Hungarian Ideas on Abortion Regulation

CEU eTD Collection In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts . Abortion debate

in Hungary, Studies Gender of Department Central European University feminist feminist Supervisor: Hungary Budapest, Submitted to: Submitted Sara Vitrai approach 2013 By combining Ann

a Loutfi a

biopolitical a ,

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CEU eTD Collection Hungarian debateof 2010- abortion 1) reproductive familyfunctions and planning. givewomen uptheir freedommake also agreeto about informed to decision need’in areeligiblefor by but and a these discount onabortion, discount accepting this waygroups are constructswomen thatit different who of‘ own statistical data analysis. a my and articles onlinenewspaper ofinterviews, politicians, documents, publicstatements the andfrom abortion funding withdraw to 2012 budget of theto state an proposal amendment a nation- Constitution, of the Hungarian period: the modification elements. ideologies onabortion policy and abortion practice, and the disconnect between these legitimizes itself state which the through a subject as serves issue,but a literal an issueisn’t Abortion as responsibleconfiguredas citizens for mothers, primarily reproductive reproducing the nation. approach issueonainternationaland national level viewing and the as well. practice andpolicyIutilize a multilayeredanalysis, utilizing biopolitical a feminist anda in distribution turnhow this effects t

Abstract obstruction of the licensing I the abortion pill. of sources such utilized have as official InI my thesis will examine the cu IThroughfind thatthe discussion my myanalysis I base InI my approach second the examine interaction of contemporary Hungarian anal biopolitical Through a as havingauthority definingand publicfriends theenemies. of

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2012

ysis I argue that in the abortion debate women are women are abortion debate theysis in Iargue that how political ideology on abortion – how ideologyon political hat ideology. To understand hat of the ideology. interaction abortion impacts the distribution of related– impacts the distribution resources, and ii

rrent funding system of abortion works a ofin funding system rrent abortion socially disadvantaged socially wide anti wide - abortion campaign, expressed in the expressed the in ’ are or ‘who CEU eTD Collection 9) 8) 7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) 2)

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Table ofContents

Bibliography Conclusion 2) 1) 3) 2) 1) 3) 2) 1) everyAbortion in day practice 2) 1) 3) 2) 1) Demographyand control population 2012 The pill debate abortion onthe 2) 1) Introduction figures of List T Abstract able of Contents Intermediate level: medical professionals andNGOs Internal political struggle Religious discourse onabortion war at nation A also meanCondemning condemning abortion the should pill? Thedebate lack risks of onhealth professional Hungary in Currentabortion regulation of eugenicsBiopolitical analysis and

Demographic concerns about unbornDemographic Hungariansconcerns about Feminist analysis Describing those goingDescribing abortion to those Indicationsregulation for change in Solutions Economic and politicalmotives Accessibility of (emergency) contraception (emergency) of Accessibility Funding abortion of system Education, and economicabortion status Contraception and abortion The doctor events nt rece to Reactions masses the Educating ‘Giving taste a of their medicine’ own state the and professionals medical Between Between political parties Criminalization of abortion and forced sterilization Need opinion forming of for public gaze clinical The Defining groups, boundary making Hungary the vs. EU

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CEU eTD Collection and discount 14. Figure number abortion of (previous)abortions Receiving employmen by women’ ‘aborting of Rate Figure 13. 12. Figure (2011) an among those Employment whoabortion had 11. Figure among women Employment (2011) 10. Figure women pregnancy (2011) of among previous Outcome 9. Figurechildren (2011) among women ofborn Number alive educational women’8. Figure among ’aborting rate level highest The of educational7. Figure completed Highest for every6. Figure1000inhabitantabortions of Number contraception5. Figure among regular Mode of 4. Figure opting contraception abortion among Regularity women for of 3. Figure Anti EU2. Figure in countriesabortions numberper The of 1000births 1. Figureflyer, on2012anti out Association handed Alfa 3)

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CEU eTD Collection afterwards. upwith themcontact not the onthedid them woman follow case Unfortunately later. ask to Patent Association, legaladvice.anything,and to for confess her Theyto not advised she of hotline situation taken Incalledwas apolicethis to the station. emergency abortion The ahospital. immediatelythe to police, went doctorso treated andshe heralerted after and 1 enemies through which the state legitimizes itself as having authority the of defining publicfriends and for Abortion as an reproducinga theissueisn’t nation. literal serves issue, but as abject su abortion debate women are configured as mothers, primarily approa first my Iwill utilize two complementaryanalysis: modes a of biopolitical andaapproach. feminist In practiceand thedebate political disconnect this onabortionTo Hungary. understand policyin 4) how abortion – approachthis more in detailthe in following subchapter. analysis. data a statistical and articles publicstatements ofinterviews,such politicians, as onlinenewspaper official documents, range of thougha sources wide examining the in discussedbecome period coherent debate a by politicians and medical professionals as well. forward put been have far,suggestions so regulation abortion in made changes been haven’t Although preceding decade. the in rate birth and declining emigration being reasons main two Sándor. (Budapest: Central European University,Center for Ethics and Law in Biomedicine, 2013), 61-

Sara Vitrai “The Abortion Pill in H Pill Abortion “The Vitrai Sara

Introduction “ the examination of the disconnect between abortion abortion of between the disconnect examination be will the The of inquiry my focus - Abortion has becomea Hungariandebated topicin centrally 2010 in politics a woman ordered the abortion pill in Hungary in 2012,andexperie pill the abortion ordered a woman

(as seen not only in contemporary Hungary but e.g. in the US as well) asUS e.g. but theHungary in contemporaryin (as only not seen ” 1

ch I shall argue – argue I shall ch a women’s health issue

ungary: A Human Rights Analysis” in studies in Biopolitics, ed. Judit Judit ed. Biopolitics, in studies in Analysis” Rights A Human ungary: based on Foucault, Miller and Deutscher – and Deutscher Foucault,Miller on based

– which is primarilya feminist issue, has becomes 1

In my thesis I howIn abortion my has thesis present shall In my secondI approach discuss will reproductive nced heavy bleeding, heavynced bleeding,

citizens responsiblecitizens . I. discuss shall

that the in 2012, its 2012, its 81.

CEU eTD Collection September 202013 September 202013, Lastly the government obstructed the licensing of the abortion pill in MayLastly in the2012. government abortion the pill licensing of obstructed the state budget of wit 2012to Christian Democratic People’s Party thefrom moment conception. of ” andhuman life to bethe right subject shall dignity;life embryonicand fetal protection to perspective, stating that “ 7 szabalyozasaban 6 abFlyer_RELATED&utm_campaign=hvg.hu http://hvg.hu/itthon/20120119_alkotmany_abortusz#utm_source=20111202_k 5 4 df http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.p 3 http://www.kormany.hu/download/0/d9/30000/Alapt%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny.pdf “The Constitution of Hungary" last accessed September 20 2013, 2 a nation launched they intend to modify legislation the on whole. as a abortion unconstitutional declaring of Court Hungary Constitutional the to could lead period The question. in detail the in second subchapter. approach in second this present Iwill incentives. original feminist underminespolitical the April 18 http://ataszjelenti.blog.hu/2012/09/28/alkotmanyos_tamogatas_az_abortuszturizmusnak ? abortuszturizmusnak Társaság aSzabadságjogokért (HungarianLibertiesCivil Union, HCLU). Associat (Patent Társasága Ellenzők Patriarchátust Egyesület, Patent Association), Lesbian (Labrisz Egyesület Ellenfor Egyesület Women Women (NANEor TogetherAgainst Association), Violence LabriszLeszbikus http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_alapt%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nye

Stefánia Kapronczay, Melinda Zsolt, September 28, 2012 (14:41 p.m.), “Alkotmányos támogatás az „Nemváltozást tervezazabortusz szabályozásában”, Magyarhirlap.hu aFidesz HVG Alaptörvény?,” ki az kényszerítene “Abortuszszigorítást Dreissiger, Ágnes Committee, Nők HHC), a NőkértEgyütt Helsinki az Erőszak (Hungarian Bizottság Helsinki Magyar as Such “The Fundamental Law 20 2013, Hungary”September of accessed last Wikipedia: Magyarország alaptörvénye, accessed last 2013, September 20

5 ion, Opponents Patriarchal ion, Society),Male Violence of (Stop Férfierőszak Stop and Projekt Project) T When questioned, When governmental madeonw officials contradictory statements th urning to the debate itself I shall examine 4 larger events that took place in the 2 yearurningI thein 2 the to debate itself4larger examine events shall place thattook

2011 which came force into onJanuary 1

http://www.magyarhirlap.hu/egeszsegugy/nem - A TASZ jelenti Blog, jelenti TASZ A wide anti wide se

Human dignity shall beHuman inviolable.Every shall have dignity being shall human event hdraw funding – from abortion - abortion campaign in the spring of 2011, then in October the the thenOctober in 2011, the springof abortion in campaign s

are firstly the modification of the Hungarian on Constitution 3 This gave rise to f to gave rise This

last accessed 2013, September 20

( KDNP

abortion. )

2 party handed in an amendment proposal the amendment to an in handed party

6 Secondly, not long after the governmentafter Secondly,longthe not

st ear among Hungarian NGOs Hungarian among ear -

tervez 2012. which latter didn’t come into effect.

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4 that this - ether hether life CEU eTD Collection countries in Europe and the US as well at the end of the 18 end well at the theas US countries and Europe in several in active was that ment move eugenics the of arguments the resemble closely debate I Hungary.forward in put tensions recentarguments abortion further arguethe thatthe in todaycome has to be biopolitical a debate, resulting from and reflecting internal political 10 9 http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_K%C3%B6zl%C3%B6ny legal documents that donot qualify as 8 who gives an ove Turdaof Marius work on the relyIwill eugenic discourse resemblanceabortion debate’sto years.of the past abortions Hungary3 in in trends on analysis data a statistical and articles newspaper online professionals, medical and from existing literature on the two forms of analysis – – include Further utilized sources today. Hungary spherein and public thein political politicians proposal party, of the KDNP fromközlöny articles Magyar budgetamendment poster the campaign, 2011 sources of the the materials suchutilize as any been not has there individual personalities, and by the inexorable logic of geopolitics. logicof inexorable andby personalities, the individual polit by influences social institutions, of variousprovenance ideas of where history biomedical a“cultural are mediated is Eugenics York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 3.

Turda Turda relies Nye onwork thewhenRobert of defining eugenics. Modernism Marius Turda: andEugenics MagyarThe Kö

Marius Modernism Turda: andEugenic a)

Biopolitical analysis and eugenics analysis Biopolitical The first argument IThe forward first argumentput thatthe debatesurrounding is aborti Since – viewing these sources as reflecting the main ideas and assumptions onabortion assumptions andreflecting the mainideas as sources viewing these – zlöny is a periodical paper whichzlöny paper and aperiodical is of is Hungary. official the paper It publishes laws as mentioned above – above mentioned as rview of the development of eugenics thought in several European several European in of thought eugenics development ofrview the

concrete change in abortion policy or law regarding abortion, I will Iwill abortion, regarding policyor law changeabortion in concrete

legislation. legislation. s

(New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Macmillan, :Palgrave (New York the current abortion situation in Hungary is such is that Hungary in situation current abortion the ical power the peculiaritiesof andpublicopinion, Wikipedia: Magyar September accessed Közlönylast 2013, 20

interviews conducted politicians with th

8 - , and publicstatements of

9 beginning of 19 beginning of To present the To present Hungarian

on in Hungary Hungary on in th

century. century.

other

apart apart (New (New

CEU eTD Collection Modernism andEugenics collective identities by suggesti is the politicalng that andideologicalhistory eugenics of and individual contemporary science shaping in onthe role of and scientific, discourses 16 15 14 13 12 11 regeneration the effects [from after the of war]. createh anall throug anew nation imaginary, by“ the aracial to appealing by accomplished identity, shared of sense astrong of creation the ” strategy a “defensive became Eugenics I. War World of effects from the party degeneration, thatstemmed biological decadence and cultural against forces of chapter. main second the in Hungarian specifics cultures specific national discourses andthe political “the account into takes one that crucial is it eugenics understand havin as eugenics sexualfertility, reproduction andideas onhuman perfectibility.” anyfundamental to informed assessment modern of - bi with nature of the debateI rely will Millerand Penelope onthe works Deutscher of Ruth who deal countries

Turda: Turda: Ibid. Turda: Turda: Turda: Britain, Norway, GermanyChecslovakia, France, Romania, Hungary, Italy, Turda: and Spain Greece.

opolitics in relation in opolitics women’s to reproduction. Turda argues in the introduction of his book that it: “ ofbookthatit: Turda his the arguesin introduction The shared goal maintainabody The healthy shared was ofnational European to eugenicists Modernism and Eugenics Modernism Eugenics and Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics 11 from the birth of eugenics WWII. the to in 1870s In discussing the biopolitical g “ biologization of national of belongingbiologization ”

3. comprised a wide range of thought of range awide comprised

” 13

10. 7. 3. 12. in which itwas formulated.I be myself will focusing on

- encompassing act of both individual actboth of encompassing andcollective 4

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16 This shared racial identity was defined by defined was identity racial shared This 15 day debates . “ The ultimate eugenic goal was to was eugenicgoal The ultimate ” and so when attempting to when” to attempting and so reflects popular these current, 12 14 (own emphasis) He defines of the nation thatinvolved of the nation

on population control,population on CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 19 18 17 health,hygiene,population: expectancy, life birthrate, race… governmentalby practice phenomena a of characteristic set of living beings forming a problems posed to the rationalize to century, the from eighteenth attempt, starting vocabulary andimprovement.individual collective bel to appear that wouldnot because ability of its together, hold to synthesize to such social, cultural and concepts political community and t biological, social boundaries, and cultural which belonged separated those who the to that sovereignyears the in past 200 relations operated have classical according to means biological passivity. biopolitical state is sexual andreproductive legislation, which implies that political activity sovereign make to the heart is right liveand formation letdie. the At ofin citizenship theory, basic the modelof thesovereignty predominant wh in ich has been instead biopolitical 149. Rape Legislation in Comparative Perspective http://asounder.org/resources/foucault_biopolitics.pdf Coll

Ruth A. Miller, A. Miller, Ruth Michel Senellart,and Graham ed., Burchell, trans Turda: Turda: Turda: Turda: è

ge de France, 1978 What linked eugenics to later developed biopolitical states was their shared racial racial shared their was states biopolitical developed later to eugenics linked What Eugenics became such a powerful ideology during the course19 of the Mill er Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics 20 . Michael Foucault – Foucault Michael . – Women andthe Political Norm, in The Limits of Bodily Integrity: Abortion, Adultery, and in accordance with Foucault – Foucault with accordance in hose who were considered (potential) enemies. (potential) considered were who hose – 79

317. last accessed September 202013,

100. 10. 63. 4,7. ong together at first glance. first at together ong

who coined the – term of biopolitics

(Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007), 19

Michel Foucault: The Birth of Biopolitics, Lectures at the the at Lectures Biopolitics, of The Birth Foucault: Michel 5

argues 22 that in contrast notion thatin the to popular 18 ” 21

It served as a new basis for for basis a new as It served 17 .

def ines itas “ th

- juridical century, century, the the CEU eTD Collection performs duties under the aegis of aclassical 23 sovereign – jurisprudence case In this well). as eugenics collapses into politics, and then collapses into war as well (war being a central motif of Hungary. contemporary in matter political increasingly an become becoming political.I argue What case is the of private the matter of every in results decision be, to which and divideceases and whichprivate in the public permanent,a defines “space it of where law”, overlapsexception devoid the with norm the Agamben is the contemporary norm.Its characteristics are that itis both tempor juridical powers,the state sovereign of – whereexception on the decides excepti term borrows the From she Agamben and Agamben Schmitt. of theturns to works physical borders. displaced been have borders national onto becomea biopoliti wombhas collapse, the race Through suicide). this formation committing such crime is regarded act an as against the nation (possibly leading to t in linebetweenreproductivecategorycrime and The sexual period. blurring of the in modern the political/legalcategoryand secondlycollapse the of law, politics andwar intosingle a political to biopoli rape tical:of abortion,and one adultery into Firstly collapse the from shift the to related processes two of because citizens model become have women popular notion thatnormative the neutralcitizen is by defaultMiller male). suggests that normal. Continuing her train of thought onthe Miller works based of Schmitt, argues

Who is “ is Who he 19 onal politics – When elaborating on the collapse of law, politics and war into a single category Miller category Miller a single and into war politics collapse law, of onthe elaborating When From this itfollowsw that Because law collapses into politics any behavior can be labeled extraordinary or or extraordinary labeled be can any behavior politics into collapses law Because th rational and politically inv politically and rational century has become a means of defining a certain citizenry and a population. In this this In a population. and citizenry certain a defining of means a become has century – becomes similar to a miracle in theology, there is an of abolition the distinction between legislative, executive and iolate, operates faultlessly in the public sphere, and exercisesright or omen are the normative neutral citizen neutral normative the are omen - juridical social contract 6

which is mainly is the decision basedwhich of the on ” . Ibid.

a miraculous violation of the violation a miraculous

cal space, and women’s women’s and space, cal

abortion, is that ithas 23 which according to (in contrast to the to (in contrast

that law ary and and ary CEU eTD Collection Norm, in The Limits of Bodily Integrity Bodily Limits of The in Norm, 24 acrime becomes abortion or rape act be thata sexual distinction this It to relation in is friend.and public enemy Together theyundermine political space because theydestabilize the distinction between there nopublicp is space political crimean onthe one– attack becoming into another, chapter. next the in examples nature be will shown through “extreme” an such acquired politics Hungarian contemporary which is legitimate because itis democratic – – state democratic modern the of nature extreme the a result As strategy”). “defensive a as ( security external and internal becomes state the of purpose primary categories. two“extreme” describeThe religious) to these and moved towards, used being public friend and public enemy all in relationships results (political, economic, social, defini which ofright whyconstant leftobsolete. is politics andThe becoming the existence, political collective around centered is decision This enemy). an considered are else all side which out community, the of boundaries the also defines public enemy eugenics (as legality. of absence miraculous a power, political irrational on onan acceptance rests law.explicitly And sovereignty so through nation. protecting this the this interpretation that the state is invested in protecting its femalecitizens from rape and in itself becomes irrelevant – and sexual/reproductive so politics, meanswithout Sexual/reproductive behavior nothing law

Regarded as “ The second shift emphasized by Miller was the collapse of sexual and reproductive collapse by of sexual Theemphasized Millerwas second the shift a or publicfriend a is decidewho to orderthen becomes of political The function basic ” of the womb which is a political space? Miller, Women Miller, andthe space? foreign Pol occupation political a which is womb ofthe ” rivate divide (abortion, adultery and rape separately do not posenot a threat). do rape separately divide(abortion, rivate and adultery

it acquires an exceptional political unde political acquiresit exceptional an

164.

24 , when undermines it collective and security. health 7

becomes and violent unstable. How which is every space since since space every is which as eugenics was defined defined was eugenics as rstanding.It through is itical itical tion oftion comes comes

CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 25 Imy analysis analysis discourse to wish Through biopolitical a with feminist paired classical citizenship formation, which implies that political activity means biological passivity. Hungary of and ) baresthe reproductive marks sexual legislation the essenc became barer life. a to andreduced exposed herself gripped, is she exposes another life, which that as figured with authority anddisputed alternative sovereign power,the” state. of azone considered be also may the women’s sovereignty possible […] state. threshold the statusattributed of sovereign, sinister at andantiabortionists observerthese “ is arguments that the abortionwhen regulation arguing making for to its own illegality. everythat could abortion be while allowed, every remains nonetheless abortion anexception can the apply throughout entire term the of pregnancy, at is it least hypothetically possible ” continue render to illegal. it the exception), for fact(except in which, ageneral of law, exceptionanongoing granting to if regulation allows it: even never fact legal, understanding,arguesabortionin exceptional political is Deutscher that perspect legislative Agamben effectAlison ed. Ross (Durham, NC : Duke University Press, [2008], c2007) 60.

Deutscher, Deutscher, Deutscher, Deutscher DeutscherPenelope „ b)

Feminist analysis Deutschercontinues onthe topicof the criminal of status abortion, frombut a In the previous section I shown howthe have in state (which biopolitical I argue Deutscherconcludes article her forward examiningput with the arguments by ” , 28 The inversion of exceptionality 67. The inversion of exceptionality 66. The inversion of exceptionality 63-

ive.While Miller argues abortion that becomesa criminal act through an The inversion of exceptionality : Foucault, Agamben and reproductive rights ” 26 A similar argument is put forward by Hungarianpoliticians today “[…] regular and“[…] legal – abortion 25

“ […] (thoughdiversethe exception effectively grounds) on […]

64.

more strict. Presentedmore in detail below. the mercy of whom fetus the exists in its […] the women seems to be slyly slyly be to seems women the […]

has oftenhas taken shapegh throu 27 “ As she

[the woman] ” in The The in ” e of e of

is is

CEU eTD Collection 1984) 250- patient isn’t willing to obey. to willing isn’t patient co for byof supremacy atprofessional between social playthe controlalso the (and interests goal bythe knowledge influenced constituted as the body of knowledge field,political and the state and/through the medicalIn we profession. context must this consider the body as a the by behavior women’s over control social of astrategy becomes care antenatal framework creates the a terms women slippage between and mothers, the first implyingIn the other). this (this reproducers of the nation asrizing women characte eugenics), by framed concern main developedanswer theto concern as anquality theand with quantity the(the population of 32 31 30 29 care, antenatal of need the see to have Women problem. educational an as profession medical here her reviewed works In one her profession. of Oakley. regulation ontwocomplementaryIIn levels of analysis. this works of rely Ann ontwo the help of the modern medical profession, examining contemporary thus Hungarian abortion take a closer at look how control over sexuality women’s’ achieved is and reproduction with their obedience towards the doctorstheir obedience towards control is th abortion regulation). element as last means antenatalcare The needed function for of to Hungarian of case the in disrupted been has argue, later I will (which autonomy technical e controls the social and professionhealth whichsector in the embeddedin state’s power: in corporate the state

Rendering these positionsmutually dependable: a doctor’s authority towards his/her patient dissolves if the New norms to professionalized compared medicine. before Obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics etc. The CapturedWomb: A history Oakley Ann of the medical care of pregnant women. mpeting bodies working women’s with professions One of Oakley’s main research is the relations the is research main Oakley’s of One In order to achieve social control an alliance formed between the state and the medical medical the and state the between formed alliance an control social achieve to In order

274. e obedience of women to conform to the new norms ofe womento conform obedience to

conomic organization of the medical profession, but provides but it of the medicalconomic organization profession,

32 . Ensuring this obedience. Ensuringhas characterized by the been this 9

she argues that maternal and child welfare welfare child and maternal that argues she 30 ).

hip ofhip women and the medical 31 set by antenatal care and care by antenatal set

(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Blackwell, Basil (Oxford: CEU eTD Collection should. the private home of the mother, byadministratingcheckthe private regular home ofups the state authority in Inrepresent practicechildcare. they andinformation regarding pregnancy their work provide to is adviceers moth to who are inexperienced and have noother source of philosophy The behind after pregnancy. and mostly before, during afterbeing mothers look to officially work their state, the by employed midwives essentially are “Védőnők” today. place 19 the of decades early the in movement eugenics Hungarian The profession and the network were developed Madzsar by a prominent figure József of the employed midwifes). as to state onreferred from here network network, midwife” (“protective contemporary equivalent of Hungarian “educating women mother in craft” the “védőnő” is incapable their of new(un)born for the caring help of medical guidance. without The 35 34 33 ignorant ofbelow. reflected reproductionand matters abortionseveral in in quotes are living became conditions the responsibility The the individual. idea of thatwomen are environmental effecti factors in emphasizing from of profession the medical thewith shift developed of ignorance maternal why “not enough” were children grew born and upwas maternal ignorance. The assumption and then have be to educated ‘mothercraft’ in ‘frames of reference’. These frames of reference are in conflict for example in t in example for conflict in are reference of frames These reference’. of ‘frames perspectiveand their of social mothers supportand the medical interpretation of as birth mo profession, since can it involve giving mothers adviceto thatis contradictory the to medical – is which of pregnancy,

Ann Oakley Essays onwomen, medicine Oakley Ann and health he/she as frequently as and much as eating is baby the or enough hygienic is home the sure making as Such Meaning del (e.g. friends advice and family from onown experience). based Shedefines the

In other her work utili policy goesOakley arguethat maternity onto service

not only the delivery of a baby but alsohow to properly care for him/her. as she points out – out points as she zed here ng emphasizingfor to thus the example individual, health 35 , Oakley the importance emphasizes of social support often in conflict with the structure of the medical medical the of structure conflictin the with often (Edinburgh : E : (Edinburgh 10 33

– containing thatwomen the assumption are dinburghUniversity Press, c1993) 124- th - makers claimed that the reason reason the that claimed makers

cen tury tury 34 .

– the networkthe is still in hat the first

138.

CEU eTD Collection http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=99200079.TV 38 37 36 obstetrician upstanding awith byan verificationof the pregnancy questionnairefilled out impairment endangers of the the mother health b) support my presented below. argument access emergency to contraception of both which necessary information to background the mainchapter. third professionals presented in by medical forward put suggestions inthe visible are reference’ of ‘frames of clashes informed dec enough make to behavior required since they are takepassive to role, upa and are regarded as well not responsibility, are women but often robbed of the opportunity taking of responsibility for their differ their in views of the and risks responsibiliti also reference of frames two The context. their in differ illness and pregnancy similar, being one sees asbirth pregnancy an and episode of health rather then anbecause illness, although psychological or physical causes “what as situation crisis serious defines law The situation”. crisis “serious fetus

This served as my source for statistics from KSH. from statistics for my source as served This the 18 to up allowed is also abortion circumstances certain Under “The 1992law on the protection of thefetus” last accessedSeptember 202013, c) 36

which states that abortion may take place up to theup to 12 place may take abortion which states that Current regulation of abortion Hungary in abortion of regulation Current In this last sec uest (in a form of a a of a form aforWhen hand womanshe her in anmust (in applies abortion, request Currently regulated bytheabortion in Hungary 1992la in c) shock or social impairment”.

the pregnancy being a result tion of thetion Introduction chapter,I the discuss regulation shall of abortion, 38 ) to the Family ProtectionService (Család Védelmi Szolgálat),along isions, loosing their right to knowledge and knowledge to control. right loosingThese their isions,

the fetus is likely to have a severe disability or other other or disability asevere have to likely is fetus the

37 d) d) or acrime of

es of childbirth. What is a risk is also a th

or 20 in casein the women pregnant in is a th

week of pregnancy. week of th

week of pregnancy if: a) if: pregnancy week of - gynecologist, and take part gynecologist, andpart take w on the protection of the w onthe protection

it it CEU eTD Collection September 202013, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf SafeHealthAbortions: Organization (2012) Technical Policyfor and Health Guidance last Systems. accessed - Many itisessential.” but not providersfind procedures, D&E the during helpful use of ultrasound Depending on the duration ofpregnancy, adequate dilatation can require anything fromtwo hours to a full day. http://abortusz.info/hirek/hirek/variaciok Abortusz.info 14 with aspiration vacuum electric using uterus the evacuating and cervix; dilatingt dilator; hydrophilic similar or laminaria or misoprostol, as such prostaglandin a mifepristone, with whereabortion experienced skilled, available providers are D&E (RCOG2000). requires preparing the cervix from about 12completedweeks of pregnancy. It is the safest andmost e process itself l (the the fetus and the risks of abortion). During the second consultation she receives information on the abortion of theon conception information situation, crisis the eliminate to suggestions adoption, support, (state the baby 42 41 40 39 jobseeker'sallowance,- job disability pension. or disability benefits, annuity,pension, impairment aid, health regular social benefit, support,temporary care dependence. and status, financial social ontheir based state fromdiscount the a 100% or 50%, 70% paidreasons endangering for health the to done byis due state if it 1) Protection available Service, is only her presently abortion to Hungary. surgical in consultations. twomandatoryin fetus, the regulation but essenceuntouched. ofremains the of fetal lifefrom its conception has protection the to 1992law of added also been onthe

“Jogi szabályozás” Abortusz.info lasta , A Patent “Variációk aktivistái, Egyesület szándékra - egy used is (D&E) evacuation and “Dilatation follows: as happens Hungary in used method surgical D&E The decid would she if possibilities her on information receives woman the consultation first the During

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(2012) last accessed September 202013 is poison. It kills the fetuschild when its heart is already heart is the when Itfetuschild its kills poison. 49 is w - nem hich he doesn’ta consider hich even drug – - lesz cturers of the pill stated in 2004 that the drug may only be used to cure gastric cure to used be may only that the drug in 2004 stated ofthe pill cturers - abortusztabletta

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CEU eTD Collection http://i September 202013 http://www.fidesz.hu/index.php?Cikk=180909 Ibid. therewere 38.000 abortions done in 2011. http://hvg.hu/itthon/20120523_abortusztablet 2013 abortion would cost less for social security then the surgical solution. Medication abortion Medication abortion solution. the surgical security for then abortion social wouldcost less expense government). for the Hungarian involved in the in added sentenceimplied Constitution. half the in Hungarian – every in up, not use day “ 83 82 81 80 mpaign=hirkereso_2012_5_23 79 the of rt pa a wouldhaveit become reasons.wereadministrative due interrupted to an to according Despite facts, these Hungary. drug in the before introduce manufacturer’s to interest the abortioninterests pill. behind licensing economic were these that program aTV on stated himself Szócska public. general the the pill that led to the licensing of the pill in Hungary, also thatit was done informing without discourse). decreasing in Hungary in decreasing fetuschild

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CEU eTD Collection 129 128 abortionists immediate measuresagainst e.g. control. birthBársony “ listed equated a with strongnation. Large fa femininea and normative ideal. offer control reproduction of sexual becamesexual/reproductivechildren the omnipresent Unborn behavior. understanding ofan exceptional political through of women invested the in protection dev the mother’s. Thusensuring the future overlapped of theof nation thewomen; with protection primarily parents, the of ensurethe to health and birthrate increase race”: the the “recovery of andand reproductive sexual citizenship. legislation central also became biopolitical to rejuvenation,women sourceof asnational a eugenicists saw thein projectnationbuilding: of est already have I eugenicists. Hungarian reproductionby women’s on past ideas relation to their and contemporaryin Hungary population, but its continuing its but population, above.expressed theopinions in political decrease, as Introduction. described network employed the establishment of Hungary, in midwife in the state the of Magyar racestagnation responsibility regeneration, toward eugenic aimed which “ to propaganda

Turda: Turda: Turda: otion to motherhood becamea patriotic cause. Again referring to Miller: the state became b)

Solutions Viewing of thefuture protection social generationsin and national terms justified BársonyJános (1860 question” given elaborateI will abortion solutions “the to In onthe chapter present this Today the concern in no longer in concern Todaythe Modernism and Modernism and Eugenics ” to be neutralized b neutralized ” tobe ” 128 (as the 2011 anti (as the 2011

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acial acial the the CEU eTD Collection http://nol. (2012) last accessed September 20 2013 ” thing. states that “ eugenic the vocabulary. Despite The use ofas words“primitive state”of some kind such “abortion and culture” echoes 131 130 “ be discussed the mainchapter. in following Hungarian debate Scientific for. Society)rolesthe called in abortion have of The will NGOs Famillia Pro the or Association Patent the (e.g. NGOs Hungarian several what made, been has today is a primitive area [abortion] regulation isn’t possible (similar to Miklós Soltés situation protection the increase answered, thatthey draw to wish attentionto that life begins attheir co goalnception, being to Harrach pill, abortion against thea stand accomplish to bytaking wished what the KDNP asked When publicopinion. the forming for of call the modelis theelement qualitative of qualitative model almost completelyabsentfrom discourse. the Whatbe mayan interpret as ed noted thatthe quantitative modelseems more Hungary prominent in the with today, eff 1) “ “ work will KDNP Young people have to be diverted towards responsible relationships responsible towards diverted people be haveYoung to take provided possibilities advantageby onthe protection the of law the of fetus,

Ibid. Ildikó Csuhaj,“Harrach: Anna Nem azérdekel,tabletta Danó hogy vagykaparókanál” ect of warect European onmost countries: the quantitative and the qualitativeI model. then Need for forming of publicopinion of forming Need for

130 the changing KDNP envisions How the IAs mentioned earlier, of twomodels eugenic developed as models an answerthe to hu/belfold/nem_az_erdekel__hogy_tabletta_vagy_kaparokanal ” requires the the “changingpublicopinion of ”, since the changing” requires of (abortion) Despitecall foreducation this noimprovement sexual forming in publicopinion, There is n is There either o sane person

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CEU eTD Collection nationalist action in Hungary today. Hungary in action nationalist the revolution of Hungary in March 15 March in Hungary of revolution the solutions offeredsolutions resembling eugenics. negative the scale be to and unevenpositive negative seems the in case of eugenicas well, the negative the As eugenics. in caseand qualitative of measures, today quantitative Hungary in perpetrators and victims at the same time. ill an for also condemnsbut makingsuch them influence drug under of they(because were the women thepregnancy forunwanted having drugs that maybe are “ might women be other these this reason 133 132 2) s ateenagethat girl today’s in wouldn’t these world know about things preventing unwanted at the pregnancy, same time saying that “ will elaborate on inmain the chapter. next of anychanges law itself,the the modification in abortion of the Constitution enables other types primarily with raising Szocialista Párt, MSZP) titled: ConferenceAgainst Abortion Restrictions in November in obstetrician ome other

The reference to the proposal as “16 point” proposal resonateswith the demands putforward in 12points in Ibid. changes in abortion regulation that would greatly effect abortion in practice, on which I which practice, in effect on greatly abortion thatwould regulation abortion changes in Criminalization of abortion and forced sterilization forced and ofabortion Criminalization ” when not preventing an unwanted pregnancy. Again at the same time Makai “pardons” Makai time at the same Againan pregnancy. unwanted ” when preventing not

is a is 16point A of goodexample this The other categorization of eugenic policies mentioned above was positive mentioned was above eugenic policies of The categorization other Makai also brought up the topic of sexual education, admitting that itis important in

- reason that theyreason that get into such still asituation [having an abortion] gynecologist at a conference organized by the Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar (Magyar Party Socialist Hungarian the by organized a conference at gynecologist - awareness.

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and s) s) CEU eTD Collection leading members of the NGO, and willleadingmembers and names of NGO, the use coded identify to them. reques their Due to identifiable. be not would they so MCSNTT, in position their http://www.dokinet.hu/tarsasag/novedelem/docview.aspx?r_id=36373435 135 134 contrastin present to practice when abortions many due financial to undergo reasons. Makai improving the plans toJobbik take order in lower to abortion rates and encourage childbearing. These were proceed “ with the in question of “ strives to argued thatJobbik Makai. with He eugenics interview my in thisgovernment into fit category.There which would howeve was accessible. of renewal 2012. Dr. D.G. argued Makai – Makai argued – pensioner.a Thus they getbecome when supplement they would pension more one has, the part of their taxes to their p suggestion planallow to thatalsocome didn’t affect Jobbik’s into people was transfer to the concrete A more had actedupon. been knowledge of them none mysuggestions to and employment to access young benefit) supporting le’s and peop abortion or obliging use to a coil them women’sinto reproduction, such as the monetary fining of women who have mor “liberal” or “forward thinking” along with suggestions that entail a totalitarian intervention that wh I onlyIproposal, analyze detailthewill mainchapter. whichin following Herenote shall

MCSNTT Web MCSNTT Ofmembers the 3 interviewed 2of themasked to remainanonymous my in paper, andnot tomention even cases Regarding positive eugenics, there hasn’t been any notable action taken by by taken action notable any been hasn’t there eugenics, positive Regarding at stuck me thein textwas thatit put forward thatwould suggestions be considered ” when abortion would be “ ” abortion when

the law on law the

- living conditions and housing conditions living rendszer: Méhenfogamzásgátló last 2013 belüli eszközök, accessed 20 September 134 it would become the youngbear children, interest become financial people’s more to would the it titled h

the protection of fetal protection the is proposal “ pension supplement, meaning that the more children children the more supplement, meaning that apension as arents rigor acceptable

and laws 135 Proposal . He also argues for making sterilization more easily 41

”, but quickly adding that Jobbik wouldn’t quicklyjustbut ”, adding thatJobbik

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CEU eTD Collection accessed September 202013 http://index.hu/belfold/2013/05/22/hetvegen_part_talal_nekunk_az_allam/ dating event for university students in May 2013. GSzD “Hétvé 136 concluded “ with propaganda the thefamilyequatedwith strength big of nation. of the

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there is strength in a big family 42

gén talál párt nekünk azállam” Index ” which the resonates with eugenic 136

(2013) last

CEU eTD Collection 142 kapcsolodo- http://www.kormanyhivatal.hu/hu/ugytipusok/egeszsegugyi Kormanyhivatal.hu “ aged. under the for counseling marriage mandatory contains which ” still provides service today protection the counseling Family so calledmandatory, “youth not itis Although 2013 társadalom pre compulsory and life family on schools in education introduce 2 141 140 139 138 137 the anti e.g. abortion debate contemporaryHungarian evolving counseling marriage around and familyabortion, sterilization endorsed often planningmorallyunacceptable, but policies r a significant had church ” by other ethnic under or groups. threat eitherperceived depopulated be to character Hungarian “strengthen the those ethnically regions of to aimed resettlement racial through their social activism. For example the Hungarian Reformed was dedicated Church to ideas of eugenicists, the Protestantchurch more seemed willing cooperate to them with transcendental the of aims church.” themdemandedthat“ of on the contrary, many and marriage. On the other hand eugenicists general in speak not did against religious beliefs, churches Europe in bychallenging their long sovereignty existing reproduction sexual over religiousdiffer conflictsurprisingly dogmas cameinto of with often eugenics - 3 family3 m children

Turda: Turda: In Hungary a new population policy resolution came into effect in 1973which the set out to “the implement Turda: Turda: Turda: Turda: c) http://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archive/2011/2011_06/2011_06_698.pdf

Religious Religious the religion of the future the of “the religion it called eugenics of father the Galton Francis abiological both issue was andmoral the “healthof community The As seen in the first chapter, religio chapter, first the in seen As Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics Modernism and Eugenics Modernism Statisztikai Szemle 35 éves—az MCSNTT tevékenysége” Statisztikai ugyek/kistersegi

last accessed 2013 September 20

odel, to reduce the number of abortions and expand the variety of contraceptives, and to and Eugenics and onabortion discourse - nepegeszsegugyi ole in opposing the introduction of negative eugenics, ofdeeming negative introduction the ole opposing in

86- 87. 85. 84. 47.

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szolgalat s biological aims should reflect the reflect should the aims biological s es 8 - abortion pill poster of the Alfa Alfa posterabortion of pill the 9 (2011) last accessed September 20 - nyugdijugyek/nepegeszsegugyhoz 142

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The publicThe statementwasgiven Gáncs by Péter president Tamás Szemerei bishop, János Fabiny bishops. and NOL“Püspöki kar: az abortuszminden formája súlyos bűn” “The Fundamental Law 20 2013, Hungary” September of accessed last week of the pregnancy (in contrast to surgical abortion being available until the 14 until abortion being available surgical to week contrast pregnancy of(in the On the of introduction the the Hungarian abortion Conference pill Bishops' Catholic According a conducte poll ember 202013 http://nol.hu/belfold/attol_meg_magzatelhajtas__hogy_tablettaval_hajtjak_vegre here is no “moment of conception”. no“moment here is s agreed that the fetus has the right to life to The right fromoffetus 1/5 agreed its. opinion s has the thatthe

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_qli001.html Hungarian Central StatisticalOffice, KSH.hu, accessed STADAT, last 2013 September 20 http://www.webbeteg.hu/cikkek/egeszseges September 202013 abortions necessary because a ‘crisis situation’ should be instead spent onencouraging be should instead situation’ spent ‘crisis abortions necessary a because 2011. The thatthe 400millionForints proposal reserved stated for the supportof financial anin amendment promoted by KDNP the infantsthe weight of 6million being not born. is he theyguilt womenabortion, pregnant inducein and considering repliedargument this to that was thethat posters brought upagainst arguments the main one of that adoption. Makai noted avoid “ alternative abortion to which rhetoric urge to attempts women an with unwanted pregnancy to that 151.000Ft/month educationearn and more areopinion already are thosean who abortion, had non- 147 146 no need for it. “ “ being “ world described today’s He of life. enjoyment the for form searching only states that religious exhortations endangers the life of and the mother health or the pregnancy a is result of crime. a sexual He butristian simply onlynot Ch ” abortiononly permitted humanshould tradition when it be anotherto 1/5 moral fiber moral anti

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CEU eTD Collection thefears in first forward halfand put byeugenicists of arguments e 19 th resonatedthe with Iargued which abortion, of question onthe of severalopinions parties Hungarian context. andanother NGOs, female patients and andone contemporary theirwith in the interaction followsIwill take reader my through these three units: the state, medical the professionals Ineducational problem. astients anwhat pa female of obedience the ensuring characterized profession medical doctors. has The antenatal obediencethe and towards their care by new normsset conform to the women to fromcontrol, means obedience needed ofid profession, providestechnical but it autonomy. Further more,antenatal care for function to as corporateand power:of controls economicthe the medical social the state organization state’s the embedded in health in sector the an which alliancein medical forms profession years. myto of ownanalysis abortion statistical oninfluencingthe in past 3 factors coursechapterwill examine thisI of these suggestions and what theyentail, and relate them I as well. andprofessionals politicians medical forward by put suggestions been have presentedAlthough changesbeen byOakley).haven’t regulation made far, so abortion in sexu over control women’s is effectabortion means regulation women; through what would I perspective,feminist atchanges which how (potential) mean Hungarian by in looking 7)

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itical struggle political Internal As stated before, Oakley argues that in order to achieve social contr social achieve to order in that argues Oakley before, stated As th In Throughcourse the previous the mainchapter of I the political presented have is last main chapterof my thesisIwould like to take aat look the debate froma

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n the the n CEU eTD Collection September 202013 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/f //ataszjelenti.blog.hu/2012/09/28/alkotmanyos_tamogatas_az_abortuszturizmusnakhttp: abortuszturizmusnak? the last elections 150 http://portal.dkp.hu/index.php/2011- 149 148 1) been attempts to unite left- center The right. and left of “clusters” of left spectrum Hungarian political however the politics, contemporary in achieved been have to seem not does existence political collective This around collective political existence, in which politics the of public friend or a public enemy – ‘the unborn’ may li make perspective liveand seen this letdie. is From as abortion making onwhich a of decision to is right sovereign basic the state abiopolitical in earlier, said been has as since sovereignty, ‘t as them interpreted maybe abortion regulation through the abortion debate.The eagernesscertain of parties express to anon opinion sectionI will take a at look these statements as demarcating political partiesfrom oneanother while Vice MinisterZsolt Semjén stated that “ in the Constitution this “ they find “ managedto onabortion. modifyintend to the legislation mentioned beforegovernmental officials made contradictory onweather statements they

Stefánia Kapronczay Officialwebpage Coalition of Democratic the Pablo Gorondi “Hungary's center Between political parties Between At the same time, Miller argues that in exceptional politics, the decision on who is a Still therea unified opini hasn’t Still been 148 A TASZ jelenti Blog, jelenti TASZ A ve or die. or ve andAs an Jobbik. frequentlyallies itselfwith answer there this, to have , Melinda Zsolt, September 28, 2012 (14:41 p.m.), “Alkotmányos támogatás az ” to refer to the fetus fetus the correspondst tha to ” refer a wording European to tradition to makes unnecessarychange it abortion of the current”, to legislation wing parties as well.

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(2010) last accessed

is centered centered is CEU eTD Collection http://os.mti.hu/hirek/75535/reagalas_harrach_peter_szavaira http://nol.hu/belfold/nem_az_erdekel__hogy_tabletta_vagy_kaparokanal (2012) last accessed September 20 2013 http://nol.hu/velemeny/20120529- védelme körül” 155 aign=hirkereso_2012_5_23 http://hvg.hu/itthon/20120523_abortuszta 154 153 152 abortuszszigoritas 151 and uneducated reproducing vessels. simply to poor conditions between harsh children statement whotheir degradesraise women children) thatthis more said “uneducated”statement raising mentioned(on above the that“ answered Harrach the abortion pill, not does KDNP] said encountera big too resistance from society if theywere doso. to make to intention abortion regulation more they stick, thatthey also acknowledged would issue. become political reality ifthe majority of society also will change their judgment of this clearl be the violation women the violation and its restriction. on abortionstrate regulation illu what to the public oncurrent is opinion abortion regulation unequivocal.” taking avariety of ideological firm party with

Országos Sajtószolgálat,„Reagálás szavaira” Harrach MTI.hu Péter támogatja azabortusztablettát” HVG MSZP „Az MTI, Ildikó Csuhaj,“Harrach: Anna Nem azérdekel, Danó hogy Dóra Ónody “Lesz JenikPéter “ ” There are always t always are There 151 While the members quotedWhile of KDNP and above Jobbik stated explicitly t have The opposing MSZP party in contrast stated that theyare “ that contrast stated party in The MSZP opposing y stated in the Constitution, specific amendments to the law, however, will only however, specific law, amendments will the Constitution, to the in stated y

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(Genetikai Ártalmak Társadalmi Megelözése Alapitvány) – Alapitvány) Megelözése Társadalmi Ártalmak (Genetikai

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Ibid. Ibid. ‘Giving a taste of their own medicine’ own oftheir a taste ‘Giving

He further argued that those arguing for a liberal regulation of abortion say that“ of abortion arguing regulation He a say for liberal further argued thatthose One of these elements incorporated is the vocabulary of human rights, as noted earlier earlier asOne therights, noted vocabulary is elements of of human these incorporated To conclude subchapter,I this call wouldliketo the reader’s amade attention to point of freedomof may awoman that choose to ” rape). (referring to that“ But he concluded it is the state who is taking responsibility in ‘protecting its borders inside the do what she wants what do

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Helsinki (Hungarian Bizottság Helsinki Magyar as Such Ildikó Csuhaj,“Harrach: Anna Nem azérdekel,tabletta Danó hogy vagykaparókanál” Levente “ “ Levente rejtőzködő fasizmus a pusztí b)

tion, Opponents tion, Patriarchal Society),Male Violence of (Stop Férfierőszak Stop and Projekt Project) in change regulation for Indications Still onStill the level of the state in my analysis, this next in chapterI turn Lastly Téglá Incase proposal onthe 2012budget the ofNGOs the KDNP’s several Hungarian Index

Bucsy “EznemBucsy atabletta bevezetve Magyarországon lesz +Képriport” +Videó “EznemBucsy atabletta bevezetve Magyaro lesz tás, halál, rombolás filozófiája”.

(2012) last accessed September 202013 ”. demolition destruction,death, of the philosophy old/2012/05/23/a_magzatvedok_szerint_az_abortusztabletta_a_rejtozkodo_fasizmus_eszkoze sy’s reference was the most explicit when he stated that the manufacturers manufacturers the that stated he when explicit most the was reference sy’s ”

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CEU eTD Collection 20 2013 http://nol.hu/belfold/20120523- modifying any laws or modifying them in a way so that the general notice publicwouldnot – actually without abortion lessaccessible government could make ways the Hungarian the to articles their of one in attention our calls Társasága)Ellenzők Patriarchátust Egyesület, 173 172 expert. policy health Kincses Constitution of the medical if asked but profession) interpret to the law – the couldmake Court not a application decision of regarding the the pil the Sate Secretariat were to turn to the Constitutional Court – drug the mean that would Pénztár), which Fund Egészségbiztosítási Insurance (Országos Health National bythe drug the the reception of prevent can thathe is power Szócska’s in is What Insthe National abortion as viable method,and it so be should accessible Hungary in registration it’s after by – law care health designed). reproduce, eugenicto (which while how discourages otherspolicies is were differentlyaccording to their social status claim certain –NGOs women – the policypromotes control andprovide value access birth easy to argued thatbased onprevious the studies, only effective way lower to abortion rates to is ofkind contraceptives or access (as contraceptives to presentedIntroduction). the in NGOs proposal “ http://abortusz.info/hirek/sajtokozlemenyek/kdnp

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could onlyby be bought at thea hospitals price, full supported not byIf security. social Furthermore, Pate the pill, Inabortion case of the the - s támadás a legkiszolgáltatottabb nők ellen” ellen” nők legkiszolgáltatottabb a támadás s hypocritical – it might come to the decision of banning abortion – of banning mightdecision it come the to titute of Pharmacy (Országos Gyógyszerészeti Intézet) in mid May,Intézet) mid Pharmacy Gyógyszerészeti 2012. in of (Országos titute isn’t legallyisn’t Themedically profession binding. medical regards induced time doesn’t support any doesn’t time supportany same the at state Hungarian the because ” iklós nem tilthat, van tabletta” NépszabadságOnline tabletta” van nem tilthat, iklós 173 Opponents of Association, Opponents nt

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(2012) last accessed September - according Hungarian to 172 n%C5%91k l (it being (it al questions By effecting women women effecting By according Gyula to

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CEU eTD Collection http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=99200079.TV “The 1992law onthe protection ofthe fetus” last acces dignity”. and feeling woman’s the pregnant to “withrespect done must be it that is consultation the regarding restriction legal be emotionally devastating for somewom can abortion though (even illness a definable be to not research scientific by proven been has which syndrome”, parts of the US) in order for themother to form an emotional attachment to the fetus http://abortusz.info/hirek/hirek/variaciok - “Jogi szabályozás” http://abortusz.info/info/jogi san is legal no there everymaternity hospital must “provide at least onegroup medical [of processionals]who will perform abortion”, that states law Hungarian Although woman. the for threatening life isn’t pregnancy the that provided conscience, terms of abortion terms of 177 176 175 (2011), last accessed September 20 2013 174 abortion. about their mind women in change to guilt religious may church induce thepeople of priests or giving the consultation: who is change easily they may be modified. Secondly through. The terms of the abortion are consultation only regulated by ordinance which can not actually illegalizingabortion. current regulation the “ current the regulation modification (whichtheD.G. chapter). and Dr.doargue for; Dr. discussedin E.E. later even beyond theweek.These 12th guidelines may professional any without be modified law aborted be should fetus indicatingthat the as areregarded mutations genetic impairments and teach an abortion. themhowperform to doctors perform to arenot abortion during encouraged their through studies neglecting to often. more clause conscience

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advocating thathaving an abortion leads to psychological problems inthefuture such as“post abortion Further they mayalso more deny acc The cost of abortion may modificationalso of be law. raised According without to A 176 lso, presently in Hungary medical the institutes and colleges regulate which

ction if a hospital fails to do so. do to fails hospital if a ction 175 in order to make the process of getting an abortion harder to carryabortion harderan to getting of process the make orderto in fee is equal to the amount of theamount of respective secur social fee equalthe to is 177 -

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Officialwebsite Familia Hungarian Pro last of Scientific Society, accessed 2013 September 20 Awoman seeking an abortion is obligedwait to at least 3days between the twomandatory consultations Ifmodified itmay deepen financial the gap between the poor (possiblyRoma) andwealthy wome “amegegyezik társadalombiztosí fizetendő díj a c)

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n who seek seek who n CEU eTD Collection feedback by attempting to apply the findings presented at these conferences in thefeedback in every applyconferences to byattempting findingsat these thepresented pregnancies etc.), e which to ”workshop from where theytheone have opportunity another. learn to MCSNTT in C.GY. described ascooperation ofan these “ the professions demographers and as layers well (A.E.). welcome Theyalso in civilians their membership. “ accommodating statisticians educators[…]pediatricians, […] school physicians, familydoctors demography of questions to leading statis member and scientific work of its members non- 185 184 183 182 welcoming their in membership only not - obstetrician transmitted “ questions “ arianname Hung Family wouldbe and Protection Women Scientific Society my interviewees mentioned that – relation andgive of othera MCSNTT its to analysis. shortdescription actors of my this NGO, whichIutilize in willdescribing their take on the abortion question. FirstlyI will social complex a“social of part https://www.doki.net/tarsasag/novedelem/celok.aspx deals with the family not just the women

B.B. interview by author, Budapest, May 25, 2013. Budapest author, by interview C.GY., A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. S Scientific Hungarian Familia Pro of website Official political andpolitical non- The (of work primarily MCSNTT’s prevention focus unwanted is STDs, of MCSNTT was founded in 1975, and is 1975,and was in MCSNTT founded from contraception, through prenatal care, to birth, to the prevention of sexually sexually of prevention the care,to prenatal through birth, to contraception, from

diseases […] [state employed] midwifes, healthcare employed] [state workers governmental organization with the with goalgovernmental“ organization of ” ” (leading and member gynecologist B.B. ” (C.GY.). Their approach these to view are to questions themas . 183 nd they organize conferences each year.NGO provides conferences nd theyeach organize The When describing the goals and work of the Society,several of the workgoals of and describing When the professionals concerned family with “professionals are ” who tician A.E., the Society order in tician A.E.,founded the“ was to , June 05, 2013. as its name suggest: word for word translation of the NGOs for nametranslation as word its word suggest: ”gynecologist (leadingand member C.GY.

ociety, last 2013 accessedociety, on September 20 in its own words is a democratic, non- a democratic, words is own its in

gynecologists, also “ but 185 support andorganizethe support

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According the NGO NGO the 184 ” also ” also review review profit, profit, ) and and ) ts, ts, CEU eTD Collection 187 186 science” proofs. of built we operate do,but amovement with primarily wething would so don’t doanyof protest, sort scientificaccording society, which A.E. to m stepped MCSNTT backbut from letter publishing TASZ this with NGOs shared similar views onthe subject contraception ofemergency – the accessibility of TASZ mentioned that theywanted to write a public letter two the with MCSNTT –since Liberties My Union(Társaságthe Hungarianat TASZ). asupervisor Szabadságjogokért, Civil goal. their achieving remain a purely scientific endeavor this that sometimes contradicts their effectiveness in the of nation’s guardians treasure but biological education. To quote once “ Turda more: all the majority of its membership is made upmedical of professionals) anda wide scale complex a“social as a On viewing thebase havefamilywith it oneand choice to thatthey deal hand unit the their below). focusedoneducationhealtht onthese (more reproductive projects in tha projects certain in participated also MCSNTT conferences, these from Apart (B.B.). members its of practice these quotes A.E. discredits TASZthese as quotesbeing A.E. non- discredits In TASZ we” maythe […] hadsome in past. that have demonstrations not stuff. with agreed becaus letter public

A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. Turda: I learned during my interview with A.E. that they did so because so did I A.E. with thattheya during mythe identifyas learned interview I contFor in example, first came Some elements of MCSNTT’s self MCSNTT’s of elements Some

Modernism and Eugenics “[…] I want didn’t get to the political of e “[…] sort Society any in involved doing onthein ”, other(medical)tool is and so hand their science (after 187 A.E. later during the interview also said that theydidn’t write a

48.

ngers of science, science, of ngers messe merely not were eugenicists act with the Society during my previous internship atact the previous with Societyduring my internship - imagery of resemble that of a eugenic organization. organization. resemble thatof a ofeugenic imagery eans that “ that eans 60

scientific, simplychoose because to they scientific, ” 186 So strong So theinsistence MCSNTT’s is to We streets, we won’t the goto donot

CEU eTD Collection http://nol.hu/belfold/nem_az_erdekel__hogy_tabletta_vagy_kaparokanal (2012) last accessed September 20 2013 has t has happening is population] easier is than 189 188 behavior itselfbecome in sexual/reproductive and so politics, without ano longer meaning has sexual/reproductive law another one into reproductive crime and of thewith collapse sexual that Miller’s argument countries, which professionals theseems medical support terviewed to in also agree on.This of the state achieve to goals. politician Har their P. Although KDNP government much forneedededucation: this providing not “ – goals control.separated fromof population the underlying reproductive has noaltruisticelement, health I but agree Oakley with cannot it be that needIguidance/education. of medical argue donot thattheof education women in assumption adopt to the seems MCSNTT atLooking Oakley’sargument, The targets educationalproject of this aretheir reproductive mostlyage, those in teenagers. eug 1) approach,cooperation described ofbyOakley. a instead uti the women who opt for abortion – for opt the women who

Ildikó Csuhaj,“Harrach: Anna Nem azérdekel,tabletta Danó hogy vagykaparókanál” Ibid. lize political means as well, highlightingan opposition between a scientific and a political enic undertaking is their explicit desire to ‘educate the masses’, based of scientific proofs. proofs. scientific of based masses’, the ‘educate to desire explicit their is undertaking enic Educating the masses the Educating o be changed”

The goa As mentioned above, of the elements one of MCSNTT’s self

really in in areathis today [abortion] aprimitive is to organize to l of providing education not only links MCSNTT to my third level of analysis of analysis my to MCSNTT level third links only not education providing of l

need. 189 sexual education Hungary in comparison in west to lacks European ” (A.E.)” rendering sexual education irrelevant. education sexual –rendering irrelevant s

the

education,

188 As mentioned above eugenicists also relied onthe support As mentionedeugenicists above also relied but alsobut to the level the of state. MCSNTT critiques the the 61

training materials training

state.

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Szinapszis/WEBBeteg “Lehet A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August ” A lack of information doesn’t only surrounds abortion in Hungary pill, even though it it though even pill, Hungary in abortion doesn’tsurrounds onlyA information lack of pole mentioned above,According when the to Szinapszis asked those who are name to Recently experienced aof MCSNTT fundingparticipating lack and instead so in of the nd the fact fact the and society educating of goal NGO’s the between a contradiction I noticed 190 our programs for these is precisely to give different information to different age different to thesegive precisely for programs our is information different to

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not CEU eTD Collection 194 193 192 several occasions “It appeared has the in press public. by the accessible the one suggestions ofB.B.NGO’s politicians. against andresponded statements speaking thaton out Idiscussed name alongside above)since other appear organization’s seen haven’t public, the made oncurre their opinion levelIindividual of their members? also asked has other whether MCSNTT my interviewee On an accomplish to wish know publicthen an in through impact? methoddothey what that not us advertise money the otherthose hand,I think that everything. On for “That's that was response her educate, to seeks it if Iexistence of theWhen why campaign. knowpublic, in better A.E. isn’t asked on MCSNTT I googlehave aboutcampaign find out the to doa targeted to ineffectivevery search if “Don’t unprotected” panic!” “By accident, isn’t that simple. At the same time itdidn’t acceptthe other extreme either at all cost, that the decide if to but then children the not. sheor situation pregnancy wants if way Yes onits is wholly the is sov is that invested it accept that in thought the liberal either adopt didn’t extreme. it say didn’t that, reacted it didn’t that Soit the correctlyin sense word C.GY.’s repeatedly thattheyexpressed view donot their insistence“ only to website of the“Don’t panic!”campaign, last accessed on September 202013 http://www.neesspanikba.hu/

B.B. interview by author, Budapest, May 25, 2013. A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. “ The website The handtheir “Don’tcampaign, they is had their opinion panic!” and hand onthe other MCSNTT’s cooperationwiMCSNTT’s spectacular . [referring to organizations]. [referringto

s is that: “ will you give about it about ”, 193 […] […] leaving me t me leaving operate primarily with scienceoperate proofs with of primarily built

help so help andotherwise onTV, nt attempts in changing abortion policy(the four major events So on this issue [abortion] ISo onthis think issue[abortion] Society our reacted correctly,

sexuality, th other organizations doesn’t only seem to be limited by otherth doesn’t organizations only be to limited seem o wonder if their workand spectacular,widely isn’t not ifo wonder their

physical love won’tful lovephysical fear spasm be of of ”. Shealso went note onto that “ 192 “ support abortion at all costs all at abortion support

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for you.for , first, you need, first, our activity is really ” Official Official ”

CEU eTD Collection goal theof quantity NGO, of highlighting the shethat they emphasizeschildren force,as an exercise still being to wish born initial donot 197 196 195 “ choosingstate the for the Hungarian critiqued earlier, A.E. As mentioned above.four described was events the to 2) their work. of effectiveness the further to PR) and (financial viewcost themmuch have needed rces resou haveto less convinceto mentionedgoals, areagainst these people have or to wouldwant oncontraceptivethrough m distribution and education the heavily is difference preventing MCSNTT in pregnancies unwanted invested emphasis. in have more anyone principle canwhich help children to pregnancy acceptable. is Sothereaccount, situations whenof the termination weare are but certain onmidway. even endangeringcost of the mother’s the at life the interests of the fetus has to be taken into

E.E. A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. 2013. 05, June Budapest, author, by interview C.GY., Reactions to recent events torecent Reactions interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. to In my opinion this doesn’t contradict the goals of Patent or simply TASZ,a contradictgoals just of In is doesn’t it the this opinion my On the“ NGOsA.E. ‘midway said thatthey stance’ I have asked the members of MCSNTT’s leader MCSNTT’s of members the asked I have have to things: two hell for achild” have to achildandnot „ You must know must the sayingWomen that: You even go to would we do not want we donot that give birth to

children children. Still MCSNTT’s resistance cooperate MCSNTT’s these children.my with in organizations to Still be in be , to more children more easier way easier ” 195 in families where be families they in born are planned been. Andithas so our a position that they that may aposition

to persuade to doanything. to anyone is easier is than regulation] [abortion restrict “to because ”, than they than

Hungariansas important. 64 would like to. would

.” doso ship what the organization’s reaction whatship the organization’s reaction ethods. None organizations of the try to 196 We j We Although emphasizes A.E. develop We want donot ust 197

want those want

those an abortion and s resolution to want who to convince to ,

CEU eTD Collection arguments […] So arguments […] is contraceptives] to access 200 199 198 forthere certain thein them cases possibility is avoid pregnancy. to unwanted true that It is to attention pays themselves alittle environment andtheir someone if here, situation even not, or endangersadifferent choice to If I is it want my birth. if thengive health.It to by is chance Icannot it get if use pregnant I contraception, I have get if pregnant, noother There allowed. isn’t otheror reasons,the contraception at mercy the is woman I yes, that those countries in different situation is the Society. where economic religious or [...]The for some of of my the andyespart is opinion was personalopinion, this that “Yes, that replied he approach eugenic quantitative it as is is country situation here. where” the demography a in it Especiallywith oneset amethodwhich or sympathize maywith. that sympathize is,not narrowingif atool this but of well agoal the pregnancyBut limiting, of acceptable. is On thehe banning “ ofsaid that: abortion behaviorgains political significance. Oakley’sargument itis within that the biopolitical state that sexualityand reproductive supported.” not family they andhow, want “ say onto that went il”. A.E. ev necessary abortion being “ pregnancies theabortions, prevention restriction rather of then of unwanted need. organize to

C.GY., interview by author, Budapest, June 05, 2013. 2013. 05, June Budapest, author, by interview C.GY., Ibid. A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. ”

198 Out of my C.GY interviewees When IWhen asked does mean he sympathizing with restricting abortion, the of possibility My other interviewees expressed a similar opinion, thatMCSNTT My opinion, standsfor expressed other athe interviewees similar

the

education, it's like it's

the if it so muchso ).

raining materials raining were

tolerated that people tolerated that . seemed to advocated a more ‘conservative approach’. approach’. ‘conservative amore advocated to seemed . in the hands of politics the of in hands So there are certain situations when are certainSo there situations the termination The problem is The problem 199 65 A.E.’s opinion again reinforces Miller’s and A.E.’s again opinion Miller’s reinforces

, that theythat [thepopulation] Hungarian 200

decide for themselves for decide (his argument resembling a

that , not the, not hands

this story story [the regulation of of [the regulation

of reasonable of

wh then at kind of at

really a

CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 201 legitimizes abortion: if the pregnancy is a result of a sexual offense. Ialso fond italarming at that as a practicing doctor he would leave out the third category that s category asocial thethat is 12.week,states until the mother if least at riskis there cannot50%otherandalso fetus andthis cases bein or guaranteed 10% that big, so the riskis the if health unborn There categories, areHungary two restricted. isn’t since the ultimately different mean things.went C.GY on to say: „ yes.I confusingwhich fondand it he restriction answered equatethe to terms prevention time. same the at victims and perpetrators as he“ above, findsit that where he said discussedcoincides areemphasizes thatthese Makai’s which with women opinion ignorant, an byabout with pregnancyemphasis) aunwanted Thewomen C.GY. image painted be more will is each elaboratehold will this then just othershandandwhat be (E.E.). “ is conclusion, banningabortion In have afford, to whichcannot themselves. poor an women attempt abortion and often so ( tourism abortion only abortion to leads changes her life abortion] of [the banning may this from suffer such get asituation into still [having anabortion] know about wouldn’t theseworld things

E.E. C.GY., in Makai,Tibor interview by author, Budapest, May 15, 2013. Ibid.

interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. 204 I further qu Ifurther On theDr.that banning of E.E. abortion was “ onthe opinion

terview by author, Budapest, June 05, 2013. ” with regards to studying and pursuing a carrier. He also noted thatbanning also anoted studying to He carrier. and” regards pursuing with estioned C.GY. if he means restriction of abortion to ifrestriction hethrough prevention, meansestioned C.GY. serious very a […] very hard to believe that a teenage g teenage a that believe to hard very […] ” and “ so as we have seen in the case of Irelandas or wePoland), seen have the in case of

66 ”, bearing “ an pregnancy unwanted offense against

there be must ”. 202

C.GY.’s rhetoricportrays women also women's s he is in acrisishe in is situation.” ome other ome Abortion currentlyAbortion in

unilaterally only womenunilaterally life andhealth” life reason that they reason that .” irl in today’s in irl 201 completely completely (own 203

CEU eTD Collection 5 years in prison, and thewomanwho had an illegal abortionmay be sentenced to 1year in prison. Ibid. http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_qli001.html KSH.hu, STADAT, last Office, accessed Statistical Central Hungarian Septemberthe The 202013 such cases, prevent to and the further occurrencesmay pill one safely order webpage. through theirown Ibid. http://index.hu/belfold/2012/04/23/abortusztabletta_nincs_es_megis_van/2/#3 abortusztabletta Magyarországra” Index in case of and abortion, same the women regulationswell. apply to as from “Közelít Sándor abroad Joób, az http://index.hu/belfold/2012/04/23/abortusztabletta_nincs_es_megis_van/2/#3 210 209 208 207 206 205 supposebe. to is it factcautious aboute th that the pill orderedInternet on the actually might not be drug the that canabortion pill also be orderedInternet 30- onthe for they money’ pay to have ‘gratitude disrespectfuland also that derogatory behavingway, Hungarianabout hospitals in thein staff burdensome and the waiting (between time unnecessary. consultations) also complain Women procedur whole their life, Hungary personal into the mandatory invasive in consultation ofoutside Hungary – Hungariain it was offered. On of website the oneof clinics the there is even detailed information availa tourism’ which meant that they sought medication abortions in certain Austrian clinics where matter, only 15 for abortionmainly respondents is 60% familyAccording reasons. to ofan the individual everyone’s is that it decision whether individual aneconomic abortioforn, either or they have ever chooses in doso to Hungary a crime commits under Hungarian law. patient and doctor. expected pay to ‘gratitude doctor the money’for amount theirwork. The informallynegotiated is between the

Women on Waves, an international women’s rights organization fighting fighting organization rights women’s international an Waves, on Women Under the 169. paragraph of theperforms Penal someonewho Code, anmay sentenced illegal be to abortion Abortion tourism doesn’t breech any regulations. WomenAustrian in don “ “KözelítSándor Joób, azabortusztabletta Magyarországra” This amount is justunder the2012 montly avaradgewage in Hungary,which was 146.000Ft. Calculation of hálapénz According to the Szinapszis pole mentioned above, 3/4 According the to Szinapszis some women‘abortion abortion called so participated pill, in the of case the in Indeed Another way to women tried ” It is acommon practicein Hungary that asuccessful after delivery, operationor patients are n – -

16% believes it to be firstly a moral as well as a medical decision. amedical as well as a moral firstly be to it believes 16% it costs 490 €(~ 138.720Ft costs it 210

apart from an access to a less invasive method– fromaapart to anless access

(2012) last accessed September 202013 207 access was medication through abortion Internet. the The . 208

205 67 ).

206 Whychoose an have women to abortion Index

70 euros (~8.490-

(2012 last) accessed 2013 September 20 authorities authorities with any deal have to ’t th

for safe abortions has encountered

of believe the respondents

is because they find the becauseis they 209 19.815 Ft) who but One also must be

e to be be e to

ble ble CEU eTD Collection and thosewho abortionshould believe only doneifnecessarymedical for reasons. current too is regulation permissive that the regulation is sufficient in terms strict how itis while of 17% believe them of that the pregnancy weekof 12th the upto abortion an freely have to lessdecide can or more 213 212 211 public sphere systematizedalso anapproach eugenics to relied intervention onstate that the in private and onlyhealth not transformed the significance of a as population of site biological pow concreted focus on this period. Yet war the inter during devised welfareprograms national Turda To quote Oakley. by achive control described neededand to eugenic obedience morality throughensuringfemale the– correctof their behaviout patients Hungarian societ rolefor includepatients but to only responsibilityindividual not the wellbeing their of the of abortionsdecreasing mentioned above. of the number of and onthe Dr.I presentproposal D.G. theseutilizes the to will additions interviewsin their femaleI patients. already have and quoted chapter, Dr. Dr. E.E. previous C.GY. in here current abortion situati 3) compared to other countries itis a liberal regulation). E.E.) proposal“ titled

Marius Modernism Turda: andEugenics 18% of them didn’tform an opinion. Budapest in live children, several with families religious, are who those are opinion this share whom of Most patient relationship -patient The doctor

once again: “ again: once As I spoke with several doctors on the topic of abortion, many of them assumed their assumed manyof them abortion, of doctorsI onthe topic several with As spoke onthe professionals of medical opinions the to Imove on subchapter following In this 60% of onthe thecurrent respondents’opinion n onabortion– regulatio Ishall start discussing by ” 213 yInwhole.as ahealthiness their viewof the the achieved society may be

The health of the population became the central component of new component new central of became the the healthof population The Proposal on in Hungary, focusing on their description of and their relation to to their relation and of on their description focusing Hungary, in on

to reduceto

Dr. D.G.’s (obstetrician D.G.’s Dr. 211

69. and

ncy of abortions freque the 5% of them believe that it is too strict (even though

212

- gynecologist, a colleague of Dr. Dr. of colleague a gynecologist,

in accordance with both accordancein both with , and renewal of renewal that women

the law law the er but – was was

CEU eTD Collection these my to below). findings He own also regularly own experiences his to refers his with on abortion s to women’s reproduction,i.e. the private sphere. ‘liberal’ ‘forward or thinking’along with suggestions that entail a totalitarian intervention into quotation).“abortion (original pill” promoting open and closed adoptionF. Reforming the modes of abortion, the of question the thegynecologists (referring to mandator curbingabuses 15.“Convincing quotation) training”for (original midwifes and obstetrician- unwantedPromoting the bareingpregnancies: of of medi men D. andRestriction forsurgical women sterilization among the socially12.Free disadvantaged: uterus in contraceptive device(IUD), 13.Free youth,and the 11.Restoring honor” “life’s (original Abortion prevention quotation), C. schools for sectocivil r the programs Prevention in 18,10. of age the contraceptive under pill amongfetus, B. aged: Abortionthe prevention under 9.Freefinancially or supported prev - offurthereducation obstetrician nightclubs, 7.Regular Accessibility of morning the Popularization their punishment,The 2. facilitation and state support surgical of sterilization, as A. follows: General of possibilities abortion prevention: 1.The question of recidivists and abortions resembles quantitative e number of abortions or unwanted pregnancies. choice His focus to of the reduction of on the protection of fetal ention of abortions, 8. Reducing double twin pregnancies for the protection of pregnancies the protection other abortions, for 8.Reducingention oftwin the double What stuck me inWhat the text was put thatit forward suggestions thatwouldbe cons Below I will expand on some of Dr. D.G.’s suggestions. He statistics presents onsome ofBelow expand I Dr. suggestions. several will D.G.’s upport his claims and also estimates the cost of his solutions (I shall compare compare (I shall solutions his also estimates the claimscost andof upport his of(Dutch contraception, of contraceptionmodel), 5. 4.Statesupport

life - ”. In”. D.G. proposal,reduce to his presents Dr. 16solutions the after ugenic models. He categorizes his suggestions for solutions for solutions He suggestions his ugenic categorizes models. - pill without prescription, 6. (Free?) condom machines prescription, in without 6.(Free?) pill y sessions), 16. consultation Facilitating and

14. Protection of fetuses in borderline14. Protection ofin fetuses cases, gynecologists, midwifes for the cally - necessary abortions, E. abortions, necessary idered idered

CEU eTD Collection in November 29, 2012) Restrictions Abortion Against Conference the at MSZP to given (proposal felújítására” törvény szóló védelméről women’s solution doesn’t arguesthis violates (described that above). D.G. applyingabortion an for medical base history pregnancies involving individual woman’s the to access have already doctors theoretically also planning, family engage in and autonomyto privacy to violate right the women’s my in This would opinion t on database acentral of establishment the for argues havingIUD upfor anyears out at least 3 (forIn free). solution, he this implement orderto by paying it installments of option the would offer D.G. fine, a such pay to who are unable IUDs suggest paid as. Forfor a the money using fine free andthose sterilization, prevention 214 would“ this w expectations presentto societal “ consequences), 2.since (i.e. health consequences abortion of To counter thi as crime of murderone hand onthe or as aagainst crime society decreasing numbers). for its were about talking criminals, their crime being repeated abortion be (which interpreted could below). analysis from 3- 2011,only 2009to years, 3 past the in fact in case, rare a very is this analysis, statistical own my to According h who patients female had has he that notes He ”. family planning receivewho free for basis) onasocial abortion a(or as view abortion the only) method of that“ is had claimingreason for an abortion, this thatthe who repeat mainfocus onwomen is representativity. His Ifind lackingpatients, which ould beould punished by “ a

Dr. Dr. D.G. D.G. Dr. D.G. refers women to who right “Javaslatművimegszakításaterhességek a gyakoriságának magzativalamint csökkentésére, a élet compel [the woman] compelto [the lessons draw woman]

s trend, he suggests 1.a suggests trend,s “ he to self

- determination serious fine serious 4% of aborting women had more then 6 abortions (see4% of hadabortions abortingdetailed more women then 6 ” repeated abortion should be deemed a misdemeanor, which a which misdemeanor, ” be repeatedshould deemed abortion

since it only sanctionssince only repeated and it offers free abortion, ”, comparing According abortion speeding. to him, to had more then one abortion as “ ” informing vigorous more d on the questionnaires one has to fill out whenthe out questionnaires fill to oned on has 70

and he number of abortions one hashe had.abortions number of Sadly some women (especially Sadly somethose women ”. He He ”. use contraception effectively abortion cannot beabortion banned due ad more then 10abortions. ad more 214 of women about the recidivists ” as if he he if ” as edly edly

or or CEU eTD Collection and their the chapters). costsin following contraception oncontraceptive (more regularcontraceptive ormodes of methods other pill the currentthus might government prefer offer instead to of free free sterilization or support cheaper institutialization of then ‘the the unfit’, proved it since eugenics negative been notedthe thatin and1930s sterilization 1940s was preferred other over means of choosethose has to methodwho cannot it Also this afford regularcontraception. means of who cannot and afford it, propagating as methodof a it contraception viable might pressure that he by is referring providing nomeans forced to free to sterilization, sterilization those Hungary’sLászló). Benedek (by Althoughnote history neurologistato D.G. point makes Dr. as a method sterilization of contraception and control population has bee As programforced noted socialearlier, sterilization basedstatus). on the facilitation of a does mean not thethatthis suggestion after point disadvantaged(immediately a making state support of surgical sterilization, and offering sterilization for free for sociall the below). analysis detailed (see status social though theory in f the discount factor single influencing the thein current supportsystem, supportthose abortion who to have abortions, even fewer tendency already a is thatthere Interestingly show findings own my abortion. get an harder to asattention to a measures thatdon’t require si change it laws awouldmake but of abortions. Thismultiple theof kind is changes abortion in regulation thatPatentcalls “ “feel the them weightmake of their actions would which women, to fetuses aborted and fetuses recording of and showing pictures of more a“ contraception humane which is cruel

to them [the women] [the them to As listed aboveAs listed one of D.G.’s other maininvasive suggestionand the facilitation is ”, and so he would only utilize it in cases where the woman had woman caseswhere in the it ”, and he so utilize would only

” solution. 3.As a” solution third solution. he brings upthe

”. Nevertheless he notes thatthis methodwould be 71

rom the price of abortion ones is n suggested in before gnificantly y CEU eTD Collection S ofwoman aRoma violated CEDAW (A.S. v.Wordpress.com, Hungary)” last on June 2012, accessed 11, inoccurred the surroundingcountries SlovakiaChecz theRepublic. of “Coerced and Simonecusack sterilization ERRC andstill isbeing in process, in first the rejected byCourt. Hungarian the instance sterilizingwithouther herwas knowledge. case The up by taken CED in involving pastthe when decade Romaiinwomen.occurred 2001 ofA.S. One accused then a hospital for determining whether an abortion necessary, the guidelines aren’t so apparent as one mightas one apparent guidelinesaren’t so abortion the necessary, determining whether an casIt the thatin seems doctor. second bya be verified of documentation should parameters be to aborted) or other thatconfirm methods developmental kind This disorders. nce evide D.G. to (over 12.weeks). According required the being older the fetus ‘gratitude despite money’, sever encountered of kind disorder.the baby born some is with pregnant women about the healthiness of their baby, if andlawsuits doctors fearing potential then wh done necessary abortions freedom in Slovakia (New York : Center for ReproductiveRights, 2003) region see also:Zoon Ina ed. Body andsoul forced : sterilization and other ass 215 medically the protocol of be convinced) mak serious to e this (mostly irreversible) decision. might education rushreceived (or haven’t comprehensiveonly who sexual further that those consideration period be to cancelled.I point wouldliketo that out canceling period this would effective anddurable “ system, support social of aprocedure the part wouldbecome since sterilization is self surgery anotherwith purpose (cesareanpic section, pregnancy ecto According surgery). him to cannot namelyduring be Hungary thatsterilization strict in done 2010, in eptember 202013http://opcedaw.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/a

The changeThe sterilizati in the determination of whether necessaryis an abortion be should based on“ D.G. also sees a possibility lowering the of number of abortion r in goes hasmade the been regulationD.G. more sterilization of note on to that surgical ” such and an ultrasound image (where the fetus has to meet certain physiological physiological certain meet to the fetus(where has image ultrasound and an such ” al cases where doctors went forward with the abortion in exchange in forward for the with abortion wentcases where doctors al on regulation may be a result of the two two the of result a be may regulation on

contracept - financing the number of those requestingfinancing hasIf dropped. it the the number - necessary abortions. In his opinion there are more medically are more there In opinion his abortions. necessary ive ive at are justifiable, are becauseat doctors of instilling fear in ”. again Hemethod also advises the 6months 72

He also notes that during his work he had He had alsowork notes thatduring his he - s - known forced sterilization cases in Hungary v - hungary/

AW. The second wasAW. second The caseup by taken many people many 215 . On forced sterilization in the the in sterilization forced On .

aults on Roma reproductive reproductive Roma on aults estricting/reforming

215 would choose this this choose would acute abdominal acute

Similarhave cases concrete concrete e of of e -

CEU eTD Collection abortions opinion,question’, his in abortiona is “ 217 216 that when clpregnant’.He proposes which medicines actuallycause impairment tofetus, the whichare labeled ‘do not take when medically when thatthe fetus there might ahave is chance hea for this is that doctors not want do to take responsibility awith if babya is born disability, so E.E. claimedof that medically 90% such infertility as healthcomplications has family p the examplesWest follow thewe of would […] medically wit contraception emergency more presentedabove). invasive solutions the disagreeswith as are suggested well,invasive E.E. byD.G. simply (inallof fact them today] colleaguehis that“ in abortion, or the punishment of women order in prevent to abortions. Although he agrees with and abortion counts as murder. Despiteopinion, this as we read against E.E. is the banning of (more ondoctor I think. requires a certain negotiations between the patient and the doctor, or between doctors

Figures given by E.E. E.E. interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. E.E. ns are much less less much are ns ”,abortio suggested of the the number solutions lower to byhim interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. Moving on to Dr.Moving E.E on to These ofeducation, health/sexual A. are: improvement accessibility B. of the lanning. “ 217 - - necessary abortion. E.E. also notesnecessary that abortion. doctors are well enough informed not as to said that“ A. he On solution abortions. necessary – are “totally unjustifiedare - patient relationship below).patient relationship Young people have to be made aware that abortion if a if it abortion dangerous people thing, aware that havemade be Young to I think there is a serious, serious problem [with abortion in Hungary in abortion problem [with thinkthere serious aserious, is I .’s take on the role of the medical professionals in the ‘abortion ‘abortion medical the in professionals the roletake of onthe .’s hout prescription,hout and the reforming C. the regulation of ”. thatthe reason SimilarlyDr. E.E. D.G., suggests Dr. to - assifying an abortion asassifying an medically necessary abortions abortions necessary moral problemmoral

” On solution C. C. ” On solution example. for birth and premature

73 ” youththen responsible thewouldbe taughton

” 216 lth problem, theylth rather suggesta because life starts with conception, conception, with starts life because – If we lived a in goodsociety, and which make up10- which make

- necessary, doctors doctors necessary, 15% of allof

CEU eTD Collection out that the adopted child is disabled. “ is disabled. child adopted thatout the against mentioned poster campaign suggested) said that“ he 219 218 mothers be tends to poor] the apokeof in apig bit [becausethe health fetus’s health] mother “ ofconditions the knowingabout the living doesn’t would assume that the emotional attachment to ones fetus is precisel while ‘ logic, abortion pure is ‘aborting thatthe only woman’ suggest that wouldcompelled one reason have to not an descrip clashes.” E.E.’s emotion female andthe logic understand, the male Soyou fetus. own thendestroy to their happy, live, might be andmight else, it that so her has own who woman her childin womb, that they and rather gestate it givesomeone to it but understand[…] partially with amale brain would it actually seem the that logical, for100 womenpregnancies, unwanted with give adoption.“ 1decidedto childup their adoption pro certainacknowledge colleagues thewhile biasstill their of in own their opinions. indicateshould exactlywhy medicallyIt is it D.G. both and necessary. E.E. interesting that is cannot influence. Both assumptions perpetuate the othering of mothers with unwanted unwanted with perpetuateof mothers assumptions the othering Both cannot influence. themselves they that a factor is this though even health, of state their on based ‘measured’ are who Secondly, arechildren are poor supposedlyin health. state from institute adopted a pregnancy unwanted an have those who one, For assumptions. works some interesting with problem

E.E. goes on to describe how tortureauss it can be for parents to go through the adoption process onlyfind to E.E. interview by author, Budap author, by interview .” E.E.in undergo abortion.

When I When asked E.E. his E.E. praised the adoption service that is done through the FPS, because this way,this by becauseFPS, the done service thatis through E.E. praisedadoption the abortion, gram. He commented that “itwas interesting that to see with a male brain commented He gram. ”, “ ”, terview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. be let’s because it has has it very little est, May 18, 2013.

female emotions female […] opinion onadoptionopinion as an alternative (as for the abortion

honest, when a child is adopted from a state institute, it is is it a adoptedinstitute, astate from child is when a honest, success which

very ” 218

much 74 speaking about the the experiences with FPS’s

’ are to blame for abortions. Generally one Generally one abortions. for blame are to ’

influences the family the influences

we can take care of her [her and the andthe herof [her care take can we this

one the of options , because y that reason why one whyone reason y that it is a ”. 219

serious

tion onthe tion ” that out of ” of thatout Again E.E. E.E. Again in the fight

CEU eTD Collection last http://hvg.hu/itthon/20130308_Bevezetne_az_anonim_szulest_az_LMP 2013 accessed 20 September Party in (LehetaPolitika, MTI March LMP) Más “Bevezetné of 2013. azanonimszülést LMP” HVG az Anonymo anonymously. hospital a at birth give to women that allows practice which islegal a birth anonymous to woman “ Hungary in parents cameup adopting or the company byan insurance being of it solution settled these the costs. When 222 221 220 myself to plans becausea pregnancy. of “ theywomen don’t want” because cancel to who verytheirknow abort about summ loose a more detailed picture then Makai orsaid that“ C.GY. He intendto. not pregnancywould give then women theirupfor children adoptioneven if they originally did Hungary adoptingfamily, in thecompany or which “ in costsmoney undertaking pregnancy a rather sound E.E. description makes unpleasant. it forsomeoneFor who arearguing Dr.pregnanciesadopted. whoadoptions, is and children deep poverty. deep women as irresponsible parentstoand as a bring childinto this world thatso they will live in very very much they that have their abort to fetus, they but simply feel that they cannot be so I “[…] also say that seeHe onto […] went wait until the 20 mightit haveIn health problems. E.E. these said thathe situations usuallyadvises themto abortion, he claims that“

Ibid. E.E. certain are There practices that facilitate of adoption the unwantedbabies.One of is these practices

interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. I a that program is FPS He drawbackofadoption the also noted of thatthe the us is birth not presently available Hungary, in has butsuggested been by Politics the Different Can be

lso asked E.E. how he would describe women opting for abortion, to which he gave he which to opting abortion, for woulddescribe women how he E.E. asked lso I very much resent it resent much very I give

And then I feel their desperation, that they have to choose between two wrongs feelbetween they wrongs desperation,And their thenthat I have two choose to her th

week, to be able to determine 100% whether the fetus has anyweek, deformation. has bewhether the to fetus able 100% determine to

baby I feel that vast dwelling within them

?” adoption up for say myI cannot opinion, politicians ”. 222

In the case of those who need a medically a need who those of case In the

got a scare, that a got

221 that really womenthat really 75

the implying that if one is paid the expensesof implying thatif one paid is

western countries western 220

mother

I'm has to pay adoption has pay to for giving up

not ajudge,not this is a very wide spectrum wide very a is this ” that they baby,” that this wanted but

Jesus Christ, – how should I put – it ” is settled by an insurance insurance an by settled is ” I 'm adoctor, just

pay a - necessary necessary pregnant pregnant (2013),

suffer ”, “I ”, but but er er CEU eTD Collection doctor, that Idoctor, had that many, quitea or patients few fought who I but say situation, crisis apracticing canas can be be,this aactual debated situation crisis 224 223 womenfirst implying and mothers, the the other. s a slippage between create which the terms nation, the of reproducers as women characterizes and Oakley’sargumentchildwelfare with coincides C.GY.’s thatmaternal opinion marital status, and her life cannot “ be and financial her woman’sundergo view on willingness pregnancydepends C.GY.’s to in C.GY. describes opting women for making abortion as a hasty, uninformed decision. A gave andthen she birth someone has lean to on her in old age children. Thenthere was atrue crisis situation because awomen of alife i then shethat turned childrenout wanted andit because that or this she of cannot have con because we didn’t doctors, help the us, form some havemight gotten she and actuallythis in abuseregulation for indicatingcomforts. system, it their own thatwomen may ”. therun in long humane solution contraception given is teenagers, to learned because they that“ from abortion fees. E.E. followed by that this is saying why the in Netherlands free pregnant once ayear doctor that women said the who contraceptive well more is expensive pill I then beco if me […]

C.GY., interview by author, Budapest, June 05, 2013. 05, June Budapest, author, by interview C.GY., Ibid. financial situation changed, or her marital status marital changed, her or situation financial her later Then it. keep to her vince ”. “ ”.

C.GY. also gave of a ‘aborting description women’ also critiquing the current abortion Then I also met – those who ”; 223 he added that these women have a greater chance to get a discount getadiscount to chance agreater have women these that added he

whole look well I’mlook well sure you as know this – well ” unless they are mothers and wives (orand partners). theyare mothers ” unless 76

for herself for to have anabortion, this is that c .” 224 (own emphasis) Again s whole whole s when she heaper and more “ that I hadthat Now this Now

and CEU eTD Collection Office, 20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Central_Statistical_Office last2013 September accessed Hunga Wikipedia: . Hungary about statistics publishing and processing collecting, for Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, KSH) 225 having data limited onabortions. I question thepractices). problem of attempting faced When original answerwas with to this women certain promotes would financing in –achange NGOs by argued and status their –as economic and social abortion to itselfwouldbethat women’sonabortion influenced and access information to by mostly canwomen affor who not those would effectbased NGOs financingabortion onthe statement thata of of changethe in I actors wasanalysisdescriptions – givendesigning presented. When statistical my bythe analysis (descriptive diagrams) whichIwill compare and statistics opinions, wi theth different biologized and national belonging racialized – the abortion debate – hypothesis thatin was my research because my for important be would have ethnicity. This onesquestionnaire on contains regarding questions age, ones location,etc. occupation anform above). abortion (mentioned by This whofor opt forms thatarewomen filled out abortion done onthe is based collected on thatthe informeddata me KSHthey at KSH.Atthe obstetrician alternately were MCSNTT of presidents from I B.B. thatthe the KSH. learned and cooperation betweenbeen MCSNTT close a

The Hungarian Central Statistical Office isquasi a Office Statistical Central Hungarian The d)

Describing those going to abortion to going those Describing Throughout my internship at MCSNTT I Throughout at MCSNTT access data to internship col had my direct In this last sectionchapter ofI my shall present findings the my of statistical own The first limit of data access I experienced was that there in no question onthisIaccess of thatthere data The experienced was first noquestion limit in

to reproduce,to eugenic(similarly while discourages others to my original hypothesis payand to for abortion was original –my - - non autonomous 77

Roma women would have been a minority that that womenaRoma been wouldhave minority

s discourse which is discourse is which s eugenic by influenced - gynecologists

governmental organization responsible responsible organization governmental

and statisticians working and statisticians rian Central Statistical Statistical Central rian 225 lected by the The The by the lected , since there has there since ,

CEU eTD Collection http://hvg.hu/velemeny/2013 evolúciója” hazugság egy “„Cigánybűnözés”: Bársony János Hungary. in crime” “gypsy term the of use the by shown as 228 227 226 continued, program but useful it if the found wouldhave thatshe decision making.Shenoted nation. alienofwould beasthe element regarded Hungarian an potentially ” making decisions. their in them helped obviously they and enjoyed it probably And they them. nice for programs held whenso theybecause they arrived, streets onthe out ran the women that they me told among local women. “ provided education, sexual and social skills development workshops facilitate to cooperation status. social womenRoma theand with same economic non- needs different then somehow have women thatRoma assumes for‘designed Roma’ ” them. for designed was it the project, basically but exclusive,wasn’t only not Roma couldthe only goto clinic, not they or could in participate A.E. noted thatthey “ a“Roma program labeled is program this why to As Sárospatak. called avillage to condoms colleagues where participated in, theyand the local midwifes brought clini model relation the to Roma. A.E. spoke me to about two“ their out nnaires. some questio people refusing fill to voluntary The decided such MCSNTT omit basis. to questionnaires from question its avoid to informed to me thatdue A.E. rove disp hypothesis. my or prove to me, availableto was suchunfortunately data no

Ibid. A.E., interview by author, Budapest, August 05, 2012. bee has population Roma Hungarian As the

A.E. empathized that the important element of the program was they that also onclass and assumptions raceI in A.E.with Despite was this, working that noticed HVG (2013), last accessed September 202013 went to those cities to where the are mostlywent inhabitants “But Roma”. this And they Roma say don’tAnd that really accept non- advicefrom 0520_Ciganybunozes_egy_hazugsag_evolucioja 228 data protection Assuming that itis mainlywomenRoma requir who n problematizedin the crime of case unemploymentand rates e.g. reasons questions on ethnicity can only be asked on a ona only onethnicitycan asked be questions reasons 78

227 Roma projects The notion that this project was The thatthis notion

” that she and her her and she ” that e assistance in e assistance cs and free free and cs Roma, 226 But But but but ” CEU eTD Collection effecti the only is studies, onprevious Introduction) based which thecontraceptives in (described any or of kind accessHungarian contraceptives doesn’t time to at support the same state thatthe out rates. also pointed abortion They lowering ameasure for as inefficient is financing 1) of priceabortion. of yearssince pregnancy, last of passed amountof and discount since distribution abortion, last yearsyears pass “result” of pregnancy, last period: abortions, number of abortions the in 3 had who among those factors following of the distribution at the Irates. looked Secondly activity and the num economic population), education, highest of residencenumber to (according distribution, I onlyyear). looked at one In comparing these groupstwo I looked at indicators such as age f onthe necessaryacquireonlydata the 15- comparedwomen of age I certain cases in yet also because and available,and not processed are abortions from 2012 government).Ichoose period change of (perhaps bythe rangetime years of 3 2011) 2009 to (from seeto any changes thatmight occurred have this in a I with worked analysis In my women). these describe to interviewees my I asked why is denied. – were abortion, and there data was onhow many no for request abortion – subchapter.More onthe next problemfunding in of local ended. the projectfunding after overgovernment take not unfortunately it’s did the local

Contraception and abortion Contraception ve way to lower abortion rates,ve way abortion value along providing lower with to So inSo the end I give to set out a picture of the women who underw As mentioned bywho spoke NGOsagainst the KDNP budget change proposal, the in underwent I onwomenrecords data who was thatthe KSHonly The limit second face

ber of (previous) live births to seeofto (previous) influence how these ber livebirths factors abortion 49 to women of the same age who had an abortion, and I andsame women49 to whoabortion, could ofagehad the an

emale population from the 2011 census (in these cases cases (in these census 2011 from the population emale 79

this time frame because the data on on data the because frame time this - neutral sex education. sex neutral or a onabortion discount ent abortion (whichent abortion ed ed CEU eTD Collection further diagrams as well.). as diagrams further case of the in so I do I 2011dataset. shall the years highlighted examined, between the 3 229 4 protection regularlyFigure there (see 4.below. Since had been nosignificant onlyhavingwho use did contraception, while46.6% of used thepregnancy, those unwanted foropt abortion, half nearly of them(45%) use any hadn’t form of contraception before rates abortion effect severely September 202013 http://www.metropol.hu/cikk/1001945- . Figure Regularity of contraception among women opting for abortion

Szonja KrezingerSzonja támogatott “Abortusz:védekezés, felvilágosítás kell” Metropol.hu The lack education of sexual a and comprehensive the high prices of contraceptives 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% 50,0% 0,0% 5,0% 45,7% Regularity of contraception among women otping for abotion 42,6% 2009 11,7%

229 , which the state is attempting to lower. Of those women Of who lower. to attempting is , which the state 46,0% 42,3% 2010 11,6% 80

abortusz 45,0% 46,6% - 2011 - tamogatott 8,4%

vedekezes used contraception regurarily contraception used used was if contraception known not contraception, used not used contraception irregularily contraception used (2013), last accessed - felvilagositas

differences differences - kell

CEU eTD Collection http://www.doki.net/tarsasag/novedelem/upload/novedelem/document/csaladtervezes_term_modszerei.htm Családtervezés lastmódszerei, természetes accessed 20 2013 September apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf; See also: MCSNTT Web- edition (Geneva: WHO, 2012), last accessed September 202013 hormonal 18.4% with methods, (seeFigure 5.below). are of considerably lower other available. then methods popular The are second most the fertility use contraception, of some form 230 collect data of means the between adisconnect be to seems There aren’tterms, theyabout thesewomen understand. to clearfilling the expectthe out forms questionnaire earlier,processing even the mentioned means thosedata though that which are categories these Secondly exactly. mean used terms the what about informed are not the data thatthose I surprisingfirstly, who process find it after research). some and that categories these of definitions the have not do they that was answer Their entailed. categories KSH what these and the meanforms asked terms) ofthey (since are contraception umbrella I t read As etc. “hormonal” “IUD” 5 . Figure Mode Figure. contraception regular of Mode amo

World HealthWorld Organization,Abortions: Safe Technical Policyfor and Health Guidance Syst In the original set of data, the categories listed were simply “natural”, “post “natural”, simply were listed categories the data, of set original In the contr of the methods As for I should consult a medical dictionary (I added the further information on the diagram on the diagram the aIconsult added further information medical (I dictionary should 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0% 0,0%

71,7%

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2,9% 2010

81 19,9%

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CEU eTD Collection November 29, 2012) szóló törvény felújítására” (proposal given MSZP to at the Conference AgainstAbortion Restrictions in a “Javaslat inhabitant for every theabortion 1000 number of thatshows (Figureincluded 6.) a below diagram I have Monor, in abortion done of number IUDs the to freebears of number illustrate how the affor can it as much (as for who it apply those for IUDsyear free for committee provides each the since 2008 233 232 bizottsag&catid=21:kepvisel http://www.monor.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=640:szoci 231 more. to inhabitants 6 the local governmentMonor of the local (stateemployed) midwif practices. contraceptive form) give a onwomen’s and report collectors’representative role/goal the data to . Figure Number of abortions for every 1000 inhabitant

D.G. Budapest by author, Midwife of interview Monor, Official Website of City: Monor Health SocialCommity, and last access

every seat of county. Dr. D.G. D.G. Dr. county. of seat every in and service Budapest free implementationalso the of suggests IUD a Although there hasn’t been a country wide solution to the to supportofwide contraceptives, aAlthough solution country hasn’t there been The diagram indicates thatthe frequencylower is as weabortions move of from less 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 0,0 5,0

terhességek művi megszakítása gyakoriságának csökkentésére, valamint a magzati élet védelméről élet magzati a valamint csökkentésére, gyakoriságának megszakítása művi terhességek –D.G.IUDs also suggestedfree 21,6 -999 20,8 19,8

1000-1999 d in a given year, a given 10- which was d in In 2009, 21,1

- 21,3 testuelet&Itemid=13 19,7

2000-4999 20,2 231 Budapest 18,5 to fund free IUDs for “ for IUDs free fund to e network of Monor suggested to the social committeeMonor of suggested thee to of network 18,3 Number of abortions for every 1000 inhabitant 5000-9999 19,1

18,5 Size of city by number of inhabitansSize of city by number a 233 , May 15, 2013. 17,1 had . 82 10000-19999

17,8 higher pr

17,2 16,3

20000-49999 12 in 2012and12 in 2013).

those who arethose who in aresult, need As ”. 18,5 oportion of abortions thanthe in ofoportion abortions 17,5 16,4 ed September 202013

50000-99999 14,7 alis 14,0 14,1 - es -

egeszseguegyi 100000- 15,3

Budapest (capital city) 14,3 232 13,5

In to order 16,0 - 13,9 13,4 2011 2010 2009

CEU eTD Collection http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monor fetus fetus continuedat declinethe to national level overall rates due the is to fact decline abortion diagram rates seen of thatabortion onthe have 235 234 ” children. any they more but want not did contraception], [hormonal pill even not the or condom IUD], the free contraception of [then other methods could afford not oftenproblem due […] to having 4- of lot wherefamilies contraception “a a was for cared they because necessary service this of this askabout the her details significant impact in loweringabortion rates. 12 free 2012,oneIUDs may providedconclusion thatthe in service doesn’t the draw a have Monor in inhabitants 2011, which means about 293.4abortions in total. Compared t to inhabitants. between abortion declined rate greatestthe in extent in Budapest, still there is no significant difference smaller cities with more really cannot afford anything else. This means that applying for a free IUD is associated with with associated is IUD afree for applying that means This else. anything afford cannot really coil. free well is “who and care their bysomeoneIUDs she asanswered freearerequested ‘being the need’ thatthese women in in need in midwife. According tomidwife the I guarantees spoke to this that “ awith proposal from a midwife based ontheir which social situation, assessedis by the cl gynecological alocal (at one mayget Monor, IUD in afree to access have to like would

interview by author, Budapest by author, Midwife of interview Monor, Number of inhabitants in January of 2011. Wikipedia: Monor, last accessed September 202013 came effect. into Monor belongs the to 5 ”get willIUD free the “ I had a chance to conduct an interview with one of the midwives working Monor and the working midwives an of interviewI one chance with conduct ato had

” There is an assumption here thatonly assumption an is ” There the 234

in Buda in abortion rates According to the diagram there were approximately 16.3 abortions/1000 the According diagram were16.3 there approximately to

than 50 thousand inhabitants. This trend This reversedthan 50thousandby2011,the inhabitants. - to

- do won’t even consider coming here, saying that shea needs that coming saying here, consider even do won’t

not just anyone [who] asks [who] anyone just not service. F.SZ. said that they (the midwifes of thatthey(the Monor) service.F.SZ. midwifes thought said pest 5 children andbeingadifficult in social situation they

and

since the 1992 the since

, May 15, 2013.

in cities with more 83

those would apply for this free service who this those wouldapply for

group of cities from the left 18.465 with LXXIX

asked her what qualifies qualifies what I her ”. When asked

. law on the protection of the the protection. law of on than 50,000 inhabitants 50,000 than only those who really who are those only 235 Women who who Women . The inic) he he

CEU eTD Collection September 202013 http://abortusz.info/hirek/hirek/melyik http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth of bleedingof ” many so of the case 239 238 237 236 PhD. Trussell, James researcher lead period, when the financial price apossible of Contraception in published astudy new According to month. 700 forints per yearsbe used for five (“ which 3%)may about IUD by (only used while an per month, forints approximatelyis 3000 popular amongaccording methods contraceptive is methodand most 2.Figure) the to second regular (which aa pill is contraceptive the of Clinic) price Gynecology University,Number 1 solutio IUDs whethermight formscheaperfreeI ofbe other was contraception a supplying interested haveit. local governments the financessupport didn’t to wasr thatanswe the her which to service, the implementing in succeeded they whether asked “Thesurrounding that was answered as well, and cities her or other only in is Monor, interview availablein service if this IIfriendly’ lower the to midwife ofasked pregnancies. theunwanted solution number contraception to access government support to the of obligation contrast in the to exception, an treated as shame or reproductive health journal Planning, Planning,

Sid Kirchheimer “IUDsSid Kirchheimer M T ZoltánDr. “Melyika legolcs Magyar. Ibid. he o he

n. According Zoltánof Dr. to family Magyar(Head protection service Since she mentioned thatthe local governments have didn’t the financessupport to providing initiative, an As free contraception my in a is more opinion ‘women fficial last accessed September 202013 237 journal )Broken cost approximately to 40.000forints. down

of the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals and the Society of Family ofFamily the Society and Professionals Health Reproductive of Association of the

impoverished . the the ost Cost ost 238 latest amount models aminimal , safest are which accompanied by - control/news/20030729/iuds ) IUDs “ IUDs ) - Effective Birth Control” WebMD Control” Birth Effective óbb fogamzásgátlómódszer?” Abortusz.info

http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/ 239 families cities are the cheapest contraception types over afive contraceptioncheapest types the are

have tried have

84 this is thethis only

unwanted pregnancy calculated also is ”

- a - legolcsobb- - most

because in because service], the introduce [to - cost , last , September accessed 2013 20 fogamzasgatlo -

effect .” solution ive

a monthlyabout cost this - birth (2012), last accessed - 236 modszer - control (ownI emphasis)

(an international

at Semmelweis

– - year says says CEU eTD Collection between the categories of 8th grade and vocational school. vocational and grade 8th of categories the between number of of ‘aborting abortions decrease.the decreases Thein biggest women’ rate rate and the highes fundingpeculiaritiescurrent system. of the the sheds light of how this abortions, and of and education number economic of level status, freedom bodily manipulate to functions. ones more ancontraceptive flexibility provides procedure) invasivewhile and takinga medical pill family planningandcommitment a not to have children for quite time some (plus itinvolves 7 2) . Figure Highest completededucational level among women (2011)

abortion and status economic Education, Firstly, Figure 7. below shows that the relation between the rate of ‘aborting women’ women’ ‘aborting the of rate between shows thatthe relation Firstly, Figure 7.below In this final closing section I shall explore abortion women in I abortion explore shall section closing finalIn this - long IUDa requires have to decision thata I notewould liketo here Nevertheless

Rate of 'aborting women' 0,0% 0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0% 2,5% 3,0% 3,5% 4,0% t completed educational level, is that with the increase educational of level the

0--7th grade Highest completed educational level amongHighest completed educational women (2011) level 3,8%

8th grade 3,1%

Vocational school 85

1,7%

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CEU eTD Collection 8 abortions as wellmultiple (unfortunatelyhaveI access such not to data) did although itmight case that be that this groupof women have multiple pregnancies their- 8th finish whonot did children among those being born the significantlyyear the in 3 period, apart from the 1,5% increase of theof rate those completing . Figure The rate of highest educational level among ’aborting women’

8th grade. These statistics seem to counteract with Harrach’s statement on the most most the on statement Harrach’s with counteract to seem statistics These grade. 8th Figure thatthe 8.(below) level of highest illustrates educational degree hasn't changed 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0% 40,0% 45,0% 0,0% 5,0% 4,9% 38,0% The rate of highest educational level among 'aborting women' 19,0% 2009 28,4% 9,6% 4,7% 38,9% 18,7% 2010 86 28,3%

9,3% 4,3% 39,5% 18,0% 2011

grade 27,8% 10,0% elementary . High school High school Vocational grade 8th grade 0--7th University level education University

education, education, and

CEU eTD Collection with 1andwith 2children. those with those between nosignificantwith difference children, of member grows the with abortions 10. Figure Outcome of previous pregnancy among women (2011) underwentabortion. 1/3 the previous pregnancy. of theMost women (43%) alreadyone had childwhen at least they 9 abortions, exactly half of themonlyabortions,abortion exactly previouslyand had1/3 another half1 of 3 only Figure 8 on As seen believe. lead to us hav that fact the toward . Figure. Number children of born Still on theStill subject of number of chi Figure is question However, the this related to 9.(below)which showsthat

Rate of 'aborting women' 0,0% 1,0% 2,0% 3,0% 4,0% 5,0% 6,0% Outcome of previous pregnancy among women previous of Outcome (2011) 0% 33% 1,0% 20% 0 rd ing abortions isn’t multiple such a frequent caseas Dr. D.G. would

Number of children born alive among women (2011) (33%) of them had an abortion before the present one. point(33%)abortion This before an the ofpresent themhad

alive among women (2011) 1,9% 1 ldren Figure10. (below)ldren the illustrates outcome of 1,7% 87 4% 2

0% Number of children Number - 4% of aborting women had more then 6 then had more women aborting 4% of

2,7% 43%

3 4,3% 4 rd pregnancy didn't have previous womb or unknown pregnancy pregnancy out side of the termination of pregnancy death early andmidterm featal fetatallate death live birth (26%) had 2. 5,0% 5

rate of of rate 5,4% 6-X

CEU eTD Collection financial means. financial 240 12. 11. Figure Employment among women (2011) Figure 13below) inactivehighest per earners. earners 1000womenamong (see inactive Abortions is (46,3) among Hunga employment general in among women who They have an and abortion. those had show that

Both abortion tourism and ordering the pill through the internet requres one to be informed and have the the have and informed be to one requres internet the through pill the ordering and tourism abortion Both

Figure Employment among Employment Figure Moving economic on to Figure status 11and 12(below) illustratethe difference in

Employed Employed rian women those who had an abortion are more likely to be unemployed are an thoselikely whoabortion had or more women be an to rian Employment among those who 240 Employment among women . had an abortion an had (2011) 14% 33% Unemployed Unemployed

those who had an abortion (2011) 21% 9% 17% (2011)

Inactive earner Inactive earner 88 12%

38% 56%

Dependent Dependent

CEU eTD Collection this as well I had –that the doctorcontraceptive well that morewomen said is who pill make decisions. Dr. E.E.’s statement that “ solution a‘cheaper if contraception forcannotsexuality.further women afford alternative who regular The planningof their that one abortions whoafford or has one cannot capacity engagethe multiple to in lacks the givenfamily solutions byDr. planning.The D.G. givefreedom make to functions about and informedtheir uptheir reproductive decisions for by but atheseseem discount onabortion, agree discount accepting womento this to also differentgroups of the ‘ constructsthat it I abortion works wholeMoreover a of in funding system way argue thatthe done.” This remark also imaginesa distinct culture of those with a lower economic status. be to can knowledgehas shouldn’ done help what and less,they about less have but worstmaybe in don’t conditions know,[sexuality], families this talkmore about openly (sexu of level 13. Figure Rate of A.E. makes between an onthe interestingrelation assumption and status economic Number of abortions per 1000 women 10 20 30 40 50 So I think that if, so obviously those in worse conditions, or I or obviously so conditions, worse those in if, “SoI thinkthat education: al) standardized to age 0 ‘ aborting women’ by employment by women’ aborting Employed 13,2 socially disadvantaged socially Rate of 'aborting women' byRate 'aborting of women' ’ (cheaperfor government) the limits that their freedom to Unemployed employment 24,6 I also met I’m –look those well who know sureI you also 89 in need’ who are eligible eligible are who need’ ‘those’ who are or in

and assume both the midwifes of Monor Inactive earner 46,3 Dependent 16,3 t be be t

CEU eTD Collection definite answer. definite a more give to needed is research more but received, benefits number one social has of and abortions the Ifactor age derived an of the is speculateinfluencing both that only diagram. can from this of clearlyabortions there This theyalready a had. is showsthat correlation between the one gets changes discount of whatreceives percentage of the likelihood theoreticallysystem takes acc the only support into the numberhadAlthough and of different abortions eligibilityforamount of discounts. the 241 Figure 14. the topicof abortion. ‘unfit’ vocabularyand the ‘fit’ of who contraception. don’tmeans havefinancial Similarly afford to regular the year pregnant once I become n if a the expensive

although and discount of theabortions, number E.E. interview by author, Budapest, May 18, 2013. I conclude my argument with Figurewith Iconclude 14(below) argument my

Receiving abortion discount and number of (previous) abortions (previous) of number and discount abortion Receiving Likelihood fo receiving discount 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% Receiving abortion discount and number of (previous) abortions 32,8% 14,8% 45,0% 7,3%

0 45,3% 14,7% 33,5% 6,5% 1

56,0% 17,5% 20,7% 5,8% 2 , groups of the 65,1% 18,2% 12,8% 3,8% 3 Number of (previous) abortions 67,4% 21,5% 3,4% 7,6% 4

90 ugh are Hungarian constructedthro population ugh 65,2% 25,5% 2,2% 7,1% ”

5 241 as to what the correlations is, this cannot this be is, as what to the correlations ount whatount benefits other one social greatly simplifies the situation of women 66,6% 26,9% 1,6% 4,9% 6 which illustrates the relation between 70,5% 24,8% 0,7% 4,0% 7 57,4% 34,9% 3,1% 4,7% 8

75,8% 21,2% 0,0% 3,0%

9 with howwith many 76,3% 16,3% 2,5% 5,0% 10 to the to 56,9% 36,9% 11-X 1,5% 4,6% amount 0% (0 Ft) 30% (8913 Ft) 50% (14855 Ft) 100% (29710 Ft)

CEU eTD Collection feminist approachfeminist abortion practiceI and policy conducted a multilayer and distribution how this turn in effects that abortion works in a way that it constructs different grabortion constructs works athatit different in way own statistical data analysis. documents, public statements of politicians, interviews, online newspaper articles anda my the obstructionof the licensing the abortion pill. of andfrom abortion funding withdraw to 2012 budget of theto state an proposal amendment a nation - Constitution, of the Hungarian period: the modification disconnected onsome level. ideologies policy onabortion and abortion practice, thatthese finding elements are debate 2010- abortion of the Hungarian decision func about their reproductive give these seemdiscount freedom make also agreeto women to informed also to uptheir who are onabortion,eligiblefor byaccepting‘those but who need’a are in discount this enemies. and friends subject through state itself legitimizes which the as having of defining the authority public responsi 8) that in thethat in abortionas debatewomenmothers, primarily arereproductive configured

Conclusion the current the that argument the with analysis my concluded I have During ction of intera the examined IIn have approach second my In my biopolitical analysis In ble for reproducing the nation. Abortion as an issue isn’t a literal issue, but serves as a as serves issue,but a an a issueisn’t Abortionliteral as reproducingble the fornation.

my dissertation I have examined how examined I have dissertation my my my Idiscussion have examined and viewingand as issueonainternational well. national level the

have argued argued have tions and family planning. The solutions given and solutions family by tions planning. The 2012 91 –

4 larger events that took placei events thattook 4 larger political impacts impacts – i deology based on Foucault, Miller and Deautcheron Foucault,Millerand – based oups of the ‘ of oups ed analysis, utilizing a biopolitical and a utilized sources such as official official as such sources I utilized have the the ideology . To understand the. To understand interaction of distribution distribution wide anti wide socially disadvantaged socially

on abortion – abortion on contemporary funding system of funding system of related related of - abortion campaign, n the 2 year the 2 n expressed in expressed

Hungarian resources

citizens

’ or ’ or ,

CEU eTD Collection of women’sthe examination throughabortion system,- in possibly omitting medicalof mayalso genderpr relations profession the in debate. by several of my interviewees suggest that this mighta be significant influ Hungary thein ethnicity. mentioning as of a the Still population Roma unable any explore groups to potentialothering women rac certainbased of of of abortion. vocabulary the ‘fi of the capacitythe further their engage to in planningof assume thatone who has professionals medical Such an approach would alsoSuch an give theroom to suggestion approacha new would of policy. (GIA) analyzedfrom a publicpolicyperspective On the policymay other modificationalso of be handHungarian abortion the potential government has violated access preventing policyhumanOn rightsthatbya the one publicperspective.be handcan of argued it production surrounding reproduction. , which

Secondly Thirdly Firstly – It interestingresearch to abortion numerous wouldbe debatein the Lastly a closer exploration of awomen’sexploration closer

the scope of this thesis prevented me from further prevented thesis of thefromtopic scope this a exploring methe was designed to assess possible effects ofgender assess futurewas to effects possible designed policies on relations. the scope ofdissertation this and the intimate nature this of to as mentioned –due above the information to lack onethnicity,Iwas of – to (effective) methods of abortion (suchabortion the Hungarian pill) asabortion the (effective) to of methods although passing in of mentioned –the the further exploration inequality t’ and ‘unfit’ ‘unfit’ and t’ women’s agencyreproduction a their in groups are topic of the constructedthrough population the rights to health, privacy health, their life. to to andright rights indirectly Such further research wouldalso allow interviews. Suchfurther research depth

personal experiences with the current Hungarian Hungarian current the with experiences personal through the tool of Gender Impact of the GenderAssessment tool through 92 multiple abortions afford or cannot one multiple lacks

sexuality. Similarly sexuality. ove useful. nd their role in the knowledgend their role the in

‘ ’ population problem eugenic the to eugenic further encing factor in factor encing

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CEU eTD Collection szandekra (2011), abortuszszigorításról” Abortusz.info A legkiszolgaltatottabb (2011)Abortusz.info A Patent Egyesület Aktivistái “KDNP szabalyozasaban http://www.magyarhirlap.hu/egeszsegugy/n a szabályozásában”, tervez (2012), abortusz „Nem Fidesz változást az Magyarhirlap.hu http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2011/ Medicines” Essential List of Model “WHO %20HUNGARY.pdf http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF Hungary” of Law Fundamental “The http://www.kormany.hu/download/0/d9/30000/Alapt%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny.pdf of Hungary"“The Constitution http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=99200079.TV “The of the fetus”, 1992law onthe protection http://abortusz.info/hirek/hirek/ “Melyika legolcsóbb fogamzásgátló módszer?”(2012), n%C5%91k- http://abortusz.inf “KDNP http://a szabályozás” “Jogi www.hma.eu Agencies” Medicines of “Heads http://mri.medagencies.org/Human/Product/Details/26878 Agencies” Medicines of “Heads intezet/csaladvedelmi nyugdijugyek/nepegeszsegugyhoz http://www.kormanyhivatal.hu/hu/ugytipusok/egeszsegugyi “ (2011) http://www.ks 89 Szemle Statisztikai tevékenysége” éves 35 MCSNTT “Család, —az társadalom jövõ, lehetosegenek http://www.168ora.hu/landingpage/az “Az MSZP font http://mandiner.hu/cikk/20120524_az_abortusz_napjaink_holokausztja napjaink“Az abortusz Mandiner holokausztja” (2012) _fasizmus_eszkoze/ 3/a_magzatvedok_szerint_az_abortusztabletta_a_rejtozkodohttp://index.hu/belfold/2012/05/2 eszköze” fasizmus Index“A abortusztabletta az a magzatvédők(2012) szerint rejtőzködő 9) Családvédelmi Szolgálat működtetése”Családvédelmi Szolgálat Kormanyhivatal.hu Patent Egyesület aktivistái, “Variációk egy szándékra - szándékra egy “Variációk aktivistái, Egyesület Patent

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12- 19- - es - 16- CEU eTD Collection Systems. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf HealthWorld Organization (2012)A Safe http://mno.hu/magyar_nemzet_belfoldi_hirei/tiltakoznak WL abortusztable “Tiltakoznak az Monor, http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monor Wikipedia: Mifepristone,Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mifepristone#Legal_status Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_abortion#cite_noteWikipedia: abortion, http://hu.wik alaptörvénye, Magyarország Wikipedia: MagyarWikipedia: Közlöny, http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_K%C3%B6zl%C3%B6ny 61- Biomedicine, 2013), in Law Sándor.Biopolitics, ed. (Budapest: Judit Centraland Europeanfor University, Center Ethics Vitrai, Sara “The Abortion in Pill Hungary:A Human Rights Analysis”studies in in Tur allamtitkarsag/hirek/kozlemeny (2012) Dr., “Közlemény Miklós, Szócska, abortusztabletta az engedélyezéséről” Kormányportál http://www.webbeteg.hu/cikkek/egeszseges/10647/lehet Szinapszis/WEBBeteg “Lehet http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat KSH.hu, STADAT, 11,2012,http://opcedaw.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/a Wordpress.com, onJune of aSimonecusack woman Roma sterilization (A.S. v.Hungary)” violated “CoercedCEDAW http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Central_Statistical_Office Wikipedia: Hungarian Central Statistical Office da, Marius: Modernism andda, EugenicsPalgrave : 2010) Marius: Modernism (New York Macmillan, http://www.kormany.hu/hu/emberi ipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_alapt%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nye - e magánügy az abortusz? - abortusz? az e magánügy - 81. az tta ellen”(2012) MNO -

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