LLC smokeNOT and FOR fi re were SALE showing OR from DISTRIBUTION the fi rst fl oor, and heavy smoke was showingNOT from theFOR second SALE fl oor. ThisOR engine DISTRIBUTION company began setting up for fi re attack using one 13⁄4-inch (45 mm) handline, and the second engine company laid a supply line and assumed rapid intervention team (RIT) duties. The third engine and truck company responded from the same station and arrived at the same time. The truck company was assigned ventilation duties, the third engine company was assigned to the second fi re attack, and one of the squad companies was assigned search and rescue responsibility. The on-duty battalion chief (A) established command, © Jones & Bartlettand the other Learning, battalion chief LLC (B) was assigned to operations.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE The fi rst-arriving OR DISTRIBUTION engine company attacked the fi re in divisionNOT 1, while FOR the third-arrivingSALE OR engine DISTRIBUTION company went to division 2. They encountered heavy fi re and high heat conditions. The fi re was growing in size and intensity, so command ordered a defensive attack. No evacuation warnings were given (air horns). I saw division 1 fi re attack search crews coming out of the house. As they exited, the battalion chief in charge of operations called for an aerial master stream. The stream was directed to the second story through a side window.© TheJones master & stream Bartlett hit the Learning,division 2 fi re attack LLC team, knocking them down ©the Jones stairs and & injuring Bartlett two fi re-Learning, LLC fi ghters. After command contacted the crew, the RIT was sent in to assist them with egress. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION During the RIT operation, all other operations were stopped. This allowed the fi re to continue to grow.

Lessons Learned: •© JonesAccountability & Bartlett is priceless. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC •NOT Know FOR the crew SALE assignments OR DISTRIBUTIONand number of personnel in the crew. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • When evacuating a structure, use evacuation tones (air horns).

• Big ﬁ re calls for big water. Do not be afraid to use something bigger than 13⁄4-inch handlines. • Engine companies and truck companies should be staffed with more than three people. © Jones & Bartlett• When going Learning, to a defensive LLC attack, slow down, take time ©to makeJones time, & and Bartlett make sure Learning, your people are LLC where they are NOT FOR SALE supposed OR DISTRIBUTION to be. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 693 15/11/12 2:44 PM 694 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

FIRE FIGHTER Tips Under these conditions, a fi re in a large building can be © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesimpossible & Bartlettto extinguish. Learning, If no life-safety LLC hazards are involved, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTfi re FOR fi ghters SALE may need OR to DISTRIBUTION use a defensive strategy for this type If the structure is a residential building, fi re personnel should of fi re. In such a case, no fi re fi ghters should enter the building, conduct a thorough primary search as soon as possible, unless and a collapse zone should be established. A defensive exterior the fi re conditions are incompatible with life. Do not risk your operation should be conducted using master streams, aerial life to save a building that will be torn down next week. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, streams,LLC and large handlines to ©protect Jones exposures. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Fires in Large Buildings Fire Fighter Safety Tips Large buildings, such as “big box” stores or offi ce buildings, contain one very large open space surrounded by smaller rooms and© storageJones areas. & Bartlett When these Learning, structures LLCexperience © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC fi res, the fi re load varies greatly depending on the building contents. “BigNOT box” FOR stores SALE and home OR improvement DISTRIBUTION centers con- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tain large amounts of fl ammable materials (contents), ranging from lumber to fl ammable fuels. ■ Many large buildings have fl oor plans that can cause fi re Fires in Lumberyards © Jonesfi ghters & Bartlett to become Learning, lost or disoriented LLC while working inside, © Jones Lumberyard & Bartlett fi res are Learning,often prime candidates LLC for a defensive particularly in low-visibility or zero-visibility conditions. In fi refi ghting strategy. A typical lumberyard contains large quan- NOT FORsuch a SALE setting, guideOR DISTRIBUTIONlines may be necessary to keep fi re fi ghters NOTtities FOR of highly SALE combustible OR DISTRIBUTION materials that are stored in the open from becoming lost and running out of air. A well-organized or in sheds where plenty of air is available to support combus- preincident plan of the structure can be essential when fi ght- tion. Given this rich fuel supply, a lumberyard fi re will usu- ing this type of fi re. Knowing the occupancy and the other ally produce tremendous quantities of radiant heat and release hazards beforehand will help© inJones determining & Bartlett the best strategyLearning, burningLLC embers that will cause ©the Jones fi re to spread & Bartlett quickly fromLearning, LLC and tactics. stack to stack. Lumberyards may be sited in locations where NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthere is an inadequate water supply.NOT SuchFOR fi SALEres may ORquickly DISTRIBUTION FIRE FIGHTER II Tips FFII extend to nearby buildings and other structures. Large buildings at lumberyards are often constructed using trusses and Consider the need for long hose lays when fi ghting a fi re in a other lightweight building techniques, so you must be aware large building© Jones if an adequate & Bartlett number Learning,of standpipe connections LLC of the potential© forJones rapid building& Bartlett collapse Learning, at these incidents. LLC are not available. Protecting exposures is often the primary objective at lum- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION beryard fi res,NOT as there FOR may SALEbe little ORlife-safety DISTRIBUTION risk. Exposure protection should be dealt with early in the operation by placing large handlines and master stream devices where they can FIRE FIGHTER II Tips FFII be most effective. A collapse zone must be established around any stacks of burning material and buildings to keep fi re fi ght- In large buildings that are equipped with automatic sprinkler © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesers out of& dangerous Bartlett positions. Learning, LLC NOT FORsystems, SALE it is importantOR DISTRIBUTION to augment the water supply by con- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION necting to the fi re department connection to increase the water ■ Fires in Stacked or Piled Materials volume and pressure in the sprinkler system. The Fire Detec- tion, Protection, and Suppression Systems chapter discusses Fires occurring in stacked or piled materials can present a vari- this procedure in detail. ety of hazards. The greatest danger to fi re fi ghters is the pos- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,sibility LLC that a stack of heavy material,© Jones such &as rolledBartlett paper Learning, or LLC baled rags, will collapse without warning. Such an event might NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ occur, for example, if a fi re has damaged the stacked materials Fires in Buildings During Construction, or if water has soaked into them. Absorbed water can increase Renovation, or Demolition the weight of many materials and weaken cardboard and paper Buildings that are under construction, renovation, or demo- products. In fact, the water discharged by automatic sprinklers lition are ©all Jones at increased & Bartlett risk for destructionLearning, by LLCfi re. These alone can be ©suffi Jones cient to &make Bartlett some stacked Learning, materials LLC unsta- buildings often have large quantities of combustible materials ble. A tall stack of material that falls on top of a team of fi re exposed, NOTwhile lackingFOR SALEthe fi re-resistant OR DISTRIBUTION features of a fi nished fi ghters can causeNOT injury FOR or SALEdeath. OR DISTRIBUTION building. If the building lacks windows and doors, an almost Given these risks, fi res in stacked materials should be unlimited supply of oxygen is available to fuel a fi re. Fire approached cautiously. All fi re fi ghters must remain outside detection, fi re alarm, and automatic fi re suppression systems potential collapse zones. Mechanical equipment should be © Jonesare often& Bartlett not installed Learning, or are inoperable. LLC In addition, construc- © Jonesused to &move Bartlett material Learning,that has been LLCpartially burned or water tion workers using torches and other fl ame-producing devices soaked. NOT FORpose aSALE notable ORfi re risk.DISTRIBUTION Moreover, these buildings are often NOT FOR Conventional SALE ORmethods DISTRIBUTION of fi re attack can often be used to unoccupied and can be easy targets for arsonists. gain control of the fi re; however, water must penetrate into

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 694 15/11/12 2:44 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 695

sure to check for fi re extension. Also look around the con- the stacked material to fully extinguish the residual combustion.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Class& Bartlett A foam andLearning, wetting agents LLC can be applied to extinguish tainer for the presence of telephone, cable, and power lines NOT FORsmoldering SALE OR fi res DISTRIBUTION in tightly packed combustible materials.NOT FORthat mightSALE have OR been DISTRIBUTION damaged by the fi re. Overhaul will require fi re fi ghters to separate the materials to To extinguish an outside trash fi re or other outside class A expose any remaining deep-seated fi re. This operation can be fi re, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 22-10 (Fire Fighter I, 5.3.8): a labor-intensive process unless mechanical equipment can be 1 Don full PPE, including SCBA; enter the accountability system; and work as a team. used to dig through the© material. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2 Perform size-up and give an arrival report. Call for ■ Trash Container NOTand Rubbish FOR SALE Fires OR DISTRIBUTION additional resourcesNOT if needed. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Trash container (dumpster) fi res usually occur outside of any 3 Ensure that apparatus is positioned uphill and upwind structure and appear to present fewer challenges than fi res of the fi re and that it protects the scene from traffi c. inside buildings. Even so, fi re fi ghters must be vigilant in wear- 4 Develop and implement a fi re suppression strategy. ing full PPE and using SCBA when fi ghting trash container © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5 Protect© Jones the crew & Bartlett from hazards. Learning, LLC fi res or trash pile fi res, because there is no way of knowing NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION what might be included in a collection of trash. Some trash Deploy an appropriate attack line (at least 1½ inches containers may contain hazardous materials or materials that (38 mm) in diameter). are highly fl ammable or explosive. 7 Direct the crew to attack the fi re in a safe manner— If the fi re is deep seated, fi re fi ghters will have to overhaul specifi cally, uphill and upwind from the fi re. © Jones &the Bartlett trash to make Learning, sure that the LLC fi re is completely extinguished.© Jones &8 Bartlett Break up Learning, compact materials LLC with hand tools or hose streams. NOT FORManual SALE overhaul OR DISTRIBUTION involves pulling the contents of a trash con-NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tainer apart with pike poles and other hand tools so that water 9 Evaluate and modify the water application technique can reach the burning material. This process can be labor if necessary. intensive and involves considerable risk to fi re fi ghters. The 10 Maintain good body mechanics during the fi re attack. fi re fi ghters are exposed to any contaminants in the container 11 Notify command when the fi re is under control. as well as to the risks of© injuryJones from & burns,Bartlett smoke, Learning, or other LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12 Investigate the origin and cause of the fi re. Preserve causes. Considering theNOT low valueFOR of SALE the contents OR DISTRIBUTIONof a trash NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION container, it is diffi cult to justify any risk to fi re fi ghters’ safety. any evidence of arson. Class A foam is useful for extinguishing many trash 13 Return the equipment and crew to service. container fi res, because it allows water to soak into the materials and, therefore, can eliminate the need for manual ■ Confi ned Spaces overhaul.© Jones Some fi re& departmentsBartlett Learning, use the deck LLCgun on the top Both fi res© and Jones other &types Bartlett of emergencies Learning, can occur LLC in con- of an NOTengine FOR to extinguish SALE large OR trash DISTRIBUTION container fi res and then fi ned spaces.NOT Fires FOR in undergroundSALE OR DISTRIBUTIONvaults and utility rooms complete extinguishment by fi lling the container with water. such as transformer vaults are too dangerous to enter. In such This is done by pointing the deck gun at the dumpster and cases, fi re fi ghters should summon the utility company and slowly opening the discharge gate to lob water into the con- keep the area around manhole covers and other openings clear tainer FIGURE 22-12 . while awaiting the arrival of utility company personnel. To deal © Jones & BartlettTrash containers Learning, are often LLC placed behind large buildings© Joneswith & emergencies Bartlett Learning,in these areas, LLC the Occupational Safety and and businesses. If the container is close to the structure, be Health Administration (OSHA) requires specially trained entry NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORteams. SALE Learn yourOR fi DISTRIBUTIONre department’s operational procedures for handling such incidents. It is also important that fi re fi ghters know about confi ned spaces that exist in the industries within their individual © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCresponse areas. Fire fi ghters© should Jones visit & these Bartlett areas with Learning, plant LLC personnel so that preincident plans can be developed. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Unique hazards may ariseNOT in FORconfi ned SALE spaces, OR including DISTRIBUTION oxygen defi ciencies, toxic gases, and standing water. Although conditions might appear to be safe, the confi ned space might not have enough oxygen to sustain life. It is common for a vic- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tim to enter© Jones these spaces & Bartlett and pass out,Learning, only to be LLCfollowed by another victim—an individual who comes in to assist the fi rst NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION person andNOT also FOR passes SALEout. When OR entering DISTRIBUTION confi ned spaces to attempt rescue, fi re fi ghters should wear full SCBA gear and be attached to a life line. An additional life line should be lowered or brought with the fi re fi ghter to tie the victim in a bowline on a bight (rescue knot), which allows surface personnel to raise © Jones & BartlettFIGURE 22-12 Learning,Some fi re departments LLC use a deck gun on top to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC extinguish large trash container fi res. the victim out of the hole. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR OwingSALE to ORthe lack DISTRIBUTION of ventilation in most confi ned spaces, fi re fi ghters may notice an intense amount of heat once they

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 695 15/11/12 2:44 PM 696 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

have entered the space. Fire fi ghters will tire quickly in this systems contain hydraulic pistons. In addition, many modern © Jonesenvironment, & Bartlett so they Learning, must recognize LLC the signs of heat exhaus- © Jonesvehicles &use Bartlett a MacPherson Learning, strut suspension LLC system to absorb NOT FORtion and SALE heat stroke. OR DISTRIBUTION NOTroad FOR shocks. SALE When OR these DISTRIBUTION gas-fi lled components are quickly Because confi ned spaces commonly have low oxygen lev- heated to high temperatures in a fi re, they can release pres- els and high levels of combustible gases, such as methane, fi re sure explosively, sending metal parts hurtling away from the fi ghters without breathing apparatus can quickly be overcome vehicle. In addition, the supplemental restraint systems (SRS) in confi ned spaces with these© conditions.Jones & For Bartlett this reason, Learning, fi re foundLLC in most vehicles consist of© air Jones bags and & air Bartlett curtains con-Learning, LLC fi ghters who must enter a confi ned space should carry a moni- taining chemicals that can ignite explosively during a fi re. toring device. Air quality mustNOT be checkedFOR SALE constantly, OR looking DISTRIBUTION Modern automobiles are NOTconstructed FOR SALEfrom hundreds OR DISTRIBUTION for the build-up of explosive gases as well as any decline in of pounds of plastics, which give off large quantities of toxic oxygen levels. smoke and heat when they burn. They also contain a variety of Fire fi ghters must adhere to a strict accountability system petroleum products, including gasoline or diesel fuel, motor oil, when they© enter Jones into a &confi Bartlett ned space. Learning, This procedure LLC ensures brake fl uid, and© Jonesautomatic & transmission Bartlett Learning,fl uid. These products LLC that only those personnel with proper training and equipment ignite easily, burn with high intensity, and produce large quanti- enter the space.NOT ItFOR is important SALE for OR a safety DISTRIBUTION offi cer to track the ties of toxic gases.NOT For FOR this reason, SALE it is OR important DISTRIBUTION to always wear movement of personnel and the amount of time that they full PPE, including SCBA, when fi ghting a vehicle fi re. remain in the confi ned space. If the owner or driver of the burning vehicle is present, ask Fire suppression in confi ned spaces must not begin until about any specifi c hazards that may be present in the vehicle, © Jonesall utilities& Bartlett and industrial Learning, processes LLC have been turned off. © Jonessuch as &portable Bartlett propane Learning, cylinders, LLCpropane torches, medical Potential suppression agents include hose streams, high- and oxygen equipment, cans of spray paint, and other hazardous NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION low-expansion foams, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fl ooding systems, materials. If no driver or occupant is present, do not assume and built-in sprinkler systems. that the vehicle is safe; always be cautious as you approach a vehicle fi re. Perform a risk–analysis assessment—that is, look Vehicle Fires at the big picture and weigh the options. Do not risk injuring © Jones & Bartlett Learning, fi LLCre fi ghters in a vehicle fi re. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Vehicle fi res are one of the NOTmost common FOR SALE types of OR fi res DISTRIBUTION han- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dled by fi re departments. In 2012, the NFPA reported that ■ Attacking Vehicle Fires approximately 184,000 highway vehicle fi res occurred in the As you prepare to approach a vehicle fi re, make sure that you United States. These fi res may result from a variety of causes. have created a safe area around the vehicle. The only people For example, discarded smoking materials can cause fi res in closer than 50 feet (15 m) to the vehicle should be fi re fi ghters upholstery.© ElectricalJones &short-circuits Bartlett Learning,may cause fi res LLC in many in full PPE and© SCBA Jones who &are Bartlett extinguishing Learning, the fi re. Use LLC a hose different partsNOT of FORa vehicle. SALE Friction OR caused DISTRIBUTION by dragging brakes line at least 1½NOT inches FOR (38 mm)SALE in diameter;OR DISTRIBUTION such a hose will or defective wheel bearings may cause fi res. Collisions may provide suffi cient cooling power to overwhelm the fi re and pro- lead to ruptured fuel lines, resulting in fi res. vide protection from a sudden fl are-up. The use of compressed Fire fi ghters save few cars. In fact, when active fl ames air foam or Class B foam aids in fi re suppression. Charge the are seen at a vehicle fi re, the vehicle will likely be classifi ed hose line while you are at least 50 feet (15 m) from the fi re. Bleed © Jonesas “totaled” & Bartlett by the Learning, insurance company. LLC Given this fact, it is © Jonesall the air & from Bartlett the hose Learning, line. Set the nozzleLLC to initially deliver a important to understand the hazards involved in fi ghting vehi- straight stream or a fog pattern that is no wider than a 30-degree NOT FORcle fi res SALE and to OR mount DISTRIBUTION a safe attack on the fi re. Only when a NOTangle. FOR Approach SALE the OR vehicle DISTRIBUTION from an uphill and upwind position, viable victim is trapped in a burning vehicle does the scenario moving in from the side and at a 45-degree angle FIGURE 22-13 . become a life-or-death situation. This path will help you avoid debris in case of an exploding Many hazards are associated with vehicle fi res—traffi c bumper. hazards, fuel, pressurized cylinders© Jones and & containers Bartlett that Learning, can LLCFrom a point approximately© 30 Jones feet (9 &m) Bartlettaway from Learning,the LLC explode, fi re, and toxic smoke. Because vehicle fi res usually vehicle, open the nozzle and sweep the bottom part of the vehi- occur on streets and highways,NOT one ofFOR the biggest SALE hazards OR DISTRIBUTIONfaced cle using a horizontal motion. ExtinguishNOT FOR all visibleSALE fi reOR while DISTRIBUTION by fi re fi ghters is the danger posed by traffi c. Drivers are easily advancing toward the vehicle. Sweeping along the undercar- distracted by the sight of a burning vehicle, which may lead to riage helps to cool the bumper pistons, shock absorbers, and subsequent collisions. To counteract this risk, you should use hydraulic struts; cool the tires before they explode; and cool your apparatus© Jones to block & traffiBartlett c. Do not Learning, be afraid to LLC shut down the fuel tank ©before Jones it fails. & By Bartlett applying aLearning, suffi cient quantity LLC of traffi c fl ow if necessary to ensure safety for fi re fi ghters. Fire water to the lower part of the vehicle, you reduce the chance of apparatusNOT operators FOR often SALE place theirOR vehiclesDISTRIBUTION 100 feet behind an explosive NOTevent. ObserveFOR SALE the area OR under DISTRIBUTION the car during the the burning vehicle to stop traffi c and to position the apparatus approach for any sign of leaking fl ammable liquids. If burning a safe distance from the burning vehicle. Follow the steps out- fl ammable liquids are present, widen the spray pattern on the lined by your department for guarding against traffi c hazards. nozzle. Foam can be used to extinguish the burning liquid and © Jones & Modern Bartlett vehicles Learning, contain a varietyLLC of gas-fi lled, pressur- © Jonesprovide &a vapor Bartlett barrier Learning, to prevent reignition. LLC Once this sweep ized cylinders and containers containing explosive materials. is complete, fi re fi ghters can begin to attack any fi re in the pas- NOT FORHydraulic SALE pistons OR are DISTRIBUTION used to support hatch backs, trunks, NOTsenger FOR compartment, SALE OR the DISTRIBUTION engine compartment, and the cargo tailgates, and automobile hoods. Energy-absorbing bumper compartment.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 696 15/11/12 2:44 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 697

FIGURE 22-13 When possible, approach vehicle ﬁ res in the hood or engine area from the upwind side. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

To extinguish a vehicle fi re, follow the steps in Hybrid automobiles have small gasoline-powered engines SKILL DRILL 22-11 (Fire Fighter I, 5.3.7): and large battery banks. The batteries power electric motors © Jones & Bartlett1 Don fullLearning, PPE, including LLC SCBA; enter the accountabil-© Jonesthat & drive Bartlett the wheels, Learning, much like LLC a train locomotive. Two note- ity system; and work as a team. worthy hazards are associated with these vehicles: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Perform size-up and give an arrival report. Call for ■ The nickel metal hydride batteries are hazardous when additional resources if needed. burning. ■ High-voltage, direct-current cables connect the batter- 3 Ensure that the fi re apparatus is positioned uphill and upwind, and that it protects the scene from traffi c. ies to the electric motors that power the wheels. The power to these cables can usually be disconnected by 4 Ensure that the© crew Jones is protected & Bartlett from any Learning, hazards. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC activating the power shut-off switch that is built into 5 Identify the typeNOT of fuel FOR used SALE in the burningOR DISTRIBUTION vehicle these vehicles. CuttingNOT these FOR orange SALE cables ORcan beDISTRIBUTION dan- and look for fuel leaks. gerous. These cables usually run from the battery bank 6 Advance a fi re attack line of at least 1½-inch (38 mm) to the front of the car via the undercarriage; they typi- diameter using water or foam. cally pass directly under the center of the driver’s seat. ©7 JonesAttack from & Bartlett uphill and Learning, upwind of the LLC fi re, and at a Given© Jones this setup, & Bartlett fi re fi ghters Learning, must use extra LLC care when 45-degree angle to the side of the vehicle. using hydraulic metal cutters or spreaders on these NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8 Suppress the fi re. types of vehicles. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for disconnecting 9 Overhaul all areas of the vehicle, passenger compartment, engine compartment, and trunk. the power to alternative-powered vehicles. More information on alternative-powered vehicles is presented in the Vehicle 10 Notify command when the fi re is under control. Rescue and Extrication chapter. © Jones & Bartlett11 Investigate Learning, the origin LLC and cause of the fi re. Preserve© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEany OR evidence DISTRIBUTION of arson. NOT FOR■ Fire SALE in the OR Passenger DISTRIBUTION Area 12 Return the equipment and crew to service. Fires in the passenger area of a vehicle are more visible and accessible than fi res in the engine compartment or the cargo ■ Alternative-Fuel Vehicles area. Usually it is logical to extinguish the fi re in the passenger Always be alert for signs© that Jones a burning & Bartlett vehicle could Learning, be pow- LLCcompartment before moving© onJones to extinguish & Bartlett any fi reLearning, in the LLC ered by an alternative fuel, such as compressed natural gas engine and cargo compartments. Often the windows are bro- (CNG) or liquefi ed petroleumNOT FORgas (LPG). SALE Fully OR involved DISTRIBUTION fi res ken or a door is ajar, presentingNOT an FOR opening SALE through OR which DISTRIBUTION fi re in vehicles powered by either type of fuel should be fought fi ghters can direct a stream of water. If the doors will not open, with an unmanned master stream to prevent injuries from stand upwind from the window and use a striking tool to break exploding gas cylinders. out one or more windows. Be cautious, because a backdraft Automobiles© Jones &powered Bartlett by CNG Learning, contain storage LLC cylinders may occur.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that are very similar to SCBA cylinders. These cylinders are As you get closer to the vehicle, change the nozzle to pro- usuallyNOT located FOR in theSALE trunk OR and DISTRIBUTION contain CNG at high pres- duce a widerNOT pattern FOR that SALE will coolOR a DISTRIBUTION wider area and give you sures. When a fi re occurs, they must be cooled and protected some protection from the heat of the fi re. Pay special attention just like any gas cylinder. CNG is a nontoxic, lighter-than- to cooling areas such as the steering column and the dashboard air gas that will rise and dissipate if it is released into the on the passenger side. Cool areas that contain side-curtain air © Jones &atmosphere. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesbags; & coolingBartlett will Learning, greatly reduce LLC the chance for accidental Propane is stored in the same types of cylinders as are used deployment of the SRS. Once the fi re in the passenger com- NOT FORfor SALE heating OR or cooking DISTRIBUTION purposes. Propane is heavier than air,NOT so FORpartment SALE has beenOR knockedDISTRIBUTION down, attack any fi re in the engine its vapors will pool or collect in low areas. compartment or in the cargo compartment.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 697 15/11/12 2:44 PM 698 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

■ Fire in the Engine Compartment access can sometimes be made by knocking out the tail light © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesassembly & on Bartlett one side, Learning, which enables LLC fi re fi ghters to direct a NOT FOR The engine SALE compartment OR DISTRIBUTION of a vehicle is fi lled with a variety NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of devices that use petroleum products to power or lubricate hose stream into the trunk to cool down and partially extin- them. They also contain components made of plastics and rub- guish fi re in this area. A fi re in the trunk area of an automobile ber. As a consequence, these devices produce a large amount can also be accessed by fi rst using the pike of a Halligan tool of smoke when they burn. Other hazards present in the engine to force the lock into the trunk, and then using a screwdriver compartment include suspension© Jones struts &and Bartlett hydraulic Learning,lift cyl- orLLC key tool (K-tool lock puller)© to Jones turn the &lock Bartlett cylinder Learning,in a LLC clockwise direction. A charged hose line must be ready when inders for the hood. VehicleNOT batteries FOR contain SALE sulfuric OR DISTRIBUTION acid, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION which can cause serious burns. Some vehicles have magne- the trunk lid is raised. sium parts within the engine compartment; when magnesium Fires in the rear of light trucks and vans must always be is present, you must use a Class D extinguishing agent. approached cautiously. In addition, vehicles using alterna- A challenging part of extinguishing a fi re in the engine tive fuels (discussed earlier in this chapter) may contain com- compartment© Jones is gaining & access Bartlett to the Learning, fi re. An initial LLC attack can pressed natural© Jonesgas or propane & Bartlett cylinders Learning, in the trunk. LLC Vans are often used by couriers and could contain medical waste, be made throughNOT FOR the wheel SALE well. ORThe plasticDISTRIBUTION liner between the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION engine compartment and the wheel well is often consumed laboratory specimens, and radioactive material. during such a fi re, so it may be possible to spray water into ■ Overhauling Vehicle Fires the engine compartment through this opening. An alternative initial approach is to spray water through the grille after thor- Overhaul of vehicle fi res is just as important as overhaul of © Jonesoughly & Bartlettcooling the Learning, area around theLLC bumper. When using this © Jonesstructure & fi Bartlettres. As soon Learning, as it is safe LLCto approach the vehicle, NOT FORtactic, SALEavoid standing OR DISTRIBUTION directly in front of the bumper until this NOTchock FOR the SALE wheels ORto prevent DISTRIBUTION the vehicle from moving. If a area is thoroughly cooled. Although neither of these two meth- vehicle fi re erupts quickly, the driver may not have time to set ods is effective at totally extinguishing the fi re, they will help the brake and parking gear. Also, fi re can damage cables and to diminish the volume of fi re while fi re fi ghters are gaining wires that control the operation of parking and braking mecha- access to the engine compartment. nisms. After all visible fi re has been knocked down, allow a few The fastest way to gain ©access Jones to the & engine Bartlett compartment Learning, minutesLLC for the steam and smoke© Jonesto dissipate & Bartlettbefore starting Learning, LLC is to pull the hood-release leverNOT inside FOR the SALEpassenger OR compart- DISTRIBUTIONoverhaul. This delay will allowNOT visibility FOR to SALEimprove ORso that DISTRIBUTION ment to open the hood. Unfortunately, this method rarely works overhaul can be completed safely. during a vehicle fi re, so other methods usually need to be tried. During overhaul of interior fi res, remember that air bags A quick means of gaining access to the engine compartment is can deploy without warning in a burning automobile. Never to insert a pry bar along the side of the hood between the edge place any part of your body in the path of a front or side of the hood© andJones the fender. & Bartlett Pry the side Learning, of the hood LLC away from air bag. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the fenderNOT to produce FOR an SALE opening OR big enough DISTRIBUTION to apply a stream As you overhaulNOT FOR the vehicle, SALE be ORsystematic DISTRIBUTION and thorough. of water into the engine compartment. Do not miss areas that may contain lingering sparks. Direct the A second method of gaining access to the engine compart- hose stream under the dashboard, and soak and remove smol- ment is to open the hood of the vehicle. In most fi res, the cable dering upholstery. Apply water over and under all parts of the that normally opens the hood is damaged and will not release engine compartment. Confi rm that no fl uids are leaking from © Jonesfrom & the Bartlett inside of Learning,the vehicle. To LLC open the hood of a burning © Jonesthe vehicle. & Bartlett If contents Learning, in the car might LLC potentially be salvaged, treat them with respect. Continue to use your SCBA as long as NOT FORvehicle, SALE break outOR the DISTRIBUTION plastic grille and fi nd the hood-release NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cable. With a gloved hand, pull on the cable to release the smoke or fumes are present. hood or use the forked end of a Halligan tool to twist the cable until the hood releases. Fire fi ghters can also use vise grip pli- Fire Fighter Safety Tips ers to grasp the cable and pull it. Once the hood is raised,© Jonesfi re fi ghters & Bartlettshould have Learning, good LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC access to any remaining fi re NOTand hot FOR spots. SALEUse plenty OR of DISTRIBUTIONwater NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION or foam to cool this area. Once the vehicle’s hood has been opened and any fi re in the engine compartment extinguished, disconnect the power to the vehicle by cutting the battery cables if the battery is not under the hood, check the wheel wells or trunk.© Jones First, remove& Bartlett a section Learning, of the negative LLC cable at © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC least 6 inchesNOT (152 FOR mm) SALE long by OR making DISTRIBUTION two cuts with wire NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cutters. Then, remove a similar section of the positive cable. Flammable-Liquid Fires This excision will disrupt the fl ow of power to the vehicle and ensure that nothing is powered accidentally. Flammable-liquid fi res can be encountered in almost any type of occupancy. Most fi res involving a vehicle (e.g., airplane, © Jones Fire &in Bartlettthe Trunk Learning, LLC © Jonestrain, ship, & Bartlettcar, truck) willLearning, involve a combustibleLLC or fl ammable A fi re in the trunk of a vehicle may present unknown hazards liquid. Special tactics must be used when attempting to extin- NOT FORbecause SALE it is not OR possible DISTRIBUTION to know what the trunk contains. NOTguish FOR a fl ammable-liquidSALE OR DISTRIBUTION fi re, and special extinguishing agents In addition, fi res in this area are challenging to access. Initial such as foam or dry chemicals may be needed.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 698 15/11/12 2:44 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 699

■ Hazards in residential areas and many industrial and commercial © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Joneslocations. & Bartlett In addition, Learning, propane is LLC used as an alternative fuel for NOT FORFires SALE involving OR DISTRIBUTIONfl ammable liquids such as gasoline requireNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION special extinguishing agents. Most fl ammable liquids can be vehicles and is often stored to power emergency electrical gen- erators. Fire fi ghters should be familiar with the basic hazards extinguished using either foam or dry chemicals. Class B extin- FIRE FIGHTER II guishing agents are approved for use on Class B (fl ammable and characteristics of propane as well as with procedures for liquids) fi res. Flammable-liquid fi res can be classifi ed as either fi ghting propane fi res. two-dimensional or three-dimensional.© Jones & Bartlett A two-dimensional Learning, fi re LLC Propane (LPG) exists as© aJones gas in its & naturalBartlett state Learning, at tem- LLC peratures higher than –44°F (–42.2°C). When the gas is placed refers to a spill, pool, orNOT open containerFOR SALE of liquid OR that DISTRIBUTION is burn- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ing only on the top surface. A three-dimensional fi re refers to a into a storage cylinder under pressure, it is changed into a liq- situation in which the burning liquid is dripping, spraying, or uid. Storing propane as a liquid is very effi cient, because it fl owing over the edges of a container. has an expansion ratio of 270:1 (i.e., 1 cubic foot (0.02 cubic A two-dimensional fl ammable-liquid fi re can usually be meters) of liquid propane is converted to 270 cubic feet controlled© Jones by applying & Bartlett the appropriate Learning, Class LLCB foam to the (7.64 cubic© meters)Jones of & gaseous Bartlett propane Learning, when it is releasedLLC into the atmosphere). Put simply, a large quantity of propane fuel burningNOT surface. FOR Several SALE different OR DISTRIBUTION formulations of Class B NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION foams are suitable for a variety of liquids and situations. The can be stored in a small container. foam will fl ow across the surface of the liquid and create a seal Inside a propane container, there is a space fi lled with pro- that stops the fuel from vaporizing; this separates the fuel from pane gas above the level of the liquid propane. As the contents the oxygen and extinguishes the fi re. Foam will also cool the of the cylinder are used, the liquid level becomes lower and the © Jones &liquid Bartlett and reduce Learning, the possibility LLC of reignition. © Jonesvapor & spaceBartlett increases. Learning, The internal LLC piping is arranged so as to draw product from the vapor space. NOT FOR SALE When OR dealing DISTRIBUTION with fl ammable-liquid fi res, fi re fi ghtersNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION should look for hot surfaces or open fl ames that could cause the Propane gas containers come in a variety of sizes and vapors to reignite after a fi re has been extinguished. It is impor- shapes, with capacities ranging from a few ounces to thousands tant to determine the identity of the liquid that is involved so of gallons. The cylinder itself is usually made of steel or alumi- as to select the appropriate extinguishing agent and to deter- num. A discharge valve keeps the gas inside the cylinder from mine whether the vapors© areJones lighter &or Bartlettheavier than Learning, air. LLCescaping into the atmosphere© Jonesand controls & Bartlettthe fl ow of Learning, gas into LLC the system where it is used. This valve should be easily visible A three-dimensionalNOT fl ammable-liquid FOR SALE fi re OR is much DISTRIBUTION more NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION diffi cult to extinguish with foam, because the foam cannot and accessible. In the event of a fi re, closing the valve should establish an effective seal between the fuel and the oxygen. stop the fl ow of the product and extinguish the fi re. The valve Either dry-chemical or gaseous extinguishing agents are usu- should be clearly marked to indicate the direction in which it ally more effective than foam in controlling these kinds of fi res. should be turned or moved to reach the closed position. These© agents Jones can &also Bartlett be used toLearning, extinguish two-dimensional LLC A connection© Jones to a& hose, Bartlett tubing, Learning, or piping allows LLC the propane gas to fl ow from the cylinder to its destination. In the case fi res, NOTalthough FOR they SALEdo not provide OR DISTRIBUTION a long-lasting seal between NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the fuel and the oxygen. In some cases, a fi re can be extin- of portable tanks, this connection is often the most likely place guished with a dry chemical, and then the surface can be cov- for a leak to occur. If the gas is ignited, this area could become ered with foam to prevent reignition. involved in fi re. Fire fi ghters should avoid standing in pools of fl ammable liq- A propane cylinder is always equipped with a relief valve uids or contaminated runoff from them, because their PPE will to allow excess pressure to escape, thereby preventing an © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesexplosion & Bartlett if the tank Learning, becomes overheated.LLC Propane cylinders NOT FORabsorb SALE the flOR ammable DISTRIBUTION product and become contaminated. In casesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of serious contamination, the PPE itself can become fl ammable. must be stored in an upright position so that the relief valve remains within the vapor space. If the cylinder is placed on its ■ Suppression side, the relief valve could fall below the liquid level. If a fi re The skills used in suppressing small fl ammable-liquid fi res are were then to heat the tank and cause an increase in pressure, the relief valve would release liquid propane, which would presented in the Portable© JonesFire Extinguishers & Bartlett chapter. Learning, Larger LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC fl ammable liquid fi res may require the use of Class B foam. expand by the 270:1 ratio and create a huge cloud of poten- The equipment and methodsNOT usedFOR to SALE apply Class OR BDISTRIBUTION foam are tially explosive propane gas.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION described in the Fire Attack and Foam chapter. ■ Propane Hazards Propane is highly fl ammable. Although it is nontoxic, this gas Flammable-Gas© Jones & Bartlett Cylinders Learning, LLC can displace© Jones oxygen and& Bartlett cause asphyxiation. Learning, By itself, LLC propane is odorless, so leaks of pure propane cannot be detected by a Flammable-gas NOT FOR cylinders SALE can OR be foundDISTRIBUTION in many places. Many human senseNOT of FOR smell. SALEFor this ORreason, DISTRIBUTION mercaptan is added to types of fl ammable gases are stored in many different types and FIRE FIGHTER II propane to give it a distinctive odor. sizes of containers. A variety of fl ammable gases can be found Propane gas is heavier than air, so it will fl ow along the in industrial occupancies. ground and accumulate in low areas. When using meters to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonescheck & Bartlettfor LPG, be Learning, sure to check LLCstorm drains, basements, and ■ Propane Gas other low-lying areas for concentrations of the gas. NOT FOR The SALE popularity OR DISTRIBUTIONof propane gas for heating and cookingNOT FOR WhenSALE responding OR DISTRIBUTION to a reported LPG leak, fi re fi ghters has meant that these cylinders have become commonplace and their apparatus should be staged uphill and upwind of

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 699 15/11/12 2:44 PM 700 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

the scene. Because an explosion can happen at any time, fi re The team leader should be located between the two nozzle © Jonesfi ghters & Bartlettshould wear Learning, full PPE and SCBALLC at this type of incident. © Jonesoperators. & BartlettOn the command Learning, of the LLC leader, the crew should NOT FORLife safety SALE should OR be DISTRIBUTION the highest priority; depending on the NOTmove FOR forward, SALE remaining OR DISTRIBUTION together and never turning their type and size of the leak, an evacuation might be necessary. backs to the burning product. Upon reaching the valve, the FIRE FIGHTER II FIRE FIGHTER II The greatest danger with propane and similar products is a fi re fi ghter in the center can turn off the valve, stopping the BLEVE. If an LPG tank is exposed to heat from a fi re, the tem- fl ow of gas. Any remaining fi re may then be extinguished by perature of the liquid inside© the Jones container & Bartlett will increase. Learning, The normalLLC means. Continue the fl ow© Jonesof water as& a Bartlett protective cur-Learning, LLC fi re could then be fueled by propane escaping from the tank tain and to reduce sources of ignition. or from an external source. NOTAs the FORtemperature SALE of theOR product DISTRIBUTION If the fi re is extinguished prematurely,NOT FOR the SALEvalve should OR still DISTRIBUTION increases, the vapor pressure will also increase. The increasing be turned off as soon as the team reaches it. Always approach pressure creates added stress on the container. If this pressure and retreat from these types of fi res while facing the objective exceeds the strength of the cylinder, the cylinder can rupture with water fl owing, in case of reignition. catastrophically.© Jones An exploding & Bartlett LPG cylinderLearning, can produce LLC the Unmanned© Jonesmaster streams & Bartlett should Learning, be used to LLCprotect same explosive power as dynamite. fl ammable-gas containers that are exposed to a severe fi re. To protectNOT theFOR container SALE from OR rupture, DISTRIBUTION the relief valve Direct the streamNOT so FORthat it SALEis one-third OR of DISTRIBUTION the way down the will open to release some of the pressure. This relief valve container. This technique will allow half of the water to roll up is designed to exhaust the vapor until the pressure drops to and over the container, while the remainder projects down- a preset level. When the pressure returns to a safe level, the ward FIGURE 22-14 . The objective is to cover as much of the © Jonesvalve & will Bartlett close. If Learning,the heating continues, LLC however, the liquid © Jonesexposed & tank Bartlett as possible. Learning, LLC will begin to boil within the container. If the fl ame impinges NOT FORdirectly SALE on the ORtank, DISTRIBUTION the container can weaken and fail some- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION where above the liquid line. When this happens, the container will rupture and release its contents with explosive speed. The boiling liquid will expand, vaporize, and ignite in a giant fi re- ball, accompanied by fl ying© fragments Jones &of Bartlettthe ruptured Learning, con- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tainer. Fire fi ghters have been killed in these explosions. The best method to preventNOT aFOR BLEVE SALE is to direct OR DISTRIBUTIONheavy NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION streams of water onto the tank from a safe distance. The water should be directed at the area where the tank is being heated. Cool the upper part of the tank to cool the gas vapors. The fi re fi© ghters Jones operating & Bartlett these streams Learning, should LLCwork from © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC shielded positions or use remote-controlled or unmanned monitors. NOTHorizontal FOR tanks SALE are designed OR DISTRIBUTION to fail at the ends if a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION catastrophic failure occurs, so fi re fi ghters should operate only FIGURE 22-14 Using a master stream to protect a fl ammable-gas from the sides of the tank. container that is exposed to fi re. ■ Flammable-Gas Fire Suppression © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fighting fi res involving LPG or other fl ammable-gas cylinders NOT FORrequires SALE careful OR analysis DISTRIBUTION and logical procedures. If the gas itself NOT FOR If the SALE LPG container OR DISTRIBUTION is located next to a fully involved is burning because of a pipe or regulator failure, the best way building or a fi re that is too large to control, evacuate the to extinguish the fi re is to shut off the main discharge valve at area and do not fi ght the fi re. If there is nothing to save, risk the cylinder. If the fi re is extinguished and the fuel continues to nothing. Keep in mind that if the relief valve is open, the fl ammable- leak, there is a high probability© Jones that it will & reignite Bartlett explosively. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Do not attempt to extinguish the fl ames unless the source of gas container is under stress. Exercise extreme caution in this the fuel has been shut off or NOTall of the FOR fuel hasSALE been ORconsumed. DISTRIBUTION scenario. As the gas pressure NOTis relieved, FOR it SALEwill sound OR like DISTRIBUTION If the fi re is heating the storage tank, use hose streams to cool the whistle on a teakettle; if the sound is rising in frequency, the cylinder, being careful not to extinguish the fi re. an explosion could be imminent and evacuation should be Unless a remote shut-off valve is available, the fl ow of pro- ordered. To suppress a fl ammable-gas cylinder fi re, follow the steps pane can ©be Jonesstopped only& Bartlett if it is safe Learning, to approach the LLC cylinder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fire fi ghters should inspect the integrity of the cylinder from in SKILL DRILL 22-12 (Fire Fighter II, 6.3.3): a distanceNOT before FOR they make SALE any attemptOR DISTRIBUTION to approach and shut 1 Cool NOT the tank FOR from SALE a distance OR untilDISTRIBUTION the relief valve off the valve. If the container is damaged or the valve is miss- resets. ing, the fuel should be allowed to burn off, while hose streams 2 Wearing full PPE, two teams of fi re fi ghters using continue to cool the tank from a safe distance. a minimum of two 1¾-inch (45 mm) hose lines © Jones & Approach Bartlett a Learning,fl ammable-gas LLC fi re with two 1¾-inch © Jones &advance Bartlett using Learning, an interlocking LLC 90-degree-wide fog (45 mm) hose lines working together. When approaching pattern for protection. Do not approach the cylinder NOT FORa horizontal SALE LPG OR tank, DISTRIBUTION always approach it from the sides. NOT FOR fromSALE the ORends. DISTRIBUTION The team leader should be located The nozzles should be set on a wide fog pattern, with the between the two nozzle persons. The leader coordi- discharge streams interlocked to create a protective curtain. nates the advance toward the cylinder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 700 15/11/12 2:44 PM CHAPTER 22 Fire Suppression 701

© Jones & Bartlett3 When Learning, the cylinder LLCis reached, the two nozzle teams© Jones Fires & Bartlett Involving Learning, Electricity LLC isolate the shut-off valve from the fi re with their fog NOT FOR SALEstreams OR DISTRIBUTION while the leader closes the tank valve, elimi-NOT FORThe greatestSALE danger OR DISTRIBUTION with most fi res involving electrical equipment is electrocution. For this reason, only Class C extin- FIRE FIGHTER II nating the fuel source. guishing agents should be used when energized equipment is 4 After the burning gas is extinguished, the fi re fi ghters continue to apply water to the cylinder to cool the involved in a fi re. All electrical equipment should be consid- metal, with the© goal Jones of preventing & Bartlett tank failureLearning, and a LLCered as potentially energized© Jonesuntil the & power Bartlett company Learning, or a LLC subsequent BLEVE. qualifi ed electrical professional confi rms that the power is off. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONOnce the electrical service hasNOT been FOR disconnected, SALE ORmost DISTRIBUTIONfi res in 5 As cooling continues, fi re fi ghters slowly back away electrical equipment can be controlled using the same tactics from the cylinder, never turning their backs to it. and procedures as are used for a Class A fi re. ■ Shutting Off Gas Service When a fi re occurs in a building, the electrical service Many © structures Jones use & eitherBartlett natural Learning, gas or propane LLC gas for heat should be© turned Jones off &quickly Bartlett to reduce Learning, the risks LLCof injury or death to fi re fi ghters, even if there is no involvement of electri- or cooking.NOT InFOR addition, SALE these OR two DISTRIBUTION energy sources have many NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION industrial applications. If a gas line inside a structure becomes cal equipment in the fi re. If possible, this shut-off should take compromised during a fi re, the escaping gas can add fuel to the place at the main circuit breaker box, with a lockout tag being fi re. The means by which the gas is supplied to the structure used to prevent someone from accidentally turning the electri- must be located to stop the fl ow. cal current back on. © Jones & Bartlett Most residential Learning, gas supplies LLC are delivered through a gas© Jones & If Bartlettit is not possible Learning, to turn the LLC electricity off at the breaker box, fi re fi ghters must notify the electrical utility company to NOT FORmeter SALE connected OR DISTRIBUTION to an underground utility network or fromNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a storage tank located outside the building. If the gas is sup- send a representative to the fi re scene to disconnect the service plied by an underground distribution system, the fl ow can be from a location outside the building. In many cases, the local stopped by closing a quarter-turn valve on the gas meter. If the utility company is automatically notifi ed of any working fi re. gas is supplied from an outside LPG storage cylinder, closing To control the electric utility system, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 22-14 the cylinder valve will stop© Jones the fl ow. & Bartlett Learning, LLC (Fire Fighter© I, Jones 5.3.18): & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 Don PPE, including SCBA; enter the personnel After the gas serviceNOT has beenFOR shut SALE off, use OR a lockout DISTRIBUTION tag NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to ensure that it is not turned back on. Only a professional can accountability system. reestablish the fl ow of gas to a structure. 2 Acknowledge the assignment To shut off gas utilities, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 22-13 3 Locate the exterior shut-off. (Fire Fighter I, NFPA 5.3.18) FIGURE 22-15 : 4 Shut off the power. 1 Don PPE, including SCBA; enter the personnel © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5 © Attach Jones a lockout & Bartlett tag and lock. Learning, LLC accountability system. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 NOT Notify commandFOR SALE that theOR electricity DISTRIBUTION is shut off. 2 Acknowledge the assignment. 3 Locate the exterior gas shut-off valve. ■ Electrical Fire Suppression 4 Shut off the gas valve. Fire suppression methods for fi res involving electrical equip- 5 © Jones & Bartlett Attach Learning, a shut-off tag LLC and lock if required. © Jonesment & varyBartlett according Learning, to the type LLC of equipment and the power 6 Notify command that the gas is shut off. supply. In many cases, the best approach is to wait until the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORpower SALE is disconnected OR DISTRIBUTION and then use the appropriate extinguishing agents to control the fi re. If the power cannot be disconnected or the situation requires immediate action, only

Class C extinguishing agents—such as halon agents, CO2 , or © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCdry chemicals—should be used.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC When delicate electronic equipment is involved in a fi re, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION either halons or CO2 should be used to limit the damage as much as possible. These agents cause less damage to comput- ers and sensitive equipment than do water or dry chemical agents. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC When© Jonespower distribution& Bartlett lines Learning, or transformers LLC are involved in a fi re, special care must be taken to ensure the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION safety of NOTboth emergency FOR SALE personnel OR and DISTRIBUTION the public. No attempt should be made to attack these fi res until the power has been disconnected. In some cases, fi re fi ghters may need to protect exposures or extinguish a fi re that has spread to other © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones combustible & Bartlett materials, Learning, if this canLLC be accomplished without coming in contact with the electrically energized equipment. If NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORa hose SALE stream ORcomes DISTRIBUTION in contact with the energized equipment, FIGURE 22-15 Shutting off gas line. the current can fl ow back through the water to the nozzle and electrocute fi re fi ghters who are in contact with the hose line. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 701 15/11/12 2:44 PM 702 Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

Many electrical transformers contain a cooling liquid can build up within these vaults. If a spark then ignites the © Jonesthat &includes Bartlett polychlorinated Learning, biphenyls,LLC a cancer-causing © Jonesgases, the & Bartlettresulting explosion Learning, can lift LLC a manhole cover from NOT FORmaterial. SALE Do not OR apply DISTRIBUTION water to a burning transformer. Water NOTa FORvault andSALE hurl ORit for DISTRIBUTION a considerable distance. Products can cause the transformer’s cooling liquid to spill or splash, of combustion can also leak into buildings through the contaminating both fi re fi ghters and the environment. If the underground conduits. Fire fi ghters should never enter an transformer is located on a pole, it should be allowed to burn underground electrical vault while the equipment is energized. until electrical utility professionals© Jones arrive & andBartlett disconnect Learning, the EvenLLC after the power has been© Jonesdisconnected, & Bartlett these vaults Learning, LLC power. Dry-chemical extinguishers can then be used to con- should be considered to be confi ned spaces containing poten- trol the fi re. Fires in ground-mountedNOT FOR transformers SALE OR can DISTRIBUTION also tially toxic gases, explosive atmospheres,NOT FOR or oxygen-defiSALE OR cient DISTRIBUTION be extinguished with dry chemical agents after the power atmospheres. Special precautions are required to enter this has been disconnected. Fire fi ghters should stay out of the type of confi ned space. smoke and away from any liquids that are discharged from a Large commercial and residential structures often have transformer,© Jonesand they &must Bartlett wear full Learning, PPE and SCBA LLC to attack high-voltage electrical© Jones service & Bartlett connections Learning, and interior LLC rooms the fi re. containing transformers and distribution equipment. These Some NOT very largeFOR transformers SALE OR contain DISTRIBUTION large quantities of areas should NOTbe clearly FOR marked SALE with OR electrical DISTRIBUTION hazard signs, cooling oil and require foam for fi re extinguishment. This foam and fi re fi ghters should not enter them unless there is a rescue can be applied only after the power has been disconnected. to be made. Until the power has been disconnected, fi re sup- Until the power is off, fi re fi ghters can still protect exposures pression efforts should be limited to protecting exposures. Fire © Joneswhile & taking Bartlett care toLearning, avoid contamination. LLC © Jonesfi ghters &must Bartlett wear full Learning, PPE and SCBA LLC owing to the inhalation Underground power lines and transformers are often hazards presented by the burning of the plastics and cooling NOT FORlocated SALE in vaults OR beneath DISTRIBUTION the ground’s surface. Explosive gases NOTliquids FOR that SALE are often OR used DISTRIBUTION with equipment of this size.

Wrap-Up ■ Care should be taken not to have opposing hose lines, such that two crews work “against” each other. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones■ The most& Bartlett frequently Learning, used hose line LLC size for interior fi re NOT FOR Chief SALE Concepts OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORattack isSALE 1¾-inch OR (45 DISTRIBUTION mm) handlines. Although one fi re fi ghter can usually operate the nozzle on a small hose line, ■ Fire suppression refers to all of the tactics and tasks per- a second fi re fi ghter will provide valuable assistance when formed on the fi re scene to extinguish a fi re. a small hose line must be advanced and maneuvered. ■ All fi re suppression operations are either offensive or ■ Different types of fi re streams are produced by different defensive: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCtypes of nozzles. A fog stream© dividesJones water & Bartlett into drop- Learning, LLC • Offensive—Tasks NOTperformed FOR inside. SALE Used OR when DISTRIBUTION the lets, which can absorb heat NOTeffi ciently. FOR Fog SALE streams OR can DISTRIBUTION fi re is not too large or dangerous to be extinguished be used to protect fi re fi ghters from the intense heat of using interior handlines. the fi re and to assist in ventilation. A straight stream can • Defensive—Tasks performed outside. Used when hit a fi re from a longer distance away; it also keeps the www.FireFighter.jbpub.com the fi re is too large to be controlled by an offensive water concentrated in a small area. A solid stream has an ©attack Jones or when & Bartlett the level of Learning, risk is too high. LLC even greater© reachJones and &penetrating Bartlett power Learning, than a straight LLC ■ TheNOT IC evaluates FOR conditionsSALE OR constantly DISTRIBUTION to determine the stream andNOT is charged FOR as SALEa continuous OR DISTRIBUTIONcolumn of water. type of attack that should be used. An interior attack ■ An interior fi re attack is an offensive operation that may be switched to a defensive attack if necessary, and requires fi re fi ghters to enter a building and discharge an vice versa. extinguishing agent onto the fi re. Interior fi re attack can ■ A fi re fi ghter must be able to advance and operate a hose be conducted on many different scales. In many cases, © Jones &line Bartlett effectively Learning, to extinguish LLC a fi re. © Jonesan interior & Bartlett attack is Learning, conducted on LLC a fi re that is burning NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORin only SALE one room OR and DISTRIBUTION may be controlled quickly by one

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 702 15/11/12 2:44 PM Wrap-Up, continued

© Jones & Bartlettattack hose Learning, line. Larger LLC fi res require more water, which© Jones to& moveBartlett material Learning, that has been LLC partially burned or water NOT FOR SALEcould OR be DISTRIBUTIONprovided by two or more small handlinesNOT FORsoaked. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION working together or by one or more larger handlines. ■ Fires in trash containers may be fought with foam or a ■ The most effective means of fi re suppression in most deck gun. situations is a direct attack. This kind of attack uses a ■ Some unique hazards exist with fi res in confi ned spaces, straight or solid ©hose Jones stream & to Bartlett deliver water Learning, directly LLC including oxygen defi ciencies,© Jones toxic &gases, Bartlett and standing Learning, LLC onto the base of the fi re. The water cools the fuel until it water. is below its ignitionNOT temperature. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION■ Vehicle fi res are one of NOTthe most FOR common SALE types OR of fiDISTRIBUTION res ■ The objective of an indirect attack is to quickly remove handled by fi re departments. These fi res may result from as much heat as possible from the fi re atmosphere. Such a variety of causes, including discarded smoking materi- an approach is particularly effective at preventing fl ash- als, electrical short-circuits, friction caused by dragging ©over Jones from occurring.& Bartlett This Learning, method of fiLLC re suppression brakes© or Jones defective & wheelBartlett bearings, Learning, and ruptured LLC fuel should be used when a fi re has produced a layer of hot lines due to a collision. NOTgases atFOR the ceiling SALE level. OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Many NOThazards FOR related SALE to vehicle OR DISTRIBUTIONfi res are possible— ■ A combination attack employs both indirect attack and traffi c hazards, fuel, pressurized cylinders and contain- direct attack methods in a sequential manner. This strat- ers that can explode, fi re, and toxic smoke. egy should be used when a room’s interior has been ■ Overhaul of vehicle fi res is just as important as overhaul © Jones & Bartlettheated toLearning, the point that LLC it is nearing a fl ashover condi-© Jones of& structureBartlett fi res.Learning, As soon as LLC it is safe to approach the tion. Fire fi ghters fi rst use an indirect attack method to vehicle, chock the wheels to prevent the vehicle from NOT FOR SALEcool ORthe fi DISTRIBUTIONre gases, then make a direct attack on the mainNOT FORmoving. SALE After OR all DISTRIBUTION visible fi re has been knocked down, body of fi re. allow a few minutes for the steam and smoke to dissipate ■ Large handlines can be used either for offensive fi re before starting overhaul. As you overhaul the vehicle, be attacks or for defensive operations. systematic and thorough. ■ Master stream devices© Jones are used & to Bartlett produce high-volumeLearning, LLC■ Always be alert for signs© that Jones a burning & Bartlettvehicle could Learning, be LLC water streams for large fi res. Several types of master powered by an alternative fuel, such as compressed nat- stream devices exist,NOT including FOR SALEportable ORmonitors, DISTRIBUTION deck ural gas (CNG) or liquefiNOT ed petroleum FOR SALE gas (LPG). OR Fully DISTRIBUTION guns, ladder pipes, and other elevated stream devices. involved fi res in vehicles powered by either type of fuel Most master streams discharge between 350 (1591 lpm) should be fought with an unmanned master stream to and 1500 (6819 lpm) gallons of water per minute. prevent injuries from exploding gas cylinders. ■ © Fires Jones in ordinary & Bartlett and wood-frame Learning, construction LLC can burn ■ Flammable-liquid © Jones &fi resBartlett can be Learning,encountered inLLC almost in combustible void spaces behind walls and under sub- any type of occupancy. Most fi res involving a vehicle NOTfl oors FORand ceilings. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (e.g., airplane,NOT FOR train, SALE ship, car, OR truck) DISTRIBUTION will involve a com- ■ Fires in basements or below grade level may cause the bustible or fl ammable liquid. Special tactics must be fl oor on the ground level to collapse. used when attempting to extinguish a fl ammable-liquid ■ Protect stairways and other vertical openings between fi re, and special extinguishing agents such as foam or dry fl oors when fi ghting a fi re in a multiple-level structure. chemicals may be needed. © Jones & BartlettHose lines Learning, must be placed LLC to keep the fi re from extend-© Jones■ Flammable-gas & Bartlett Learning, cylinders can LLC be found in many places. NOT FOR SALEing verticallyOR DISTRIBUTION and to ensure that exit paths remain avail-NOT FORMany SALE types OR of fl ammableDISTRIBUTION gases are stored in many differ- able to fi re fi ghters and victims. ent types and sizes of containers. A variety of fl ammable ■ Many large buildings have fl oor plans that can cause gases can be found in industrial occupancies. fi re fi ghters to become lost or disoriented while work- ■ The greatest danger with propane and similar fl ammable- ing inside, particularly in low-visibility or zero-visibility gas products is a BLEVE. If an LPG tank is exposed to conditions. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC heat from a fi re, the temperature© Jones of the& Bartlettliquid inside Learning, the LLC ■ Buildings that areNOT under FOR construction, SALE ORrenovation, DISTRIBUTION or container will increase. NOTThe fi FORre itself SALE could beOR fueled DISTRIBUTION demolition are all at increased risk for destruction by fi re. by propane escaping from the tank or from an external These buildings often have large quantities of combus- source. As the temperature of the product increases, the tible materials exposed, while lacking the fi re-resistant vapor pressure will increase in tandem. The increasing features of a fi nished building. pressure creates added stress on the container. If this © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ A lumberyard fi re will usually produce tremendous pressure exceeds the strength of the cylinder, the cylin- NOTquantities FOR of SALEradiant ORheat andDISTRIBUTION release burning embers der canNOT rupture FOR catastrophically. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that can cause the fi re to spread quickly from stack to ■ The greatest danger with most fi res involving electrical stack. equipment is electrocution. Only Class C extinguish- ■ Fires in stacked materials should be approached cau- ing agents should be used when energized equipment tiously. All fi re fi ghters must remain outside potential is involved in a fi re. All electrical equipment should © Jones & Bartlettcollapse Learning,zones. Mechanical LLC equipment should be used© Jones be& consideredBartlett Learning,as potentially LLCenergized until the power NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 703 15/11/12 2:45 PM Wrap-Up, continued

© Jones &company Bartlett or Learning,a qualifi ed electrical LLC professional confi rms © Jonescreating & Bartlett more surface Learning, area on the LLC water droplets and NOT FOR thatSALE the power OR DISTRIBUTION is off. NOT FORthereby SALE causing OR the DISTRIBUTIONwater to absorb more heat. ■ Once the electrical service has been disconnected, most Indirect attack (structural fi re) Firefi ghting operations fi res in electrical equipment can be controlled using involving the application of extinguishing agents to the same tactics and procedures as are used for Class reduce the build-up of heat released from a fi re with- A fi res. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCout applying the agent directly© Jones onto the & burning Bartlett fuel. Learning, LLC (NFPA 1145) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hot Terms Ladder pipe A monitor that is fed by a hose and that holds and directs a nozzle while attached to the rungs of a Combination attack A type of attack employing both vehicle-mounted aerial ladder. (NFPA 1965) direct attack and indirect attack methods. Master stream device A large-capacity nozzle that can be Deck gun© Jones An apparatus-mounted & Bartlett Learning, master stream LLC device supplied by© twoJones or more & hoseBartlett lines or Learning, fi xed piping. SuchLLC thatNOT is intended FOR toSALE fl ow large OR amounts DISTRIBUTION of water directly devices includeNOT FORdeck guns, SALE portable OR groundDISTRIBUTION monitors, onto a fi re or exposed building. and elevated streams, and commonly fl ow between 350 Direct attack (structural fi re) Firefi ghting operations (1591 lpm) and 1500 (6819 lpm) gallons per minute. involving the application of extinguishing agents Portable monitor A monitor that can be lifted from a directly onto the burning fuel. (NFPA 1145) vehicle-mounted bracket and moved to an operating © JonesElevated & Bartlett master Learning, stream device LLC A nozzle mounted on the © Jonesposition & Bartlett on the ground Learning, by not moreLLC than two people. NOT FOR SALEend of anOR aerial DISTRIBUTION device that is capable of delivering large NOT FOR(NFPA SALE 1965) OR DISTRIBUTION amounts of water onto a fi re or exposed building from Sol id stream A stream made by using a smooth-bore noz- an elevated position. zle to produce a penetrating stream of water. Indirect application of water The use of a solid object such Straight stream A stream made by using an adjustable noz- as a wall or ceiling ©to Jonesbreak apart & Bartletta stream of Learning, water, LLCzle to provide a straight stream© Jones of water. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIRE© Jones FIGHTER & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORin SALEaction OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© JonesYou & areBartlett just returning Learning, to the station LLC from a medical emergency© when Jones your &engine Bartlett is dispatched Learning, to the report LLC of a car on fi re in NOT FORa garage. SALE The OR battalion DISTRIBUTION chief arrives fi rst and establishes command.NOT The FOR IC gives SALE a size-up OR indicatingDISTRIBUTION that the structure is a single-story, wood-frame house with dark, turbulent smoke coming from the garage area. He then assigns your crew to fi re attack.

1. A(n) _____ uses a solid object such as a wall or ceil- 3. A _____ is made by using a smooth-bore nozzle to ing to break apart© a Jonesstream of & water, Bartlett creating Learning, more LLC produce a penetrating stream© Jones of water. & Bartlett Learning, LLC surface area on theNOT water FOR droplets SALE and thereby OR DISTRIBUTIONcaus- A. solid stream NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ing the water to absorb more heat. B. fog stream A. interior attack C. straight stream B. indirect attack D. master stream C. direct attack 4. What is the expansion ratio of propane? ©D. Jones combination & Bartlett attack Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A. 5:1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. Which of the following is not a master stream B. 17:1 device? C. 70:1 A. Deck guns D. 270:1 B. Portable ground monitors © Jones & BartlettC. Elevated Learning, streams LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALED. Solid OR stream DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

41528_CH22_Pass4.indd 704 15/11/12 2:45 PM FIRE FIGHTER in action (continued) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. What should be done once the gas has been shut off C. 250 (1136) to a building? D. 300 (1363) A. Attach a shut-off tag 7. Which challenge do fi re fi ghters frequently face B. Report to staging when extinguishing an engine compartment fi re? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC C. Report to rehabilitation A. Confi ning the fi re NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION D. Notify the gas company B. Vehicle movement 6. Large handlines will fl ow at least ____ gpm/lpm. C. Gaining access A. 150 (681) D. Locating the seat of the fi re B. 200 (909) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

It is a beautiful Saturday morning, and you are out washing the engine on the front apron of your fi re station. A car pulls in and the driver walks over and begins to chat with you. He says he is a fi re fi ghter from a neighboring jurisdiction, so he decided© Jones to stop & and Bartlett visit when Learning, he saw you outLLC washing the engine. It is evident© Jones that he &has Bartlett been a fi re Learning, fi ghter for only LLC a short period of time, but he is very enthusiastic about learning and seems to be a very likeable individual. You know that his depart- mentNOT has FORvery limited SALE fi nancial OR DISTRIBUTION resources, so you engage him in an informativeNOT discussion FOR SALE about fiOR re attack. DISTRIBUTION

1. Which factors would you tell him affect the incident commander’s decision on whether to make an interior attack rather than an exterior attack? © Jones & Bartlett2. How Learning,would you describe LLC to him the characteristics© of Jones the various & Bartletttypes of nozzles? Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE3. Which OR DISTRIBUTIONother activities would you tell him need to NOTbe coordinated FOR SALE with ﬁ reOR attack? DISTRIBUTION

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