a discussion with jaime lerner Matthew Baird, Michael Hargens (M.Arch 2006), Benjamin Ives (M.Arch 2005), Nicholas Locke (M.Arch 2006), Santiago Rivera (M.Arch 2005) and Kassia Walker (M.Arch 2005)

On April 7, 2005, Scapes 4 interns and Parsons Benjamin Ives: How easy did you fi nd the transition from team of professionals, mostly architects, very young…I faculty member, Matthew Baird, engaged being an architecture student to engaging political systems was thirty-three years old. And, I told them, we now have Jaime Lerner in a conversation about his work. [See in ? Did you develop skills in school that you feel a chance to propose something new. But, we have to do it related timeline on page 19.] Lerner was the 2005 were transferable? very fast, because probably next week we won’t be here. But presenter of the Michael Kalil Lecturer on Natural/ in actuality every time we realized a proposition, we got Technological Systems. Jaime Lerner: The skills I got in school were the same more support from people. It was a time when the city of you would get in any school of architecture. But after Curitiba faced many important changes, physical changes Jaime Lerner, born in Curitiba, in1937, graduated in Architecture and Urban Planning from the School of Architecture of the fi nishing school I got a scholarship to go to France, where such as issues, structuring the growth of the Federal University of Parana in 1964. Responsible for the creation I stayed for one year. During this time, I took a course in city, the development of environmental issues, as well as and structuring of the Institute of Urban Planning and Research urban planning, and I got the chance to work at Candillis, economic and cultural issues. At that time, people thought of Curitiba (IPPUC) in 1965, he participated in the preparation of the Josic, and Woods when they won the Toulouse Le Mirail that Curitiba would grow to be as big as San Paolo. But Master Plan for Curitiba. He was Mayor of Curitiba for three terms: competition. I used to draw all night, and then I would go we didn’t want to be as bad as SaoSao PaoloPaolo -- not as big, and 1971/75, 1979/83 and 1989/92. During his fi rst term as mayor, Lerner implemented the Integrated Mass Transport System, acknowledged to the university. And every night, at about three or four in not as bad! We wanted our city to grow but also to provide worldwide for its effi ciency, quality and low cost. In his two subsequent the morning, I would walk through the streets of Paris. At a good quality of life. And we had our own regional terms, Lerner continued to develop urban and social program that that time, the Toulouse Le Mirail project was considered a characteristics. Curitiba is a 300 year-old city that belongs resulted in the ranking of Curitiba among the world cities with the signifi cant contribution to city planning. When I returned to a state where there’s ethnic diversity. The fi rst proposal highest quality of life. Elected Governor of the State of Parana in to Curitiba, the mayor was in the process of trying to of the urban planning institute involved the protection of L to R Michael Hargens, 1994, Lerner promoted economic and social transformations, and Jaime Lerner, Benjamin Ives. generated improvements in transport, land use, , health, tear down many of the most important buildings in the the historic area and a design for a transport system. sanitation, recreation and industrialization. The state of Parana city to make very wide streets for more cars. As a student received the Child and Peace Award from the UNICEF for the “From in the early 60s, I had participated in a movement against Kassia Walker: Outside of school, architects often have the Street to School”, “Protecting Life” and “Teacher’s University” that. In response to this protest, the Curitiba City Hall to deal with limited resources, and politicians, and programs. Re-elected governor in 1998, his second term ended in solicited a plan. And when I came back to Curitiba, in bureaucracies. From what I’ve read about you, it seems 2002. In July 2002, Mr. Lerner was elected president of International Union of Architects, for a three-year term. 1962, I was part of a small team of young architects - who that you’re very capable of cutting through bureaucracies had no experience at all! - that made a proposal in the very quickly. What are the methods you use to do that? The Michael Kalil Endowment for Smart Design was established form of ideas. We lost to a French fi rm that won together in 2001 at Parsons School of Design in memory of designer Michael with a fi rm from . But, they needed a local JL: I don’t have a method. People often say, “it’s not Kalil. Kalil’s career crossed many disciplines, encompassing the work counterpart, and I was one of the architects that made up possible” or “this was never done before.” And I always say, of educator, interior architect, philosopher, scientist and artist. Previous this counterpart. That’s how I went from being involved why not? I think that is the start of a process of innovation. lecturers have included William McDonough, Thomas Herzog, and Julie Bargmann. 2005 Recipients of Michael Kalil Fellowships are FABRICAthree in a student movement to getting involved in urban issues It’s important to understand popular feedback, and to (for an eco-effective design for the Williamsburg Waterfront State Park); in Curitiba. Because of the student movement, the mayor correct misunderstandings. For example, take cities. Cities Matthew Baird (for workshops that will develop methodologies for created a kind of advisory group, and out of this advisory are not as complex as the complexity sellers want us to understanding how to use performance criteria and specifi cations to group we founded an institute of urban planning that think. A city is basically a structure for living and working select sustainable materials and processes); Michael Hargens (for an generated some ideas. This city-funded research institute together, and the more you mix urban functions, the more extensive investigation of green roofs); Sian Kleindienst (for travel to Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne to do research on modifying the still exists and continues to propose new urban planning you mix incomes, the more you mix ages, the closer you design of anidolic Daylighting systems);Paul Makovsky (for developing ideas. The mayor appoints its director. I was its director are to having a more humane city. For example, every a knowledge map, timeline, and bibliography relating to important for a while and then became director of city planning. In time economic activities are separated from other human examples of sustainable houses in the United States and Canada). those days, mayors were appointed not elected, and I was activities, it’s disastrous. The most important element of appointed mayor by the governor of the region, in 1971. city life is the street, which is a synthesis of urban life. If Matthew Baird is a faculty member of the Department of Architecture, Interior Design and Lighting at Parsons The New School for Design. While I was appointed because it was thought an architect or an you have good streets, you have a good city. From my working at Tod Williams Billie Tsien Associates, he was the project architect urban planner would not threaten the broader political 40 years of experience, I would say that no matter what the on the American Museum of Folk Art. In 1999, He founded Matthew Baird leadership! And I was a very weak mayor because being scale, and no matter what the fi nances of a city, all cities can Design, whose recent projects include the Tai Ping Carpet Showroom and appointed I could be fi red the next day. So I organized a make signifi cant improvements in as little as a two-year period. a newly constructed townhouse in the Meatpacking District, New York.

scapes 13 14 jaime lerner KW: So is it more about getting people to cooperate and to plan economically without people! In Curitiba, we did see that they share a community? not accept polluting industries. Sometimes I’m asked, what is the design of the future city? I say, listen, the city JL: You have to have political will. You have to have of the future will not have French landscape design, as the leadership. But if you don’t, you have to push. I am optimists would like. And it won’t look like Bladerunner, currently working as an advisor in some cities where people as the pessimists would like. The city of today is not so of many cultures, with many different skills, want to different physically from the city of three hundred years improve their cities. For example, in Mexico, in Oaxaca. ago. What will make the big difference in future cities is the question of job generation. And in many cities this Santiago Rivera: Well, Oaxaca is a case of a city with means that, more and more, clothing industries and food an extremely rich historical culture and a still-existing industries will have to be close to housing. These are not indigenous society with a heightened sense of community. industries that pollute. And leisure activities should be close to housing, so they can be part of normal life. I think JL: That’s true. In addition to political will, you have that being the leisure planner for your family is a very to try to feel the city through its daily problems. For diffi cult task! example, you have to understand the problems people face in using public transport, understand the problems Nicholas Locke: I want to pick up on where you’re going that children encounter. This information can be gotten Curitiba, Brazil. View of main artery, showing central with leisure activities. How would you make some of your from sociologists, from teachers, from journalists, from dedicated bus lanes that facilitate high-speed surface transit, a ideal situations for future cities popular for more than just less-expensive alternative to an underground subway system. philosophers. Journalists, for example, are used to daily an architectural crowd? deadlines, so they are able to condense well. I also work with poets and with artists. Why? Because they can feel JL: Well, I’ll give you an example I often use, the problem society earlier, through the skin. So, if you can work with of garbage. The slums in our region are more or less in people that are able to feel society earlier, why should you the hills or in the valleys. The trash thrown out in these work with specialists that get their impressions later? Also, slums was polluting the streams, in which the children although you have to work in direct relation to people’s were playing. This was terrible. Every strategy and proposal needs, you also have to work with potentialities. As a to resolve a problem has to be very understandable and mayor, I organized myself and my team to work with it has to be desirable. If not, nobody will cooperate. So, potentialities in the mornings, scenarios to address the we proposed to buy their garbage. People said, this guy is needs and the problems of large populations, transport, crazy, he’s going to buy garbage! But we had to pay anyway education, government, the care of children, etc. So in to collect garbage, so they were asked to bring bags of the afternoons I was very comfortable putting on my garbage and we gave them transport tokens in exchange. mayor’s hat and dealing with fundamental issues and The exchange provided income to them and at the same pressures. I think of every problem in the city as involving time they learned why it’s important to control waste. an equation of core responsibility. So, for example, our This has been going on for more than sixteen years. We transport system was resolved through a private initiative needed to have garbage sorted so we started teaching the that bought the double-articulated bus fl eet, and we pay children how to do it, in their schools. The children teach the private owners by kilometer. And the result is one of the their parents, so now every family separates. We have the best transport systems in the world, and one of the few that highest rate of waste separation in the world right now, up Left View of bus boarding tubes JL: First of all, I think that every child should learn how is not subsidized. This is an equation of core responsibility. to 70 percent of households. With regard to environmental in Curitiba. Fares are paid on to draw her/his own city. Because if they understand their entering boarding tubes, which issues such as global warming or the ozone layer, people are elevated to bus entry level. cities, they will respect them. So, what is the secret of SR: I’d like to go back to Mexico or to many examples watch the situation as though it was a terminal patient: Elevator platform raises wheel- Curitiba? There is no real secret. Every time we had an around the world, such as Africa or South America, where how sad that there is nothing to be done. Separate your chair bound riders to door level idea, or put forward a proposal, we tried to make people before bus arrives. Both of these the implementation of a culture of change or sustainability garbage; use your car less; live and work closer together. devices speed the transit time understand the scenario. If they liked it, they helped to has to be enacted at a regional scale. In many cases, the Urban planning proposals for transport have to relate to for riders. make it happen. If not, we had to change things. One basic needs of a population are not being satisfi ed, so land use. One of the secrets of Curitiba is that we have very problem is that neighborhood movements are very strong Right Opera de Arame, Curitiba, planning is elaborated more at the level of satisfying diverse neighborhoods. The rich live with the poor and 1992. Designed by Domingos with regard to their neighborhoods, but not so strong with primary needs. In such contexts, people can’t grasp or that makes for a sense of community. When you separate Bongestabs. The building is regard to the city as a whole. I think that many countries understand global environmental problems. So, how would economic activities from human settlements, when you located in a disused quarry, and don’t have a global enough approach to problems, while you, as a politician, help a community to understand this separate working from living, it is disastrous for cities, and is constructed of prefabricated many cities have too global an approach; they’re not tubular steel framework. cooperation that you talk about? also for regions and countries in general. It’s very easy to specifi c enough.

scapes 15 16 jaime lerner Free University for the Environment, Curitiba, 1992. Designed by Domingos Bongestabs. The building, located in a reused granite Museum, quarry, is built from Curitiba, 2002. Designed by re-claimed eucalyptus wood Oscar Niemeyer. utility . Photo: Laura Barbi

Matthew Baird: When we talk about Curitiba, there is a But it was obvious that they owned adjacent land, and the World Bank for 800 million dollars to clean their not all architects can become big international stars. How lot of optimism, and it’s such a wonderful success to study. we’d have to make infrastructural improvements and they bays. But we had to work with a different economy. So we many architectural stars are there in the world? My idea as And immediately, the debate goes along the lines of “well, would profi t. I said, no thanks, we want the university to asked, how do we avoid pollution? Where does pollution president of the U.I.A. was that all architects should have how do we do that in New York?” There is a perception be inside the city. come from? From sewage or from trash. So, I made an ideas for their own cities. So we started a competition last that there is really not much we can do, that the general agreement with the fi shermen. If they caught a fi sh, it year and we got responses from thirty countries and 400 public feels disenfranchised here. And, I think one of the Michael Hargens: New York is a city in which structures belonged to them. If they caught garbage, we bought it cities! This is amazing. We had more than fi ve-hundred perfect examples of that right now is perhaps one of the run smoothly. But economically and environmentally, from them. So, if the day was not good for fi shing, they projects from Egypt alone. From France and the U.S -- most public issues of urban planning that we have in the it’s not as friendly. So in that case, how do you get people went fi shing for garbage. The more you fi sh for garbage, almost nothing. Why? I don’t know. I realized that every city, which you may have read about. They want to put motivated to change things? And then, how do you the greener the bay becomes. The cleaner the bay is, country should have a different task set by the U.I.A. a stadium right in the middle of midtown. Hearing you convince the bureaucracy to do that? the more fi sh they have. We also paid a monthly subsidy Since the Italian council of architects is well-organized, speak today, I started to think, maybe that’s not such a to families whose food needs weren’t being met, in order to they’ve agreed to produce a yearly competition through the bad thing, to mix a big sports arena with residential and JL: Well, fi rst of all, you have to make people understand induce them to enter into the program. But the cost was internet for both architects and architecture students. So, commercial use. But everything in my own teaching or the problems. How do you deal with bureaucracies? I nothing compared with 800 million dollars. I wouldn’t say every year we’ll have an increasing number of proposals learning indicates that these economic generators should would say you have to be fast. As a mayor, I accomplished the bay is absolutely clean, but it’s cleaner. It will become for cities. Why is that so important? Because the discussion be in areas that need economic development, not in some things very quickly. The fi rst pedestrian mall in the cleaner and cleaner and cleaner. So, when money is not of globalization has been considered in very mechanistic areas where the land is so expensive. What do you country, in Curitiba, was implemented in seventy-two available, you have to fi nd a way to do it. ways, very antagonistically. I prefer the expression of a think about that? hours. We built a big park in twenty-eight days. It can take former president of who said that we have to two or three years to build a park. You start with aerial NL: What do you think architects can do in different globalize solidarity. And the city is a refuge of solidarity. JL: I’m against big urban fabric works. Usually, it’s the photography, bids from architects and landscape architects, types of, specifi cally capitalist, cultures to be able to be It’s where all of the answers to problems of housing, fastest way to transfer one congested place to another contractors, etc. But sometimes you have be fast.We built heard more? transport, education, health care and the care of children can be congested place. My usual response to such proposals is a theater, using an innovative structure, in two months.We resolved. And countries that don’t have a generous view of their “Do nothing with urgency.” When I say I support mixed- built Oscar Niemeyer’s big museum, a beautiful museum, JL: You have the same problems that we have - problems own cities, don’t have a generous view of their own people. use zoning, I’m not referring to something like a large-scale in fi ve months. So, why is it important to be fast with such of transport, environment, education, health care, and stadium. What it means is that they build a big stadium, projects? Firstly, to avoid your own bureaucracy;. Secondly, the care of children. Our problems are increased through and the taxpayers have to provide infrastructure to increase to avoid political problems. Thirdly, you have to do it fast less income, but you have the same problems. First of all, the land value so the developers will profi t without sharing in order to avoid your own insecurities. In terms of funding I think architects should be prepared to work with urban the profit with the whole city or with the immediate projects, sometimes, you don’t have the money, so you have problems. That was my interest in being president of the community. It’s a very old story. We’ve had people who to devise an economical equation. When I was governor, U.I.A. I decided to invest all of my energy into making All images of Curitiba in this interview and in the Brazil timeline, unless wanted to donate their land for an independent university. we had to clean our harbors. In Rio they got a loan from architects more interested in the future of cities. Because otherwise indicated, are courtesy of the Jaime Lerner Institute.

scapes 17 18 jaime lerner brazil timeline 1500-2005

This timeline, an attempt to provide a historical context for the discussion with Jaime Lerner, was researched and coordinated by Scapes 4 iinternsnterns BBenjaminenjamin IIvesves ((M.ArchM.Arch 22005),005), KKomalomal KKeharehar ((M.ArchM.Arch 22006),006), NNicholasicholas LLockeocke ((M.ArchM.Arch 2006), and Santiago Rivera (M.Arch 2005), in consultation with Sunil Bald, Parsons Architecture faculty member, and Silvia Kolbowski. Additional research was conducted in Brazil by Laura Barbi and Rita de Cássia Velloso. One of the main questions that underlay the selections was “What could be pinpointed in the genealogy of Brazil to explain Curitiba’s popular support for major public urban works projects?” To that end, the categories that were researched included political history, cultural history, urban history, and Brazilian land rights laws.

The Castés, Tabajaras, Xucurus, Garamhuns, Vouvês, Xocòs, Fulniôs and the Pimenteiras live in the state of , which is the fi rst region to be occupied by the Portugues. Five hundred years of exposure to disease, violence and dispossession wiped out the vast majority of Brazil’s indigenous population. Today, there are around 350,000 indigenous people scattered across Brazil, in over 200 tribes. 110 of the tribal of Brazil have less than 400 speakers. Brazil’s tribes range in size from the Guarani and Jesuit priests invent a new The French Artistic Mission arrives Yanomami, who number in the to communicate with Deposits of gold are discovered in , led by Joachim tens of thousands, to tribes such the various indigenous groups, in . The mining A slave revolt in Haiti leads to Lebreton and architect A.-H.-V. as the Akuntsu and Kanoê, who who spoke more than 700 frontier attracts a massive infl ux devastation of the sugar industry Grandjean de Montigny, initiating number only a few dozen. languages. It is a mix of Indian, of migrants, up to 300,000 there and a consequent growth in the strong and enduring infl uence th 1695 1791 1500 1816 1487-2005 Photos: Yanomami tribe rituals Portuguese and African words. Portuguese in the 18 century. exports from Brazil. of French styles.

Spain and Portugal both claim The fi rst Jesuit missions are Jesuit monks are expelled from Dom João, the head of the ownership of the ‘New World’. established among the all Roman Catholic countries, Portugese royal family, now Pope Alexander VI separates indigenous population in the including Brazil, and their residing in Rio de Janeiro, issues a decree that elevates Brazil from

the land by drawing a line forested interior of what is missions are destroyed. They 1815 1610 1776 running from North to South now , , and are suspected of attempting to its subordinate colonial status about 100 leagues west of Cape Brazil. The missions comprise a build an independent empire in of ‘state’ to the same category Verde Islands. The land to the vast, self-suffi cient network in the New World. of ‘kingdom’ that is enjoyed by west is given to Spain, that which indigenous tribesmen are Portugal. Photo:www.libanbylody.

1493-1494 to the east to Portugal. Soon educated according to European com.br/ imagens/djoao6.jpg thereafter, Portugal and Spain ideas, and protected from sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, enslavement. which moves the Pope’s line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes.

scapes 19 20 brazil timeline 1929 1822 Brazil’s Independence Day. as annually celebrated is 1822 7, September America. Spanish in countries other are as republic, a a monarchy, rather than declared as independent declared is Brazil identity. caricatures herSouthAmerican for theexoticfi lm costumingthat as the“ladyintutti-fruittihat” United States,where sheisknown years ofpopularity, shegoestothe is asensationinBrazil.Afterten Miranda’sCarmen demo recording

1928 1826 modernist villasofthe1920s. modernist the impactofLeCorbusier’s Paulo. Thehousedemonstrates House) inhisadoptedcityofS da RuaSantaCruz(Santa Warchavchik designstheCasa architectRussian-born Gregori Documentação FAU UFRJ. Voto |NúcleodePesquisae no RiodeJaneiro. Photo:Vera the GuiadeArquitetura Eclética de Janeiro. Imagetakenfrom of FineArts)isfoundedinRio Belas Artes(ImperialAcademy The AcademiaImperialdas ã o 1934 1834-1841 commercial privileges. in order nottolosepoliticaland contain thethreat ofracialwar who repress socialunrest, and oligarchy andurbanelite, bythelanded to government nation becauseofsupportgiven Brazil survivesintactasaunited civil unrest inRiodeJaneiro, Despite publicprotest and constitutions since. has beenupheldinallfederal asocialfunction.This performs be recognized provided it of privateproperty isonlyto time, theideathatright property appearsforthefi rst The legalconceptofsocial

1831-1840 government. national the controls party power Pedro Dom based established, is monarchy parliamentary constitutional years. 6 of age the at crowned Brazil Portugese crown moves . Dom Pedro II is II Pedro Dom . on Britain’s model, but but Britain’s model, on to decidewhichpolitical emperor of Brazil Brazil of emperor IIexercises the 1930 - 1954 1951 and1954. as electedpresident between between 1946and1951, 1937 and1945,assenator 1937, asdictatorbetween president between1934and powers. Heservesaselected temporarily assumesexecutive Get A militaryjunta,headedby ú A lio Dornelles Vargas,lio Dornelles to

1936 where heremains until1972. closely involvedwithSPHAN, monuments. L some ofBrazil’s mostimportant is created topreserve Histórico eArtísticoNacional) SPHAN (ServiçodoPatrimônio 1850 grants from theCrown. acquiring through squattingand any meansbutpurchase. Endof acquisition ofpubliclandby The LandLawActforbidsthe ú cio Costais scapes 21 22

brazil timeline brazil 1940 1888 designs acityplanforCutitiba. French architect Alfred Agache Slavery isabolishedinBrazil.

1941 1889 dictatorship lastsfi ve years. state isdecreed. Themilitary The separationofchurch and ‘The UnitedStatesofBrazil.’ from the‘Empire ofBrazil’to the nameofcountryisaltered Following amilitarycoupd’etat, “public utility”. land expropriation forreasons of Decree-Law no.3.665allowsfor

1935-42 York. the UnitedNationsheadquartersinNew paints thetwinmuralsWar andPeacefor Ministry ofEducationandlater, in1952, Cândido Portinariexecutesmuralsforthe Vasconcelos. LeCorbusierisaconsultant. Carlos Leao,Jorge Moreira, andErnanai Costa, OscarNiemeyer, AfonsoReidy, is constructedasdesignedbyLucio The MinistryofEducationinRiodeJaneiro 1896 rubber exportation. This region becameacenterof from establishedculturalcenters. rubber-producing region, away foster culture intheAmazon , Brazil,anattemptto Teatro Amazonasopensin Photo s: s: Silvio Tode Silvio 1942-43 1900 begins inBrazil. The women’s suffrage movement requirements. always maintainingarelation tofunctional fl exibility andstructuralexpression, while allowed foraninfl uential useofformal Niemeyer’s originaluseofreinforced concrete schoolBrazilianmodernism. international visual andconstructionalvocabularyforpost- architectural languagethatestablisheda club, acasino,anddancehallinan lake. Niemeyerdesignedachurch, ayacht Niemeyer onthebanksofanartifi cial development initiallydesignedbyOscar mayor ofBeloHorizonte,Pampulhaisa Commissioned byJuscelinoKubitschek, schi Photo : : Marcelo da Mota Silva Mota da Marcelo

1944 1922 garde, garde, part in interest the is It Modern Art (Brazilwood) author Andrade, de M Menotti right), the on (‘Tropical’ Malfatti Anita left), the on painter,(‘Antropofagia’ a which includes Tarsila do Amaral, Five) of (Group Cinco dos Grupo America. in Brazilandthroughout Latin fascist-style dictatorshipswells andanendto of government adoption ofdemocraticforms Public pressure forthe á rio de Andrade, de rio by the European avant- European the by beginning around 1915. 1915. around beginning in modern art, inspired inspired art, modern in culmination ofagrowing Week in S in Week 1927 , participate in The the righttovote. are amendedgivingwomen state inBrazil,electionlaws In RioGrandedoNorte,a del Picchia, Picchia, del and Oswald Oswald and of of ã o Paulo. Paulo. o Pau-Brasil Pau-Brasil 1962 1948-1954 Barbi Photo super-blocks inBras fortheresidentialas apattern Corbusier. principles proposed byLe buildingsderivedfrommodern It isasignifi cant complexof Guinle (top)inRiodeJaneiro. L Residential housingproject, by Photo write “TheGirlfrom Ipanema” Jobim andpoetVin Brazilian composerAntonioCarlos ú cio CostaiscompletedatPark s: s: : Laura Barbi Laura Lucas Lucas Thebuildingsserve

1964 Laura and Barbi 1949-1951 increasing infl ationary pressure. rural-urban migrationand in urbanhousingduetointense for massivepublicinvestment Action Planhighlightstheneed The Government’s Economic care center. center, playgrounds, andaday with dressing rooms, ahealth gymnasium, aswimmingpool blocks, anelementaryschool,a comprised offourapartment an apartmentinthecity. Itis not highenoughtobuyorrent employees whosesalariesare of anewmodeldwellingfor Rio. Pedregulho isanexample Popular HousingDepartmentin Pedregulho project forthe Affonso ReidydesignsThe í í cius deMoraes lia (bottom). Photo : Marcio Cotrim Cotrim Marcio :

1964 represses opposition. it restricts politicalactivitiesand of centralizedeconomiccontrol; military regime supportsapolicy A militarycouptakesplace.The

1964-1968 to andfrom city. for direct andaffordable access of maintransitarteriestoCuritiba Arzua. Plansincludetheaddition andMayorIva Jorge Wilheim, designed andadoptedbyLerner, A MasterPlanforthecityis is startedbyJaimeLerner. and UrbanPlanning(IIPUC) The CuritibaInstituteofResearch them asocialutilization. developers committedtogiving to sellorrent themtoprivate expropriate urbanareas inorder The g prepare Curitiba fornewgrowth. announces acallforproposals to Iva Arvua,themayorofCuritiba, overnment beginsto overnment

1951 important role inadvancing inaugurated, andplaysan The S abstract art. Brazilian andEuropean ã o PauloBienalis

1964 1952 public agenciesandbanks. development through privateand responsible formanagingurban principal federalinstitution Habitation Bank),whichisthe together withtheBNH(National Federal Serviceiscreated The HousingandUrbanism Concrete ArtsExhibition. in 1957bythefi rst National movement. Thisisfollowed concretethe international poetry initiates theBrazilianelementof Literary magazine Noigandres scapes 23 24

brazil timeline brazil 1967

Pinto. Habitacional ZezinhoMagalhães housing complex:Conjunto models” forapublicurban Guarulho oneofthe“Brutalist Fabio Penteadodesignin Paulo MendesdaRochaand Artigastogetherwith Vilanova 1954 daily publicdemonstrations. Vargas commitssuicideafter President Get ú 1968 1956-1960 lio Dornelles Paulista. that cutsundertheAvenida Julho, amultilanethoroughfare perpendicular totheNovede to theAvenida Paulista,and is spectacularlysitedparallel Bardi, iscompleted.MASP (MASP), designedbyLinaBo The ArtMuseumofS Bras Photo Boulevard). Ministry bottom: Congress, Nacional the (top: attracts modern Bras buildings. Congressional and Secretariat, Senate, the designs Niemeyer by L The plan of Bras the capital, former Rio de Janeiro í ú lia is constructed to replace cio Costa.Architect Oscar s: Laura Barbi Laura s: worldwide interest. interest. worldwide national unity and and unity national í í lia is executed lia symbolizes symbolizes lia ã o Paulo

. 1957 this movement. others, are alsoassociatedwith Levi andRuyOhtake,among Paulo MendesdaRocha,Rino “Paulistian Brutalist”movement. Artigasinitiatingthe Vilanova The BaetaHouseisdesignedby

1971 Photo street inBrasil(right)iscreated. (1972), thefi rst pedestrianized in 1971andtheRuadasFlores is remodelled byAbrãoAssad this timetheTeatro Paiol(left) asMayorofCuritiba.During term appointedtofiJaime Lerner rst s: Laura Barbi Laura s:

1962 them asocialutilization. developers committedtogiving to sellorrent themtoprivate expropriate urbanareas inorder to possible forthegovernment of “socialinterest”, makesit land expropriation forreasons Federal Lawno.4.132.allows

1973 1959 and its Latin American expression Concretism European between defi to seeks relationship the ne which Manifesto,” “Neoconcrete the publishes Gullar Ferreira critic and poet Brazilian environmental questions. the populationmore aware of is created todiscussandmake Environment Secretariat (SEMA) environmental pollution.The water resources, andcontrol of of naturalgas,exploitation production anddistribution transportation androad systems, sanitation, land use control, public integrated planning,basic metropolitan regions, establishing enacted forcertaindesignated Complementary Lawno.14is Brazilian Constitutional Ballet in1958,andLygia Clark. who stagedherNeoconcrete the movementare Lygia Pape, Among the artists associated with . 1989 1974 Bongestabs. both designedbyDomingos and theOperadeArame(right), University fortheEnvironment opened asare in1992theFree designed byAbrãoAssadis 1991 theBotanicalGarden (left) asMayorofCuritba.In term electedtothirdJaime Lerner IIPUC, andextends12.4miles. completed inCuritibaunderthe The fi rst buscorridoris

Photo 1990 1977 s: s: corridor inCuritiba. Completion ofBoqueiraobus land includes legalinstrumentsfor property, and of function social constitutional requirement of the the materialize to seeks It Urban Rewritten from theNational enacted. Bill Policy Urban Laura Barbi Laura use control. Development Bill (1983).

1991 1979 Photo: Jaime Lerner Institute Photo: JaimeLerner areplatforms provided. at tubestationswhere fl oor-level high-demand routes, stopping to thebuswayaxesandonother in Curitiba.andoperatesparallel The “Speedybus”isinaugurated Curitiba. asMayorof second term appointedto Jaime Lerner

1992 1981 held inRiodeJaneiro. Environment andDevelopment United NationsConference on harmful to the environment. activities and projects potentially for offi cial authorization of Impact Reports as the condition which requires Environmental the National Environmental Policy, F ederal Law no. 6.931 formulates

1995 1984 of Paraná. electedgovernor Jaime Lerner presidency in1985. direct popularelectionsforthe constitutional amendmenttoallow cities, demandingthepassageofa public ralliesare heldinmajor (‘direct electionsnow’),massive Adopting thesloganof‘diretas j scapes á ’ 25 26

brazil timeline brazil 1995 communities inRiodeJaneiro. involves 253,000residents in73 and serviceincreases. Theproject through infrastructure upgrades favelas intothefabricofcity It seekstointegrateexisting “slum toneighborhood”project. Bank gives$180milliontothe The Inter-American Development 1985 civilian president since1964. becomesBrazil’sSarney fi rst authoritarian militaryrule,Jos After more thantwodecadesof

2001 1988 the international povertyline. the international less that$2adayinrelation to statistics, 22%ofBraziliansliveon According totheWorld Bank functions. planning andexecutionofpublic integrating theorganization, and micro-regions, thereby regions, urbanagglomerations allowed toinstitutemetropolitan Brazil’s federated-statesare é

2001 1988 of Brazil. urban rulesandguidelinesforall establishes architectural and cidades) iscreated. Thislaw The CityStatute(Estatutodas woman inBrazil. the topelectiveoffi ce heldbya elected asMayorofSãoPaulo, Luiza Erundina(Workers’ Party)is

2002 1988 distribution. inequalities in wealth and income political platform addressing president, is elected due to a fi rst left-wing and working-class Luiz In Rocha. Photos:LauraBarbi. Designed byPauloMendesda is builtinSaoPaulo,1988-1995. Brazilian MuseumofSculpture á cio Lula da Silva, Brazil’s

2003 1989 since 1960. since the of made symbolically is democracy civilian to authoritarianism military from transition The government andcivilsociety.government partnership withallspheres of planning andmanagement,in mobility, landandterritorial sanitation, urbantraffi c and such ashousing,environmental access tobasicurbanservices social inclusionandtouniversalize development policytopromote and managingBrazil’s urban for developing,formulating Cities iscreated, responsible theMinistryof government, theBrazilianfederal Within direct popular elections for for elections popular direct presidency, for the first time time first the for presidency, complete by the holding holding the by complete