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Mushrooming in the Age of DNA: Now Comes the Fun Part Michael Kuo*
Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2007 43 Mushrooming in the Age of DNA: Now Comes the Fun Part Michael Kuo* Th e fi rst reward of tree study—but one that lasts you to the end of your days—is that as you walk abroad, follow a rushing stream, climb a hill, or sit on a rock to admire the view, the trees stand forth, proclaiming their names to you. Th ough at fi rst you may fi x their identity with more or less conscious eff ort, the easy-to-know species soon become like the faces of your friends, known without thought, and bringing each a host of associations. —D. C. Peattie (1948/1991, p. 156) I LOVE THIS passage, which comes from Peat- ited from Linnaeus refl ects our understanding of tie’s 1948 A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and natural organisms, not the organisms themselves. Central North America. Peattie’s words capture Hopefully, our understanding is “accu rate,” perfectly a sense of familiarity with nature known mean ing that it corresponds with evolution and to many naturalists. Last summer, my wife Kate selection in the natural world—but this happy and I walked through woods in southeastern agreement between nature and taxonomy is Kentucky, where entire ecosystems are being laid funda mentally out of reach, and never a certainty, to waste by a coal mining practice called moun- since taxonomy is composed of hypotheses, to be taintop removal (if you have Google Earth, zoom supported (or not) by available evidence. I restate in on the region; you can see the devastation from these well known principles here because they are an altitude of 400 miles). -
Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum -
SOMA News March 2011
VOLUME 23 ISSUE 7 March 2011 SOMA IS AN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO MYCOLOGY. WE ENCOURAGE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS BY SHARING OUR ENTHUSIASM THROUGH PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND GUIDED FORAYS. WINTER/SPRING 2011 SPEAKER OF THE MONTH SEASON CALENDAR March Connie and Patrick March 17th » Meeting—7pm —“A Show and Tell”— Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Connie Green & Patrick March 17th—7pm Hamilton Foray March. 19th » Salt Point April April 21st » Meeting—7pm Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Langdon Cook Foray April 23rd » Salt Point May May 19th » Meeting—7pm Sonoma County Farm Bureau Speaker: Bob Cummings Foray May: Possible Morel Camping! eparated at birth but from the same litter Connie Green and Patrick Hamilton have S traveled (endured?) mushroom journeys together for almost two decades. They’ve been to the humid and hot jaguar jungles of Chiapas chasing tropical mushrooms and to EMERGENCY the cloud forests of the Sierra Madre for boletes and Indigo milky caps. In the cold and wet wilds of Alaska they hiked a spruce and hemlock forest trail to watch grizzly bears MUSHROOM tearing salmon bellies just a few yards away. POISONING IDENTIFICATION In the remote Queen Charlotte Islands their bush plane flew over “fields of golden chanterelles,” landed on the ocean, and then off into a zany Zodiac for a ride over a cold After seeking medical attention, contact and roiling sea alongside some low flying puffins to the World Heritage Site of Ninstints. Darvin DeShazer for identification at The two of them have gazed at glaciers and berry picked on muskeg bogs. More than a (707) 829-0596. -
Diversity, Nutritional Composition and Medicinal Potential of Indian Mushrooms: a Review
Vol. 13(4), pp. 523-545, 22 January, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.13446 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2014 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Review Diversity, nutritional composition and medicinal potential of Indian mushrooms: A review Hrudayanath Thatoi* and Sameer Kumar Singdevsachan Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India. Accepted 2 January, 2014 Mushrooms are the higher fungi which have long been used for food and medicinal purposes. They have rich nutritional value with high protein content (up to 44.93%), vitamins, minerals, fibers, trace elements and low calories and lack cholesterol. There are 14,000 known species of mushrooms of which 2,000 are safe for human consumption and about 650 of these possess medicinal properties. Among the total known mushrooms, approximately 850 species are recorded from India. Many of them have been used in food and folk medicine for thousands of years. Mushrooms are also sources of bioactive substances including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antitumour, anti-HIV and antidiabetic activities. Nutriceuticals and medicinal mushrooms have been used in human health development in India as food, medicine, minerals among others. The present review aims to update the current status of mushrooms diversity in India with their nutritional and medicinal potential as well as ethnomedicinal uses for different future prospects in pharmaceutical application. Key words: Mushroom diversity, nutritional value, therapeutic potential, bioactive compound. INTRODUCTION Mushroom is a general term used mainly for the fruiting unexamined mushrooms will be only 5%, implies that body of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) there are 7,000 yet undiscovered species, which if and represents only a short reproductive stage in their life discovered will be provided with the possible benefit to cycle (Das, 2010). -
44(4) 06.장석기A.Fm
한국균학회지 The Korean Journal of Mycology Research Article 변산반도 국립공원의 외생균근성 버섯 발생과 기후 요인 과의 관계 김상욱 · 장석기 * 원광대학교 산림조경학과 Relationship between Climatic Factors and Occurrence of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Byeonsanbando National Park Sang-Wook Kim and Seog-Ki Jang* Department of Environmental Landscape Architecture, College of Life Science & Natural Resource, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea ABSTRACT : A survey of ectomycorrhizal fungi was performed during 2009–2011 and 2015 in Byeonsanbando National Park. A total of 3,624 individuals were collected, which belonged one division, 1 class, 5 orders, 13 families, 33 genera, 131 species. The majority of the fruiting bodies belonged to orders Agaricales, Russulales, and Boletales, whereas a minority belonged to orders Cantharellales and Thelephorale. In Agaricales, there were 6 families, 9 genera, 49 species, and 1,343 individuals; in Russulales, 1 family, 2 genera, 35 species, and 854 individuals; in Boletales, 4 families, 19 genera, 40 species, and 805 individuals; in Cantharellales, 1 family, 2 genera, 5 species, and 609 individuals; and in Thelephorale, 1 family, 1 genus, 2 species, and 13 individuals. The most frequently observed families were Russulaceae (854 individuals representing 35 species), Boletaceae (652 individuals representing 34 species), and Amanitaceae (754 individuals representing 25 species). The greatest numbers of overall and dominant species and individual fruiting bodies were observed in July. Most species and individuals were observed at altitudes of 1~99 m, and population sizes dropped significantly at altitudes of 300 m and higher. Apparently, the highest diversity o of species and individuals occurred at climatic conditions with a mean temperature of 23.0~25.9 C, maximum temperature of o o 28.0~29.9 C, minimum temperature of 21.0~22.9 C, relative humidity of 77.0~79.9%, and rainfall of 300 mm or more. -
The Macrofungi Checklist of Liguria (Italy): the Current Status of Surveys
Posted November 2008. Summary published in MYCOTAXON 105: 167–170. 2008. The macrofungi checklist of Liguria (Italy): the current status of surveys MIRCA ZOTTI1*, ALFREDO VIZZINI 2, MIDO TRAVERSO3, FABRIZIO BOCCARDO4, MARIO PAVARINO1 & MAURO GIORGIO MARIOTTI1 *[email protected] 1DIP.TE.RIS - Università di Genova - Polo Botanico “Hanbury”, Corso Dogali 1/M, I16136 Genova, Italy 2 MUT- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Viale Mattioli 25, I10125 Torino, Italy 3Via San Marino 111/16, I16127 Genova, Italy 4Via F. Bettini 14/11, I16162 Genova, Italy Abstract— The paper is aimed at integrating and updating the first edition of the checklist of Ligurian macrofungi. Data are related to mycological researches carried out mainly in some holm-oak woods through last three years. The new taxa collected amount to 172: 15 of them belonging to Ascomycota and 157 to Basidiomycota. It should be highlighted that 12 taxa have been recorded for the first time in Italy and many species are considered rare or infrequent. Each taxa reported consists of the following items: Latin name, author, habitat, height, and the WGS-84 Global Position System (GPS) coordinates. This work, together with the original Ligurian checklist, represents a contribution to the national checklist. Key words—mycological flora, new reports Introduction Liguria represents a very interesting region from a mycological point of view: macrofungi, directly and not directly correlated to vegetation, are frequent, abundant and quite well distributed among the species. This topic is faced and discussed in Zotti & Orsino (2001). Observations prove an high level of fungal biodiversity (sometimes called “mycodiversity”) since Liguria, though covering only about 2% of the Italian territory, shows more than 36 % of all the species recorded in Italy. -
Toxic Fungi of Western North America
Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms ..................................................................................... -
Xerocomus S. L. in the Light of the Present State of Knowledge
CZECH MYCOL. 60(1): 29–62, 2008 Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge JOSEF ŠUTARA Prosetická 239, 415 01 Teplice, Czech Republic [email protected] Šutara J. (2008): Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge. – Czech Mycol. 60(1): 29–62. The definition of the generic limits of Xerocomus s. l. and particularly the delimitation of this genus from Boletus is very unclear and controversial. During his study of European species of the Boletaceae, the author has come to the conclusion that Xerocomus in a wide concept is a heterogeneous mixture of several groups of species. These groups are separated from each other by different anatomical and some other characters. Also recent molecular studies show that Xerocomus s. l. is not a monophyletic group. In agreement with these facts, the European species of Xerocomus s. l. whose anatomy was studied by the present author are here classified into the following, more distinctly delimited genera: Xerocomus s. str., Phylloporus, Xerocomellus gen. nov., Hemileccinum gen. nov. and Pseudoboletus. Boletus badius and Boletus moravicus, also often treated as species of Xerocomus, are retained for the present in the genus Boletus. The differences between Xerocomus s. str., Phylloporus, Xerocomellus, Hemileccinum, Pseudoboletus and Boletus (which is related to this group of genera) are discussed in detail. Two new genera, Xerocomellus and Hemileccinum, and necessary new combinations of species names are proposed. Key words: Boletaceae, Xerocomus, Xerocomellus, Hemileccinum, generic taxonomy, anatomy, histology. Šutara J. (2008): Rod Xerocomus s. l. ve světle současného stavu znalostí. – Czech Mycol. -
MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death. -
Studies in Basidial Nuclear Behavior of Selected Species Of
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Beihefte Jahr/Year: 1977 Band/Volume: 8 Autor(en)/Author(s): Hubbard Michael D., Petersen Ronald H. Artikel/Article: Studies in Basidial Nuclear Behavior of Selected Species of Clavarioid and Cantharelloid Fungi 209-223 Studies in Basidial Nuclear Behavior of Selected Species of Clavarioid and Cantharelloid Fungi M. H ubbard and R. H. P etersen Department of Botany, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916 USA Abstract. Basidial nuclear behavior was examined in several pivotal taxa of Homobasidiomycetes in order to help elucidate, in conjunction with known biochemical and morphological characters, their phylogenetic position. The taxa investigated were Gantharellus minor, Clavulinopsis aurantio-cinnabarina, G. amoena, C. fnsiformis, G. corniculata, C. laeticolor and Multiclavula mucida. Meiotic figures in the basidium were stained using Clemei^on’s technique. Early attempts to delineate discrete taxa of the fleshy fungi drew on gross morphological characters (Schaeffer , 1774; Persoon , 1801; Fries , 1821), but later, microscopic examination of fruit bodies led to the inclusion of additional characters (i. e. Patouillard , 1900). The use of certain staining and sectioning techniques (specifically, iron haemotoxylin-stained tissue embedded in paraffin) allowed analysis of intracellular phenomena, including nuclear behavior. Two distinct patters of meiotic nuclear behavior were observed and described by Juel (1898), based on the position and direction of meiotic spindles in the basidium. In one pattern (chiastic), the diploid nucleus was located in the extreme distal position of the immature basidium immediately prior to the onset of meiosis I. Spindle orientation during metaphase and anaphase I was perpendicular to the long axis of the basidial initial (transverse in the basidial lumen). -
Boletes from Belize and the Dominican Republic
Fungal Diversity Boletes from Belize and the Dominican Republic Beatriz Ortiz-Santana1*, D. Jean Lodge2, Timothy J. Baroni3 and Ernst E. Both4 1Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-FS, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398, USA 2Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-FS, PO Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, USA 3Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 2000, SUNY-College at Cortland, Cortland, New York 13045, USA 4Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, New York 14211, USA Ortiz-Santana, B., Lodge, D.J., Baroni, T.J. and Both, E.E. (2007). Boletes from Belize and the Dominican Republic. Fungal Diversity 27: 247-416. This paper presents results of surveys of stipitate-pileate Boletales in Belize and the Dominican Republic. A key to the Boletales from Belize and the Dominican Republic is provided, followed by descriptions, drawings of the micro-structures and photographs of each identified species. Approximately 456 collections from Belize and 222 from the Dominican Republic were studied comprising 58 species of boletes, greatly augmenting the knowledge of the diversity of this group in the Caribbean Basin. A total of 52 species in 14 genera were identified from Belize, including 14 new species. Twenty-nine of the previously described species are new records for Belize and 11 are new for Central America. In the Dominican Republic, 14 species in 7 genera were found, including 4 new species, with one of these new species also occurring in Belize, i.e. Retiboletus vinaceipes. Only one of the previously described species found in the Dominican Republic is a new record for Hispaniola and the Caribbean. -
Researches on Russulaceous Mushrooms-An Appraisal Reported to Provide Some Non-Nutritional Benefits to Tree 1932, 1940) and Beardslee (1918)
63 KAVAKA47 : 63 - 82 (2016) Researches on Russulaceous Mushrooms-AnAppraisal N.S.Atri,Samidha Sharma* , Munruchi Kaur Sainiand Kanad Das ** Department of Botany, PunjabiUniversity, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. *Department of Botany, Arya College, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab, India. **Botanical Survey of India, Cryptogamic Unit, P.O. BotanicGarden, Howrah 711103, India Corresponding author email: [email protected] (Submitted onAugust 10, 2016 ;Accepted on October 2, 2016) ABSTRACT Russulaceae is one among the large families of the basidiomycetous fungi. Some significant studies during the last decade on their systematics and molecularphylogenyresulted in splittingof well knownmilkcapgenusLactarius s.l.andinclusionof number of gastroid and resupinate members under its circumscription. Presently, there are seven genera (including agaricoid, gasteroid and resupinate members) in this family viz. RussulaPers. , Lactarius Pers. , Lactifluus (Pers.) Roussel, Cystangium Singer & A.H. Smith , Multifurca Buyck & Hofst., Boidinia Stalper & HjortstamandPseudoxenasma K.H.Larss.&Hjortstamspreadover 1248+ recognisedspeciestheworldover.Outof atotalofabout 259 + species/taxaofRussulacousmushrooms,146taxaofRussula ,83taxaof Lactarius ,27taxaof Lactifluus ,2speciesof Boidinia and1speciesof Multifurca are documented from India. In this manuscript an appraisal of the work done on various aspects of the members of the family Russulaceae including their taxonomic, molecular,phylogenetic, scanning electron microscopic, ectomycorrhizal, nutritional and nutraceutical aspects has been attempted. Keywords: Russulaceae, taxonomy, phylogeny, SEM, ECM, nutritional, nutraceutical, review INTRODUCTION taxa ofRussula and 83 taxa of Lactarius, 27 taxa of Lactifluus (Pers.) Roussel are known. (Atri et al ., 1994; Das and Sharma, The familyRussulaceae Lotsy is one of the 12 families under 2005; Bhattet al ., 2007; Das 2009; Das et al ., 2010, 2013, orderRussulales Krisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. 2015; Das and Verbeken, 2011, 2012; Lathaet al ., 2016; David (Kirket al ., 2008).