Chapter 11: Ladders Matching 1

Home , Fog nozzle, Hose strap

44 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Remove any flooring, such as carpet, tile, or 4. Secure the area around the hole to prevent others floorboards that have been loosened. Cut a working in the area from falling through the hole. similar-size opening into the subfloor, until the proper-size hole is achieved. (pages 368–369)

Chapter 11: Ladders Matching 1. A (page 380) 3. H (page 379) 5. J (page 379) 7. F (page 378) 9. G (page 378) 2. B (page 378) 4. E (page 380) 6. D (page 378) 8. I (page 379) 10. C (page 378) Multiple Choice 1. C (page 379) 8. A (page 419) 15. D (page 378) 22. B (page 389) 2. A (page 382) 9. A (page 380) 16. C (page 382) 23. C (page 378) 3. C (page 418) 10. B (page 378) 17. C (page 391) 24. B (page 379) 4. B (page 388) 11. D (page 380) 18. D (page 406) 25. B (page 381) 5. D (page 390) 12. C (page 394) 19. D (page 404) 26. A (page 382) 6. C (page 383) 13. B (page 387) 20. A (page 381) 27. D (page 379) 7. A (page 377) 14. B (page 406) 21. A (page 394) 28. A (page 378) Chapter 11: Ladders 45

Labeling

Label the following diagram with the correct terms. 1. Basic components of an extension ladder. A. Fly section A. Fly Section B. Guides B. Guides C. Pulley D. Halyard E. Pawl C. Pulley F. Bed Section G. Butt or heel (page 379)

D. Halyard

E. Pawl

F. Bed Section G. Butt or Heel © Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Vocabulary 1. Guides: Strips of metal or wood that guide a fly section of an extension ladder as it is being extended. (page 379) 2. Ladder belt: A piece of equipment specifically designed to secure a fire fighter to a ladder or elevated surface. (page 420) 3. Heat sensor label: A label that identifies when the ladder has been exposed to specific heat conditions that could damage its structural integrity. (page 379) 4. Tie rod: Metal bar that runs from one beam of the ladder to the other and keeps the beams from separating. Tie rods are typically found in wood ladders. (page 379) 5. Roof hooks: Spring-loaded, retractable, curved metal pieces that are attached to the tip of a roof ladder. These hooks are used to secure the tip of the ladder to the peak of a pitched roof. (page 381) 6. Protection plates: Reinforcing pieces that are placed on a ladder at chaffing and contact points to prevent damage from friction or contact with other surfaces. (page 379) 7. Pawls: The mechanical locking devices used to secure the extended fly sections of an extension ladder. They are sometimes called dogs, ladder locks, or rung locks. (page 379) 8. Bed section: The widest section of an extension ladder. It serves as the base; all other sections are raised from the bed section. (page 379) 9. Halyard: The rope or cable used to extend or hoist the fly sections of an extension ladder. (page 379) 10. Pulley: A small grooved wheel that is used to change the direction of the halyard pull. A downward pull on the halyard creates an upward force on the fly sections, extending the ladder. (page 380) 46 A NSWER KEY

Fill-In 1. extension (page 382) 7. straight (page 381) 2. leg lock (page 420) 8. rungs (page 378) 3. combination (page 382) 9. Aerial (page 380) 4. three (page 419) 10. ramps (page 377) 5. ground (page 376) 11. manufacturer’s (page 384) 6. webbing (page 418) True/False 1. F (page 377) 4. T (page 376) 7. F (page 395) 10. T (page 377) 2. F (page 378) 5. F (page 417) 8. F (page 381) 11. F (page 424) 3. F (page 379) 6. T (page 390) 9. T (page 416) 12. F (page 378)

Short Answer 1. Basic considerations when lifting a ground ladder include (Students should include five of the following): (1) When fire fighters are working as a team to lift a ladder, one fire fighter must act as the leader. (2) The lead fire fighter needs to call the intended movements using two-step commands. (3) There should be a prearranged method in place for determining the lead fire fighter for ladder lifts. (4) Good lifting technique must be used. (5) When bending, bend at the knees and keep the back straight. (6) Lift and lower the load with the legs, rather than the back. (7) Take care to avoid twisting motions. (page 393) 2. Basic considerations when descending a ground ladder include (Students should include five of the following): (1) Before starting to descend, take time to ensure the ladder is at an appropriate angle. (2) Be sure the ladder is on stable footing and that someone is heeling the ladder. (3) Communicate to the person footing the ladder. (4) If you are holding a tool, establish a secure grip that will allow you to maintain good contact. (5) As you descend, face the ladder, keeping your back perpendicular with the ground and your arms almost fully extended. (6) Maintain three-point contact as you descend, keeping two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand on the ladder. (7) Have the arches of your feet on the rungs. (8) Descend slowly, avoid sudden movements, and stay in the middle of the ladder. (9) Minimize bouncing and swaying. (10) Do not overload the ladder. (page 423) 3. The three basic types of beam construction are: (1) Trussed beam: Has a top rail and a bottom rail, which are joined by a series of smaller pieces called truss blocks. The rungs are attached to the truss blocks. Trussed beams are usually constructed of aluminum or wood. (2) I-beam: Has thick sections at the top and the bottom, which are connected by a thinner section. The rungs are attached to the thinner section of the beam. This type of beam is usually made from fiberglass. (3) Solid beam: Has a simple rectangular cross-section. Many wooden ladders have solid beams. Rectangular aluminum beams, which are usually hollow or C shaped, are also classified as solid beams. (page 378) 4. Fundamental ladder maintenance tasks are (Students should include five of the following): (1) Clean and lubricate the pawls, following the manufacturer’s instructions. (2) Clean and lubricate the slides on extension ladders in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. (3) Replace worn halyards and wire rope on extension ladders when they fray or kink. (4) Clean and lubricate hooks. Remove rust and other contaminants and lubricate the folding roof hook assemblies on roof ladders to keep them operational. (5) Check the heat sensor labels. Replace the sensors when they reach their expiration date. Remove from service a ladder that has been exposed to high temperatures for testing. (6) Maintain the finish on fiberglass and wooden ladders in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. (7) Ensure that portable ladders are not painted except for the top and bottom 18 inches (45.2 centimeters) of each section, because paint can hide structural defects in the ladder. The tip and butt are painted for purposes of identification and visibility. (8) Maintenance records should be kept. (page 385) Chapter 11: Ladders 47

Fire Alarms 1. Remove the roof ladder from the apparatus. Choose an appropriate ladder carry for the obstacles you will have to maneuver around. Deploy the roof ladder up the extension ladder. Remember to use a leg lock or ladder belt to secure yourself to the ladder. Place the roof ladder on the roof, ensuring the hooks are pointing down. (page 422) 2. Think safety first. A person who is in extreme danger may not wait to be rescued. Jumpers risk their own lives and may endanger the fire fighters trying to rescue them. Several fire fighters have been seriously injured by persons who jumped before a rescue could be completed. A trapped person might try to jump onto the tip of an approaching ladder, or reach out for anything or anyone nearby. You might be pulled or pushed off the ladder by the person you are trying to rescue. (page 390) Skill Drills Skill Drill 11-1: Inspect, Clean, and Maintain a Ladder Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.1 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Clean all components following manufacturer and national standards. Visually inspect the ladder for wear and damage. 2. Lubricate the ladder pawls, guides, and pulleys using the recommended material. 3. Perform a functional check of all components. 4. Complete the maintenance record for the ladder. Tag and remove the ladder from service if deficiencies are found. Return the ladder to the apparatus or storage area. (pages 386–387) Skill Drill 11-2: One–Fire Fighter Shoulder Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Start with the ladder mounted in a bracket or standing on one beam. Locate the center of the ladder. Grasp the two rungs on either side of the middle rung. 2. Lift the ladder and rest it on your shoulder. 3. Walk carefully with the butt end first and pointed slightly downward. (page 394) Skill Drill 11-3: Two–Fire Fighter Shoulder Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Start with the ladder mounted in a bracket or standing on one beam. Both fire fighters are positioned on the same side of the ladder. Facing the butt end of the ladder, one fire fighter is positioned near the butt end of the ladder, and a second fire fighter is positioned near the tip of the ladder. 2. Both fire fighters place one arm between two rungs and, on the leader’s command, lift the ladder onto their shoulders. The ladder is carried butt end first. 3. The fire fighter closest to the butt end covers the sharp butt spur with a gloved hand to prevent injury to other fire fighters. (page 395) 48 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 11-8: Four–Fire Fighter Flat Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The carry begins with the bed section of the ladder 2. On the leader’s command, all four fire fighters kneel flat on the ground. Two fire fighters stand on each down and grasp the closer beam at arm’s length. side of the ladder. All four fire fighters face the butt end of the ladder. One fire fighter is positioned at each corner of the ladder, with two fire fighters at the butt end of the ladder and two fire fighters at the tip end of the ladder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. On the leader’s command, all four fire fighters pick 4. The fire fighters closest to the butt end cover the up the ladder and carry it butt end forward. sharp butt spurs with gloved hands to prevent injury to other fire fighters. (pages 399–400) Chapter 11: Ladders 49

Skill Drill 11-10: Four–Fire Fighter Flat Shoulder Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The carry begins with the bed section of the ladder flat 2. On the leader’s command, all four fire fighters kneel and on the ground. Two fire fighters are positioned on each grasp the closer beam. side of the ladder. All four fire fighters face the tip end of the ladder. One fire fighter is positioned at each corner of the ladder, with two fire fighters at the butt end and two fire fighters at the tip end of the ladder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. On the leader’s command, the fire fighters stand, raising 4. As the ladder approaches chest height, the fire fighters all the ladder. pivot toward the ladder.

5. The fire fighters place the beam of the ladder on their shoulders. All four fire fighters face the butt of the ladder. The ladder is carried in this position, with the butt moving forward. The fire fighters closest to the butt end cover the sharp butt spurs with gloved hands to prevent injury to

Skill Drill 11-11: One–Fire Fighter Flat Raise for Ladders Less Than 14 Feet Long Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Place the butt of the ladder on the ground directly against the structure so that both butt spurs contact the ground and the structure. Lay the ladder on the ground. If the ladder is an extension ladder, place the bed (base) section on the ground. Stand at the tip of the ladder, and check for overhead hazards. Take hold of a rung near the tip, bring that end of the ladder to chest height, and then step beneath the ladder. Raise the ladder using a hand-over-hand motion as you walk toward the structure until the ladder is vertical and against the structure. If an extension ladder is being used, hold the ladder vertical against the structure, and extend the fly section by pulling the halyard smoothly, with a hand-over-hand motion, until the desired height is reached and the pawls are locked. 2. Pull the butt of the ladder out from the structure to create a 75-degree climbing angle. To move the butt away from the structure, grip a lower rung, and lift slightly while pulling outward. At the same time, apply pressure to an upper rung to keep the tip of the ladder against the structure. If the ladder is an extension ladder, it will be necessary to rotate the ladder so the fly section is out. The halyard should be tied as described in the Tying the Halyard skill drill. Check the tip and the butt of the ladder to ensure safety before climbing. (page 406) Skill Drill 11-12: One–Fire Fighter Flat Raise for Ladders More Than 14 Feet Long Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Place the butt of the ladder on the ground directly 2. Take hold of a rung near the tip, bring that end of against the structure so that both spurs contact the the ladder to chest height, and then step beneath ground and the structure. Lay the ladder on the the ladder. ground. If the ladder is an extension ladder, place the base section on the ground. Stand at the tip of the ladder and check for overhead hazards. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Raise the ladder using a hand-over-hand motion as you walk toward the structure until the ladder is vertical and against the structure. Chapter 11: Ladders 51 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. If an extension ladder is being used, hold the 5. Pull the butt of the ladder out from the structure ladder vertical against the structure, and extend the to create a 75-degree climbing angle. To move the fly section by pulling the halyard smoothly, with a butt away from the structure, grip a lower rung, hand-over-hand motion, until the desired height is and lift slightly while pulling outward. At the same reached and the pawls are locked. time, apply pressure to an upper rung to keep the tip of the ladder against the structure.

6. If the ladder is an extension ladder, it will be necessary to rotate the ladder so the fly section is out. The halyard should be tied as described in the Tying the Halyard skill drill. Check the tip and the butt of the ladder to ensure safety

Skill Drill 11-14: Two–Fire Fighter Beam Raise Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The two-fire fighter beam raise begins with a shoulder or 2. The fire fighter at the butt of the ladder places that end of suitcase carry. One fire fighter stands near the butt end of the ladder on the ground, while the fire fighter at the tip the ladder, and the other fire fighter stands near the tip. of the ladder holds that end. 52 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. The fire fighter at the butt of the ladder places a foot on 4. The fire fighter at the tip of the ladder checks for the butt of the beam that is in contact with the ground overhead hazards and then begins to walk toward the and grasps the upper beam. butt, while raising the lower beam in a hand-over-hand fashion until the ladder is vertical. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. The two fire fighters pivot the ladder into position as 6. The fire fighters face each other, one on each side of the necessary. ladder, and heel the ladder by each placing the toe or instep of one boot against the opposing beams of the ladder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. One fire fighter extends the fly section by pulling the 8. The fire fighter facing the structure places one foot halyard smoothly with a hand-over-hand motion until the against one beam of the ladder, and then both fire fly section is at the height desired and the pawls are locked. fighters lean the ladder into place. The halyard is tied. The other fire fighter stabilizes the ladder by holding the The fire fighters check the ladder for a 75-degree outside of the base section beams so that if the fly comes climbing angle and check for stability at the tip and at down suddenly it will not strike the fire fighter’s hands. the butt end of the ladder. (pages 410–411) Chapter 11: Ladders 53

Skill Drill 11-17: Four–Fire Fighter Flat Raise Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.6 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. The raise begins with a four–fire fighter flat carry. Two fire fighters are at the butt of the ladder, and two fire fighters are at the tip. 2. The two fire fighters at the butt of the ladder place the butt end of the ladder on the ground, while the two fire fighters at the tip hold that end. 3. The two fire fighters at the butt of the ladder stand side by side, facing the ladder. Each fire fighter places the inside foot on the bottom rung and the other foot on the ground outside the beam. Both crouch down, grab a rung and the beam, and lean backward. 4. The two fire fighters at the tip of the ladder check for overhead hazards and then begin to walk toward the butt of the ladder, advancing down the rungs in a hand-over-hand fashion until the ladder is vertical. 5. The fire fighters pivot the ladder into position, as necessary. 6. Two fire fighters heel the ladder by placing a boot against each beam. Each fire fighter places the toe or instep of one boot against one of the beams. The third fire fighter stabilizes the ladder by holding it on the outside of the rails. 7. The fourth fire fighter extends the fly section by pulling the halyard smoothly with a hand-over-hand motion until the tip reaches the desired height and the pawls are locked. 8. The two fire fighters facing the structure each place one foot against one beam of the ladder while the other two fire fighters lower the ladder into place. The halyard is tied. The fire fighters check the ladder for a 75-degree climbing angle and for security at the tip and at the butt end of the ladder. (page 417) Skill Drill 11-20: Deploying a Roof Ladder Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Carry the roof ladder to the base of the climbing ladder 2. Place the butt end of the roof ladder on the ground, that is already in place to provide access to the roofline. and rotate the hooks of the roof ladder to the open position. 54 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Raise and lean the roof ladder against one beam of 4. Climb to the roofline of the structure, carrying the the other ladder with the hooks oriented outward, roof ladder on one shoulder. Secure yourself to the away from you. Climb the lower climbing ladder ladder. until you reach the midpoint of the roof ladder that is positioned next to you, and then slip one shoulder between two rungs of the roof ladder, and shoulder the roof ladder. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Place the roof ladder on the roof surface with hooks 6. Once the hooks have passed the peak, pull back down. Push the ladder up toward the peak of the on the roof ladder to set the hooks, and check roof with a hand-over-hand motion. that they are secure. To remove a roof ladder from the roof, reverse the process just described. After releasing the hooks from the peak, it may be necessary to turn the ladder on one of its beams or turn it so the hooks are pointing up to slide the ladder down the roof without catching the hooks on the roofing material. Carrying a roof ladder in this manner requires strength and practice. (pages 422–423) Chapter 12: Search and Rescue 55

Chapter 12: Search and Rescue Matching 1. G (page 447) 3. H (page 431) 5. D (page 449) 7. F (page 431) 9. E (page 440) 2. I (page 438) 4. C (page 431) 6. B (page 431) 8. A (page 447) 10. J (page 437)

Multiple Choice 1. D (page 446) 6. C (pages 465–466) 11. B (page 437) 16. C (page 441) 2. A (page 450) 7. B (page 447) 12. D (page 462) 17. C (page 438) 3. C (page 463) 8. A (page 463) 13. B (page 435) 18. D (page 453) 4. D (pages 466–468) 9. A (page 435) 14. D (page 438) 19. B (page 461) 5. A (page 459) 10. D (page 435) 15. A (page 433) 20. A (page 456) Vocabulary 1. Exit assist: The simplest rescue if the victim is responsive and able to walk without assistance or with very little assistance. (page 450) 2. Shelter-in-place: When the occupants are sheltered and kept in their present location instead of trying to remove them from a fire building. (pages 449–450) 3. Two-in/two-out rule: The NFPA requirements state that a team of at least two fire fighters must enter together, and at least two other fire fighters must remain outside the danger area, ready to rescue the fire fighters who are inside the building. (page 445) 4. Primary search: A quick attempt to locate any potential victims who are in danger. (page 438) 5. Transitional attack: An offensive fire attack initiated by a quick, indirect, exterior attack into the fire compartment, followed by a quick transition into an interior attack. (page 331) Fill-In 1. lives (page 431) 6. marked (page 443) 2. crawl (page 438) 7. second (page 435) 3. greater (page 433) 8. Sounding floors (page 437) 4. risk (page 433) 9. fire flow path (page 433) 5. secondary (page 439) 10. standard method (page 441) True/False 1. T (page 431) 4. T (page 433) 7. T (page 431) 9. T (page 443) 2. T (page 436) 5. T (page 449) 8. T (pages 432–434) 10. F (page 440) 3. T (page 449) 6. F (page 435) 56 A NSWER KEY

Short Answer 1. Benefits of thermal imaging include (Students should include three of the following): (1) Identify the shape of a human body; (2) Show furniture, walls, doorways, and windows; (3) Navigate through the interior of a smoke-filled building; (4) Locate a fire in a smoke-filled building or behind walls or ceilings; (5) Locate the fire source and the direction of fire spread from the exterior; (6) Scanning a door before opening it can indicate whether the room is safe to enter. (page 440) 2. Search and rescue equipment includes (Students should include six of the following): (1) Personal protective equipment (PPE); (2) Portable radio; (3) Hand light or flashlight; (4) Forcible entry (exit) tools; (5) Hose lines; (6) Thermal imaging devices; (7) Ladders; (8) Long ropes; (9) A piece of tubular webbing or short rope (16 to 24 ft [4.9 to 7.3 m]). (page 437) 3. The six tips fire fighters need to remember during search and rescue operations are: (1) Work from a single plan. (2) Maintain radio contact with the incident commander (IC), both through the chain of command and via portable radios. (3) Monitor fire conditions during the search. (4) Coordinate ventilation operations with search and rescue activities. (5) Adhere to the personal accountability system. (6) Stay with a partner. (page 438) 4. Pieces of valuable information a preincident plan can provide for search and rescue operations include (Students should include five of the following): (1) Corridor layouts; (2) Exit locations; (3) Stairway locations; (4) Apartment layouts; (5) Number of bedrooms in apartments; (6) Locations of handicapped residents’ apartments; (7) Special-function rooms or areas. (page 434) 5. The four simple carries that can be used to move a victim who is conscious and responsive, but incapable of standing or walking are: (1) Two-person extremity carry; (2) Two-person seat carry; (3) Two-person chair carry; (4) Cradle-in-arms carry. (page 452) 6. Considerations for search and rescue size-up include (Students should include four of the following): (1) Occupancy; (2) Size of the building; (3) Construction of the building; (4) Time of day and day of week; (5) Number of occupants; (6) Degree of risk to the occupants presented by the fire; (7) Ability of occupants to exit on their own. (page 435) Fire Alarms 1. Make sure you have a single communicated plan. Maintain radio contact with the IC using the chain of command, monitor fire conditions during the search, coordinate ventilation with your search and rescue activities, maintain your accountability system, stay with your team, and carry a thermal imaging device if at all possible to speed up the search and help locate exits and hazards. (pages 435–438) 2. The search and rescue needs to be coordinated with suppression and ventilation. Take into account the flow path of the fire. It would also be necessary to position a hose line to protect the entry and exit paths. A marking system should be used to indicate which rooms have been searched. (pages 431–432) Skill Drills Skill Drill 12-1: Conducting a Primary Search Using the Standard Search Method Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Don your personal protective equipment (PPE), including SCBA, and enter the personnel accountability system. Bring hand tools, a hand light, a radio, a thermal imaging device, and search ropes if indicated. Notify command that the search is starting, and indicate the area to be searched and the direction of the search. Use hand tools or ground ladders if needed to gain access to the site. Conduct a quick and systematic search by staying on an outside wall and searching from room to room. Maintain contact with an outside wall. 2. Maintain team integrity using visual, voice, or direct contact. Use the most efficient movement based on the hazard encountered: duck walk, crawl, stand only when you can see your feet and it is not hot. Use tools to extend your reach if recommended by your department. Clear each room visually or by touch, and then close the door. Search the area, including stairs up to the landing on the next floor. 3. Periodically listen for victims and sounds of fire. Communicate the locations of doors, windows, and inside corners to other team members. Observe fire, smoke, and heat conditions; update command on this information. Locate and remove victims; notify the IC. When the search is complete, conduct a personnel accountability report. Report the results of the search to your officer. (page 442) Chapter 12: Search and Rescue 57

Skill Drill 12-2: Conducting a Primary Search Using the Oriented Search Method Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. A search team consisting of one officer or team leader 2. Searchers don their personal protective equipment and one to three searchers is assembled. (PPE), including SCBA and hand tools, and enter the personnel accountability system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. The officer notifies the incident commander that search 4. The officer remains outside the rooms to be searched to is starting and directs the searchers to the area to be monitor safety conditions, air supplies, and the status searched. of the fire. The officer maintains a systematic search pattern and coordinates activities with the incident commander.

5. Searchers use a left-handed or a right-handed search pattern and perform two to three side crawls as necessary to extend the search toward the center of the room. Upon completion of the search of each room, the officer directs searchers to the next rooms to be searched and closes the door. If a victim is found, the officer notifies the incident commander and requests a second team to help remove the victim. The search team moves the victim toward the exit and turns over the care and removal of

6. The search team then returns to the last location searched and continues the systematic search of the building. When the search is complete, the officer conducts a personnel accountability report. The officer reports the results of the search and the personnel accountability report to the incident commander.

Skill Drill 12-5: Performing a Two-Person Walking Assist Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Two fire fighters stand facing the victim, one on each side of the victim. Both fire fighters assist the victim to a standing position. 2. Once the victim is fully upright, place the victim’s right arm around the neck of the fire fighter on the right side. Place the victim’s left arm around the neck of the fire fighter on the left side. The victim’s arms should drape over the fire fighter’s shoulders. The fire fighters hold the victim’s wrist in one hand. 3. Both fire fighters put their free arms around the victim’s waist for added support. Both fire fighters slowly assist the victim to walk. Fire fighters must coordinate their movements and move slowly. (page 451) Skill Drill 12-6: Performing a Two-Person Extremity Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Two fire fighters help the victim to sit up. 2. The first fire fighter kneels behind the victim, reaches under the victim’s arms, and grasps the victim’s wrists. Chapter 12: Search and Rescue 59 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. The second fire fighter backs in between the victim’s 4. The first fire fighter gives the command to stand and legs, reaches around, and grasps the victim behind the carry the victim away, walking straight ahead. Both fire knees. fighters must coordinate their movements. (page 452) Skill Drill 12-8: Performing a Two-Person Chair Carry Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Tie the victim’s hands together, or have the victim grasp his or her hands together. This prevents the victim from reaching for a stationary object while you are moving him or her. One fire fighter stands behind the seated victim, reaches down, and grasps the back of the chair. 2. The fire fighter tilts the chair slightly backward on its rear legs so that the second fire fighter can step back between the legs of the chair and grasp the tips of the chair’s front legs. The victim’s legs should be between the legs of the chair. 3. When both fire fighters are correctly positioned, the fire fighter behind the chair gives the command to lift and walk away. Because the chair carry may force the victim’s head forward, watch the victim for airway problems. (page 454) Skill Drill 12-12: Performing a Standing Drag Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Kneel at the head of the supine victim. 2. Raise the victim’s head and torso by 90 degrees so that the victim is leaning against you. 60 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Reach under the victim’s arms, wrap 4. Stand straight up using your legs. Drag your arms around the victim’s chest, the victim out. (pages 458–459) and lock your arms.

Skill Drill 12-16: Rescuing a Conscious Victim from a Window Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. The rescue team places the ladder into the rescue position, with the tip of the ladder just below the windowsill, and secures the ladder in place. 2. The first fire fighter climbs the ladder, makes contact with the victim, and climbs inside the window to assist the victim. The fire fighter should make contact as soon as possible to calm the victim and encourage the victim to stay at the window until the rescue can be performed. 3. The second fire fighter climbs up to the window, leaving at least one rung available for the victim. When ready, the fire fighter advises the victim to slowly come out onto the ladder, feet first, and facing the ladder. 4. The second fire fighter forms a semi-circle around the victim, with both hands on the beams of the ladder. 5. The second fire fighter and victim proceed slowly down the ladder, one rung at a time, with the fire fighter always staying one rung below the victim. If the victim slips or loses his or her footing, the fire fighter’s legs should keep the victim from falling. The fire fighter can take control of the victim at any time by leaning in toward the ladder and squeezing the victim against the ladder. The fire fighter should verbalize each step and talk to the person being rescued to help reassure and calm him or her and encourage the person to keep his or her gaze forward. (pages 463–464) Chapter 12: Search and Rescue 61

Skill Drill 12-17: Rescuing an Unconscious Victim from a Window Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The rescue team sets up and secures the 2. One fire fighter climbs up the ladder and ladder in rescue position with the tip of enters the window to rescue the victim. the ladder just below the windowsill. The second fire fighter climbs up to the window opening and waits for the victim.

3. The second fire fighter places both hands on the rungs of the ladder, with one leg straight and the other horizontal to the ground with the knee at an angle of 90 degrees. The foot of the straight leg should be one rung below the foot of the bent leg. When both fire fighters are ready, the first fire fighter passes the victim out through the window and onto the ladder,

4. The victim is lowered so that he or she straddles the second fire fighter’s leg. The fire fighter’s arms should be positioned under the victim’s arms, holding on to the rungs. The fire fighter keeps the balls of both feet on the rungs of the ladder to make it easier to move his or her feet. The fire fighter climbs down the ladder slowly, one rung at a time, transferring the victim’s weight from one leg to the other. The victim’s arms can also be secured around

Skill Drill 12-18: Rescuing an Unconscious Child or a Small Adult from a Window Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. The rescue team sets up and secures the ladder in rescue position, with the tip below the windowsill. 2. The first fire fighter climbs the ladder and enters the window to assist the victim. The second fire fighter climbs the ladder to the window opening and waits to receive the victim. Both of the second fire fighter’s arms should be level with his or her hands on the beams. 3. When ready, the first fire fighter passes the victim to the second fire fighter so the victim is cradled across the second fire fighter’s arms. 4. The second fire fighter climbs down the ladder slowly, with the victim being held in his or her arms. The fire fighter’s arms should stay level, and his or her hands should slide down the beams. (page 467) Chapter 12: Search and Rescue 63

Skill Drill 12-19: Rescuing a Large Adult from a Window Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The rescue team places and secures 2. Multiple fire fighters may be required two ladders, side by side, in the rescue to enter the window to assist from the position. The tips of the two ladders inside. should be just below the windowsill. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Two fire fighters, one on each ladder, 4. When ready, the victim is lowered down climb up to the window opening and across the arms of the fire fighters, with wait to receive the victim. one fire fighter supporting the victim’s legs and the other supporting the victim’s arms. Once in place, the fire fighters can slowly descend the ladder, using both hands to hold on to the ladder rungs. (page 468) 64 A NSWER KEY

Chapter 13: Ventilation Matching 1. I (page 500) 3. H (page 476) 5. G (page 500) 7. E (page 490) 9. J (page 500) 2. F (page 498) 4. C (page 500) 6. B (page 485) 8. A (page 482) 10. D (page 479) Multiple Choice 1. C (page 490) 7. C (page 507) 13. B (page 476) 19. C (page 477) 2. A (page 492) 8. A (page 487) 14. B (page 482) 20. B (page 476) 3. D (page 509) 9. B (page 499) 15. A (page 495) 21. D (page 490) 4. B (page 497) 10. A (page 475) 16. D (page 493) 22. A (page 485) 5. D (page 501) 11. C (page 498) 17. B (page 487) 23. B (page 484) 6. C (page 484) 12. B (page 500) 18. D (page 477) 24. D (page 500) Vocabulary 1. Smoke inversion: The condition in which smoke hangs low to the ground on a cool, damp day with very little wind. (page 480) 2. Ventilation: The controlled and coordinated removal of heat and smoke from a structure, replacing the escaping gases with fresh air. (page 475) 3. Ordinary construction: Buildings whose exterior walls are made of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials that support the roof and floor assemblies. The interior walls and floors are usually wood construction. (page 482) 4. Fire-resistive construction: A building in which all of the structural components are made of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. (page 481) 5. Gusset plates: Connecting plates used in trusses, typically made of wood or lightweight metal. (page 499) 6. Vertical ventilation: The vertical venting of structures involving the opening of bulkhead doors, skylights, scuttles, and roof-cutting operations to release smoke and heat from inside the fire building. (page 495) 7. Stack effect: A response to the differences in temperature inside and outside a building. A cold outer atmosphere and a heated interior will cause smoke to rise quickly through stairways, elevator shafts, and other vertical openings, filling the upper levels of the building. (page 515) 8. Horizontal ventilation: Using horizontal openings in the structure, such as windows and doors, to allow smoke, heat, and gases to escape horizontally from a building. (page 486) 9. Flow path: The movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure within the fire area toward the lower pressure areas accessible via doors, window openings, and roof structures. (page 476) 10. Ventilation limited fire: A fire in which the heat release rate and fire growth are regulated by the available oxygen within the space. (page 476) Fill-In 1. roof collapse (page 496) 6. Horizontal (page 486) 2. Trench cut (page 511) 7. upwind (page 497) 3. Hydraulic (page 495) 8. bowstring (page 501) 4. masonry (page 483) 9. high (page 493) 5. transitional (page 484) 10. Wind (page 478) Chapter 13: Ventilation 65

True/False 1. T (page 501) 3. F (page 481) 5. T (page 486) 7. T (page 515) 9. T (page 500) 2. T (page 480) 4. F (page 484) 6. T (page 496) 8. F (page 501) 10. T (page 514)

Short Answer 1. Door control limits the air inlet and the fire’s ability to grow. This will slow fire growth until the crew is ready to make access to the building and perform a coordinated fire attack. (page 476) 2. The objective of any roof ventilation operation is simple: to provide the largest opening in the appropriate location, using the least amount of time, and the safest technique. (page 501) 3. Five indicators that it is time for immediate retreat from the roof of a structure are: (1) Any visible indication of sagging roof supports; (2) Any indication that the roof assembly is separating from the walls, such as the appearance of fire or smoke near the roof edges; (3) Any structural failure of any portion of the building, even if it is some distance from the ventilation operation; (4) Any sudden increase in the intensity of the fire from the roof opening; (5) High heat indicators on a thermal imaging camera. (page 498) 4. The three “W’s” of ventilation include: (1) Why am I ventilating—is it for potential occupants or for possible occupants and fire fighters? (2) Where do I want to accomplish the ventilation—horizontal or vertical, and where is the fire in relation to my anticipated vent? (3) When do I want to perform the ventilation—have I coordinated my efforts with the actions of the fire suppression and search and rescue teams? (page 475) Fire Alarms 1. Locate the roof supports. Make two parallel cuts, perpendicular to the roof supports. Do not cut through the roof supports. Rock the saw over them to avoid damaging the integrity of the roof structure. Make cuts parallel to the supports and between pairs of supports in a rectangular pattern. Strike the nearest side of each section of the roofing material with an axe or maul, pushing it down on one side; use the support at the center of each panel as a fulcrum. This hole should be the same size as the opening made in the roof decking. (page 509) 2. Determine the location of the fire within the building and the direction of attack. Place the fan 4 to 10 ft (1 to 3 m) in front of the opening to be used for attack. Provide an exhaust opening at or near the fire. This opening can be made before starting the fan or when the fan is started. Check for interior openings that could allow the products of combustion to be pushed into unwanted areas. Start the fan and check the cone of air produced. It should completely cover the opening. This can be checked by running a hand around the doorframe to feel the direction of air currents. Allow smoke to clear—usually 30 seconds to 1 minute depending on the size of the area to be ventilated and smoke conditions. (page 494) Skill Drills Skill Drill 13-1: Breaking Glass with a Hand Tool Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.11 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Wear full personal protective equipment (PPE), including eye protection and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Select a hand tool, and position yourself to the side of the window. 2. With your back facing the wall, swing backward forcefully with the tip of the tool striking the top one-third of the glass. 3. Clear the remaining glass from the opening with the hand tool. (page 488) 66 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 13-2: Breaking Windows with a Ladder Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.11 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Wear full PPE, including eye protection. Select 2. Raise the ladder next to the window. Extend the proper size ladder for the job. Check for the tip so that it is even with the top third overhead lines. Use standard procedures for of the window. If a roof ladder is used, performing a ladder raise. extend the hooks toward the window. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Coordinate operations with the incident’s 4. Forcibly drop the ladder into the window. tactical objectives. Position the ladder in Exercise caution—falling glass can cause front of the window. serious injury.

5. Raise the ladder from the window, and move it to the next window to be ventilated. Either carry the ladder

Skill Drill 13-4: Delivering Positive-Pressure Ventilation Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Place the fan in front of the opening to be used for the fire attack. The exact position depends on the size of the opening, the size of the fan, and the direction of the wind. 2. Provide an exhaust opening in the fire room. This opening can be made either before the fan is started or when the fan is started. 3. Start the fan. 4. Check the cone of air produced; it should completely cover the opening. This can be checked by running a hand around the door frame to feel the direction of air currents. Monitor the exhaust opening to ensure there is a unidirectional flow. Allow the smoke to clear. (page 494) Skill Drill 13-5: Delivering Hydraulic Ventilation Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Enter the room, and remain close to the ventilation opening. Place the nozzle through the opening, and open the nozzle to a narrow fog or broken-pattern spray. 2. Keep directing the stream outside and back into the room until the stream almost fills the opening. The nozzle should be 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) inside the opening. 3. Stay low, out of the heat and smoke, or to one side to keep from partially obstructing the opening. (page 495) Skill Drill 13-8: Making a Seven, Nine, Eight (7, 9, 8) Rectangular Cut Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on.

1–2' 4' 8' © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Locate the roof supports by 2. Make the second cut at a 3. Make the third cut perpendicular to sounding. Make the first cut 45-degree angle to the first cut. the first cut from the corner where parallel to the roof supports. The The length of this knock-out cut the knock-out cut was made. This cut should be 3.5 to 4 ft (1 to should be 1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) cut should be about 8 ft (2.4 m) 1.2 m) long. in length. long. The three cuts should produce the shape of the number “7”. 68 A NSWER KEY

4' 4' 4' © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. Make the fourth cut 5. Make the fifth cut parallel to the 6. Make the sixth cut perpendicular perpendicular to the first cut on first cut. Starting on the thirdcut to the first cut. Extend the fourth the opposite side of the knock- side of the hole, make a cut that cut approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) until out cut (the second cut). The cut connects with the fourth-cut it is even with the third cut. should be about 4 ft (1.2 m) long. side of the hole. These five cuts should produce the shape of the number “9.”

4' 7. Make the seventh cut parallel to the first cut and the fifth cut. Start on the side of the sixth cut, and cut toward the side of the third cut, until the cuts are connected. These seven cuts should produce the shape = roof beam

Skill Drill 13-9: Making a Louver Cut Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the roof supports by sounding. 2. Make two parallel cuts perpendicular to the roof supports. 3. Cut parallel to the supports and between pairs of supports in a rectangular pattern. 4. Tilt the panel to a vertical position. Open the interior ceiling area below the opening by using the butt end of a pike pole. This hole should be the same size as the opening made in the roof decking. (page 509) Skill Drill 13-10: Making a Triangular Cut Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the roof supports. 2. Make the first cut from just inside a support member in a diagonal direction toward the next support member. 3. Begin the second cut at the same location as the first, and make it in the opposite diagonal direction, forming a V shape. 4. Make the final cut along the support member to connect the first two cuts. Cutting from this location allows fire fighters the full support of the member directly below them while performing ventilation. (page 510) Chapter 13: Ventilation 69

Skill Drill 13-11: Making a Peak Cut Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.12 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Locate the roof supports. 2. Clear the roofing materials away from the roof peak. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Make the first cut vertically, at the farthest point 4. Make parallel downward cuts between supports, away. Start at the roof peak in the area between the moving horizontally along the roofline to make support members, and cut down to the bottom of additional ventilation openings. the first plywood panel. 70 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Strike the nearest side of the roofing material with 6. Open the interior ceiling area below the opening by an axe or maul, pushing it in, using the support using the butt end of a pike pole. This hole should located at the center as a fulcrum. This causes one be the same size as the vent opening made in the end of the roofing material to go downward into roof decking. (pages 511–512) the opening and the other to rise up. If necessary, repeat this process on both sides of the peak, horizontally across the peak, or vertically toward the roof edge.

Skill Drill 13-13: Performing a Readiness Check on a Power Saw Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.1 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Make certain that the fuel tank is full. Make certain 2. Check the throttle trigger for smooth operation. that the bar and chain oil reservoirs are full. Chapter 13: Ventilation 71 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Ensure that the saw, blade, air filter, and chain 4. Check the chain for wear, missing teeth, or other brake are clean and working. Inspect the blade for damage. Check the chain end for proper tension. even wear, and lubricate the sprocket tip if needed. Check the chain catcher. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Check for loose nuts and screws, and tighten them 6. Inspect the spark plugs. if needed. Check the starter and starter cord for wear. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. Start the saw. Make certain that both the bar 8 and 8. Make certain that the stop switch functions. Record the chain are being lubricated while the saw is the results of the inspection. (pages 517–518) running. Check the chain brake. 72 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 13-14: Maintaining a Power Saw Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.1 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Remove, clean, and inspect the clutch cover, 2. Inspect the air filter and clean/replace as needed. bar, and chain for damage and wear. Replace if necessary. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Lubricate components as recommended by the 4. Adjust the chain tension (make sure the bar and manufacturer. Reinstall the bar and chain, flipping chain cool before adjusting). the bar over each time to help wear the bar evenly. Replace the clutch cover.

5. Fill the power saw with fuel. Fill the bar and chain

Chapter 14: Water Supply Systems Matching 1. E (page 529) 3. I (page 527) 5. C (page 539) 7. A (page 530) 9. G (page 539) 2. J (page 539) 4. D (page 529) 6. B (page 529) 8. F (page 548) 10. H (page 539) Multiple Choice 1. B (page 528) 6. D (page 541) 11. C (page 529) 16. D (page 540) 2. B (page 530) 7. C (page 539) 12. B (page 548) 17. C (page 529) 3. A (page 537) 8. D (pages 547–548) 13. B (page 541) 18. C (page 537) 4. A (page 546) 9. A (page 527) 14. C (page 527) 19. A (page 530) 5. A (page 528) 10. A (page 529) 15. C (page 540) 20. B (page 539) Vocabulary 1. Static water sources: Water sources such as a pond, river, stream, or other body of water that is not under pressure. (page 527) 2. Tanker shuttle: A method of transporting water from a source to a fire scene using a number of mobile water supply apparatus. (page 547) 3. Dry-barrel hydrant: A type of hydrant used in areas subject to freezing weather. The valve that allows water to flow into the hydrant is located underground, and the barrel of the hydrant is normally dry. (pages 530–531) 4. Normal operating pressure: The observed static pressure in a water distribution system during a period of normal demand. (page 539) 5. Gravity-feed system: A water distribution system that depends on gravity to provide the required pressure. The system storage is usually located at a higher elevation than the end users. (page 528) Fill-In 1. barrel (page 530) 7. water supply (page 526) 2. volume (page 537) 8. visibility (page 540) 3. gravity (page 528) 9. reservoirs (page 527) 4. friction loss (page 539) 10. valves (page 530) 5. mobile (page 547) 11. fully; fully (page 531) 6. potential (static) (page 539) 12. Control (page 530) True/False

1. F (page 537) 3. T (page 542) 5. T (page 539) 7. T (page 540) 9. T (page 530) 2. F (page 528) 4. T (page 526) 6. F (page 528) 8. T (page 527) 10. T (page 531)

Short Answer 1. The duties that need to be included in a hydrant inspection include: (1) The first part of a hydrant inspection involves checking the exterior of the hydrant for signs of damage. Open the steamer port of a dry-barrel hydrant to ensure the barrel is dry and free of debris. Make sure all caps are present and that the outlet hose threads are in good working order. (2) The second part of the inspection ensures that the hydrant works properly. Open the hydrant valve just enough to confirm that water flows out and flushes any debris out of the barrel. After flushing, shut down the hydrant. Leave the cap off dry-barrel hydrants to ensure they drain properly. A properly draining hydrant will create suction against a hand placed over the outlet. When the hydrant is fully drained, replace the cap. (3) If the threads 74 A NSWER KEY

on the discharge ports need cleaning, use a steel brush and a small triangular file to remove any burrs in the threads. Also check the gaskets in the caps to make sure they are not cracked, broken, or missing. Replace worn gaskets with new ones, which should be carried on each apparatus. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for any parts that require lubrication. (pages 540–541) 2. The two water sources fire fighters rely on are: (1) Municipal water systems, which furnish water under pressure through fire hydrants. (2) Rural areas may depend on static water sources such as lakes and streams. (page 526) 3. Wet-barrel hydrants are used in locations where temperatures do not drop below freezing. These hydrants always have water in the barrel and do not have to be drained after each use. Dry-barrel hydrants are used in climates where temperatures can be expected to fall below freezing. The valve that controls the flow of water into the barrel of the hydrant is located at the base, below the frost line, to keep the hydrant from freezing. (pages 530–532) Fire Alarms 1. The first factors to check when inspecting hydrants are visibility and accessibility. Hydrants should always be visible from every direction, so they can be easily spotted. A hydrant should not be hidden by tall grass, brush, fences, debris, dumpsters, or any other obstruction. The second part of the inspection ensures that the hydrant works properly. Open the hydrant valve just enough to ensure that water flows out and flushes any debris out of the barrel. After flushing, shut down the hydrant. Leave the cap off dry-barrel hydrants to ensure they drain properly. A properly draining hydrant will create suction against a hand placed over the outlet opening. When the hydrant is fully drained, replace the cap. (pages 540–542) 2. Remove the tank from the tender; properly position the tank and expand the tank; assist the pump operator with hooking up the hard suction and strainer; and discharge your tanker water into the tank. (pages 549–550) Skill Drills Skill Drill 14-1: Operating a Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrant Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Remove the cap from the outlet you will 2. Look inside the hydrant opening for be using. debris. Chapter 14: Water Supply Systems 75 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Check that the remaining caps are snugly 4. Attach the hydrant wrench to the stem attached. nut located on top of the hydrant. Check the top of the hydrant for an arrow indicating the direction to turn to open. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Open the hydrant valve enough to verify 6. Close the hydrant valve to stop the flow flow of water and to flush out any debris of water. Attach the hose or valve to the that may be in the hydrant. hydrant outlet. 76 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. When instructed to do so by your officer 8. Open the hydrant slowly to avoid a or the pump driver/operator, start the pressure surge. Once the flow of water flow of water by turning the hydrant has begun, you can open the hydrant wrench to fully open the valve. This may valve more quickly. Make sure that you take 12 or more turns depending on the open the hydrant valve completely. If the type of hydrant. valve is not fully opened, the drain hole will remain open. (pages 533–534)

Skill Drill 14-2: Shutting Down a Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrant Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Turn the hydrant wrench until the stem valve is closed. 2. Allow the hose to drain by opening a drain valve or disconnecting a hose connection downstream. Slowly disconnect the hose from the hydrant outlet, allowing any remaining pressure to escape. 3. Leave one hydrant outlet open until the hydrant is fully drained. 4. Replace the hydrant cap. Do not leave or replace the caps on a dry-barrel hydrant until you are sure the water has completely drained from the barrel. If you feel suction on your hand when you place it over the opening, the hydrant is still draining. In very cold weather, you may have to use a hydrant pump to remove all of the water and prevent freezing. (page 535) Skill Drill 14-3: Operating a Wet-Barrel Fire Hydrant Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Remove the cap from the outlet you will be using. 2. Look inside the hydrant opening for debris. 3. Check that the remaining caps are snugly attached. 4. Attach the hydrant wrench to the stem nut located behind the outlet you will be using. Check the hydrant for an arrow indicating the direction to turn to open. 5. Open the hydrant valve enough to verify flow of water and to flush out any debris in the hydrant. 6. Close the hydrant valve to stop the flow of water. 7. Attach the hose or valve to the hydrant outlet. Chapter 14: Water Supply Systems 77

8. When instructed to do so by your officer or the pump driver/operator, start the flow of water by turning the hydrant wrench to fully open the valve. This may take 12 or more turns, depending on the type of hydrant. 9. Open the hydrant slowly to avoid a pressure surge. Once the flow of water has begun, you can open the hydrant valve more quickly. Make sure you open the hydrant valve completely. (page 536) Skill Drill 14-4: Shutting Down a Wet-Barrel Fire Hydrant Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Turn the hydrant wrench until the valve opposite the outlet you are using is closed. 2. Allow the hose to drain by opening a drain valve or disconnecting a hose connection downstream. Slowly disconnect the hose from the hydrant outlet, allowing any remaining pressure to escape. 3. Replace the hydrant cap. (page 537) Skill Drill 14-5: Conducting a Fire Hydrant Flow Test Fire Fighter I Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Remove the cap from the hydrant port, open the 2. Open the hydrant valve to fill the hydrant barrel. hydrant, and allow water to flow until it runs clear. No water should be flowing. Record the initial Close the hydrant valve. Place a cap gauge on one pressure reading on the gauge. This is the static of the outlets of the first hydrant. pressure. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Move to the second hydrant, remove one of the 4. Place the Pitot gauge one-half the diameter of the discharge caps, and open the second hydrant. orifice away from the opening, and record this pressure as the Pitot pressure. At the same time, fire fighters at the first hydrant should record a second pressure reading. This is the residual pressure. Use the recorded pressure readings to calculate or look up the flow rates at 20 psi (138 kPa) residual pressure. Document your findings. (pages 543–544) 78 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 14-6: Assisting the Pump Driver/Operator with Drafting Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. After the pump driver/operator has 2. Connect each section of suction hose positioned the engine at the draft together, and connect the strainer site, inspect the swivel gaskets on to the end of the hose that will be the female coupling for damage or placed in the water. debris. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Connect the other end of the suction 4. Advance the suction hose assembly hose to the fire pump. into position with the strainer in the water.

5. Ensure that the strainer assembly has at least 24 in. (0.5 m) of water in all directions

Skill Drill 14-7: Setting Up a Portable Tank Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Two fire fighters lift the portable tank off the 2. Expand the tank (metal-frame type), or lay it flat apparatus. This tank may be mounted on a side (self-expanding type). rack or on a hydraulic rack that lowers it to the ground. Place the portable tank on as level ground as possible beside the engine. The pump driver/ operator will indicate the best location. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. One fire fighter helps the pump driver/ operator 4. The second fire fighter helps the tanker driver place the strainer on the end of the suction hose, discharge water into the portable tank. If the tank put the suction hose into the tank, and connect it to is self-expanding, the fire fighters may need to hold the engine. the collar until the water level is high enough for the tank to support itself. (pages 549–550) 80 A NSWER KEY

Chapter 15: Fire Hose, Appliances, and Nozzles Matching 1. E (page 588) 4. C (page 582) 7. H (page 588) 10. L (page 586) 12. F (page 585) 2. K (page 557) 5. D (page 558) 8. J (page 585) 11. A (page 587) 13. I (page 589) 3. G (page 589) 6. B (page 590) 9. M (page 578) Multiple Choice 1. B (page 559) 6. A (page 569) 11. B (page 573) 16. D (page 558) 2. A (page 559) 7. B (page 567) 12. C (page 589) 17. C (page 581) 3. B (page 587) 8. C (page 569) 13. B (page 588) 18. C (page 576) 4. B (page 557) 9. D (page 585) 14. C (page 589) 5. C (page 560) 10. A (page 558) 15. C (page 585)

Vocabulary 1. Handline nozzle: These nozzles are used on hose lines ranging from 1½ inches (38 mm) to 2½ inches (65 mm) in diameter. Handline streams usually flow between 60 and 350 gpm (227 and 1324 L/sec). (page 585) 2. Smooth-bore nozzle: A nozzle that produces a straight stream that is a solid column of water. (page 585) 3. Fixed-gallonage fog nozzle: A fixed-gallonage fog nozzle delivers a preset flow at the rated discharge pressure. The nozzle could be designed to flow 30, 60, or 100 gpm (113, 227, or 378 L/sec). (page 588) 4. Siamese connection: A hose appliance that allows two hoses to be connected together and flow into a single hose. (page 580) Fill-In 1. chemical (page 570) 6. quarterly (page 572) 2. forestry (page 558) 7. annually (page 572) 3. booster hose (page 557) 8. male (page 581) 4. fire attack (page 562) 9. attack lines (page 557) 5. hard suction (page 568) 10. breakaway (page 585) True/False 1. T (page 588) 3. F (page 558) 5. T (page 559) 7. T (page 567) 9. F (page 578) 2. F (page 558) 4. T (page 558) 6. F (page 560) 8. T (page 571) 10. T (page 584)

Short Answer 1. A hose record should include information such as the hose size, type, manufacturer, date of manufacture, date of purchase, and testing dates. (page 572) 2. A wye is a device that splits one hose into two or more separate lines. A Siamese connection is a hose appliance that combines two or more hose lines into one. (pages 578–580) 3. The six types of valves are: (1) ball valves, (2) clapper mechanisms, (3) gate valves, (4) butterfly valves, (5) four-way hydrant valves, and (6) remote-controlled valves. (pages 583–584) 4. Soft sleeve hose is a short section of large-diameter supply hose that is used to provide water from the large steamer outlet on a fire hydrant or other pressurized water source to the suction side of a fire pump. A hard-suction hose is a short length of rigid hose that is used to draft water from a static source to the suction side of a fire pump. (page 568) Chapter 15: Fire Hose, Appliances, and Nozzles 81

Fire Alarms 1. The basic steps to cleaning a fire hose include: (1) follow the manufacturers recommendations, (2) lay the hose out flat and rinse with water, (3) gently scrub the hose with mild detergent, paying attention to soiled areas, (4) turn over the hose, and repeat the first two steps, (5) give a final rinse to the hose with water, (6) make sure the hose is dry before storing it. (pages 570–571) 2. The hose record should include information such as the hose size, type, manufacturer, date of manufacture, date of purchase, and testing dates. (page 572) Skill Drills Skill Drill 15-1: Replacing the Swivel Gasket Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Fold the new swivel gasket in half by bringing the thumb and the foreﬁnger together to create two loops. 2. Place either of the two loops inside the hose coupling, and position it against the gasket seat. 3. Using the thumb, push the remaining unseated portions of the swivel gasket into the hose coupling until the entire swivel gasket is properly positioned against the gasket seat inside the coupling. (page 561) Skill Drill 15-2: Performing the One–Fire Fighter Foot-Tilt Method of Coupling a Fire Hose Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Place one foot on the hose behind the male coupling. Push down with your foot to tilt the male coupling upward. 2. Place one hand behind the female coupling, and grasp the hose. 3. Place the other hand on the swivel of the female coupling. Bring the two couplings together, and align the Higbee indicators. Turn the female coupling counterclockwise until it clicks, which indicates that the threads are aligned. Rotate the swivel in a clockwise direction to connect the hose. (page 563) Skill Drill 15-3: Performing the Two–Fire Fighter Method of Coupling a Fire Hose Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Pick up the male coupling. Grasp it directly behind 2. The second fire fighter holds the female coupling the coupling, and hold it tightly against the body. firmly with both hands. 82 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. The second fire fighter brings the female coupling 4. The second fire fighter turns the female coupling to the male coupling and aligns the female counterclockwise until it clicks, which indicates that coupling with the male coupling, using the Higbee the threads are aligned, and then turns the female indicators for easy alignment. coupling swivel clockwise to couple the hose. (page 564)

Skill Drill 15-6: Uncoupling a Hose with Spanner Wrenches Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. With the connection on the ground, 2. Place one spanner wrench on the swivel of straddle the connection above the female the female coupling, with the handle of the coupling. wrench to the left. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Place the second spanner wrench on the 4. Push both spanner wrench handles male coupling, with the handle of the down toward the ground, loosening the wrench to the right. connection. (pages 566–567) Chapter 15: Fire Hose, Appliances, and Nozzles 83

Skill Drill 15-9: Performing a Straight or Storage Hose Roll Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Lay the hose ﬂat and in a straight line. 2. Fold the male coupling over on top of the hose. 3. Roll the hose to the female coupling. 4. Set the hose roll on its side, and tap any protruding hose ﬂat with a foot. With this arrangement, the male coupling is at the center of the roll, and the female coupling is on the outside of the roll. (page 574) Skill Drill 15-11: Performing a Twin-Doughnut Hose Roll Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Lay the hose flat and in a straight line. 2. Bring the male coupling alongside the female coupling. 84 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Fold the far end over, and roll both 4. The roll can be carried by hand, by a rope, sections of hose toward the couplings, or by a hose strap. (page 577) creating a double roll. Skill Drill 15-12: Performing a Self-Locking Twin-Doughnut Hose Roll Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Lay the hose flat, and bring the couplings 2. Move one side of the hose over the other, alongside each other. creating a loop. This creates the carrying shoulder loop. Chapter 15: Fire Hose, Appliances, and Nozzles 85 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Bring the loop back toward the couplings to the 4. From the point where the hose crosses, begin to point where the hose crosses. roll the hose toward the couplings. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Position the loops so that one is larger than the 6. The finished result is the self-locking other. Pass the larger loop over the couplings and twindoughnut roll. through the smaller loop, which secures the rolls together and forms the shoulder loop. (pages 578–579)

Skill Drill 15-14: Operating a Smooth-Bore Nozzle Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Select the desired tip size, and attach it to the nozzle shut-off valve. Attain a stable stance (if standing). 2. Slowly open the valve, allowing water to ﬂow. 3. Open the valve completely to achieve maximum effectiveness. 4. Direct the stream to the desired location. (pages 586–587) Skill Drill 15-15: Operating a Fog-Stream Nozzle Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Select the desired nozzle. Attain a stable stance (if standing). 2. Slowly open the valve, and allow water to ﬂow. 3. Open the valve completely. 4. Select the desired water pattern by rotating the bezel of the nozzle. Apply water where needed. (pages 588–589) 86 A NSWER KEY

Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions Matching 1. D (page 621) 3. H (page 613) 5. C (page 599) 7. A (page 622) 9. I (page 612) 2. F (page 639) 4. J (page 613) 6. E (page 621) 8. G (page 605) 10. B (page 599)

Multiple Choice 1. C (page 621) 8. B (page 607) 15. A (page 611) 2. A (page 625) 9. D (page 613) 16. C (page 613) 3. B (page 645) 10. B (page 639) 17. B (page 621) 4. C (page 605) 11. C (page 632) 18. D (page 625) 5. D (page 599) 12. A (page 631) 19. A (page 613) 6. A (page 605) 13. B (page 616) 20. C (page 621) 7. C (page 607) 14. D (page 619)

Labeling Label the following diagram with the correct terms. 1. Two engines perform a split hose lay. A. Attack engine B. Supply engine C. Direction of lay D. Coupling E. Direction of lay (page 600)

Supply engine Attack engine

Direction of lay Direction Coupling of lay © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions 87

2. Three basic hose loads are used to load supply hose onto the apparatus. A. The flat hose load. B. The horseshoe load. C. The accordion load. (page 608) © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. A. B. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. C. 1. I (page 612) 2. B (page 599) 3. D (page 619) 4. A (page 611) 5. C (page 613) 6. B (page 621) 7. D (page 625) 8. A (page 613) 9. C (page 621) Vocabulary 1. Accordion hose load: A method of loading hose that resembles accordion sections. This is achieved by standing the hose on its edge and laying it side to side in the hose bed. (page 611) 2. Forward hose lay: A method of laying a supply line where the line starts at the water source and ends at the attack engine. (page 599) 3. Reverse hose lay: A method of laying a supply line where the supply line starts at the attack engine and ends at the water source. (page 605) 4. Combination hose load: A hose loading method used when one long hose line is needed. (page 613) 88 A NSWER KEY

5. Dutchman: A short fold placed in a hose when loading the hose into a hose bed. The fold keeps the hose properly oriented and prevents the coupling from turning in the hose bed. (page 613) 6. Split hose bed: A hose bed arranged to enable the engine to lay out either a single supply line or two supply lines simultaneously. (page 612) 7. Split hose lay: A hose lay performed by two engine companies in situations where hose must be laid in two different directions to establish a water supply. (page 605) 8. Horseshoe hose load: A hose loading method in which hose is laid on its edge around the perimeter of the hose bed so that it resembles a horseshoe. (page 607) 9. Flat hose load: A hose loading method in which the hose is laid flat and stacked on top of the previous section. (page 607) 10. Triple-layer load: A hose loading method in which the hose is folded back onto itself to reduce the overall length to one-third before loading the hose into the hose bed. (page 625) Fill-In 1. attack engine (page 599) 6. structure, vehicle (page 621) 2. forward (page 599) 7. transitional (page 629) 3. four way (page 603) 8. serpentine (page 631) 4. flat (page 607) 9. reverse (page 605) 5. sprinkler, standpipe (page 619) 10. LDH (page 611) True/False 1. T (page 634) 4. F (page 612) 7. T (page 631) 9. F (page 621) 2. F (page 599) 5. F (page 613) 8. T (page 632) 10. F (page 632) 3. T (page 605) 6. F (page 627)

Short Answer 1. The four purposes of a split hose bed include: (1) one compartment in a split hose bed can be loaded for a forward hose lay; (2) two parallel hose lines can be laid at the same time; (3) the split hose beds can be used to store hose of different size; (4) all of the hose from both sides of the hose bed can be laid out as a single hose line. (pages 612–613) 2. The criteria used in determining which technique to use includes: (1) the distance from the apparatus to the door; (2) the number of obstacles between the apparatus and the entry point; (3) the size of the fire building; (4) distance from the entry point to the seat of the fire. (page 631) 3. In the forward lay, the hose is laid out from the water source, such as a fire hydrant, to the fire scene. In the reverse hose lay, the hose is laid out from the fire to the water source, such as a fire hydrant. (pages 599 and 605) 4. To replace a section of defective hose, the burst section should be shut down as soon as possible. The fire fighters operating the hose line should be removed from the area if it is hazardous. Place a hose clamp on an undamaged section of hose upstream from the damaged section. After the water flow is shut off, quickly remove the damaged section, mark it as defective, replace it with two sections of hose, and then restore the water flow. (page 640) Fire Alarms 1. Select the appropriate technique for advancing the attack line from the attack engine to the door. When the attack line has been laid out to the entry point, flake the hose out in a serpentine pattern with lengths of hose running parallel to the front of the fire building to facilitate advancing it into the building. Make sure the hose is flaked out before being charged with water. Once the hose is flaked out, signal the driver/operator to charge the line. Open the nozzle slowly to bleed out any trapped air and to make sure the hose is operating properly. Make sure the nozzle is set to deliver the appropriate stream. Quickly check all parts of the PPE. When given the command by your officer to advance the hose, make sure safety is your number one priority. (pages 631–632) 2. Your engine should stop close to the attack engine on arrival. The supply hose should be pulled from the bed of your engine (supply engine) and connected to the suction side of the pump on the attack engine. Drive to the fire hydrant (or alternative water source), connect the supply hose to the water source, and pump water back to the attack engine. (page 605) Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions 89

Skill Drills Skill Drill 16-1: Performing a Forward Hose Lay Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. The pump driver/operator stops the fire apparatus 2. Step off of the apparatus carrying the hydrant 10 ft (3 m) from the fire hydrant. wrench and all necessary tools. Grasp enough hose to reach to and loop around the fire hydrant. Loop the end of the hose around the fire hydrant, or secure the hose as specified in the local standard operating procedure (SOP). Do not stand between the hose and the fire hydrant. Never stand on the hose. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Signal the pump driver/operator to proceed to the 4. Once the apparatus has moved off and a length fire once the hose is secured. of supply hose has been removed from the apparatus and is lying on the ground, remove the appropriate-size fire hydrant cap from the outlet nearest to the fire. Follow the local SOP for checking the operating condition of the fire hydrant. 90 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Attach the supply hose to the outlet on the 6. Attach the hydrant wrench to the stem nut on the fire hydrant. An adaptor may be needed if a fire hydrant. Check the top of the hydrant for an large-diameter hose with Storz-type couplings arrow indicating the direction to turn to open. is used. The pump driver/operator uncouples the hose and attaches the end of the supply hose to the suction side of the pump on the attack engine or clamps the hose closed to the fire pump, depending on the local SOP. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. When the pump driver/operator signals to charge 8. Follow the hose back to the engine, and remove the hose by prearranged hand signal, radio, or any kinks from the supply hose. (pages 601–602) air horn, open the hydrant valve slowly and completely. Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions 91

Skill Drill 16-2: Attaching a Fire Hose to a Four-Way Hydrant Valve Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Stop the attack engine 10 ft (3 m) past the fire 2. Once enough hose has been removed from the hydrant to be used. Grasp the four-way hydrant apparatus and is lying on the ground, remove the valve, the attached hose, and enough hose to steamer port (large-diameter port) from the fire reach to and loop around the fire hydrant. Carry hydrant. Follow the local SOP for checking the the four-way hydrant valve from the apparatus, operating condition of the fire hydrant. Attach the along with the hydrant wrench and any other four-way hydrant valve to the fire hydrant outlet needed tools. Loop the end of the hose around (an adaptor may be needed). Attach the hydrant the fire hydrant or secure the hose with a rope as wrench to the fire hydrant. The attack engine specified in the local SOP. Do not stand between driver/operator uncouples the hose and attaches the fire hydrant and hose. Signal the attack engine the end of the supply line to the suction side of driver/operator to proceed to the fire. the pump on the attack engine. The attack engine driver/ operator signals by prearranged hand signal, radio, or air horn to charge the supply line. Open the hydrant valve slowly and completely.

3. Initially, the attack engine is supplied with water from the fire hydrant. When the supply engine arrives at the fire scene, the supply engine driver/ operator stops at the fire hydrant that has the four-

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. way valve. 92 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. The supply engine driver/operator attaches a hose 5. The supply engine driver/operator attaches a from the four-way hydrant valve outlet to the second hose to the inlet side of the four-way suction side of the pump on the supply engine. hydrant valve and connects the other end to the discharge side of the pump on the supply engine.

6. Change the position of the four-way hydrant valve to direct the flow of water from the fire hydrant through the supply engine and into the supply line.

Skill Drill 16-5: Performing a Flat Hose Load Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. If you are loading supply hose with threaded couplings, determine whether the hose will be used for a forward hose lay or a reverse hose lay. To set up the hose for a forward hose lay, place the male hose coupling in the hose bed ﬁrst. To set up the hose for a reverse hose lay, place the female hose coupling in the hose bed ﬁrst. Start the hose load with the coupling at the front end of the hose bed. 2. Fold the hose back on itself at the rear of the hose bed. Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions 93

3. Run the hose back to the front end of the hose bed on top of the previous length of hose. Fold the hose back on itself so the top of the hose is on the previous length. 4. While laying the hose back to the front of the hose bed, angle the hose to the side of the previous fold. 5. Continue to lay the hose in neat folds until the whole hose bed is covered with a layer of hose. To make this hose load neat, make every other layer of hose slightly shorter, or alternate the folds. This keeps the ends from getting too high at the folds. Continue to load the layers of hose until the required amount of hose is loaded. (page 609) Skill Drill 16-8: Attaching a Soft Sleeve Hose to a Fire Hydrant Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. The pump driver/operator positions the apparatus so the suction side of the pump on the attack engine is the correct distance from the fire hydrant. Remove the hose from the hose bed along with any needed adaptors and the hydrant wrench. 2. Attach the soft sleeve hose to the suction side of the pump on the attack engine if it is not already attached. In some departments, this end of the hose is preconnected. It may be necessary to use an adaptor. 3. Unroll the hose. 4. Remove the large fire hydrant cap. Check the fire hydrant for proper operation. 5. Attach the soft sleeve hose to the fire hydrant. 6. Ensure there are no kinks or sharp bends in the hose that might restrict the flow of water. 7. Open the fire hydrant valve slowly when indicated by the driver/operator. Check all connections for leaks. Tighten the couplings if necessary. 8. Where required, place chafing blocks under the hose where it contacts the ground to prevent mechanical abrasion. (pages 614–615) Skill Drill 16-12: Connecting a Hose Line to Supply a Fire Department Connection Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.15 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the fire department connection (FDC) to the standpipe or sprinkler system. Extend a hose line from the discharge side of the pump on the engine to the FDC using the size of hose required by the fire department’s SOPs. Some fire departments use a single hose line, whereas others call for two or more lines to be connected. 2. Remove the caps on the standpipe inlet. Some caps are threaded into the connections and must be unscrewed. Other caps are designed to break away when struck with a tool such as a hydrant wrench or spanner wrench. 3. Visually inspect the interior of the connection on the FDC to ensure it does not contain any debris that might obstruct the water flow. Never stick your hand or fingers inside the connections; fire fighters have been injured from sharp debris left inside these connections. Attach the hose line to the FDC. Notify the pump driver/operator when the connection has been completed. (page 620) Skill Drill 16-17: Performing a Triple-Layer Hose Load Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Attach the female end of the hose to the preconnect discharge outlet. 2. Connect the sections of hose together. 3. Extend the hose directly from the hose bed. Pick up the hose two-thirds of the distance from the preconnect discharge outlet to the hose nozzle. 4. Carry the hose back to the apparatus, forming a three-layer loop. 5. Pick up the entire length of folded hose. (This will take at least two fire fighters). 6. Lay the triple-folded hose in the hose bed in an S-shape with the nozzle on top. (pages 623–624) 94 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 16-19: Unloading and Advancing Wyed Lines Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Grasp the wye that is attached to the end of a 2½- 2. Advance the 2½-in. (65-mm) attack line toward in. (65-mm) attack line, and pull it from the bed. the fire. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Attach the female end of a 1¾-in. (45-mm) attack 4. Attach the female end of a second 1¾-in. (45-mm) line to one outlet on the gated wye. attack line to the second outlet of the gated wye. The individual ¾-in. (45-mm) attack lines can now be extended to the desired positions. (page 630) Chapter 16: Supply Line and Attack Line Evolutions 95

Skill Drill 16-22: Advancing an Uncharged Attack Line up a Ladder Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. If a hose line needs to be advanced up a ladder, it should be advanced before it is charged. Advance the hose line to the ladder. Pick up the nozzle; place the hose over the chest, with the nozzle draped over the shoulder. Climb up the ladder with the uncharged hose line. 2. Once the first fire fighter reaches the first fly section of the ladder, a second fire fighter shoulders the hose to assist advancing the hose line up the ladder. To avoid overloading of the ladder, enforce a limit of one fire fighter per fly section. The nozzle is placed over the top rung of the ladder and advanced into the fire area. 3. Additional hose can be fed up the ladder until sufficient hose is in position. The hose can be secured to the ladder with a hose strap to support its weight and keep it from becoming dislodged. (page 622) Skill Drill 16-24: Connecting and Advancing an Attack Line from a Standpipe Outlet Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Carry a standpipe hose bundle to the standpipe 2. Remove the cap from the standpipe outlet. Open outlet that is one floor below the fire. the standpipe valve to flush the standpipe. Attach the proper adaptor or an appliance such as a gated wye to the standpipe outlet. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Flake the hose up the stairs to the floor above 4. Extend the hose back down to the fire floor, and the fire floor or along a hallway outside the fire prepare for the fire attack. (pages 640–641) compartment. It is better to have too much hose than not enough hose. 96 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 16-26: Draining a Hose Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.5.2 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Lay the section of hose straight on a flat surface. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2. Starting at one end of the hose, lift the hose to shoulder level. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Move down the length of hose, laying it on the 4. Continue down the length until the entire hose is on ground or folding it back and forth over the shoulder. the shoulder. (pages 642–643) Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 97

Chapter 17: Fire Suppression Matching 1. H (page 680) 3. G (page 657) 5. F (page 649) 7. B (page 656) 9. C (page 653) 2. D (page 649) 4. I (page 680) 6. E (page 677) 8. J (page 657) 10. A (page 657) Multiple Choice

1. B (page 650) 4. C (page 667) 7. C (page 689) 10. D (page 679) 13. D (page 656) 2. A (page 674) 5. B (page 657) 8. B (page 660) 11. C (page 667) 14. B (page 664) 3. D (page 679) 6. D (page 667) 9. A (page 682) 12. B (page 662) 15. C (page 678) Labeling Label the following diagram with the correct terms. 1. Fog-stream nozzles produce straight streams or multiple fog streams. A. Straight stream. B. Fog stream. (page 657) © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. A. B.

2. Roof vents will affect how fires grow and spread. A. Static vent B. Dormer vent C. Ridge vent D. Gable vent E. Soffit vent under eave F. Whirlybird vent (page 672)

Static vent

Dormer vent Ridge vent Whirlybird vent

Soffit vent under eave

Vocabulary 1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems: A power system designed to convert solar energy into electrical energy. (page 677) 2. Hybrid electric vehicle: Vehicles that use both a battery-powered electric motor and a liquid-fueled engine to propel the vehicle. (page 680) 3. Fuel cells: Cells that generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to produce water, and in the process produce electricity to propel a vehicle. (page 683) 4. Offensive operation: An offensive operation or offensive attack are operations generally performed in the interior of involved structures that include a direct attack on a fire to directly control and extinguish the fire. (page 650) 5. Defensive operation: A defensive operation or defensive attack are operations that are intended to control a fire by limiting its spread to a defined area, avoiding the commitment of personnel and equipment to dangerous areas. (page 650) 6. Ladder pipe: A monitor that attaches to the rungs of a vehicle-mounted aerial ladder. (page 669) 7. Soffit: The material covering the gap between the edge of the roof and the exterior wall of the house. (page 671) 8. Alternative-fuel vehicle: A vehicle that uses anything other than a petroleum-based motor fuel, such as gasoline or diesel fuel, to propel a motorized vehicle. (page 680) 9. Conventional vehicle: Vehicles that use internal combustion engines for power. (page 679) 10. Combination attack: A type of fire attack employing both direct attack and indirect attack methods. (page 662). Fill-In 1. IC (page 650) 6. petroleum (page 682) 2. direct (page 662) 7. air (page 657) 3. deck gun (page 667) 8. two (page 664) 4. upwind, 45 (page 684) 9. ground cover (page 671) 5. Halligan (page 687) 10. Protecting exposures (page 674) True/False 1. T (page 667) 3. T (page 679) 5. F (page 657) 7. T (page 649) 9. T (page 673) 2. F (page 677) 4. T (page 683) 6. T (page 667) 8. F (page 680) 10. F (page 667) Short Answer 1. Three locations where an attic fire can start include: (1) the attic area; (2) a location apart from the attic, such as the basement of a house with balloon frame construction; (3) outside, often beginning as a ground cover fire. (page 671) 2. The challenges presented by basement fires include (student should identify four): (1) they may be hard to recognize as basement fires; (2) many vertical voids provide ample opportunities for fire gases to spread throughout the building; (3) fires originating in the basement may quickly involve the floor and support system; (4) basements are difficult and dangerous spaces to access because they have limited routes for entering and exiting; (5) many basements contain a high volume of flammable materials, which results in a high fuel load and the production of large quantities of heat; (6) water applied via the interior stairs has a limited effect on cooling the basement or extinguishing the fire. (page 670) 3. Buildings that are under construction, renovation, or demolition are all at an increased risk for destruction by fire. The buildings have large quantities of combustible materials exposed, while lacking the fire-resistant features of a finished building. Fire detection, fire alarm, and automatic fire suppression systems often are not installed or are inoperable. Construction worker torches and other flame-producing devices pose a fire risk. These buildings are often unoccupied and can be easy targets for arsonists. (page 673) 4. Battery electric vehicles are propelled solely by an electric motor that is powered by batteries. Hybrid electric vehicles use both a battery-powered electric motor and a liquid-fueled engine. (page 680) Fire Alarms 1. Avoid using water to extinguish the fire unless it is necessary, because the water may crack or damage the hot flue. Dry chemical extinguishers are commonly used. While wearing full PPE and SCBA, discharge the extinguisher into the firebox and up into the chimney. If the fire is not severe, use salvage tarps to cover the floor and contents near the fireplace to reduce damage from the extinguisher discharge. Use a thermal imaging device to check for hot spots Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 99

behind walls and in the attic. Visually check the attic for extension and overhaul any areas where fire has breached the chimney. Remove all debris and ensure that all burning embers are extinguished. (pages 678–679) 2. Remove the portable monitor from the apparatus and carry it to the location where it will be used. Advance an adequate number of hose lines from the engine to the monitor. Form a large loop in the end of each hose line in front of the monitor, and then attach the male coupling to the inlets of the monitor. Ensure that the monitor is adequately secured so that the nozzle reaction force does not move it from its position. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and your department’s SOPs to ensure the safe and effective operation of the monitor. (pages 667–668) Skill Drills Skill Drill 17-1: Performing the Transitional Attack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Don full personal protective equipment (PPE) and 2. Don the face piece, and activate the SCBA and personal self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Select the alert safety system (PASS) device prior to entering the proper handline to be used to attack the fire based building. on the fire’s size, location, and type. Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the entry point of the structure. Flake out excess hose in front of the entry point.

3. Notify the pump driver/operator that you are ready for water. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, and make sure water is flowing. If using an adjustable nozzle, ensure that it is set to the proper nozzle pattern for entry. Shut

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply water. 100 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. If fire has vented from a door or window, apply 5. Check the entry door for heat before making entry. a straight stream through the top of the opening from a safe, exterior location so it deflects off the ceiling. Evaluate the effectiveness of the hose stream before transitioning to an interior fire attack. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6. Control the flow path as crews advance toward the fire. 7. If it is safe to do so, advance into the fire compartment and apply water to the base of the fire. If it is not safe to advance into the fire compartment, apply water from a safe location such as a hallway, adjoining room, or doorway, until the room begins to darken. Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 101 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 8. Shut the nozzle off, and reassess the fire conditions. 9. Locate and extinguish hot spots until the fire is Confirm that ventilation has been completed. completely extinguished. (pages 654–655)

Skill Drill 17-2: Performing a Direct Attack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Don full PPE and SCBA. Select the proper 2. Don the face piece, and activate the SCBA and handline to be used to attack the fire based on PASS device prior to entering the building. the fire’s size, location, and type. Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the entry point of the structure. Flake out excess hose in front of the entry point. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Notify the pump driver/operator that you are 4. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, ready for water. and make sure water is flowing. If using an adjustable nozzle, ensure that it is set to the proper nozzle pattern for entry. Shut down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply water. 102 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6. Control the flow path as crews advance toward 5. Check the entry door for heat before making the fire. entry. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. If it is safe to do so, advance into the fire 8. Shut the nozzle off, and reassess the fire compartment, and apply water to the base of the conditions. Confirm that ventilation has been fire. completed. Locate and extinguish hot spots until the fire is completely extinguished. (pages 658–659)

Skill Drill 17-3: Performing an Indirect Attack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Don full PPE and SCBA. Select the proper handline 2. Don the face piece, and activate the SCBA and PASS to be used to attack the fire based on the fire’s size, device prior to entering the building. location, and type. Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the entry point of the structure. Flake out excess hose in front of the entry point. Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 103 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Notify the pump driver/operator that you are ready 4. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, and for water. make sure water is flowing. If using an adjustable nozzle, ensure that it is set to the proper nozzle pattern for entry. Shut down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply water. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Check the entry door for heat before making entry. 6. Control the flow path as crews advance toward the fire. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 7. From the safest location, such as a hallway, adjoining 8. Shut the nozzle off, and reassess the fire conditions. room, or doorway, apply water to the superheated Confirm that ventilation has been completed. Locate gases at the ceiling, and move the stream back and and extinguish hot spots until the fire is completely forth. Flow water until the room begins to darken. extinguished. (pages 660–661) 104 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 17-4: Performing a Combination Attack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.10 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Don full PPE and SCBA. Select the proper handline to be used to attack the fire based on the fire’s size, location, and type. Advance the hose line from the apparatus to the entry point of the structure. Flake out excess hose in front of the entry point. 2. Don the face piece and activate the SCBA and PASS device prior to entering the building. 3. Notify the pump driver/operator that you are ready for water. 4. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, and make sure water is flowing. If using an adjustable nozzle, ensure it is set to the proper nozzle pattern for entry. Shut down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply water. 5. Check the entry door for heat before making entry. 6. Control the flow path as crews advance toward the fire. 7. From the safest location, such as a hallway, adjoining room, or doorway, apply water to the superheated gases at the ceiling, and move the stream back and forth. Flow water until the room begins to darken. 8. If it is safe to do so, advance into the fire compartment, and apply water to the base of the fire. 9. Shut the nozzle off, and reassess the fire conditions. Confirm that ventilation has been completed. Locate and extinguish hot spots until the fire is completely extinguished. (pages 662–663) Skill Drill 17-5: Performing the One-Fire Fighter Method for Operating a Large Handline Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.8 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Select the correct size of fire hose for the task to be performed. While wearing full PPE and SCBA, advance the hose into the position from which you plan to attack the fire. Signal that you are ready for water. Open the nozzle to allow air to escape and to ensure that water is flowing, and then close the nozzle. 2. Make a loop with the hose. Ensure that the nozzle is under the hose line that is coming from the fire apparatus. Using rope or a strap, secure the hose sections together where they cross, or use your body weight to kneel or sit on the hose line at the point where the hose crosses itself. 3. Allow enough hose to extend past the section where the line crosses itself for maneuverability. 4. Open the nozzle and direct water onto the designated area. (page 665) Skill Drill 17-6: Performing the Two-Fire Fighter Method for Operating a Large Handline Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.8 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Don all PPE and SCBA. Select the correct hand line for the task at hand. Stretch the hose line from the fire apparatus into position. 2. Signal that you are ready for water and open the nozzle a small amount to allow air to escape and to ensure water is flowing. Advance the hose line as needed. 3. Before attacking the fire, the fire fighter on the nozzle should cradle the hose on his or her hip while grasping the nozzle with one hand and supporting the hose with the other hand. The second fire fighter should stay 3 ft (0.9 m) behind him or her and grasp the hose, securing it with two hands. 4. Open the nozzle in a controlled fashion and direct water onto the fire or designated exposure. (page 666) Skill Drill 17-7: Operating a Deck Gun Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.8 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Make sure all firefighting personnel are out of the structure. Place the deck gun in the correct position. Aim the deck gun at the fire or at the target exposure. Signal the pump driver/operator that you are ready for water. 2. Once water is flowing, adjust the angle, aim, or water flow as necessary. (page 668) Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 105

Skill Drill 17-9: Locating and Suppressing Concealed-Space Fires Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.8 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the area of the building where a hidden fire is believed to exist. Look for signs of fire such as smoke coming from cracks or openings in walls, charred areas with no outward evidence of fire, and peeling or bubbled paint or wallpaper. Listen for cracks and pops or hissing steam. Use a thermal imaging device to look for areas of heat that may indicate a hidden fire. Use the back of your hand to feel for heat coming from a wall or floor. 2. If a hidden fire is suspected, use a tool such as an axe or Halligan tool to remove the building material over the area. If fire is found, expose the area as much as possible without causing unnecessary damage, and extinguish the fire using conventional firefighting methods. (page 669) Skill Drill 17-10: Extinguishing an Outside Class A Fire: Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.8 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Don full PPE, including SCBA; enter the 2. Deploy an appropriate attack line (at least 1½ in. personnel accountability system; and work as a [38 mm] in diameter). team. Perform size-up, and give an arrival report. Call for additional resources if needed. Ensure that apparatus is positioned uphill and upwind of the fire and that it protects the scene from traffic. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, 4. Direct the crew to attack the fire in a safe and make sure water is flowing. If using an manner—uphill and upwind from the fire. adjustable nozzle, ensure that it is set to the proper nozzle pattern. Shut down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply water. 106 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Break up compact materials with hand tools or 6. Overhaul the fire, and notify command when hose streams. the fire is under control. Identify obvious signs of the origin and cause of the fire. Preserve any evidence of arson. Return the equipment and crew to service. (pages 675–676)

Skill Drill 17-11: Extinguishing a Vehicle Fire: Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.7 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Don full PPE, including SCBA; enter the 2. Deploy an appropriate attack line (at least 1½ in. personnel accountability system; and work as a [38-mm] in diameter). team. Perform size-up, and give an arrival report. Call for additional resources if needed. Ensure that apparatus is positioned uphill and upwind of the fire and that it protects the scene from traffic.

3. Open the nozzle to purge air from the system, and make sure water is flowing. If using an adjustable nozzle, ensure that it is set to the proper nozzle pattern. Shut down the nozzle until you are in a position to apply

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. water. Chapter 17: Fire Suppression 107 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. Direct the crew to attack the fire in a safe manner. 5. Carefully approach the vehicle, and completely Attack from uphill and upwind of the fire and at suppress the fire. a 45-degree angle, and extinguish any fire under the vehicle. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6. Overhaul all areas of the vehicle, including the 7. Notify command when the fire is under control. passenger compartment, engine compartment, Identify obvious signs of the origin and cause of and cargo area (trunk). the fire. Preserve any evidence of arson. Return the equipment and crew to service. (pages 685–686) 108 A NSWER KEY

Chapter 18: Fire Fighter Survival Matching 1. F (page 698) 3. C (page 698) 5. I (page 706) 7. J (page 724) 9. D (page 704) 2. B (page 705) 4. G (page 714) 6. E (page 698) 8. H (page 696) 10. A (page 702)

Multiple Choice 1. C (page 702) 6. C (page 715) 11. C (page 697) 16. A (page 697) 2. A (page 697) 7. D (page 698) 12. C (page 705) 17. D (page 698) 3. B (page 702) 8. D (page 698) 13. C (page 701) 18. A (page 702) 4. A (page 716) 9. D (page 717) 14. B (page 714) 19. D (page 704) 5. B (page 698) 10. A (page 696) 15. B (page 702) 20. B (page 700) Vocabulary 1. Personnel Accountability Report (PAR): An accountability check or roll call taken by each supervisor at an emergency incident. (page 701) 2. Safe location: A temporary place of refuge in which fire fighters can await rescue. (page 714) 3. Air management: The way in which an individual uses a limited air supply to ensure that it will last long enough to enter a hazardous area, accomplish needed tasks, and return safely. (page 714) 4. Self-rescue: Escaping or exiting a hazardous area under one’s own power (page 706) 5. Rapid intervention company/crew (RIC): A company or crew that is assigned to stand by at the incident scene, fully dressed and equipped for action, ready to deploy immediately when assigned to do so by the incident commander (IC). (page 704) Fill-In 1. simple observation (page 698) 6. training (page 698) 2. mayday (page 702) 7. rehabilitation (page 724) 3. ongoing (page 697) 8. integrity (page 699) 4. management (page 714) 9. oriented (page 705) 5. incident commander (page 697) 10. Rapid Intervention Pack (page 719) True/False 1. T (page 699) 4. T (page 697) 7. F (page 716) 9. T (page 700) 2. F (page 715) 5. T (pages 704–705) 8. F (page 705) 10. T (page 697) 3. T (page 714) 6. F (page 704) Short Answer 1. The rules of engagement for fire fighter survival are (student should list at least 5): (1) size up your tactical area of operation; (2) determine the occupant survival profile; (3) do not risk your life for lives or property that cannot be saved; (4) extend limited risk to protect savable property; (5) extend vigilant and measured risk to protect and rescue savable lives; (6) go in together, stay together, and come out together; (7) maintain continuous awareness of your air supply, situation, location, and fire conditions; (8) constantly monitor fire ground communications for critical radio reports; (9) report unsafe practices or conditions that can harm you: (10) abandon your position and retreat before deteriorating conditions can harm you; (11) declare a MAYDAY as soon as you think you are in danger. (pages 698–699) Chapter 18: Fire Fighter Survival 109

2. A simply stated risk–benefit philosophy for a fire department is that it is permissible to risk the life of a fire fighter only in situations where there is a reasonable and realistic possibility of saving a life. The determination that a risk is acceptable in a particular situation does not justify taking unsafe actions, however. It merely justifies taking actions that involve a higher level of risk. (pages 696–697) 3. The components of team integrity include (student should list at least 5): (1) company arrives together, works together, and leaves together; (2) members should always be oriented to one’s location, activities, and condition; (3) a fire fighter should always be able to contact their company members by voice, sight, or touch; (4) when air cylinders need to be replaced, all of the company members should leave the building together, change cylinders together, and return to work together; (5) if anyone requires rehabilitation, the full company should go to rehabilitation together and return to action together; (6) fire fighters should always use the buddy system, working in teams of two; (7) at least one member of every team must have a portable radio. (pages 699–700) Fire Alarms 1. Initiate a mayday over the portable radio. Activate the PASS device. Stay calm and control your breathing. Change your position—back up or turn on your side to try to free yourself. Use the swimmer stroke to try to free yourself. Loosen the SCBA straps, remove one arm, and slide the air pack to the front of your body to try to free the SCBA. Cut the wires or cables causing the entanglement. Be aware of any possible electrocution risk. If you are unable to disentangle yourself, notify command of your situation. If you are able to exit, notify command that you are out of danger. (page 713) 2. First, initiate a mayday over the portable radio. Manually activate the PASS device. Second, stay calm and control your breathing. Systematically locate a wall. Use a sweeping motion on the outside wall to locate an alternative exit. Identify the opening as a window, interior door, or external door. If the first opening identified is not adequate for an exit, continue to search. Third, maintain your orientation and stay low. Exit the room safely if possible. If unable to exit, assume the downed fire fighter position in a safe haven or find refuge. Keep command informed of your situation. (pages 707–708) Skill Drills Skill Drill 18-1: Initiating a Mayday Call for Emergency Assistance Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.2.4 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Use your radio to call “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY.” Give a LUNAR report (your location, unit number, name, air or assignment, and resources needed) or report who, what, where. 2. Activate your PASS device. Attempt self-rescue. If you are able to move, identify a safe location where you can await rescue. 3. If unable to self-rescue, lie on your side in a fetal position with your PASS device pointing out so it can be heard. 4. Point your flashlight toward the ceiling. Slow your breathing as much as possible to conserve your air supply. (pages 703–704) Skill Drill 18-2: Performing Self-Rescue Using a Hose Line Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Initiate a mayday. Stay calm, and control your breathing. 2. Systematically search the room to locate a hose line. Follow the hose line to a hose coupling. Identify the male and female ends of the coupling. Move from the female coupling to the male coupling. 3. Follow the hose out. Exit the hazard area. Notify command of your location. (pages 706–707) 110 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 18-3: Locating a Door or Window for Emergency Exit Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Initiate a mayday. Stay calm, and control 2. Systematically locate a wall. your breathing. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Use a sweeping motion on the wall to 4. If the first opening identified is not locate an alternative exit. Identify the adequate for an exit, continue to search. opening as a window, interior door, Maintain your orientation, and stay low. or external door. Beware of closets, Exit the room safely if possible. If unable bathrooms, and other openings without to exit, assume the downed fire fighter egress. position by lying on your stomach or side on the floor in a safe location, or find refuge. Keep command informed of your situation. (pages 707–708) Chapter 18: Fire Fighter Survival 111

Skill Drill 18-4: Using the Backhanded Swim Technique to Escape Through a Wall Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Identify deteriorating conditions that require exiting through a wall. Initiate a mayday. Use a hand tool or your feet to open a hole in the wall between two studs. If using a hand tool, drive the tool completely through the wall to check for obstacles on the other side. 2. Enlarge the hole. Enter the hole head first to check the floor and fire conditions on the other side of the wall. 3. Loosen the SCBA waist strap, and remove one shoulder strap. Sling the SCBA to one side to reduce your profile. 4. Escape through the opening in the wall. Adjust the SCBA straps to their normal position. 5. Assist others through the opening in the wall. Report your status to command. (pages 709–710) Skill Drill 18-5: Using the Forward Swim Technique to Escape Through a Wall Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Identify deteriorating conditions that require exiting 2. Enlarge the hole. Check the floor and fire conditions through a wall. Initiate a mayday. Use a hand tool on the other side of the wall. Loosen the SCBA or your feet to open a hole in the wall between two shoulder straps if necessary, but do not remove studs. If using a hand tool, drive the tool completely them. through the wall to check for obstacles on the other side. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Lie prone, with your stomach flat on the ground and 4. Extend your arms, and head into the wall opening your head pointed toward the wall opening. Stretch first. your arms toward your head and attempt to touch your ears with your upper arms to reduce your profile. 112 A NSWER KEY

2. Rotate your shoulders, SCBA, and waist as necessary to escape through the opening. Do not lift yourself up on your elbows, as this will raise your profile. Assist others through the opening in the wall. Report your status to

Skill Drill 18-6: Escaping from an Entanglement Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Initiate a mayday. Stay calm, and control your 2. Change your position—back up and turn on your breathing. side to try to free yourself. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Use the swimmer stroke to try to free yourself. 4. Loosen the SCBA straps, remove one arm, and slide the air pack to the front of your body to try to free the SCBA. Chapter 18: Fire Fighter Survival 113

5. Cut the wires or cables causing the entanglement. Be aware of any possible electrocution risk. If you are unable to disentangle yourself, notify command of your situation. If you are able to exit, notify command that you

Skill Drill 18-7: Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter Using SCBA Straps as a Rescue Harness Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.5 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the downed fire fighter. Activate the mayday procedure, if that step has not already been taken. Quickly assess the condition of the downed fire fighter and the situation. Shut off the PASS device as needed to aid in communication. 2. Position yourself at the legs of the downed fire fighter. Lift one leg of the downed fire fighter up onto your shoulder. 3. Locate and loosen the waist straps and shoulder straps (if needed) of the downed fire fighter’s SCBA harness. 4. Unbuckle the downed fire fighter’s waist strap, and buckle the waist strap under the lifted leg. Tighten the straps. Remove the downed fire fighter from the hazard area to a safe area. (pages 716–717) Skill Drill 18-9: Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter as a Two-Person Team Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the downed fire fighter. Activate the mayday procedure, if that step has not already been taken. Shut off the PASS device to aid in communication. Assess the situation and the condition of the downed fire fighter. Use the RIC UAC to fill the downed fire fighter’s air supply cylinder, if needed. 2. The second fire fighter converts the downed fire fighter’s SCBA harness into a rescue harness. 3. The first fire fighter grabs the shoulder straps or uses the webbing to create a handle to pull the downed fire fighter. 4. The second fire fighter stays at the downed fire fighter’s legs and supports the legs of the downed fire fighter. 5. Remove the downed fire fighter from the hazard area to a safe area. (pages 719–720) Skill Drill 18-10: Supplying Air to a Downed Fire Fighter Using the Low-Pressure Hose from a Rapid Intervention Pack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on.

1. Inspect the rapid intervention pack for proper operation, and make sure that the air cylinder is full. Turn on the air

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. cylinder valve. 114 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2. Check the downed fire fighter’s SCBA to determine 3. If the problem is that there is no air being supplied which parts of the fire fighter’s SCBA are not to the fire fighter’s low-pressure SCBA hose, and the operating properly. rest of the SCBA is operational, detach the low- pressure hose from the fire fighter’s SCBA regulator, and attach the low-pressure hose from the rapid intervention pack to the SCBA regulator. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. If the problem is that the fire fighter’s SCBA regulator 5. If the problem is that the fire fighter’s face piece has is not operating properly, attach the low-pressure been displaced, is missing, or is damaged, remove hose of the rapid intervention pack to the pack’s the fire fighter’s helmet, hood, and face piece. Place regulator. Detach the fire fighter’s SCBA regulator, the emergency face piece from the rapid intervention and attach the rapid intervention pack regulator and pack on the fire fighter, and attach the rapid low-pressure hose. intervention pack regulator and low-pressure hose to the emergency face piece.

6. Continue to monitor the air pressure and operation of the downed fire fighter’s SCBA and the pressure in the rapid

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. intervention pack air cylinder. (pages 721–722) Chapter 18: Fire Fighter Survival 115

Skill Drill 18-11: Supplying Air to a Downed Fire Fighter Using the High-Pressure Hose from a Rapid Intervention Pack Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.9 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Check the rapid intervention pack to assure that the 2. Check the downed fire fighter’s SCBA to be sure it is air cylinder is full and the high pressure hose is in operating properly, that the face piece and regulator proper condition. Turn on the air cylinder valve. are attached, and that the air supply is low. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Remove the high-pressure hose from the rapid 4. Attach the rapid intervention pack high-pressure intervention pack, and inspect the fire fighter’s RIC hose to the RIC UAC of the fire fighter’s SCBA, UAC to ensure it is clean and undamaged. and leave it in place until the pressure is equalized between the two air cylinders. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Disconnect the high-pressure hose from the RIC UAC, and monitor the air pressure and operation of the downed fire fighter’s SCBA. (pages 723–724) 116 A NSWER KEY

Chapter 19: Salvage and Overhaul Matching 1. D (page 753) 3. J (page 760) 5. A (page 731) 7. G (page 735) 9. F (page 732) 2. E (page 731) 4. B (page 741) 6. C (page 731) 8. I (page 741) 10. H (page 732) Multiple Choice 1. A (page 752) 6. D (page 736) 11. B (page 736) 16. C (page 734) 2. B (page 758) 7. B (page 733) 12. C (page 744) 17. A (page 744) 3. A (page 756) 8. C (page 739) 13. A (page 758) 18. D (page 735) 4. D (page 735) 9. B (page 752) 14. B (page 731) 5. A (page 741) 10. A (page 732) 15. B (page 744) Vocabulary 1. Salvage cover: Large square or rectangular sheets made of heavy canvas or plastic material that are spread over furniture and other items to protect them from water run-off and falling debris. (page 744) 2. Sprinkler wedge: A piece of wedge-shaped wood placed between the deflector and the orifice of a sprinkler head to stop the flow of water. (page 736) 3. Floor runner: A long section of protective material used to cover a section of flooring or carpet. Floor runners protect carpets or hardwood floors from water, debris, fire fighters’ boots, and firefighting equipment. (pages 752–753) 4. Overhaul: Overhaul is the process of searching for and extinguishing any pockets of fire that remain after a fire has been brought under control. (page 753) 5. Sprinkler stop: A sprinkler stop is a more sophisticated mechanical device than a sprinkler wedge, with a rubber stopper that can be inserted into a sprinkler head. Several types of sprinkler stops are available, including some that work only with specific sprinkler heads. (page 736) 6. Balloon-frame construction: In balloon-frame construction, a fire can extend directly from the basement to the attic, without obvious signs of fire on any other floor. For this reason, these buildings require a thorough floor-by-floor overhaul. (page 758) Fill-In 1. safety officer (page 757) 7. overhaul (page 731) 2. fire watch (page 757) 8. evidence (page 731) 3. wet (page 744) 9. feel (page 759) 4. carryalls (page 760) 10. secondary losses (page 734) 5. lower (page 731) 11. replaced (page 740) 6. thermal imaging device (page 759) 12. ground-fault interrupters (GFI) (page 733) True/False

1. T (page 731) 3. F (page 734) 5. T (page 760) 7. F (page 739) 9. T (page 735) 2. T (page 753) 4. T (page 758) 6. T (page 731) 8. T (page 757) 10. F (page 744)

Short Answer 1. Several hazards may be present in the overhaul area (students should list at least four). Notably, the structural safety of the building is often compromised. Catastrophic building collapses have occurred during overhaul. Heavy objects could lead to roof or ceiling collapse, debris could litter the area, and there could be holes in the floor. Visibility is often limited, so fire fighters may have to depend on portable lighting. The presence of wet or icy surfaces makes falls more likely. Smoldering areas may burst into flames, and the air is probably not safe to breathe. In addition, during Chapter 19: Salvage and Overhaul 117

overhaul operations, dangerous equipment—including axes, pike poles, and power tools—is used in close quarters. (pages 756–757) 2. Tools used in salvage operations include (Students should list five of the following): (1) Salvage covers (treated canvas or plastic); (2) Box cutter for cutting plastic; (3) Floor runners; (4) Wet/dry vacuums; (5) Squeegees; (6) Submersible pumps and hose; (7) Sprinkler shut-off kit; (8) Ventilation fans, power blowers; (9) Small tool kit; (10) Pike poles to construct water chutes. (page 735) 3. Tools used in overhaul operations include (Students should list five of the following): (1) Pike poles and ceiling hooks—for pulling ceilings and removing gypsum wallboard; (2) Crowbars and Halligan-type tools—for removing baseboards and window or door casings; (3) Axes—for chopping through wood, such as floor boards and roofing materials; (4) Power tools such as battery-powered saws—for opening up walls and ceilings; (5) Pitchforks and shovels—for removing debris; (6) Rubbish hooks and rakes—for pulling things apart; (7) Thermal imaging cameras—for identifying hot spots. (page 760) 4. Five indicators of possible structural collapse are: (1) Lightweight and/or truss construction; (2) Cracked walls, out of alignment walls, sagging floors; (3) Heavy mechanical equipment on the roof; (4) Overhanging cornices or heavy signs; (5) Accumulations of water. (page 757) Fire Alarms 1. The most efficient way to protect a room and contents is to move all the furniture to the center of the room, away from the walls, where water could damage the backs of the furniture. This reduces the total area that must be covered, enabling one or two fire fighters to cover the pile quickly and move on to the next room. Remove any pictures from the walls and place them with the furniture. Put smaller pictures and valuable objects in drawers or wherever they will be protected from breakage. If enough time is available, roll up any rugs and place them on the pile. (page 744) 2. Salvage covers must be adequately maintained to preserve their shelf life. Salvage cover maintenance depends on the type of cover used. A canvas cover can usually be cleaned with a scrub brush and clean water. If the cover becomes particularly dirty, however, the user may have to use a mild detergent. Covers should be adequately rinsed if a detergent is used. Canvas covers must be properly dried before being returned to service. Effectively drying a canvas cover will reduce mildewing. Vinyl type covers are easily maintained by rinsing and do not mildew as easy as canvas covers. Once dried, salvage covers should be inspected for tears and holes. Any damage found can be patched by using duct tape or a sewn-on patch. (page 752) Skill Drills Skill Drill 19-1: Illuminating an Emergency Scene Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.17 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on.

1. Wear PPE. Depending on scene conditions, you may or may not wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). 2. Inspect all equipment while setting it up. 3. Start the portable generator, engage the inverter, or check that there is electrical power in the building. 4. Connect cords, plug adaptors, GFIs, and lighting equipment. 5. Ensure proper grounding and GFI use. 6. Ensure that the scene is adequately and safely

Skill Drill 19-3: Using a Sprinkler Stop Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Have a sprinkler stop in hand. 2. Place the flat-coated part of the sprinkler stop over the sprinkler orifice and between the frame of the sprinkler. 3. Push the lever to expand the sprinkler stop until it snaps into position. (page 738) Skill Drill 19-4: Closing and Reopening a Main OS&Y Valve Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the OS&Y valve as indicated on the preincident plan. Identify the valve that controls sprinklers in the fire area. If the valve is locked in the open position with a chain and padlock and the key is readily available, unlock and remove the chain. If no key is available, cut the lock or the chain with a pair of bolt cutters. Cut a link close to the padlock so that the chain can be reused. 2. Turn the valve handle clockwise to close the valve. Keep turning until resistance is strong and little of the valve stem is visible. 3. To reopen the OS&Y valve, turn the handle counterclockwise until resistance is strong and the valve stem is visible again. Lock the valve in the open position. (page 739) Skill Drill 19-5: Closing and Reopening a Main Post Indicator Valve Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Locate the PIV as indicated on the preincident plan. Unlock the padlock with a key, or cut the lock with a pair of bolt cutters. 2. Remove the handle from its storage position on the PIV, and place it on top of the valve, similar to the use of a hydrant wrench. Turn the valve stem in the direction indicated on top of the valve to close the valve. Keep turning until resistance is strong and the visual indicator changes from “Open” to “Shut.” 3. To reopen the PIV, turn the valve stem in the opposite direction until resistance is strong and the indicator changes back to “Open.” Lock the valve in the open position. (page 740) Skill Drill 19-6: Constructing a Water Chute Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Fully open a large salvage cover flat on the 2. If using pike poles, lay one pole on one edge of ground. the cover, and roll the cover around the handle. Roll the cover tightly toward the middle. Chapter 19: Salvage and Overhaul 119 © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Repeat the actions in Step 2 on the opposite edge 4. Turn the cover upside down. Position the chute of the cover, rolling the opposite edge tightly so that it collects dripping water and channels toward the middle until the two rolls are 1 to 3 ft it toward a drain or outside opening. Place the (30 to 91 cm) apart. chute on the floor, with one end propped up by a chair or other object. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Use a stepladder or other tall object to support chutes constructed with pike poles. (pages 741–742)

Skill Drill 19-7: Constructing a Water Catch-All Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Open a large salvage cover on the ground, and roll each edge of the cover toward the opposite side. 2. Fold each corner over at a 90-degree angle, starting each fold approximately 3 ft (91 cm) in from the edge. 3. Roll the remaining two edges inward approximately 2 ft (61 cm). 4. Lift the rolled edge over the corner ﬂaps, and tuck it in under the ﬂaps to lock the corners in place. (pages 742–743) 120 A NSWER KEY

Skill Drill 19-9: Performing a Salvage Cover Fold for Two-Fire Fighter Deployment Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Spread the salvage cover flat on the ground 2. Together, grasp the unfolded edge, and fold with a partner facing you. Together, fold the the cover in half again. Flatten the salvage cover in half. cover to remove any trapped air. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Move to the newly created narrow ends of 4. Fold the salvage cover in half lengthwise the salvage cover, and fold the salvage cover again. Make certain that the open end is on in half lengthwise. top. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5. Fold the cover in half a third time. (page 748) Chapter 19: Salvage and Overhaul 121

Skill Drill 19-10: Folding and Rolling a Salvage Cover Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.14 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by filling in the correct words in the photo captions. 1. Spread the salvage cover ﬂat on the ground with a partner facing you. 2. Together, fold the outside edge in to the middle of the cover, creating a fold at the quarter point. 3. Fold the outside fold in to the middle of the cover, creating a second fold. 4. Repeat Step 2 from the opposite side of the cover. 5. Repeat Step 3 from the opposite side of the cover so the folded edges meet at the middle of the cover, with the folds touching but not overlapping. 6. Tightly roll up the folded salvage cover from the end. (page 749) Skill Drill 19-14: Using a Multi-gas Meter Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.21 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on.

1. Turn the unit on and let it warm up (usually 5 minutes is sufficient) in a well-ventilated area, away from the fire scene and any vehicles. Ensure the battery has sufficient life for the operational period. Identify the installed sensors (e.g., oxygen, flammability, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide), and verify that the sensors are not expired. Review alarm limits and the audio and visual alarm notifications associated with those limits. Review and understand the types of gases and vapors that could harm or destroy the sensors. Use other methods to check for

© Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. those substances (e.g., pH paper) to ensure they are not present in the atmosphere to be sampled. Care must be taken to avoid pulling liquids into the device—it is designed to sample air, not liquid! © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2. Perform a test on the pump by occluding 3. Perform a fresh air calibration, and “zero” the the inlet and ensuring the appropriate alarm unit. sounds. 122 A NSWER KEY © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4. Ensure the meter is operating correctly by 5. Allow the device to reset, or return to fresh air exposing the unit to a substance or substances calibration state, then review the alarm levels that the unit should detect and react to and resetting procedures for addressing sensors accordingly. In essence, you are making sure the that become saturated, or exposed to too much unit will “see” what it is supposed to see before gas or vapor. it is called upon to see it in a real situation. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6. Review other device functions such as screen 7. Review decontamination procedures. Carry illumination, data logging (if available), and out monitoring and detection per the device low-battery alarm. manufacturer’s instructions. If the high- or low-level alarm activates, follow the standard operating procedures established by the authority having jurisdiction. (pages 754–755) Chapter 19: Salvage and Overhaul 123

Skill Drill 19-16: Opening an Interior Wall Fire Fighter I, NFPA 1001: 4.3.13 Test your knowledge of this skill drill by placing the photos below in the correct order. Number the first step with a “1,” the second step with a “2,” and so on. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1. Determine which area of the wall will be opened. 2. Use the axe blade to begin cutting near the top of Open those areas most heavily damaged by the fire the wall. Cut downward between wall studs. Be first, followed by the surrounding areas. alert for electrical switches or receptacles, as they indicate the presence of electrical wires behind the wall. © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. Glen E. Ellman. by Photographed © Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3. Make two vertical cuts, using the pick end of the 4. Continue opening additional sections of the axe to pull the wall material away from the studs wall until the desired area is open. Pull out any and open the wall. Work from top to bottom. insulation, such as fiberglass, found behind the Remove items such as baseboards or window and wall. (page 762) door trim with a Halligan tool or axe.