Review Lpr the Global Information Hub for Lighting Technologies May/June 2018 | Issue 67

www.led-professional.com ISSN 1993-890X

Review LpR The Global Information Hub for Lighting Technologies May/June 2018 | Issue 67

Tech-Talks Bregenz: Ken Munro Research: Thermal Testing, Production Manufacturing & Technology: Micro-Plants & IoT Application: Aerospace Exterior Lights

www.NICHIA.com

FLS_Nichia_CoverCorner_LED Pro.indd 1 2017-04-25 3:37 PM

Innovation in Light Be Empowered by Trends in Lighting. What is your inspiration?

TiL is the unique, international “Innovation in Light” event, and is dedicated to bridging the gap between technologies and applications. Whether you are an architectural lighting designer, architect, industrial designer, healthcare innovator, advertising agency, automotive strategist, mobility designer, agriculture innovator, entertainment professional, education facility manager, project developer, urbanist, car designer, or investment consultants. TiL will reinvigorate your thinking about light in your industry. You will learn from the most compelling innovators, inventors and industry leaders.

Creating Value with Light. TiL is all about sharing talent and passion. Curated by We look forward to meeting you at TiL 2018! ROGIER VAN DER HEIDE Master in Light

2nd International TiL Event September 25–27, 20 1 8, Opera House Bregenz www.TiL2018.com CATEGORYEDITORIAL 4 L+B 2018 - Connectivity & Services

At L+B 2018, the focus was on the topic of CONNECTIVITY with all kinds of forms and applications for many providers. In addition, it became apparent that more and more service providers were entering the market with concrete SERVICE solution packages. In the context of connectivity, we had an interesting conversation about current trends with Patrick Durand, Worldwide Technical Director, and Francois Mirand, Technical Director EMEA, from Future Lighting Solutions, which I would like to share with our readers. The high complexity of connected systems can pose a major challenge in projects. For this reason it is extremely important that connected lighting be based on two basic principles: Firstly, we need standards that are as widespread as possible. Secondly, the experts suggested that we need systems that are scalable and interoperable.

We agree with this opinion and see standardization as a key success factor for the market acceptance of smart systems. Service solutions are the second most important key for the implementation and application of modern lighting solutions. But which services are really required?

Here we certainly have to look at the entire value chain. From the assistance of distributors, such as the engineering tools from Future Lighting Solutions, to configurators of luminaires, such as the new Unico from XAL, to leasing models on sale – services; they all make a significant difference and form a unit together with standardized solutions.

The L+B 2018 showed the boundless directions the world of light is taking. Connectivity and services are the dominant topics facing the lighting industry on a broad scale. Of course, quality and safety play an important role. Particular mention should be made here of the new EU directives as was also well documented in the LightingEurope Forum. The world of light has opened up and has become enormously diverse and creative. However, the focus of all efforts is always to provide the right light for the respective application. Optimum lighting quality stays the primary goal above all else.

We hope you enjoy this issue of LpR. Please let us know how you experienced Light +Building 2018.

Yours Sincerely,

Siegfried Luger Publisher, LED professional

CONTENT OVERVIEW 6

COMMENTARY REGULARS 08 Blue Light Hazard - How Dangerous is SSL Lighting? 04 EDITORIAL by Dr. Thomas Attenberger, Instrument Systems 08 COMMENTARY 10 COMPONENTS NEWS TECH-TALKS BREGENZ 26 APPLICATIONS NEWS 36 Ken Munro, Partner & Founder, Pen Test Partners 28 RESEARCH NEWS compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional 32 REGULATION NEWS 34 CIE RESEARCH RESEARCH

Automatic Panel Level Transient Thermal Tester 44 98 ABOUT | IMPRINT by Prof. Gordon Elger et al., Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt 50 Roll-to-Roll UV Nanoimprint Lithography for Large-Area Nano- and Micro-Structuring of Flexible Substrates by Dr. Paul Hartmann et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H 56 A New Approach for Manufacturing LED Advertising Boards Backlighting by Dr. Eveliina Juntunent al., VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

EVENTS 62 Lighting Industry Quo Vadis - Impressions from Light + Building 2018 HIGHLIGHTS by Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional 50 Roll-to-Roll UV Nanoimprint Lithography for Large-Area Nano- and MANUFACTURING Micro-Structuring of Flexible Substrates 76 A Manufacturing Revolution for the LED Lighting Industry by Dr. Paul Hartmann et al., by Paavo Käkelä, EID Tech Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H TECHNOLOGIES 80 Integrating Lighting in the Internet of Things by B. Pronk & F. van Tuijl, Philips Lighting Research & Philips Lighting 88 LED Lighting Requires New Approaches in Optics by Marek Škereň, IQ Structures AERONAUTICS 92 Abrasion in Transparent Lens Materials for Exterior Aircraft Lighting by Adam Willsey, Kopp Glass

ADVERTISING INDEX

FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 1 GL OPTIC 19 LED LIGHT FOR YOU 61 LUMILEDS 2 LABSPHERE 19 LIFUD TECHNOLOGY 79 TIL 3 OSRAM 25 CREE 83 EVONIK 5 EDISON 29 GUANGZHOU INT. LIGHTING EXHIBITION 87 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 7 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 31 CREE 91 LPS 9 FLS-LUMILEDS 33 EPISTAR 97 WAGO 11 FLS-NICHIA 43 LPR 99 FULHAM 15 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 49 WÜRTH 100

COMMENTARY EYE SAFETY MEASUREMENT 8

BLUE LIGHT HAZARD - HOW DANGEROUS IS SSL LIGHTING?

Modern Solid State Lighting (SSL) assessment of the risk classes of light technology has long since found its sources. Additionally, IEC/TR 62778 way into our normal working and living explains how to apply IEC 62741 for environments. In the early phases, simpler assessment of the BLH for consumers were most concerned with lamps and luminaires. lifetime, pricing and light quality of the new LED-based light sources. Now they have Accurate risk assessment is a challenging become almost ubiquitous, a focus has task for the experimenter, and starts with been placed on safety. At the recent the selection of the correct test equipment. Light+Building exhibition topics such Today’s measurement instrument of as photobiological safety and blue light choice is often an array spectrometer hazard (BLH) were highly ranked among instead of the hard-to-handle double Dr. Thomas Attenberger both visitors and exhibitors. monochromator suggested by the Thomas Attenberger received standard. But even high-end array Photobiological safety is nothing exclusive spectrometers must offer advanced stray his PhD in Physics from the to SSL sources, but must be evaluated for light correction methods to achieve the University of Regensburg in all light sources. Due to their similarity to required high dynamic measuring range, 1992 for his work in the laser diodes, LEDs were originally covered especially in the less sensitive blue region. by the laser safety standard IEC 60825, Carefully designed test adapters are field of high-resolution which often led to an overestimation of the necessary to ensure correct and spectroscopy with a thesis risks. Since 2009 LEDs and SSL sources reproducible test geometries. With such on “Persistent spectral hole have therefore been subject to IEC 62471 equipment, testing labs - which should be “Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp accredited to ISO17025 - can reliably burning”. He worked for systems”. All lamp and luminaires brought assess the risk class of lighting products. several years as R&D project onto the market must be classified leader at a Munich high tech according to this standard. Several studies have evaluated the risk classes of various kinds of SSL sources, company, where one of his The standard identifies two health lamps and luminaires. In general, tasks was to establish a hazards that can be caused by visible SSL sources were not found to pose a spectroscopy lab for light. Intense light may lead to retinal greater risk to the user than conventional burns, a hazard that is easily avoided sources. Most luminaires with non-directly performing basic research for by normal aversive behavior. However, visible LEDs were assigned to risk class 0. optical sensor development. blue light between 400 nm and 500 nm Only luminaires with directly visible LEDs Attenberger joined Instrument may cause photochemical damage to the ended up in risk class 1 or, in some cases, retina, a hazard that is difficult to assess in class 2, which the standard still Systems GmbH in 2001 as by users. This so-called blue light hazard classifies as free of risk under normal sales and product manager may lead to degeneration of the macula. use and aversion reaction - just like for LED test and measurement The corresponding weighting function conventional sources. ranges from 300 nm to 700 nm with a equipment. Since 2009 he maximum at 437 nm. In view of the I must emphasize that these positive has held the position of Vice distinctive blue peak of white LEDs, results should not encourage President Sales at Instrument the question arises as to whether SSL manufacturers to underestimate the sources are hazardous. importance of safety assessment of Systems GmbH, in which he light sources. Research on the safety is responsible for worldwide Depending on the radiance levels, aspects of lighting will continue, and only sales and marketing activities. BLH sensitivity and exposure times, accredited labs using state-of-the-art test IEC 62471 divides light sources into four equipment will be able to ensure a reliable This position brings him into risk groups ranging from 0 (no risk) to risk assessment. Consumers may close contact with other major 3 (always dangerous). Risk groups 1 and 2 rightfully expect lamps and luminaires players in the LED and SSL are sources that are not dangerous under providing light that is safe in every aspect. normal behavior and aversion reactions. Otherwise, SSL lighting will not be able lighting industry. The standard also describes measurement to assert itself in the long term. equipment and procedures for the correct T.A.

NEWS COMPONENTS 10

Nichia Introduces Direct applications. By developing an innovative The high optical pulse outputs and the wide Mountable Chips with color lineup, Nichia’s now expanded Direct range of integrated lens options allow system Mountable Chip portfolio provides flexibility designers to select the right IRED for virtually Single Colors to all lighting applications, including color any application without having to install Nichia Corporation is proud to introduce tuning, architectural lighting and other secondary optics. Infrared light sources in a discrete color options in its Direct Mountable commercial and residential markets. wavelength range < 900 nm are perceived by Chip series, a similar technology to the the human eye as a red glow. This red glow industry’s Chip Scale Package (CSP). is largely suppressed at 940 nm. Nichia’s Direct Mountable Chip color lineup, consisting of Royal Blue, Green, Amber and Osram Adds Six New Like the rest of the Oslon Black family, Red, along with its previously released white High-Power IR LEDs to the new IREDs offer outstanding options, enables lighting customers to take Its Oslon Black Family performance, long lifetime and excellent advantage of Nichia’s unique Direct thermal properties. Mountable Chip technology in a wide Osram Opto Semiconductors is expanding range of applications. its Oslon Black family for the infrared range with six new automotive IREDs. The 850 nm versions are intended for exterior applications Luminus’ Dynamic such as night vision, pedestrian protection, Modules for Dynamic pre-field recognition and lane detection. CCT & Warm Dimming The new 940 nm versions are suitable above all for interior automotive applications Luminus Devices, Inc., has released its such as driver monitoring, seat occupancy breakthrough warm dimming and dynamic detection and gesture recognition. tuning modules that deliver exceptionally Thanks to different wavelengths and lenses uniform color and control across any these products cover a wide range of environment and enable consistency from Nichia also offers color LEDs in Chip Scale customer requirements and can be fixture-to-fixture and between linear, down, Package (CSP) technology operated at up to 5 A in pulsed mode. and directional luminaires that are used in the same space. Unique to the new modules are on-board IC chips that allow exceptional With over 50 years of leadership in color quality and uniformity in hospitality, phosphors and 25 years of leadership in commercial and office environments. LEDs, Nichia has capitalized on its history to launch an innovative color solution which utilizes Nichia’s own phosphor and blue die technology.

This approach brings numerous benefits to fixture manufacturers and designers. Osram's six new high-power infrared LEDs By using the same wavelength die in each offer a very high pulse handling capability of color, Nichia has harmonized the Forward up to 5 A for automotive applications like Voltage across the entire Direct Mountable driver monitoring Chip family, therefore simplifying electrical An on-board IC on Luminus’ Warm Dimming circuit designs. Additionally, unlike other The new products show a high maximum Modules (top) enables standard drivers and discrete color technologies, the internal pulse current of up to 5 A, compared to 3 A dimmers to deliver halogen-like illumination structure of each Direct Mountable Chip previously. The IREDs are particularly bright, from 3000 to 1800 K with a typical CRI of 92 or 97 while CCT Tunable Modules (bottom) color is the same. Therefore, the directivity with an optical output of up to 2.0 W in deliver a wider individual tuning range and height are also the same, thus making continuous operation. The six new IRED optical design much easier to manage. versions are available in different Finally, with the phosphor converted Red wavelengths and beam angles. SFH 4715AS The Warm Dimming module replicates the Direct Mountable Chip, the thermal droop A01, SFH 4716AS A01 and SFH 4717AS A01 behavior of a halogen lamp and changes characteristics are significantly improved all have a wavelength of 850 nm and a beam color from 3000 K to 1800 K as it dims. from traditional Red AlInGaP LEDs. angle of ±45°, ±75° and ±25° respectively. The very human-centric behavior is prized in This allows for much better in-situ SFH 4725AS A01, SFH 4726 A01 and restaurants, bars, and intimate environments. performance and overall color and stability. SFH 4727AS A01 all have a wavelength of 940 nm and a beam angle of ±45°, ±75° and The CCT Tunable Module is a unique Nichia’s Direct Mountable Chip family was ±25° respectively. A high refractive index two-channel solution that allows for a broad the first lighting CSP-type to incorporate silicone is used for the lens, giving it a range of color (6500 K to 2700 K or 4000 K unique technology, allowing for a single particularly low profile so that only very little to 1800 K) and output control over the lit sided 120° Lambertian optical pattern, light is lost from the sides. The maximum environment with independent color and eliminating cross talk in lumen dense operating temperature of the IREDs is 125°C. dimming management. Now it’s possible to

change CCT while maintaining light levels or manufacturers,” said Mei Yi, Product Offered over the full range of ANSI CCTs, to dim the light level and precisely select the Manager of Luxeon 3030 2D for Lumileds. the emitter is 1/9th ANSI micro-color desired CCT. In an office or commercial binned for tight color control. environment this allows color tuning and light With hot-color targeting, components deliver Flux performance is significantly improved output that replicates changes in daylight from specific chromaticity coordinates at the over the company’s existing Luxeon 3030 2D morning through evening or can be optimized targeted operating temperature of 85C. LED which has a round LES. Existing based on human-centric parameters. This strategy results in minimal color shift customers will still have access to the in real-world operating conditions. Luxeon 3030 2D with the round LES, Both LM-80 and TM-21 data are available which enjoys widespread adoption, for the new LED. especially for downlight, industrial and Lumileds - Highest Flux A lamp applications. Two-Die Mid Power LED Luxeon 3030 2D

Lumileds introduced a new addition to its Osram's New CSP LED mid power family, the new Luxeon 3030 2D Takes Retail Lighting to with a square LES, which is specifically The new Luxeon 3030 2D mid power LED another Level optimized for high flux and maximum delivers outstanding flux exceeding 200 lm reliability in a variety of general lighting when driven at 240 mA and 6 V Osram Opto Semiconductors has unveiled applications including downlights, high bay & the prototype of the Oslon Pure 1010 at low bay fixtures and outdoor lighting The Luxeon 3030 2D uses two emitters in this year’s Light + Building in Frankfurt. applications. “With the new Luxeon 3030 2D, series to deliver over 110 lm at a warm white Sized at 1x1 mm, the LED is destined to be we are able to offer the industry’s highest flux color temperature of 2700 K and 80 CRI used in spotlights for retail lighting where in a two-die mid power package, but also (120 mA, 6 V). At a cool color temperature of exceptionally compact LEDs with high light our hot-color targeted approach ensures 6500 K, the performance increases to over output are needed to bathe articles on superior color accuracy to that of other LED 120 lm at 80 CRI (max drive of 240 mA). display in a particularly attractive light.

The scalability of the chip scale package Everlight Introduces different environments, with the goal (CSP) LED gives customers outstanding High-Efficiency and of maximizing livestock and plant stock flexibility in putting together their individual growth and achieve targeted energy- lighting solutions. Horticulture Lighting LEDs saving objectives. Everlight Electronics demonstrated its 5630X-ELB LED series and horticulture fit LEDs as well as all lighting and lighting- related products, such as luminaires for Lumileds Improves horticulture and fish lighting, at Light + “Punch” in Broadest Building 2018 in Frankfurt, Germany. Color Choices

Lumileds introduced the LUXEON CZ Color Line, a product line optimized to deliver maximum punch. “The LUXEON CZ features The prototype of the Oslon Pure 1010 stages 20% higher punch than any other undomed not only jewelry on display. It delivers the highest color LED,” said Jennifer Holland, Product flux density currently available on the market Line Director of the LUXEON Color Family. The LUXEON CZ Color Line consists of 21 The prototype of the new Oslon Pure 1010 LED color options, which includes 13 color with its typical luminous flux of 100 lm at and 8 white emitters. 350 mA and a color temperature of 3,000 K With their new ELB series products, Everlight offers a cost effective solution for horticulture almost perfectly follows Lambert’s law and lighting applications and industrial achieves a flux density of 237 lm/mm² when applications as well operating at 1,000 mA. The achieved luminance is then very much higher for the same component size. This property is Everlight’s 5630X-ELB series not only useful particularly if the new LED is used for boasts 228 lm/W (@65 mA 5000 K CRI>80), illuminating merchandise in retail outlets – but also meets DLC4.0 with light-on tests diamond rings in a jeweler's shop, for example. in the high temperature range (105°C), L90>36,000 hours and achieves/features The Oslon Pure 1010 gives lighting designers a color tolerance less than 3SDCM. Lumileds' LUXEON CZ Color Line produces a high degree of flexibility because of its Thus, the 5630X-ELB series combines best punch compared to other undomed extremely compact 1.0x1.0x 0.25 mm the advantages of luminous efficacy emitters and features maximum usable light dimensions. The new LED comes without a and stability to provide best lighting for a variety of applications primary lens. The reduction in height is solutions for commercial, professional and thanks to the chip scale package (CSP). The industrial applications. In addition to industry leading punch, light-emitting surface is contacted not in the the LUXEON CZ Color Line makes fixture usual way with a bond wire from above but Monochromatic light LEDs are widely designs with narrow beam angles possible. within the component itself without the need applied for horticulture lighting, by combining “It is easier for optics to pick up all the light for bond wires. These properties together colors to effectively meet the requirements because the emitters cast minimal light with the small dimensions enable multiple of specific spectra and optical functions. below the horizon, unlike comparative LEDs to be placed very close together in a Everlight developed a special series of products on the market,” said Holland. small space. Warm white and cold white products based on monochromatic light LEDs can be combined – the number of wavelength to cover PAR 450-745 nm from The product line eliminates crosstalk, individual LEDs, their arrangement and the high to low power with SHWO 3535-ELB, ensuring a true color point when LEDs are relative proportions of warm white and cold 3030-ELB and 2835-ELB. packed closely together. The LUXEON CZ white LEDs can be tailored to meet specific Color Line ensures a true color point in customer requirements. The new 2835 PC Red-ELB with 5% blue compact designs and is especially suited to intensity (CCT) can achieve a WPE of 35% architectural lighting, entertainment lighting, If applications call for highly concentrated (0.5W) to simultaneously replace Royal Blue dimmable lamps and fixtures and emergency spotlighting, customers can simply add & Deep Red with a luminous efficacy of vehicle lighting applications. appropriate secondary optics. Thanks to 15 lm/W. The new 3535-ELB series owns the compact dimensions and directional the advantages of high luminous efficacy, In addition, LUXEON CZ consists of the emission of the Oslon Pure, the secondary price-performance ratio and a WPE of 65%. same robust buildings blocks as the optics can also be very small, which in turn In all colors, the products are tested to meet award-winning LUXEON C Color Line. means that the overall solution will save even LM80 and effectively guarantee to meet the All LUXEON CZ and LUXEON C LEDs feature more space and cost. The prototype of customer’s requirements. identical focal length in an undomed design, the Oslon Pure 1010 gives customers an approach that leads to superior color outstanding flexibility in putting together Everlight also supplies various horticulture mixing in all applications. their individual lighting solutions. LEDs in all forms to meet the demands in

To accelerate time to market and simplify Building on these advancements, The goal of Lumileds is to address the designs, LUXEON CZ and LUXEON C are the revamped FEC LED packages achieve industry-wide issue of the efficiency gap designed in the same footprint and are also the industry’s highest light efficacy levels, between 80 and 90CRI CoBs. With this new hot tested at 85°C to ensure excellent to suit an even wider range of lighting generation, Lumileds has limited this gap performance at real world conditions. applications. The mid-power CSP, LM101B, tremendously by increasing the 90CRI The industry’s lowest thermal resistance features an increased efficacy of 205 lm/W performance by 12% over the previous (2.8°C/W) helps reduce the size of optics (65 mA, CRI 80+, 5000 K), which is the generation. In the past, there was a tradeoff and heat sinks for the most compact highest among 1W-class, mid-power CSP between light quality and efficiency, but lamps or fixtures. LEDs. The 3W-class LH181B provides customers no longer need to make that 190 lm/W (350 mA, CRI 70+, 5000 K), sacrifice with these products. Leveraging the features and reliability of the which represents a more than 10-percent well-known LUXEON C, Lumileds has enhancement over the previous version. Lumileds ability to deliver outstanding extended these benefits to LUXEON CZ, The LH231B package continues to offer efficacy exceeding 130 lm/W in 90CRI giving lighting manufacturers the confidence 170 lm/W (700 mA, CRI 70+, 5000 K). is largely the result of Lumileds own phosphor and flexibility to use them individually or development and engineering coupled with even together. With Samsung FEC’s small form factor and precise process and manufacturing controls reduced cross-talk, the LM101B is at the company’s manufacturing facilities. particularly well suited for spotlighting Due to these improvements, Lumileds also applications where packages can be densely improved the thermal resistance of the CoBs Samsung Enhances placed within a small light-emitting surface by 25%, further reducing the burden on heat CSP LEDs' Luminous area. Samsung also made the LM101B much sinks and shrinking the size of optics at the Efficacies simpler to mount compared to other system level. The result is exceptional fixture mid-power CSP LEDs, by modifying the efficacy and smaller fixtures. Samsung Electronics announced that it has electrode pad. achieved the industry’s highest light efficacies for its fillet-enhanced chip-scale In addition, the LH181B operates at a package (FEC) LED lineup – LM101B, maximum current of 1.4 A (Amps), making it LG Innotek Introduces LH181B and LH231B. an ideal component for high-power LED UV LED Module with luminaires requiring superior lumen density. Perfect Waterproof

The Samsung FEC lineup, now in mass LG Innotek announced that it has supplied production, is available in a full range of color UV LED module for water purifiers to the temperature (CCT) and color rendering index famous Japanese purifier manufacturer for (CRI) options. the past year and achieved the perfect quality of zero defect rate. The Japanese Samsung updates its tiny CSP LEDs and market is known to have very strict quality improves efficacy again standards, but it has proved its great Lumileds Introduces Next performance and quality by supplying about Initially chip-scale package (CSP) LEDs had Generation CoB LEDs 50,000 modules without a single defect. not been widely used in mainstream LED lighting markets due to relatively lower Lumileds introduced its fourth generation of efficacy levels compared to conventional LED chip-on-board (CoB) LEDs, the Luxeon CoB packages. However, the newly upgraded, Core Range, which leads the market in efficacy-leading FECs can be applied to efficacy and quality of light. With the new most mainstream LED lighting environments, Luxeon CoB Core Range, Lumileds sets a including ambient, downlight, spotlight, high new standard with 5% greater efficacy than bay, canopy and street lighting applications. the nearest competitors.

The enhanced FEC LEDs are based on Samsung’s most up-to-date CSP technology LG Innotek's UV LED Module for water which builds TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) walls purifiers around the side surfaces of the chip to direct light output upwards. The technology UV LED is the advanced semiconductor light provides considerably higher light efficacy source that emits ultraviolet light with a short than conventional CSP LEDs while offering wavelength of 200 to 400 nanometers (nm). greater flexibility for luminaire designers. It eliminates germs and viruses and chemically Moreover, dramatically reduced cross-talk reacts with special substances to be used between neighboring packages allows each Most impressively, Gen4 of the Luxeon CoB for the surface, water, and air disinfection, package to be placed in close proximity to Core Range leads the industry in 90CRI with a healthcare, medical care, biotechnology, one another. 12% increase over the previous generation and curing and exposure equipment.

The LG Innotek’s UV LED module with diffuser technology, the extruded waterproof feature emits ultraviolet rays to polycarbonate sheet delivers considerable directly remove 99.9% of various germs and advantages over traditional materials in viruses while immersed in the water of the terms of bright, uniform illumination, water tank of a water purifier. It is a impact resistance, attractiveness and waterproof product specialized in water design freedom. purifiers with a water tank and installed in the inner bottom or sides of the water tank. The LEXAN™ DLCW sheet has demonstrated to be 30 times stronger than typical acrylic Especially, this product boasts the complete LED diffusers, making it an ideal choice for There is a great demand for flame retardant waterproof performance of IPX8 level that is applications where safety and security are materials for LED lighting applications. the highest level among international paramount - particularly in high-traffic, Electrolube is the first company, worldwide, to waterproof standards. It is safe to operate damage prone areas, such as schools, offer a clear UL94 V-0 flame retardant PU resin for LED applications for a long time at a water depth of 1 meter. commuter transport stations and detention facilities. In addition to providing greater LG Innotek's UV LED is also harmless to safety, superior durability results in Technically, UR5641 almost defies human body since it uses only ultraviolet rays minimizing replacement costs. convention and is very different from other for sterilization without any chemicals or resins that claim to be flame retardant and heavy metals. Unlike conventional mercury The innovative technology behind the transparent. Traditionally, in order to obtain UV lamps, it is safe from breaking. LEXAN™ DLCW sheet allows placement the desired flame retardancy resin of LEDs closer to the diffuser, saving valuable manufacturers have used solid fillers to The product is convenient to use as it allows design space and delivering exceptional achieve flame retardancy but such fillers you to control sterilizing ultraviolet rays light transmission resulting in fewer overall simply do not permit a transparent resin quickly and precisely. The mercury UV lamp LEDs being required. The sheet also has when cured. Traditional liquid flame requires about two minutes of preheating, excellent cold bending and thermos- retardants tend to be halogenated, while LG Innotek's UV LED module does not formability features as compared to acrylic whereas Electrolube’s UR5641 does not require preheating by using an advanced allowing designers to be more creative. contain any filler and has the additional semiconductor light source. These innovative features have considerable benefit of being halogen free. benefits for project owners and installers by reducing construction, installation and Conventional resins that claim to be flame operating costs and making installation retardant and optically clear are actually pale SABIC - LEXAN™ and sustainability efforts easier. amber when cured. Many of these resins are DLCW Light Diffusing most likely to be based on epoxy Technology The unique surface texture and state-of-the- technologies which are prone to yellowing. art diffuser technology ensures light is Electrolube’s UR5641 is based upon aliphatic SABIC, a global leader in the chemical projected uniformly across the lens and urethane chemistry, which is naturally industry presented the latest addition to its provides hiding power for LED hot spots resistant to the yellowing effects of natural LEXAN™ sheet sign portfolio, LEXAN™ while maintaining light transmission as high light, making it useful for both exterior as DLCW (Diffused Light Cool White), as 85 percent. well as interior applications. an advanced light diffusing polycarbonate sheet, at the International Sign Expo. LEXAN™ DLCW sheet is suited for UR5641 cures to provide a flexible, protective applications including indoor skylights, and aesthetically pleasing covering over the privacy partitions and windows, lighted luminaire elements. The resin also offers high display shelving, menu boards, formed resistance to weather, acids and alkalis, production and flat signs. water and mold growth. UR5641 is a two-part, semi-rigid, optically clear, flame retardant polyurethane resin that meets the UL94 V-0 standard. Due to a carefully Electrolube - First selected blend of components, UR5641 is an Clear UL94 V-0 Flame extremely durable, low viscosity system that Retardant PU Resin can be used for a wide variety of The innovative technology behind the applications. The new resin is eminently LEXAN™ DLCW sheet delivers exceptional The global electro-chemicals manufacturer, suitable for the protection of LED luminaires light transmission. Inset: The LEXAN™ DLCW Electrolube, has frequently been approached exposed to hazardous atmospheres, such as sheet allows placement of LEDs closer to the regarding the prospect of an optically clear, emergency lighting, or lighting intended for diffuser, saving valuable design space flame retardant resin. As the demand installation in ATEX rated/zoned environments. for LED encapsulation ever increases, Featuring a special combination of high particularly for hazardous areas, The UR5641 resin demonstrates high light diffusion and high transmission via an Electrolube has developed the long-awaited dielectric strength at 11 kV/mm, excellent optimized surface texture and advanced new UR5641 encapsulation resin. thermal conductivity of 0.35 W/mK and

provides a wide operating temperature range range up to 650V to tolerate peaks in the components which makes the application between -40 to +120°C. The RoHS-2 supply voltage caused by switching inductive suitable for integration in regular but also compliant resin also provides a cure time loads and to have enough safety margin. small and thin sized lighting fixtures. within 24 hours at 23°C or 4 hours at 60°C. Compared to conventional circuits, a board-space reduction of 70% and height reduction of 50% can be achieved. A second significant advantage of Ricoh’s Ricoh Launches a LED approach is that the electronic circuit emits Driver IC with PFC and considerable less EMI noise. low EMI Emission Ricoh’s R1700 is a high efficient Power Ricoh Electronic Devices Co., Ltd. in Japan Factor Correction (PFC) controller with ZVS, has launched the versatile R1700 LED driver which significantly reduces the switching controller. Designed to use in LED lighting Ricoh's LED driver IC solution uses a unique loss and switching noise generated by applications and including features such as one stage switching conversion with an synchronous rectification. The PFC circuit power factor correction, the controller boasts advanced buck-boost (inverting) topology improves the ratio between active and low EMI emission by zero voltage switching apparent power resulting in a lower load and various safety protection circuits. A conventional LED driver circuit usually current from the source (energy supplier). consists of two switching DC/DC Converters Ricoh expands its portfolio of ICs targeted whilst Ricoh's solution uses a unique one The LED brightness level can be dimmed for LED lighting applications, the R1700 is a stage switching conversion with an advanced from 100% to 5% by connecting a PWM brand new product which is powered directly buck-boost (inverting) topology. Additionally, signal to the DIM input. As an alternative from mains and converts its primary power an edge resonance controlled Zero Voltage option one could consider adding the source into a voltage suitable to drive LEDs. Switching (ZVS) circuit allows a high R1580 constant current driver into the circuit. The IC is optimized for non-isolated LED operating frequency. These two features This IC converts a PWM signal into a linear driver circuits and has a wide input voltage accept the use of smaller and less bulky dimming signal, the main advantages of this

method is that the LED driver MOSFET is Leveraging Diodes Incorporated’s are regulated via a digital PSR CC/CV loop not continuously switching, which suppresses proprietary technology, the MOSFET also control, typically achieving in the region of the harmonic current and EMI emission and has an ultra-low Rds(on) of just 0.4 Ω, ±2%, to give highly uniform lighting results in a flicker-free LED operation. which delivers high efficiency while brightness under all conditions. Especially when the light source is used for minimizing the need for external recording photos and videos, the resulting components. Comprehensive protection The devices are simple to use and operate footage quality may be affected by flickering against possible fault conditions caused by from a wide VCC range of 9.2-26 VDC, with illumination. Striking effects are areas or lines short or open circuits is also included, valley lockout and frequency foldback on the footage with a different exposure. along with over-temperature protection. ensuring high efficiency across the entire Another advantage of the R1580 is its wide voltage range. Design is further simplified by dimming range; it extends the standard the inclusion of safety features such as range from a minimum setting of 5% to 0.5%. brown-out and overvoltage protection plus In particular for RGB LED configurations, New High Efficiency the ability to detect short circuits in the the extended dimming range ensures a wide LED Lighting Controller output, winding and diode. control of the color temperature settings. from ON Semiconductor Neither the NCL30386 nor the NCL30388 ON Semiconductor, driving energy require many external components to efficient innovations, has announced two complete the design, reducing time-to- Diodes' AL8862 Buck new QR PSR PWM controllers for LED market, BoM cost and the space required to Driver Adds Dimming to lighting with Power Factor Control (PFC) realize a complete lighting solution. Commercial Applications function. The dimmable NCL30386 and the non-dimmable NCL30388 provide market- Additionally, the NCL30386 offers excellent A wide input voltage range and integrated leading options for designers of LED lighting dimming features, including the option for power MOSFET make the AL8862 buck units such as luminaires used in office and either linear or quadratic dimming curves. LED driver a solution well-suited for industrial building applications. The wide analog dimming range is controlled developers of LED lighting drive circuits by two dedicated analog / PWM control pins looking to minimize board space and r that allow for precise dimming with a 0.5% educe BoM cost with excellent analog and minimum dimming ratio - and no audible PWM dimming functions. noise present.

PI’s New LYTSwitch-6 LED Drivers - Efficient & Low Standby Power ON Semiconductor's new NCL3038x constant current and constant voltage IC solution Power Integrations, the leader in high- allows precise wide range dimming in modern efficiency, high-reliability LED-driver ICs, LED lighting applications announced the LYTSwitch™-6 family Diodes' new AL8862 helps to minimize board of safety-isolated LED-driver ICs for space while providing a typical output current Both devices are high power factor (PF), smart lighting applications. The new accuracy of 5% at up to 1 A and 97% efficiency single stage, constant current (CC) and ICs deliver flicker-free output up to 65 W, constant voltage (CV) primary side regulated and feature up to 94% efficiency and With a typical output current accuracy (PSR) pulse width modulation (PWM) as little as 15 mW standby power, of 5% at up to 1 A and 97% efficiency, controllers for Flyback, Buck-Boost or with configuration options for two-stage the AL8862 can operate from an input Sepic power topologies. They operate in or single-stage PFC support. voltage range between 5 V and 60 V, Quasi-Resonant (QR) mode to achieve making it suitable for commercial, efficiency levels that exceed those stipulated industrial, or architectural lighting. Its small in power standards such as the EU’s profile means it can also be used in Ecodesign as well as Energy Star® and appliances of all sizes. the NEMA SSL regulations.

An external control pin accepts either an The integrated digital power factor correction analog or PWM signal to add dimming (PFC) algorithm ensures a market-leading PF capabilities, which brings an additional of greater than 0.95 and total harmonic dimension to connected lighting, such distortion (THD) of less than 10% across a as color mixing. The integrated MOSFET universal input voltage range. Integrated high LYTSwitch-6 LED drivers from Power is rated at 60 V, making the AL8862 voltage startup current source ensures fast Integrations feature high efficiency and very a viable solution for higher power startup, low standby power and wide range low standby power; ideal for smart lighting output applications. operation at the output. Current and voltage and ballast applications

Targeting smart residential and commercial Most Thermally Efficient processes, but we are particularly dominant fixtures and low-profile ceiling troffers, & Cost-Effective MCPCB when it comes to integrating CSP designs LYTSwitch-6 ICs also exhibit fast transient into tunable white solutions. Where a response, which facilitates excellent cross LED thermal management innovator company may have previously used a regulation performance of parallel LED Cambridge Nanotherm launches Nanotherm traditional MCPCB, now they can use strings without additional regulator MCPCB — the lighting industry’s most Cambridge Nanotherm’s technology, gaining hardware, and allows easy-implementation thermally-efficient and most cost-effective greater thermal efficiency at a lower price, of a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) metal-clad PCB. Thanks to a recent with no costly retooling and minimum dimming interface. LYTSwitch-6 ICs technological breakthrough regarding the integration effort.” include both constant-voltage (CV) and company’s patented electro-chemical constant-current (CC) operation, enabling process, which creates a 20μ-thick dielectric Nanotherm MCPCB is now available for lighting manufacturers to reduce the layer of alumina atomically bonded to the prototyping and mass production orders. number of product variants, resulting in aluminum board, Cambridge Nanotherm Industry-standard copper finishes, solder manufacturing and logistics savings. has been able to radically drive down the mask and feature sizes are all available - as The new ICs are protected by an advanced cost of Nanotherm MCPCB, which is now are double-sided substrates containing a thermal foldback system which prevents available to customers at a lower cost but dielectric surface and wiring traces on both overheating while delivering as much light better efficiency than even the best sides of the MCPCB. as thermally possible in any circumstance MCPCBs on the market. Samples are or installation. available immediately.

LYTSwitch-6 ICs feature a built-in 650 V GlacialTech Announces or 725 V MOSFET and secondary-side New Igloo SS150-V2 FluxLink™ control which eliminates the LED Flood Light SKD Kit need for an optocoupler and provides highly accurate output with better than GlacialTech, the diversified LED technology 3% CV and CC over line, load and provider, announces a new 150 W heatsink temperature. Power conversion for the for outdoor flood light and available for single flyback stage is more than 94% efficient, CoB or Multi-chip LEDs. The Igloo SS150-V2 achieved by using synchronous rectification features an efficient heat sink with thermal and quasi-resonant switching which Technological breakthrough ensures resistance 0.358°C/W for Multi-chip LEDs enables high power output without a Nanotherm MCPCB is the most cost-effective and 0.451°C/W for single CoB. The Igloo heatsink. For example, a 35 W, 12 V, 2.92 A and most thermally efficient MCPCB for the SS150-V2 with heat pipes design for single design with an additional PFC circuit general LED lighting applications developer CoB to enhance the heat dissipation quickly. has been demonstrated to be over 89% efficient. Devices offer low standby power - Nanotherm MCPCB offers an industry- less than 15 mW in universal AC input leading thermal efficiency of 120 W/mK, conditions – even with line voltage sensing, offering electronics designers better than which allows the IC to protect itself from 56% of the thermal conductivity of an mains voltage surges and swells. aluminum plate. Nanotherm MCPCB also offers a robust stability at an operating Comments Hubie Notohamiprodjo, temperature of 130°C, and is lead-free solder director of product marketing for LED compatible and ROHS and UL recognized. lighting at Power Integrations: “LYTSwitch-6 ICs are ideally suited to smart lighting This price reduction brings Cambridge GlacialTech’s new Igloo SS150-V2 heat sinks applications with multiple outputs. Nanotherm’s revolutionary ceramicised are designed for multi-chip LED or single CoB By eliminating heatsinks and optocouplers aluminum boards, which used to be only based lights and reducing the size of the output affordable for high-power applications, capacitor by as much as 30%, component solidly within the price range of all general Features: count and system size are also reduced.” lighting applications for the first time. • Rated for 150 to 180W single CoB or Multi-chip LEDs LYTSwitch-6 LED-driver ICs are available Cambridge Nanotherm sales and marketing • Thermal resistance 0.451°C/W for single now, priced at $0.84 in 10,000 quantities. director Mike Edwards said: “The fact that CoB and 0.358°C/W for Multi-chip LEDs A reference design (DER-637) describing a our Nanotherm MCPCB is now available to • Adjustable stainless steel mounting 35 W PWM-dimmable LED power supply the general lighting market is testament to bracket and screws with efficiency over 89% and a power factor the hard work and research our scientists • IP65 rated, suitable for outdoor greater than 0.9 is available for download have put in over the past three years. One of applications from the Power Integrations website. our greatest strengths at Cambridge Nanotherm is that we can easily ‘swap in’ GlacialTech’s experience in thermal design our thermal management technology to allows the Igloo SS150-V2 to create a heat customers’ existing MCPCB machining sink boasting an excellent thermal resistance

using stamping technology. The efficient to demonstrate the vertical integrated LinearHO high-output LED modules to thermal performance means high output LED product capacity of Lextar. European OEMs and distributors. single CoB or Multi-chip LEDs up to 180 W Furthermore Fulham demonstrates can be accommodated. Customers can Market research points out that the current Bluetooth Mesh and PoE technology for easily use the Igloo SS150-V2 to construct market occupancy of ADB headlights will LED lighting control. LED flood lights and make sure LED will not increase rapidly from current less than 1% in be overheated and keep long life. the global vehicle market to 15% in 2025. Lextar takes the initiative in smart headlights The Igloo SS150-V2 thermal module is by investing in technological R&D and will available standalone, or as a semi- demonstrate its achievement to the public. knockdown (SKD) kit that includes heat sink Lextar’s ADB smart headlight module is module, adjustable stainless steel mounting equipped with 64 matrix arranged in-house bracket and screws. Also offers the chip scale package (CSP). It utilizes self- waterproof bridging connector which can manufactured hi-power chips in coordination easily install the power cables between with optical design and CCD lens module, LEDs and drivers. The SKD kit allows use in enabling it to detect oncoming and Fulham's highlights at Light + Building 2018 high output lighting for stadiums, parking preceding cars and dynamically adjust were their new universal voltage versions of lots, and outdoor storage areas. the range of high beam and low beam, its DirectAC LED Engines, the new LinearHO to prevent oncoming car drivers from being modules, and their new wireless and wired lighting control technology With an IP65 rugged design, LED flood interfered by the light. This can highly lights built with the Igloo SS150-V2 SKD kit enhance driving safety and eliminate the are dust proof and waterproof against need to manually switch from high to low Universal Voltage Integrated DirectAC extreme weather and strong jets of water. beams when driving at night. LED Engine and Retrofit Kit: Fixture designers can choose the appropriate Fulham’s latest DirectAC LED Engines are LED module and driver for their lighting In addition, Lextar also displayed a series low profile, self-contained units with an needs and easily create high performance of LED components and modules applied to integrated driver that can support power outdoor application with dependable car headlights, rear lights, interior lights, ratings from 120 to 277 volts. GlacialTech thermal technology. display panel backlight, IR sensors and other products. The whole series of LED Integrating the driver on the circuit board packaging components have passed the makes the DirectAC LED engine more quality certification of AEC-Q102 and use versatile and cost-efficient. Since this newest Lextar Announced Sulphur-resistant materials in order to DirectAC LED Engine supports universal ADB Automotive provide customers with high quality and voltage, it is ideal for retrofits as well as new Headlight Module reliability. Module series can be customized installations. The LED engine is ideal for according to customer’s demand and application such as wall sconces and ceiling LED vertical integration manufacturer Lextar customized shaped light boards and optical luminaires, but it can be installed in virtually Electronics released its adaptive driving lens can be made according to different any setting. The integrated driver design also beam (ADB) LED headlight module system. cars. Moreover, the application of LED is makes Fulham’s Universal DirectAC LED In coordination with CCD module, it can further expanded to display panel and Engine suitable for open and enclosed detect oncoming cars and dynamically adjust sensor applications besides vehicle lighting. luminaires, and luminaires with plastic the beam pattern, creating a future new Among them, Lextar’s VCSEL sensor module and glass lenses. trend for LED automotive headlights. demonstrates anti-doze application, in which the camera and software can conduct 3D “More of our European OEMs and detection when drivers close their eyes, distributors are delivering luminaires for large nod, yawn and other actions. construction projects as well as retrofits, so we wanted to offer a one-size-fits-all LED light kit that could be installed anywhere,” said Edwin Reyes, Product Director, LED Fulham Announces Light Sources, for Fulham. “Adding the driver Numerous New circuitry to the board reduces the size of the Products and Solutions LED engine as well as the cost of manufacturing, and universal voltage support Besides a headlight module, Lextar announced At Light + Building, Fulham Co., Inc., means customers can stock one unit for a whole series of automotive LED components a leading supplier of lighting components more applications. We also expect the and modules for the Auto Lamp Exhibition and electronics for commercial and specialty DirectAC LED Engine to gain popularity applications, demonstrated several new with installers since it can be fitted in five The series products of automotive LED products and solutions for lighting to 10 minutes.” packaging, LED module, light engine and applications. Fulham will demonstrate the others were displayed at the Auto Lamp new universal voltage versions of its DirectAC The DirectAC LED Engines are available Exhibition Shanghai (ALE) end of March direct-drive LED Engines and its new line of in 10 W, 15 W, 23 W, and 34 W round

configurations as well as a 15W, 4 by 7-inch The LinearHO DC LED modules are high- Sales for Fulham. “These new high-output rectangular configuration. They offer a lumen lumen, high-efficacy units designed to modules will be popular with installers as well maintenance of L70>54,000 hours, with a replace and enhance where traditional linear since they can be installed in minutes. color consistency of 3 SDCM and a variety lamps would have previously been used. Our goal is to provide OEMs and installers of color temperatures with an 80 CRI up to The LED modules are compatible with with LED modules that are more versatile, 90 CRI, making them ideal for replacing constant current drivers including most of standards compliant, and easy to customize fluorescents, and the units are leading/ Fulham’s LED drivers and emergency and install.” trailing edge dimmable from 100 to lighting systems. 10 percent. To reduce flicker, the DirectAC Fulham’s LinearHO DC LED modules are Engines have additional circuitry for use with The variants of LinearHO modules available ideal replacements for Fluorescent T5HO, 50/60 Hz power lines; flicker is below include 560mm delivering >7,100 lumens and which were typically used in high bay, 30 percent when operated at line voltage 1120 mm or 1475mm delivering >13,600; recessed modular and within single or twin which meets most standards requirements available in 3000 K, 4000 K and 5000 K waterproof/non-corrosive linear. Each variant for low flicker. All units are suitable for color temperatures, with 80CRI or 90CRI of the LinearHO LED modules can be used installation in dry and damp locations, options. All variants have pre-mounted with their optional diffused lens accessory indoor or outdoor. magnets and push-in connectors for easiest optic that can be simply clicked-on without installation and are self thermally managed the need for any tools or additional Newest High Output LinearHO due to their extruded aluminum design. components. The LinearHO LED modules LED Modules: are fully compliant with all associated Fulham’s new LinearHO modules have been “We are seeing more demand for high-output European specifications requirements and designed for use with high bay, waterproof/ linear LED modules for outdoor applications are fully available now. non-corrosive and recessed modular and harsher environments, such as linear luminaires, along with other luminaires where highbay applications, so we designed our Bluetooth Mesh and PoE Technology for high-output lighting is needed. The LinearHO LinearHO LED modules for both new LED Lighting Control: modules are also suitable for use within installations and retrofits,” said Mark The new wireless lighting control technology damp environments. Needham, Vice President of European uses the Bluetooth mesh control stack from

Silvair to provide two-way communication and operating temperature, as well as to smart light fixtures. The new Power over issuing commands such as on/off, Ethernet (PoE) LED Linear Engine technology dimming, color tuning and timed scheduling. combines DC power and smart lighting control. Using PoE to power LED luminaires Fulham’s Light + Building Bluetooth mesh simplifies installation, since only one cable demonstration included a Bluetooth to is needed for both power and controls. 0-10 V LED controller and a 40 W LED driver PoE provides the LED luminaries with a with add-on Bluetooth connectivity via a low-voltage DC power source providing up Fulham Intelligent Wireless Module. to 52 W of power. This makes the luminaire Both products will be used to control more energy efficient and less costly since Tridonic's new Tunable White systems offer third-party sensors and wall switches, no conversion drivers are required. even better quality of light, high visual comfort showing the promise of Bluetooth Mesh and unprecedented color consistency compatibility. These are some of the very PoE also allows makes it easier to first wireless LED controllers to provide accommodate high bandwidth sensors The new Tunable White systems (SELV) fit two-way Bluetooth communications, such as IP cameras in the same network in first-generation non-SELV housings but enabling control commands and infrastructure used to power and control offer even better quality of light, high visual commissioning as well as data gathering lighting. With PoE, each LED luminaire has a comfort and unprecedented color for performance monitoring and analytics. unique IP address, making it easy to add consistency. This combination is of great lighting to an IoT infrastructure, including benefit for offices, shops, educational Bluetooth mesh can be used to enable a remote management over the Internet. establishments and medical facilities wireless lighting management ecosystem because the right light can be produced that can quickly pay for itself, as well as “We have been developing clever LED for any particular lighting application. laying the foundation for centralized lighting products with integrated programmability Preconfigured kits are available comprising controls as the foundation for IoT (the for some time. The next step toward smart two to six LLE or QLE Premium LED modules Internet of Things). ABI Research predicts lighting is to add communications to and associated low-profile DALI DT8 drivers there will be 48 billion Internet-enabled programmability, and our technology in 50 or 100 W versions. devices installed by 2021, including smart demonstrations at Light +Building luminaires, and open standards such as highlighted some of the possibilities The color temperature can be infinitely Bluetooth mesh will make it possible to offered networked lighting ecosystems,” adjusted between 2,700 and 6,500 K via a consolidate these devices into an IoT said Russ Sharer, Vice President of sophisticated calibration algorithm in all the infrastructure. Fulham is demonstrating a Global Marketing and Business possible combinations. This means that the prototype app that shows how sensors in Development for Fulham. “In addition to natural changes in daylight can be simulated luminaires can be used for additional providing two-way communications for and matched precisely to the lighting task. IoT functions such as managing HVAC, both control and data gathering, using open The luminous flux remains constant at all alarm systems, emergency exit signs, standards such as Bluetooth Mesh and times. The system can also be dimmed from and smart door lock controls. Power over Ethernet to connect luminaires 100 to 3 percent, exclusively via amplitude paves the way for IoT integration. modulation. There is therefore no dimming Adopting Bluetooth mesh for wireless LED lighting with built-in sensors creates flicker. The color location that has been lighting controls offers a number of an ideal framework for IoT infrastructure. precisely defined in the kits is retained at all advantages since Bluetooth is a well- These technologies have been requested dimming levels. Even if there are a large defined, open standard that promises fast, many times by our OEMs, and we are number of luminaires in a room the light will reliable performance and scalability. excited to share their status.” have a homogeneous appearance. The high Mesh networking was designed for quality of light is reflected in the high color applications such as building automation, rendering index of Ra > 90 and color supporting many-to-many communications, consistency corresponding to MacAdam 3. and it is ideally suited for connected lighting A Quantum Leap in since it can simultaneously connect sensors the Quality of Tunable Simple operation and control: in hundreds to thousands of luminaires. White Systems The driver is equipped with colourSWITCH and switchDIM so the color temperature and Fulham also displayed a new PoE Linear Second generation Tunable White dimming level can be easily changed using LED Engine technology, which can be systems consist of two to six linear or two buttons. This is also possible from a integrated into a variety of form-factors. area LED modules and corresponding momentary-action switch or smartphone via Unlike previous generations of PoE products DALI DT8 LED drivers. They cover the basicDIM Wireless. A selection of predefined that can only issue commands via a 0-10 V entire color temperature spectrum from color temperatures and dimming levels are interface, the PoE LED Engine connects 2,700 to 6,500 K, have an extended dimming available at the touch of a button. The kit directly to the LED light module, providing range down to 3 percent and, together with can also be operated from a touch panel. complete two-way communication with appropriate control components, The integrated DALI interface enables the the fixture to gather data about luminaire provide the hardware basis for human kit to be easily connected to central light performance, power consumption, centric lighting. management systems.

Depending on the version, Tunable White The LED strip light is flexibly shapeable. connected luminaires can be easily modules LLE G2 PRE (24 x 280 mm) deliver There are two versions of the Bilton AIR SIDE - selected with a pushbutton via switchDIM, a luminous flux per module of 700 or with lighting from the side, and the Bilton AIR different predefined dimming levels are 1,500 lm, and tunable white modules TOP - with lighting facing up. Both model available for each channel via QLE G2 PRE (270 x 270 mm) a luminous versions are available in 3 different light proportionSwitch. Dimming in this case flux per module of 1,250 lm. While LLE colors. Bilton AIR bends in every direction, has a contrary effect: increasing the modules have an efficiency of up to making the LED strip light perfect for any brightness on one channel reduces the 112 lm/W, QLE modules achieve up application – indoors and outdoors! brightness on the other channel. This means, to 136 lm/W. for example, that different brightness levels We showcased real innovation at Light and can be set for direct and indirect light in With their improved technical specifications, Building 2018. The hybrid solution of the pendant and floor-standing luminaire or carefully designed control technology and Bilton AIR series realizes the novel design of simple tunable white applications can impressive flexibility, the Tunable White a completely encapsulated LED strip light. be realized. systems meet the growing demands for Many came and saw the innovations for your. lighting that can be tailored precisely We want you to go beyond the limits of High efficiency, low standby losses to the requirements of different situations feasibility and, under our motto “The Art of Measuring only 350x30x21 mm, the driver to enhance the well-being of users. Linear Lighting” we showed inspired and can be easily integrated in existing or new The manufacturer specifies a life of 50,000 hrs versatile works of lighting art that can be luminaires. It achieves an efficiency of up to and provides a five-year guarantee. achieved with LED modules. 90 percent and has a wide dimming range of 1 to 100 percent. Thanks to low standby losses of less than 0.25 W, the driver is an impressive energy saver. It is suitable for Bilton Realizes a Fully Two Drivers in One luminaires of protection classes I and II and Encapsulated LED Module Housing for Direct and is also designed for emergency operation. Indirect Lighting With a life of up to 100,000 hours the driver With the new Bilton AIR series, Bilton is is also extremely durable. The manufacturer presenting innovative and avant-garde The dimmable two-channel DALI DT6 offers a 5-year guarantee. ideas that will revolutionize the future of LED constant current LED driver is the latest lighting. This is achieved through a addition to the Premium SELV series and is progressive hybrid solution. The new already DALI-2 certified. It will typically be Bilton LED module series Bilton AIR is a used in linear and panel luminaires in offices MOSO High Reliable & highly flexible silicone hose and, in addition and healthcare facilities for direct and Flexible Programmable to protection class IP67, guarantees top light indirect lighting applications. Simple tunable Outdoor LED Driver quality, effective heat dissipation and is white solutions are also possible. resistant to external influences (UV, salt, MOSO, one of the most influential and chlorine, etc.). well-known new energy enterprises in China, is dedicated to providing efficient, intelligent and safe outdoor LED power supply solutions by introducing its programmable LDP series worldwide.

The main application for Tridonic's new 2-channel LED driver is direct/indirect lighting. For even more flexibility, a 4-channel Bilton's new LED strip light is flexibly version is also available shapeable

The LCA 50W 350–1050mA 2xCH lp PRE Top features: LED driver has an output of 50 W and Mosos's new outdoor LED driver is • IP protection IP67 accommodates two channels in its housing. characterized by its high surge immunity and • Flexibly shapeable For each channel the output currents can great flexibility due to the implemented • Lighting upwards or sideward be set separately between 350 and programming option • Max. module length up to 5 meters 1,050 mA, either via I-select 2 plugs or DALI. • Luminous flux up to 1,000 lm/m The integrated one4all interface supports Applications: • Voltage 24 VDC DALI DT6, DSI, switchDIM and • LED street lighting • CRI >80 corridorFUNCTION V2. The driver is also • Industrial lighting • Light color available in 2,700, 3,200 equipped with a proportionSwitch interface. • Landscape lighting and 4,000 K While preset dimming levels for the

DM-5KV & CM-10KV surge immunity, operates from 90-305 Vac while the PS- 50/60 Hz via IGBT. AC options include fully glue-potted IP67 for -40 to +60°C 20KS10KHT operates from 249-528 Vac. 90-277 AC pass through while using DMX, dry/wet/damp conditions, supporting to allow power output to fixtures. universal 90-305 Vac input, CE, ENEC Their robust surge protection enables them certified by TUV lab, LDP series is to significantly improve the reliability and The unit hosts one input and one output via configurable constant current LED driver extend the lifetime of connected LED ½-inch conduit nipples. IP64-rated for damp with high reliability. The rated power range fixtures. They use a Gas Discharge Tube locations, UDM operates in temperatures is from 42 W to 320 W. (GDT) to disconnect the MOVs and prevent ranging from -35°C to 50°C. In addition, catastrophic failure and risk of fire. They are the UDM has transient voltage protection, Monitored by an infrared-based both IP20 rated with UL certification. DMX isolation, and comes with a 5 year programming device, the fully programmed limited warranty. drivers offer all dimming options and a wide range of output current in a single driver, which deliver maximum flexibility with Acclaim Lighting - customized operating settings and intelligent New Wireless Universal Inventronics New control options for manufacturers, as one Dimming Module 1200 W LED Drivers driver can be programmed for many different luminaire designs. LDP provides built-in timer Acclaim Lighting, a leader in innovative and Inventronics has announced the release of dimming function, further increasing the advanced lighting technology, introduces its a new series of ultra-high-powered LED energy savings and CO2 reductions achieved new wireless Universal Dimming Module drivers designed to solve many issues OEMs with LED lighting. It also helps clients to (UDM-W). UDM-W is a multi-protocol driver face in high-powered applications such as largely improve the management of designed to allow conversions between horticulture, high mast, airport and stadium logistics and inventory. popular control systems, and allow for lighting. By using one EFD Series LED driver maximum control flexibility and integration instead of multiple lower-wattage drivers it with fixtures. UDM-W gives users a choice eliminates the extra costs of mounting gear, between a wireless and wired DMX input, junction boxes and complex wiring while Inventronics Introduces by natively adding Acclaim’s Aria Wireless providing more flexibility in the lighting fixture New Surge Protection DMX technology. design. They also simplify the luminaire Devices design by providing easier thermal management, lowering fixture weight and Inventronics has announced the release of a a stress-free installation. new surge protection device family designed to be used in conjunction with any of their LED driver families. Inventronics LED drivers offer industry-leading protection already but recognize some customers desire external protection for applications in hostile grid environments. These applications can include high bay, high mast, arena, roadway, Wireless Universal Dimming Module industrial zones and open parking lot lighting. complements Acclaim Lighting’s wired UDM and features DMX, 0-10 V and line voltage dimming ability for a wide range of applications Inventronics’ new outdoor LED driver series offers a broad input voltage range of 180-528 Vac and a programmable output current as well as a Both the wireless and wired UDM units number of features that help reduce inventory support DMX / RDM and 0-10 V inputs, while its outputs are DMX / RDM, 0-10 V and IGBT The new series offers three models supplying digital line voltage dimming (compatible with 1200 W and operates over a 180-528 Vac forward and reverse phase fixtures). input voltage range for single and three Operating with 0-10 V Sink Power, the unit phase applications. They provide a high-level can deliver an output up to 25 mA drive of design flexibility with programmable Inventronics' new surge protection device current. Adjustments in mode settings can full-power output currents from 3.36-7.4 A family is designed to be used in conjunction be achieved by utilizing the on-board dip and multiple dimming options including with any of their LED driver families switches or RDM. Isolated 0-10 V, PWM and 3 timer options. This helps to reduce inventory even more The PU-20KS10KHT and PS-20KS10KHT is The brand new UDM-W, with Aria Wireless and removes the need to design in separate designed according to UL 1449 Type 5 and DMX, has a 2,600-foot, line of sight wireless LED drivers for multiple configurations. IEEE C62.41.2 specifications. They have a reception range with a 300-foot range maximum discharge current (lmax) of 20 kA, between obstructions and walls. The UDM In addition to their flexibility and their robust 8/20 μs and a normal discharge current (ln) can take a power of 1000 watt at 100-277 thermal design, the EFD-1K2SxxxDT/DV is of 10 kA, 8/20 μs. The PU-20KS10KHT VAC, while outputting 100-277 VAC or IP67 (DT is also TYPE HL), which is ideal for

environmentally harsh indoor and outdoor These drivers are compatible with any than installing separate emergency lighting conditions typical of high-powered standard 0-10V analog dimming control fixtures, OEMs and contractors can specify applications. The EFD series also features signal. They can be programmed down to a Everline Emergency LED Drivers to be over-voltage, over-temperature and short- minimum dimming level of 5 percent using installed in LED luminaires that require circuit protection, plus a higher level of the popular EVERset tuning software. The emergency battery back-up systems. built-in surge protection: 6kV line-to-line and software allows designers to customize PA 10kV line-to-earth. These drivers implement driver parameters, such as minimum and Individual product benefits include: the new external over-temperature protection maximum output currents, dimming curves, • Targeted for downlight applications, for LED modules, another key factor in dimming control voltages and a dim-to-off model ELD7UNVCL provides 7 W of significantly improving reliability and command. Specific configurations can then emergency power and an output voltage extending lifetime. be saved for production use. range of 15-50 Vdc and provides lead within flexible conduit for connections The EFD series is optimal for building lighting “Universal has always focused extensively on • Targeted for linear fixtures, systems. These products supply a low providing our customers with the right driver model ELD10UNVL provides 10 W of output ripple ideal for HDTV broadcasting for the right application, which is why we emergency power and an output voltage and are Controls-Ready. They work with a developed a family of programmable drivers range of 15-50 Vdc wide variety of sensors and controls since with auxiliary output power for outdoor and • Targeted for architectural fixtures, model the drivers are equipped with dim-to-off industrial luminaires,” said Kevin Boyce, ELD10UNVLPL also provides 10 W of capabilities and an always-on 12 V auxiliary director of product management at Universal emergency power and an output voltage supply sourcing up to 200 mA. This allows Lighting Technologies. “PA drivers have been range of 15-52 Vdc while featuring a low the EFD series to power Inventronics controls engineered to support the emerging Internet profile (1.18” h x 1.18” w) modules directly, bypassing the power and of Things (IoT) transformation by providing • Targeted for high bay applications, voltage restraints associated with power power directly to sensors and reducing the model ELD20UNVL provides 20 W of packs and AC relays. number of components inside luminaires.” emergency power, an output voltage range of 20-50 Vdc and offers lead within flexible The new series is approved to UL, FCC, PA drivers are well suited for industrial and conduit for connections and CE standards. Production quantities outdoor applications with Class 2 output, of the EFD-12KSxxxDT series suitable for Type HL rating and 6 kV surge protection for “With the addition of emergency LED drivers North American use are available now. extreme environments. The LED drivers are to our product portfolio, Universal can The EFD-12KSxxxDV suitable for use in available in 55 W and 95 W. provide a single source for our existing Europe and other regions are also LED driver customers to now buy both available now. pieces of equipment,” said Kevin Boyce, product manager for Universal Lighting ULT Adds Everline Technologies. “This offering will be beneficial Emergency Drivers for fixture OEMs needing to specify ULT's Everline PA LED emergency solutions and for contractors Drivers with 1-10 V Universal Lighting Technologies has looking to save time and money by installing Auxiliary Output Power expanded its comprehensive line of lighting emergency drivers in conjunction with solutions with Everline® Emergency LED standard LED drivers.” Universal Lighting Technologies, a global Drivers for offices, classrooms, warehouses leader in lighting and a member of the and other commercial applications. Compatible with Universal’s Everline LED Panasonic Group, recently introduced its PA drivers, the emergency drivers offer Series of LED drivers. Designed for the smart 90-minute illumination time, an integrated fixture, PA drivers eliminate the need for a NiCad Battery and a wide operating separate power supply for sensors by voltage range. providing 12 Volts DC (12 Vdc) or 24 Vdc auxiliary output power. LIFUD High Bay LED Driver & Smart Sensor

Universal Lighting Technologies' new drivers LIFUD just launched her second generation were designed to meet North America's of high bay driver, LF-FHB series. It can be emergency lighting requirements completely turned OFF even without cutting off the AC power. When the second Available in four models (ELD10UNVL, generation of LF-FHB series works with a ELD10UNVLPL, ELD7UNVCL, and smart sensor (= microwave sensor + light ULT's latest Everline® PA LED Drivers add ELD20UNVL), the new drivers were designed sensor) which was developed by LIFUD R&D, auxiliary output to 0-10 V outdoor and to meet North American buildings’ strict the light turns on/off automatically. industrial applications emergency lighting requirements. Rather

installation, one controlled fixture needs one receiver. One controller can control many receivers on the same branch circuit. No separate signal wires are required, there are no compatibility issues common to standard wall dimmers, and the system is plug-and-play. VersaDim eliminates wireless security concerns; does not adversely affect power line quality (PF/THD); handles heavy LIFUD's second generation of LF-FHB series loads up to 2,000 W without derating; and is The redesigned BTS256-EF is able to fulfill an works with a smart sensor capable of zone control. even broader range of requirements than ever before If the users want to set the reaction of the sensor and the light according to their With the BTS256-EF, Gigahertz-Optik preference, we can offer a remote control to GmbH, a renowned measuring device help them with it. Besides the on/off function manufacturer, offers a universal measuring and 4 default scenes, the remote control can device for the determination of all relevant help to set the brightness level, the light-on light parameters in general lighting. time, the induction zone and how the The new device has been updated which brightness changes according to different includes a redesign of some of its features. daylight levels. Changes include the enhancement of the Espen Technology's VersaDim is a PCLC wavelength range from 360 nm to 830 nm The LF-FHB series is of IP65 for indoor (Powerline Communicated Load Control) and the implementation of all functions application. The high efficiency up to 95% solution with comparable functionality like of the BTS256-E, BTS256-EF and wireless controls, only cheaper and without and low stand-by power less than 1 W help their drawbacks BTS256-PAR meter. to improve the light efficacy and save energy. Due to its redesign, the BTS256-EF is Super high efficiency and great thermolysis PCLC (Powerline Communicated Load able to fulfill an even broader range of property expand the product lifetime. Control) is an emerging control technology requirements. Its measurement features Meanwhile, the driver is with high power that provides the important capability of include photometric and colorimetric factor and low harmonic interference. wireless controls (avoiding separate signal parameters, Photosynthetically Active In addition, all-round protection, wires) while eliminating the drawbacks of Radiation (PAR) of plant grow lights, including surge protection, over voltage wireless - extra cost in commissioning, Human Centric Lighting (1), Stroboscopic protection, short circuit protection maintenance, and security issues. Visibility Measure SVM (2), Short-Term and over-temperature protection, Flicker Pst (2), and ASSIST Flicker greatly improve product stability. According to John Clancy, SVP of Sales & Perception Metric Mp. Marketing at Espen, “The VersaDim system The top of this product is equipped with a stands out as an innovative new smart The BTS256-EF is also available with an potentiometer which helps to adjust the lighting technology because it’s an elegant optional Wi-Fi function. output current/power of the product. and simple approach in a world of rapidly The lighting fixture can be hung by a hanging increasing complexity. It combines the best ring or a bracket. Various installation options benefits of wired and wireless dimming for the lighting fixture meet diverse needs. approaches.” Photobiological Safety Measurement System from GL Optic

Espen Technology - Redesign of Gigahertz- The photobiological safety measurement Innovative Powerline Optik's BTS256-EF Light, system from GL Optic – in short: Dimming For 0-10 V PAR and Flicker Meter GL PSM System 200-800 nm is the world's first mobile and preconfigured Espen Technology announced that it is The lighting industry requires high accuracy measurement system for monitoring offering the VersaDim System, an innovative, spectral light meters that can handle complex and assessing the blue light hazard of comprehensive dimming and control system measurements. These include measurement all types of lamps. using PCLC powerline communication of pulse width modulated light sources and technology. Espen demonstrated the new the ability to measure both indoor and Blue light hazard (photoretinitis) is system at LightFair International. outdoor lighting, determination of thermal defined as the potential risk for a transient behavior of lamps, their flicker photochemically-induced retinal VersaDim is an easy and secure power line properties and so on. The primary criterion injury resulting from electromagnetic communication dimming system comprised that such meters must always meet is the radiation exposure at blue wavelengths of a controller and a receiver. In a typical quality of their photometric features. of 400-500 nm.

NEWS APPLICATIONS 26

IEC (EN) 62471 (Photobiological safety of The CBM-002A/B has a powerful 32-bit lamps and lamp systems) and EN 14255-1 ARM® Cortex™-M4 CPU and a 2.4 GHz (Measurement and assessment of personal transceiver and two antenna options. The exposures to incoherent optical radiation). company also revealed a new hardware The system consists of a high-resolution, solution that enables the use of DALI sensors factory-calibrated grade spectrometer, for presence detection or daylight harvesting the GL SPECTIS 5.0 Touch (UV-VIS) as well as the control of DALI drivers that 200-800 nm, a specially designed have an integrated DALI bus power supply. irradiance probe and a radiance telescope GL Optic's GL PSM System 200-800 nm is the that recreates the properties of the human Casambi also demonstrated the benefits world's first mobile and preconfigured eye according to the above mentioned users will gain from the latest release of measurement system by GL Optic for the evaluation of the blue light hazard standards. The system also includes the the company’s lighting control app for GL SPECTROSOFT light measurement smartphones, smart watches and tablets. software for extensive light analyses The Bluetooth-based software enables Today, a great proportion of our lives take and evaluations. easier commissioning and improved place in artificially designed spaces and functionality to access multiple under artificial light, whether indoors or Precise and simplified light measurements wireless networks in larger buildings, outdoors. In addition, we use PCs, tablets, even without the use of complex better management of daylight harvesting, and smartphones with illuminated displays measurement setups with double and improved tools for creating on a daily basis. As a result, contrary to monochromators are now available with changing lighting. our natural circadian rhythm, we are often the GL PSM system from GL Optic. exposed to artificial light until late in the For applications that require an extended evening, which is produced by light spectral range, a 2-channel measurement sources with a distinct blue component. system covering a range of 200-2500 nm Philips Lighting LiFi: Several studies have shown that the is available. Broadband Data blue light contained in LED lights has a Through Light negative effect on the sleep rhythm of humans. In addition, influences on visual Philips Lighting, the world leader in lighting, performance are also confirmed as even Casambi Introduced is now offering Light Fidelity (LiFi), the retina can be damaged by permanent New Class 2 Embedded a technology in which high quality LED exposure to visible blue light. Bluetooth 4.0 Module lighting provides a broadband Internet connection through light waves. As the Up to now, it has been quite complicated Casambi, the world’s leading provider of lighting company for the Internet of Things, and associated with extensive smart wireless lighting control technologies, Philips Lighting is the first global lighting measurement configurations such as presented the ecosystem of its rapidly- company to offer LiFi-enabled luminaires the use of a double monochromator to expanding Casambi Ready product portfolio from its existing office lighting portfolio. measure and evaluate the blue light hazard at Light + Building 2018. On display was an of lamps and luminaires. The new GL extensive range of partner products, drivers, PSM system from GL Optic simplifies dimmers, switches, and control modules such measurements by pre-configuring the all working harmoniously with Casambi’s system for hazardous radiation native products. measurements and risk assessment. Due to the plug-and-play concept, enabling the spectrometer and software to automatically detect accessory equipment, precise measurements can be performed within minutes.

Philips Lighting introduces LiFi. Paving the way The user is supported by a tool used to mass adoption of this exciting technology for the first time for photobiological measurements: a software assistant that guides the user step-by-step through the Casambi showcased the fast-growing wireless • French company Icade pilots Philips individual measurement process. lighting control ecosystem with new hardware LiFi-enabled luminaires at its smart Inaccuracies caused by faulty and software at Light + Building office in Paris measurement setups or incorrect • Secure and highly stable high-speed configurations can be avoided and At the show, Casambi presented its new Internet connection without compromising accurate measurements can be achieved. Class 2 embedded Bluetooth 4.0 module, light quality which provides integration possibilities to • First major lighting company to LiFi-enable The GL PSM system performs LED drivers, different lighting control regular office luminaires measurements according to the standards applications, light fixtures and LED bulbs.

“LiFi has enormous potential for today’s How does LiFi work? the ceiling. With two hinged latches to digital age and as the world’s leading Each luminaire is equipped with a built-in hang the RetroFit from the fixture in an lighting company we are proud to pioneer modem that modulates the light at speeds open position, both of the installer’s hands new and innovative services for our imperceptible to the human eye. The light are free to complete installation, making customers,” said Olivia Qiu, Chief is detected by a LiFi USB key/dongle assembly uniquely simple. LED Strip Innovation Officer, Philips Lighting. plugged into the socket of a laptop or Retrofits further require no paint touch-ups tablet (in the future such technology will or post-installation work and instantly offer “While radio frequencies are becoming be built into laptops and devices). The LiFi an even surface of illumination as well as congested, the visible light spectrum is an USB dongle returns data to the luminaire the polished look of a new diffuser lens. untapped resource with a large bandwidth through an infrared link. With Philips suitable for the stable simultaneous LiFi-enabled luminaires, customers get connection of a vast array of Internet of the double benefit of quality, energy- Things devices. Being a lighting company, efficient LED light and a highly secure, we ensure that our customers benefit stable and robust connection as LiFi has from the finest quality energy efficient light 10,000 times the spectrum of WiFi. along with state-of-the-art connectivity,” she added. Why LiFi from Philips Lighting? Philips Lighting leads the way in offering Broadband Internet connection and seamless hand-over between light points; quality illumination at the same time meaning that as a user moves from Litetronics' new retrofit products are intended LiFi is a two-way, high-speed wireless one side of a large office to another, to upgrade linear fluorescent fixtures from technology similar to WiFi but uses light they maintain their connection as one light 2.75 to 5 inches wide utilizing the existing waves instead of radio waves to transmit point hands off to another. The coverage- fixture base frame data. Philips Lighting’s office luminaires zone provided by Philips LiFi-enabled enabled with LiFi technology provide luminaires is also believed to be the Sporting an attractive 100,000-hour life broadband connection with a speed of widest in the market. and 10-year warranty, Litetronics’ LED 30 Mb per second (Mb/s) without Strip RetroFits feature 0-10 V dimming and compromising lighting quality. With 30Mb/s The company has LiFi-enabled normal are available in 3500 K, 4000 K, and 5000 a user can stream simultaneously several office luminaires that provide quality K versions. Ideal for single or continuous HD quality videos while having video calls. energy-efficient light. row mounting, they operate in universal 120-277 V settings and are also safe for Icade, the French real estate investment food service applications. In addition, company, is piloting the ground-breaking the RetroFits' edge-to-edge flanged design technology in its smart office in La Litetronics Introduces ensures a clean aesthetic even when two Defense, Paris. “LiFi has the potential to be Family of Easy-to-Install 4’ RetroFits are installed end-to-end in an a real game changer in offices. As the LED Strip RetroFit Fixtures 8’ fluorescent fixture frame. LED Strip leader in our market we wanted to explore RetroFits are also DLC premium-listed, the possibilities of this technology for Litetronics proudly introduces its new reflecting their outstanding performance existing and future clients. We plan to LED Strip RetroFit family of adjustable, characteristics and eligibility for utility showcase the technology in our smart easy-to-install, 4-foot LED strips that can rebates nationwide. office in La Defense, so aside from stable upgrade linear fluorescent fixtures from connectivity, light quality is crucial to us,” 2.75 to 5 inches wide to energy-saving “Our new LED Strip RetroFits represent said Emmanuelle Baboulin, Head of the LED technology in minutes. Utilizing the another way in which Litetronics provides Commercial Property Investment Division existing building wiring and fixture base an easy choice for professional lighting at Icade. frame, Litetronics’ LED Strip RetroFits users looking to upgrade their fluorescent represent the industry’s easiest and fixtures to the benefits of LED technology,” Benefits of LiFi quickest way to convert floor, corridor, said Robert Sorensen, CEO of Litetronics. LiFi offers benefits over WiFi as it can be area, and aisle lighting within a broad “Eliminating the costs, maintenance used in places where radio frequencies range of retail, commercial, and institutional concerns, and disposal issues associated may interfere with equipment, such as in applications to the comprehensive benefits with fluorescent lamps and ballasts, hospitals, or where WiFi signals cannot of LED lighting. LED Strip RetroFits can reduce energy reach or are weak, such as underground. consumption and costs by 70% compared Other user cases include environments Offered in 24 and 30-Watt versions to existing fluorescent fixtures and offer the demanding high security; for example, that deliver 3,120 and 3,900 lumens utmost in ‘innovation simplified’ for the the back office of a financial institution or respectively, the one-piece LED Strip market’s broad range of applications.” government service. LiFi adds an extra RetroFit kits come complete with the layer of security as light cannot pass accessories needed to quickly convert through solid walls and a line-of-sight to from fluorescent to LED technology without the light is needed to access the network. tedious rewiring or fixture realignment to

Fraunhofer IAP Develops scientists at the Fraunhofer IAP are working China has shed new light on this question Power Generating Films on this procedure together with twelve and revealed the mechanism responsible for other partners within the project Hi- that limitation. and Luminescent Glass Response, which is funded by the New inks for inkjet printers make it possible European Union. to print organic displays or solar cells on film and glass for the use in architecture, the The ESJET printing process allows the use textile industry and many other industries. of a wider range of inks, as even very viscous inks can be processed. The drop-on-demand system also makes it possible to set the thickness of the printed layer very precisely. The printed structures can be as small as 1 micron. In the future, the printing of high-resolution, active- matrix-driven OLEDs should be possible. On-site projected density of states (pDOS) of a 2×2 N adatom (0001) GaN surface with 25% Quantum materials for the InN at the topmost surface layer. For a display industry detailed explanation, please refer to the content (Credit: IKZ Berlin) In addition to OLEDs, the IAP scientists are also researching QLEDs based on indium Flexible photovoltaic elements, manufactured phosphide quantum dots. They are free of The figure shows the on-site projected at the pilot plant of the Fraunhofer IAP conventionally used toxic cadmium. The density of states (pDOS) of a 2 ×2 N adatom results so far are groundbreaking for the (0001) GaN surface with 25% InN at the They turn light into electricity or vice versa: industry. Indium phosphide-based QLEDs topmost surface layer. The In atom sits at a the inkjet inks developed by researchers at are gradually catching up on the fourfold/triply coordinated site, respectively. the Fraunhofer IAP can be printed on solid performance advantage of cadmium-based The blue curves indicate the pDOS on the N substrates as well as on flexible foils. In systems in many areas. Regarding adatom and on the first surface layer atoms. effect, solar cells and organic displays can luminance, they are already outperforming The gray shaded area denotes the pDOS be produced fast and cost-effectively. cadmium-based QLEDs. from the fourth surface layer and the yellow shaded area the highest occupied surface Together with research partners, the state. The arrows indicate the onset of the Fraunhofer scientists have developed lowest unoccupied surface states and the methods to print organic photovoltaic Fundamental Limitation of horizontal solid lines the position of the elements for use in architecture and for the In Concentration in InGaN highest occupied states. (Insets) Yellow, red, textile industry on film. Solid-State Devices and green colored density plots indicate the partial charge density of the states in the Printed displays rolled up? For the first time an international research energy range shaded in yellow, red, and Also for displays, printing processes are group has revealed the core mechanism that green in the pDOS, respectively. (Insets utilized at the Fraunhofer IAP. Using limits the indium (In) content in indium gallium bottom) Schematic representation of the specially developed inks from organic light nitride ((In, Ga)N) thin films - the key material tetrahedra formed by the triply coordinated sources and quantum dots, the for blue light emitting diodes (LED). metal atoms and the three N atoms bound to researchers print, for example, organic Increasing the In content in InGaN quantum them. The red/green isocontour surface light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and quantum wells is the common approach to shift the shows the corresponding dangling bond dot-based LEDs (QLEDs). The displays can emission of III-Nitride based LEDs towards state. Dark/light small balls denote the N also be printed on different materials. the green and, in particular, red part of the adatom/atoms, respectively. Red/green balls Printing on film makes them flexible to optical spectrum, necessary for the modern are the In/Ga atoms, respectively. The dark some degree. "Until we can flexibly roll up RGB devices. The new findings answer the green in the left inset denote the triply our televisions, we still have a little long-standing research question: why does coordinated Ga atom. research to do", explains Dr. Armin Wedel, this classical approach fail, when we try to head of the research division Functional obtain efficient InGaN-based green and red In their work the scientists tried to push the Polymer Systems at the Fraunhofer IAP. LEDs? indium content to the limit by growing single "Although there are already curved and atomic layers of InN on GaN. However, even scrollable displays, they still have to Despite the progress in the field of green independent on growth conditions, indium be rolled up on rigid rolls with a defined LEDs and lasers, the researchers could not concentrations have never exceeded 25% diameter," says the OLED specialist. overcome the limit of 30% of indium content - 30% - a clear sign of a fundamentally in the films. The reason for that was unclear limiting mechanism. The researchers used ESJET printing for high-resolution OLEDs up to now: is it a problem of finding the right advanced characterization methods, such as New perspectives for the production of growth conditions or rather a fundamental atomic resolution transmission electron printed displays result from the use of effect that cannot be overcome? Now, an microscope (TEM) and in-situ reflection ESJET printing (electrostatic printing). The international team from Germany, Poland and high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED),

and discovered that, as soon as the indium Leibniz-Institut fuer Kristallzuechtung; Highly Efficient Low Cost content reaches around 25 %, the atoms "for example, growth of InGaN films on high QD LEDs with Metallic within the (In, Ga)N monolayer arrange in a quality InGaN pseudo-substrates that would regular pattern - single atomic column of In reduce the strain in the growing layer." Nanostructures alternates with two atomic columns of Ga The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and atoms. Comprehensive theoretical However, the discovery of ordering may help Technology (KAIST) announced that a team of calculations revealed that the atomic to overcome well known limitations of the their researchers have discovered a technology ordering is induced by a particular surface InGaN material system: localization of charge that enhances the efficiency of Quantum Dot reconstruction: indium atoms are bonded carriers due to fluctuations in the chemical LEDs. Professor Yong-Hoon Cho from the with four neighboring atoms, instead of the composition of the alloy. Growing stable Department of Physics and his team succeeded expected three. This creates stronger bonds ordered (In, Ga)N alloys with the fixed in improving the efficiency of Quantum Dot between indium and nitrogen atoms, which, composition at high temperatures could thus (QD) Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) by on the one hand, allows the use of higher improve the optical properties of devices. designing metallic nanostructure substrates. temperatures during growth and provides material with better quality. On the other Acknowledgements: hand, the ordering sets the limit of the In The work is a result of a collaboration content of 25%, which cannot be overcome between Leibniz-Institut fuer under realistic growth conditions. Kristallzuechtung (Berlin, Germany), Max-Planck-Institut fuer Eisenforschung "Apparently, a technological bottleneck (Duesseldorf, Germany), Paul-Drude Institut hampers all the attempts to shift the fuer Festkoerperelektronik (Berlin, Germany), emission from the green towards the yellow Institute of High-Pressure Physics (Warsaw, and the red regions of the spectra. Therefore, Poland), and State Key Laboratory of Artificial new original pathways are urgently required Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics This is a spectrum showing different to overcome these fundamental limitations," (Beijing, China). fluorescence with and without metallic states Dr. Tobias Schulz, scientist at the nanostructure (Credit: KAIST)

QD LEDs possess very small semiconductor VTT: Light, Flexible and This technology was applied to the light sources and are considered to be the Energy-Efficient LED production of large area LED displays new rising technology for high performance during the project. Overmolding was used full-color display. However, it is expensive to Advertising Boards to add optical structures to the display manufacture displays with QD LED only. Through a European project, VTT Technical elements, improving the visual appearance Research Centre of Finland and Neonelektro of the product. In addition, VTT's Existing QD-based displays use blue have developed new types of LED displays measurements indicate that overmolding LEDs as a source of light, and they employ that combine the flexibility, low cost and high lowers the temperature of the LEDs by a method of color conversion through technical performance enabled by roll-to-roll around 20%, which is significant in terms excitation of green and red QDs. There are mass manufacturing technology. of the reliability and efficiency of LEDs. two inconveniences with the existing This makes the displays energy-efficient, QD-based displays. As mentioned previously, lightweight, flexible and even QD LED is costly; hence the unit price three-dimensional. of QD-based displays is higher. Also, the efficiency of a liquid type of QD is VTT Technical Research Centre of drastically lowered after contact with air. Finland (VTT) used a roll-to-roll process to make flexible LED substrates for the Professor Cho found the solution in a metallic displays, refining the process to make it nanostructure for lowering the production more productive. Neonelektro Oy cost while improving the efficiency of QD developed an overmolded RGB display LEDs. The team exploited the phenomenon In the Optintegral project, a flexible, thin and element manufactured using the of so-called surface plasmonic resonances transparent light panel was developed by roll-to-roll technique. when nanoscale metallic structures are integrating a flexible LED foil with a plastic, exposed to light. Depending on the metal, overmolded structure. Optical features were "Interest in dynamic backlighting has added to the panel surface the size, and the shape, the properties of grown dramatically during the project, metallic structures vary. The team used and we have developed a new product different metallic nanostructures for each "Flexible, light weight, and of an easily family based on it. Developing a technology QD LED - silver nanodisks for Red QDs customizable size, the LED advertising to meet such demand has opened up and aluminum nanodisks for Green GDs - panel enables the creation of a dynamic new markets for us," says Matti Koponen, to make them more fluorescent. look for large area applications, or those who is in charge of product development that require a 3D shape, such as vehicles," at Neonelektro. With brighter QDs, it requires fewer QDs to says Project Manager Eveliina Juntunen manufacture QD LEDs, contributing to a of V T T. The project was coordinated by lower unit price. The team used silver and the Spanish organization Eurecat, aluminum in this research, but metallic The OptIntegral project, which was The Technology Centre of Catalonia. nanostructures can be redesigned according completed at the end of January, used a In addition to the Finnish partners, to the desired purposes. Professor Cho said, hybrid integration manufacturing process the consortium included the Spanish firm "Implementing metallic nanostructures into (combining injection molding and printed SnellOptics and the Spanish Association QD LEDs in a proper manner can reduce the electronics), in which the flexible for Standardization (UNE), LumyComp and quantity of the QDs required for the system, electronics substrate was immersed in Megatex from Bulgaria, Holografika from leading to lower unit prices." an overmolded polymer. Overmolding Hungary, and the University of Bath from protects the components and enables the United Kingdom. The project was Acknowledgements: additional features, such as optical and funded by the European Commission's This research, led by PhD candidate mechanical structures to be integrated Horizon 2020 program. Hyun Chul Park, was chosen as the cover during a single processing step. of the international journal, Small, on December 27, 2017.

REGULATION NEWS REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE 32

TECHNICAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE

Standard Segment Product (Certification) Region Technical Regulatory Compliance Information

Regulations Luminaires IEC TR Int. This second edition which covers an objective light flickermeter and voltage 61547- fluctuation immunity test method cancels and replaces the first edition 1:2017 published in 2015. This edition constitutes of below technical revisions: • Update of scope to reflect the more general application of the objective flickermeter; • Describing the light flickermeter and voltage fluctuation immunity • The specific voltage fluctuation immunity test method extended for lighting equipment rated for 120 V AC and 230 V AC, 50 Hz and 60 Hz • More detailed description of the test set-up and environment

Regulations Luminaires IEC Int. This third edition specifies general and safety requirements for lamp 61347- controlgear for use on d.c. supplies. It cancels and replaces the second 1:2015/ edition published in 2007. AMD1:2017 Few significant technical revisions are: • Marking requirements like Marking of SELV circuits with: ‘SELV’ • Additional requirements for creepage distances and clearances and working voltages • Test of terminals other than integral terminals • Clarification of the rated voltage of insulation bridging components • Creepage between accessible part and circuits shall be considered acc. to 15.4 • Modification of schematic drawing figure 4 & 6

Regulations Luminaires IEC Int. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2008 and 60598-2- specifies requirements for emergency luminaires for use with electrical lamps 22:2014/ on emergency power supplies not exceeding 1 000 V. AMD1:2017 Few significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition are: • Photometric testing is modified • Addition of definitions for Practical emergency light source flux • Additional requirement for products with automatic test system

Regulations Luminaires IS 2418 India On March, the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) published the regulation (Part I and II) on mandatory energy star labelling program of tubular fluorescent lamps for general lighting services. The regulation covers all wattages with dimension between 1100-1500 mm of which colour temperature is 6500K for halo-phosphate category, and 2700 K, 4000 K and 6500 K for tri-phosphate categories. The covered lamps shall be affixed such particulars on labels which is indicated in the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Particulars and Manner of their Display on Labels of Tubular Fluorescent Lamps) Regulations, 2018. The date of enforcement of this regulation is 1st July 2018 while the compliance date of new requirements is proposed on 1st Jan 2019.

Lighting Luminaires Order No. Philippines In Administrative Order No. 18-02, 2018 on this February, Philippines National 18-02 Standard (PNS) is adopted for mandatory implementation: PNS IEC 62560:2012 - Self-Ballasted LED Lamps for General Lighting Services by Voltage > 50 V – Safety Requirements All manufacturers, distributors, importers, and retailers of said product shall comply with the requirements of this standard. To demonstrate the compliance, the products must secure a Philippines Standard (PS) License and an Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) prior to its distribution and sale

Disclaimer: This information is research work of TÜV SÜD Product Service and is intended for general information purposes only. The content is publishable only after having the consent of TÜV SÜD Product Service. If it is published with any changes, the company is not liable for it. The information is subject to change and all rights for it are reserved by TÜV SÜD Product Service GmbH. A free training can be arranged for a clear understanding of the upper stated standards. For further information on the latest upgrades and testing standards and training, please contact [email protected]

CIE RESEARCH COLOR QUALITY OF LIGHT 34 CIE Research Strategy in Metrology for Advanced Photometric and Radiometric Devices

Photometric devices are devices that measure optical radiation and which are designed with a very specific spectral response. Most commonly, illuminance meters and luminance meters are used to measure the illuminance and luminance distributions in the field. These are relatively simple devices, characterized by a specific input optics according to the required task and a filter to make the spectral response of the instrument match the spectral luminous efficiency function of the human eye (typically V(λ) for photopic vision). In testing laboratories, integrating spheres are used to measure the total luminous flux of a light source and goniophotometers are used to measure luminous intensity distributions, total luminous flux and partial luminous flux. These devices are all well understood, and several CIE technical reports are available that give guidance on their characterization and calibration [1][2][3][4].

Due to technological progress new very popular in many areas of applications, measurement planes at any distance from types of photometric and radiometric for example glare evaluations in indoor lighting, the source. Additionally, far field data (i.e. measurement devices have recently street and tunnel lighting measurements, luminous intensity distributions) can be appeared on the market and are used and light emission measurements. determined using quite compact in many applications. Additionally, new measurement devices. types of instrumentation are currently Hyperspectral imaging devices. under development in response to These devices allow direct measurement of Measurement devices for new CIE publications and new lighting spectral and spatial distributions, i.e. each quantifying photochemical and technologies emerge onto the market. pixel of an image also contains spectral photobiological effects information. This can be used to identify It is well known that intrinsically materials (i.e. mineralogy), to measure the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells Examples of New Types of stages of development of vegetation, to (ipRGCs) in the human retina have an Instrumentation and Applications identify skin anomalies and even for impact for various non-visual effects, surveillance purposes. including synchronizing circadian rhythms, Imaging luminance measurement pupillary control and conscious visual devices (ILMDs) Imaging luminance-based near-field perception. CIE joint technical committee Analogous to using a digital camera for goniophotometers JTC 9 has recently defined a metric, and in photography, ILMDs combine an array Combining ILMDs with a goniophotometer particular several action spectra, to quantify detector (typically a CCD or CMOS sensor) allows the measurement of spatially- and such effects. New measurement devices and a specially designed filter to measure a angularly-resolved luminance distribution of will soon appear on the market that perform luminance distribution in a “single shot”. light sources in the near-field. The collected measurements according to the new metric They can be used to evaluate complex data can be used to improve the and the defined action spectra. These scenes much more rapidly and with greater performance of luminaires through optical instruments will need to be characterized resolution than traditional spot luminance raytracing methods and allow users to and calibrated. meters. As a result, ILMDs are becoming evaluate illuminance distributions in virtual

High-speed measurement systems procedures for devices such as near-field to quantify fast-varying (pulsing, goniophotometers and high-speed modulating, flickering) optical signals measurement systems to quantify fast- Temporal light modulations (TLM) are known varying (pulsing, modulating, flickering) to affect human visual perception and optical signals, as such devices are performance. The freely available CIE becoming more widely used in practice. technical note TN 006 [5] gives new Hence, CIE is calling for new contributors definitions for the perceptual effects not only to participate in the technical modulated light can produce. committees, but also to offer practical Measurements are usually performed using research on the open topics to feed into the high-speed acquisition systems. Several technical committees. Having more measurements under various environmental types of measurement devices (including research groups operating in parallel can conditions. New devices and measurement “flickermeter”) can be found on the market enable a technical committee to perform its systems such as those described above are but there is currently no harmonized way of work more efficiently. needed to meet these challenges. The characterizing these instruments, leading to outcomes of this research topic will increase an inability to compare measurement results The key research questions are: the quality of photometric and radiometric between different instruments and different • What are the relevant quality indices measurements in general and therefore laboratories. needed to characterize advanced increase confidence in lighting products. photometric and radiometric devices? The availability of reliable and traceable Hybrid measurement devices using How do these indices relate to the measurements is also a prerequisite to spectroradiometers and broadband measurement uncertainty encountered in develop and verify intelligent sensor measurement devices typical lighting measurement situations? systems used to enable smart and adaptive One of the challenges for manufacturers • How to describe the mathematical lighting. and users of photometric devices is the models and equations describing the match of the spectral responsivity of the measurement procedure? The key questions and topics described instrument to the required spectral luminous • What would a typical measurement above are defined in the CIE research efficiency function. This match can never be uncertainty budget look like for strategy, available at the CIE website (http:// perfect, resulting in measurement errors. measurements on particular types of www.cie.co.at/research-strategy). This This is especially apparent for spectrally equipment and for measurement of particular aspect of the CIE research narrow sources, such as coloured LEDs. different types of light sources? strategy is managed by CIE Division 2. Some devices available on the market now • How to calibrate these new types of Division 2 deals with the physical are using a built-in spectroradiometer to devices? What are the best artefacts to measurement of light and radiation, which correct spectral mismatch of a photometric transfer the photometric and radiometric includes studying procedures for the device in real-time. In addition, colorimetric quantities to the measurement devices? metrological evaluation of ultraviolet, visible data (i.e. chromaticity coordinates, and infrared radiation, and studying the correlated colour temperature, colour On a wider scale, an additional motivation optical properties and performance of rendering and colour fidelity indices) can for this research topic is that new physical detectors and other devices also be obtained as a part of the challenges like “smart lighting” (i.e. adaptive required for their evaluation. measurement. and sensor-based lighting) and the implementation of the other research topics within the CIE Research Strategy priority list CIE Activities imply on the one hand the need to New CIE technical committees have been completely characterize a given lighting established and are currently writing situation, including daylight and artificial References: technical reports to provide guidance on the light from various sources, and on the other [1] CIE 070:1987 The Measurement of Absolute characterisation and calibration of some of hand to thoroughly characterize the light Luminous Intensity Distributions [2] CIE 084:1989 Measurement of Luminous Flux these devices. Further, it is anticipated that sources with respect to spectral and spatial [3] CIE 121:1996 The Photometry and other new technical committees will follow properties. Goniophotometry of Luminaires in the near future. However, in most cases [4] CIE 210:2014 Photometry Using V(λ)- additional research is still necessary, and As with all physical metrology, traceability of Corrected Detectors as Reference and the period of time allowed to finalize a measurement results to the International Transfer Standards technical report or standard is often too System of Units (SI) is often mandatory. [5] CIE TN 006:2016 Visual Aspects of short. In spite of this, there is an immediate New knowledge is required to combine Time-Modulated Lighting Systems – need to define quality criteria and calibration source-based and detector-based Definitions and Measurement Models

Tech-Talks BREGENZ - Ken Munro, Partner & Founder, Pen Test Partners

Ken Munro Ken Munro is a regular speaker at the ISSA Dragon’s Den, (ISC)2 Chapter events and CREST events, where he sits on the board. He’s also an Executive Member of the Internet of Things Security Forum and spoke out on IoT security design flaws at the forum’s inaugural event. He’s also not averse to getting deeply techie either, regularly participating in hacking challenges and demos at Black Hat, 44CON, DefCon and Bsides amongst others. Ken and his team at Pen Test Partners have hacked everything from keyless cars and a range of IoT devices, from wearable tech to children’s toys and smart home control systems. This has gained him notoriety among the national press, leading to regular appearances on BBC TV and BBC News online as well as the broadsheet press. He’s also a regular contributor to industry magazines, penning articles for the legal, security, insurance, oil and gas, and manufacturing press. Issue 67 | © 2018 Luger Research e.U. TECH-TALKS BREGENZ KEN MUNRO 37

Besides "his electrical IoT kettle", the doll, Cayle, is one of Ken Munro’s preferred examples of vulnerable products. In the meantime Germany has stopped importing her

Today, hardly a day goes by that we don’t hear about security breaches, hacker attacks or comprimized data; often as a result of insufficient security measures. IoT does not really improve this situation and it is therefore necessary for the industry to take this threat seriously. This is especially true for the lighting industry, whose aim is to become the IoT enabler. Ken Munro, founder and partner at Pen Test Partners, is an ethical hacker whose passion is to hack any technical product he can get his hands on. Unfortunately, he succeeds way to often. LED professional talked with him about ethical hacking, where he sees the risks in various products, where the risks are hidden and what can be done to minimize them.

LED professional: Thank you for coming to Just to be clear, the IoT by itself is fine. seek to seize control of a bed of devices, the Tech Talk Bregenz. We’re really interested The technology offers us unprecedented to steal personal data or to cause havoc to hear more about network security and convenience and control. We can warm through maliciously switching off services. data privacy in the context of the Internet our house or our car when we need to. of Things (IoT). We’re seeing nodes on the Monitor the safety of our homes and provide One that we spend a lot of time investigating network proliferate and - from what we saw access remotely. And in the medical arena is firmware security on the IoT hardware. in your presentation - those networks are we can better manage patients with long- If this hasn’t been written securely and the being exposed to attack through our failure range diagnostics to check on pace makers chip hasn’t been secured either, the hacker to configure these devices correctly or or blood pressure monitors. can extract the firmware and reverse deploy them securely. But before we go into engineer that. Often we discover that we can details, can you tell us a little about yourself It’s when we connect these insecure hack every component of the system through and your company? devices to the Internet that we can run into to the device, the manufacturer, the hosting problems with hackers quick to exploit company of the API, you, your customer - Ken Munro: I work for a company called vulnerabilities. Fortunately there are many everything - because the firmware is not Pen Test Partners and we specialise in companies, like ourselves, who are written properly. the security of the IoT. That grew out of researching, disclosing and publishing issues. our extensive experience in working on Sometimes the manufacturer listens and LED professional: I’d just like to clarify one embedded control systems found in sometimes they don’t. In fact, more often point: In general we are always talking about industrial utilities like electrical companies than not - they don’t. And then we have to hacking. But hacking, per se, is not the and water companies, where these systems talk about it to the public - because if we criminal act of corrupting or damaging are used to manage production processes don’t, the problem doesn’t change. something. Could you just explain exactly to control supply. These are very important what hacking is? systems: if they go wrong, the power The flaws we find vary. It could be that the goes out. Over time, these systems were manufacturer forgot to implement encryption Ken Munro: The term hacking doesn’t apply connected to allow utility providers to control so there is no SSL or TLS so it’s easy to to what many people think. Hacking is their production facilities from the other side intercept the traffic. Or maybe it’s problems playing around or tinkering. The term comes of the country or the other side of the with the API which determines how you from years ago when people would hack a world resulting in sensor-based networks. control the device from your smart phone or device to make it do something different or Now we’re seeing the replication of that via the cloud and that can see you able to hack together technology. It’s only recently in the IoT. control all those devices. Or a hacker may that it’s been associated with malicious

activity over computer systems. What we provide is ethical hacking: a hacking service that is done in a controlled manner where the intent is “good”. So you could say that the crux of the matter is the intent. If hackers have the wrong intent and try to damage you, they are the people you should be worried about. But there are many ethical - or “White Hat Hackers” - out there whose aim is to improve security by spreading awareness. As a company, you can engage them to test and evaluate your security. Some will find flaws and tell you about it for free. Sometimes they’ll want a reward - we call it a bug bounty - but by and large, they are motivated to do the right thing.

LED professional: And to really get an idea of the importance of the safety and security issues: Could you give us a short history of how it has changed over the years?

Ken Munro: The biggest step change has been the connection of very sensitive systems, or lots of less important systems, to the Internet. Initially, the Internet was just a lot of connected computers. Sensitive systems were all safely tucked away on protected networks. Take, for example, the control system of a nuclear power plant. This would have been isolated on a dedicated network which may have used obscure protocols as opposed to HTML. Nowadays, even highly specialised organisations want to connect their systems to the Internet to gain the advantages of remote access and they think setting them up privately so they can only connect from the power plant to the control room, to the corporate HQ is sufficiently secure. But along the way, mistakes can be made. Imagine if the telemetry system governing a nuclear power station were to be interrupted, threatening control of the system. That is as bad as it gets and this genuinely happens.

There is an excellent search engine called Shodan (shodanhq.com) for Internet connected devices where you can locate industrial controllers for hydroelectric power stations, electricity generating plants, production systems control for production lines: they’re all on the Internet and are discoverable when they shouldn’t be!

Encryption and data security companies monitor data breaches and publish their findings on a regular basis. The info-graphics (Credits: Gemalto [1]), speaks for itself and leads to the conclusion that making IoT devices as secure as possible is paramount

The compromise of these devices LED professional: Is it always the LED professional: That’s a good can lead to devastating device itself or can it also be caused tip for everyone! But tell me, consequences. If you were to lose by the implementation? For example, what can a hacker do once he has access to the Industrial Control if I have my light bulb in my system control of your device? Yes they can System of a nuclear power station, connected to my private network switch it on or off or locking and there could be severe consequences. with Internet access, am I personally unlock your door, observe your But few people realise that, accountable because my Internet habits or steal your personal data collectively, the compromise of connection is not secure? and post it online or attack a millions of IoT devices can also system. But are there other ways power large scale attacks. Imagine if Ken Munro: Some responsibility that the devices can be misused? I had control of one million smart does rest with the user. So it’s very thermostats or ten million smart light important to make sure that your Ken Munro: Yes, very much so. bulbs or a thousand smart vehicles. password is secure. The Wi-Fi key But let’s start with the first one. What if I could make all of those IoT should be changed so that it’s What’s the consequence? It’s a light devices start making requests different to the original one shown bulb. I can turn your light on and off - against one system? If they’re on the back of the router. but so what? It’s annoying but I can instructed to simultaneously The mobile app you use to control unplug it and call the company who “Connect to google” or “Connect your smart lightbulb needs to be installed it to have them fix it. to a DNS provider” or “Connect to a unique and set by you. If it’s too But that very smart device may be social network” that can create a simple or it’s a password you use the step that the hacker takes to denial of service attack. We caught somewhere else you’ll be easier to get into your home. So maybe it’s a a distributor denial of service attack hack. It has to be strong, by which smart light bulb that uses Bluetooth or a “DDoS” last year and it took I mean long and complicated. or Wi-Fi or ZigBee or Z-Wave and FaceBook and various other social A password manager can help someone outside can connect networks off the Internet. And that is generate and store these passwords directly to your light bulb and can the risk of not getting IoT right. for you and you never have to use that as a step to your light You might think “It’s just my light remember it. It’s a little app that runs controller and then from your light At LpS 2017 Ken’s bulb” or “It’s just my thermostat” on your phone or your computer and controller to your Wi-Fi router. enthusiasm for his work shone through but when in their millions, all you have to do is copy and paste And once they have that, they have in a talk that was both those devices can cause a huge your password or auto-populate the everything. Once I have your router informative and fun amount of damage. password on that app. I can intercept all of your traffic. to watch

A lot of information about accessible Everything. Your banking details, the product insecure. We often to the rule. If you look at Building networks can be found your passwords. So the risk is not find instances where installers have Management Systems (BMS), easily on the internet. to the device, be it a light bulb or a failed to follow that advice with IoT we continue to find security flaws For instance, wigle.net thermostat, it’s the systems that it equipment resulting in a vulnerable there. The last few years has seen shows wireless hotspots that make people aware can lead to. If that device is device that is then just waiting to be innovation in smart lighting take of the need for security insecure, that’s the way in to the compromised. So I strongly advise off and it’s this drive to be first to when running a wireless rich pickings on your network. everyone, whether they are an market that can see security network. With a little installer or a manufacturer, sacrificed. For that reason, it’s very detailed knowledge the information can be used LED professional: Since they to make sure installers are trained. important that you can fix your for hacking unsecured can take over your equipment Make sure you have a verification product when it is on the market hotspots or products and everything on your network, system to ensure the product is using Over the Air (OTA) updates. is it possible for them to mimic securely installed because otherwise you by stealing your identity to it will be the manufacturer’s LED professional: Is there a harm others? reputation and/or the installer’s relationship between the price of reputation placed on the line a product and how secure it is? Ken Munro: Potentially, yes. and the consumer’s data that will Your light bulb might be the way into be exposed. Ken Munro: We carried out the hub that controls it. One hub extensive research last year to see could then be used to attack other LED professional: During your if there was a relationship between hubs in different houses around the career, have you recognized an expensive product and good world. So actually, you become the similarities between product security. Perhaps surprisingly we source of the vulnerability even groups? Are there product groups found it was random. So you can though it’s the manufacturer’s fault that are more secure than others? buy an expensive product with for not writing the software properly. terrible security or a very cheap So the police officer then knocks on Ken Munro: It depends on the Chinese copy that has better your door because it was traced history of the device and where security. Generally speaking you’d back to your IP address. And what’s you find it in its life cycle. make the assumption that an your defense against that? How do Some products, such as industrial expensive product with a high build you prove it wasn’t you given the log controllers, started becoming more quality or used for industrial on your Wi-Fi router says it was you. secure, ten to fifteen years ago, purposes would be good but when the audit process gained actually there is no correlation The next point I want to make is momentum, so in many areas between price and security which about installers. The product may security has improved. But each makes it impossible to tell without well be secure and the manufacturer time a new product group comes to testing. That’s why industry will issue a guide to ensure correct market, we see a new set of security regulators are now looking to installation. The instructions for the flaws. We did a lot of work on smart push Kitemarks [I] to incentivize installer might provide a process to TV’s and discovered they were manufacturers to invest in security follow together with a caveat from listening to you speak but now and to help users differentiate and the manufacturer that states if this audio controls are vastly improved. flex their buying muscle. advice is not followed, it renders But there are inevitably exceptions

There are a number of security solutions available on the market now. Consequent use of them can significantly reduce the risk of being hacked (Credits: Infineon [2])

LED professional: Are there should schedule their trains and Ken Munro: Alexa itself is fairly differences in the security levels how they should direct people but if secure. It’s always listening, when it comes to Bluetooth, they wished, they could also track of course, but is fairly secure. ZigBee, etc.? individuals. So I could tell you The problem is that many people exactly where you were at any point then integrate Alexa with their Ken Munro: All the ones we’ve in time just by virtue of your mobile products either wrongly or mentioned: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE, phone Wi-Fi. without considering the security ZigBee, Z-Wave - they all have good implications. It’s one thing to say support for security. The problem is LED professional: So in the end, “Alexa, turn on the lights” but that often the manufacturer doesn’t everybody is responsible for his or it’s another thing to say “Alexa, implement the security. We have just her own security? unlock my door.” What’s to stop finished some research around a criminal outside your house Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Ken Munro: Yes, make sure you shouting through your window and one of the most common problems set strong passwords, use a walking in? There are other silly is not setting up the connection password manager if you’re a consequences - the radio show that securely. BLE has support for strong consumer or you’re working in saw residences up and down the pairing and strong cryptography business, and if you use social country ordering a doll’s house and bonding. It’s very secure and networks, use Two-Factor springs to mind - so it’s very very difficult to crack. But most Authentication (2FA - that’s where important that manufacturers think manufacturers simply offer a an SMS message is sent to your about the potential negative impact connection with no security at all. phone to check it is you logging in). of using voice control. No PIN, no encryption, nothing! Even better, use a source called In all the products that we have “Authenticator App” which sends a LED professional: There is an old tested, we’ve never seen BLE message to an app on your phone story about a company that made used to create a bond. which only you can verify. classic mechanical locks which then Even though the functionality is they hired a former criminal to open there, manufacturers don’t use it. LED professional: So if you have the doors to test the locks. one insecure device it can be like an LED professional: One of the new open door and lead the way to other Ken Munro: That’s exactly how systems is LiFi. Do you have any connected devices? Is every device ethical hacking works. We will experience with it? in the house a threat? reverse engineer your technology, take the chips apart, inspect the Ken Munro: We haven’t looked at Ken Munro: That should not be the contents of the chips, find the LiFi yet. That’s next. But Wi-Fi, case if these devices are configured firmware running on the chip and for example, has fantastic support by the user or installed by a technician establish all the ways a hacker could for security and encryption and correctly. Yes it takes a little bit potentially compromise your system. everyone uses WPA, WPA2. longer to do but it will then prevent But there is a fundamental flaw the type of scenario you’re describing. LED professional: I remember in use and that is that everyone Unfortunately, the tendency is to just that you said there are a lot of leaves their Wi-Fi chip set on their plug-and-play. As users we assume opportunities on the hardware level, mobile phone “on”. that if it works, it’s fine. But one not just the software level? device can compromise others. I did a survey in London for Sky Voice control is a good example of Ken Munro: Yes, this is the game News last week and we showed this that in the form of Voice Activated changer with IoT devices. In the problem is endemic. The London Assistants such as Alexa. past, when we were just focused on Underground is doing a trial right mobile apps it was fine. You owned now to gather useful data from LED professional: Can we talk the server. It was your data center travelers to establish how they about Alexa? and you had control. But now with

the IoT, you’re putting your hardware be welcomed and it does allude Ken Munro: It shouldn’t be in the hands of not just the to a Kitemark called Trustmark for significant because when you consumer but also the hacker. home-based devices. But there’s a specify your development, you You’re giving them time to explore lack of teeth to the standard with should be asking the security and dismantle that product to no talk of enforcement. question and stating the device establish its vulnerabilities. should comply with standards To survive that, your hardware LED professional: What future X,Y, Z. OWASP (The Open Web security has to be excellent and developments do you see and Application Security Project) has robust, using obfuscation to fool the what general advice do you have some great standards for mobile hacker or tamper-proof components. for the industry? apps, web apps and API’s. And if Sadly, that’s rare. We use logic you have it in your contract that the probes and analyzers and find Ken Munro: Manufacturers and product should comply with these weaknesses in the chip, installers need to ask questions standards and then it doesn’t you the firmware and the software and, about security. So often, just say “I’m not paying you” so if we extract your firmware, a manufacturer will have an idea, maybe it’s cheaper! we gain access to your secret they’ll make a product, they’ll send keys and your passwords. it to manufacturing and then it will The cost for security should be go to market. No-one during the marginal if you ask the question LED professional: Is there a process has stopped to ask about about security early enough. difference between products in the security. If the question was asked Research from Gemalto [1] suggests private and professional sectors? early on in the development process that 9 percent of IoT vendor budgets we’d see manufacturers look for are spent on security. Security gets Ken Munro: It’s random, again. advice, seek assistance in secure expensive when you try to do it at Of course, there are many more app design, ask the hosting the last minute. Trying to retrofit products on the market for the company about how data is security is very difficult and very consumer than there are in the protected, and the hardware expensive. I would also seriously business area. But what we find manufacturer about physical think about what the impact is on so often is that when you buy a security. But if it’s asked too late, your brand if your product is corporate product, industrial grade everyone is caught on the backfoot. hacked. What if my product is the and you plug it into your network for Manufacturer’s turn a deaf ear to source of a Denial of Service your elevators, your lights or your disclosure. Consumers are the last attack? What about the liability of ventilation, that creates a back door. to know they’ve been exposed. my product? Think about bad So the one piece of advice I’d give exposure, bad public relations, LED professional: What can the the installer is ask your manufacturer bad marketing, and think about lack consumer do? I know that you said about security. Ask their of sales. Remember that security is we need strong passwords, etc. but specification. Ask for their installer a bit of an insurance policy. It’s if I buy a light bulb, I don’t usually security guide. And to the making sure you are not an Equifax, need a password. manufacturer ask the security for example. question early and anticipate how Ken Munro: There is nothing you you will support that product. LED professional: So every can do as there are no standards Ask your suppliers about security. development company should although we are starting to see Do that and you’ll have a secure add it to their project management regulations emerge. The U.S. senate product and I won’t be hacking it. guidelines? has drafted an IoT security bill and the EU is doing some work at the LED professional: Do you have Ken Munro: Absolutely. moment but there’s still a long way any idea about security costs? to go. In the UK, we’ve seen the If you develop a bulb with IoT LED professional: Thank you very DCMS (Department for Digital, capabilities and you do all the much for your time. Culture, Media and Sport) release its things you just suggested, Secure by Design guidelines which how much of the development Ken Munro: Thank you. are a first draft. In principle, this is to costs will go towards security?

Notes: [I] The Kitemark is a UK product and service quality certification mark which is owned and operated by The British Standards Institution (BSI Group). The Kitemark is most frequently used to identify products where safety is paramount, such as crash helmets, smoke alarms and flood defenses.

References: [1] Gemalto & The Breach Level Index: https://www.gemalto.com | https://breachlevelindex.com/ [2] Infineon IoT Security Website: www.infineon.com/IoT-Security

RESEARCHCATEGORY TRANSIENT THERMAL TESTING 44 Automatic Panel Level Transient Thermal Tester

The thermal resistance junction in case is an important parameter for the reliability of LEDs because degradation of the LED is temperature driven. Simulation and testing has advanced over the past few years but transient thermal analysis (TTA), which is required to understand the thermal transfer path, is especially work and time consuming - and not automated. Gordon Elger, Professor for Electronic Manufacturing Technologies, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, and his co-authors, Maximilian Schmidt, Alexander Hans, and Dominik Müller, present and discuss an automatic panel level TTA tester. They explain the challenges and the solution and demonstrate the applicability of using LED test board-panels.

Today, LED systems can be in manufacturing is important. How Transient Thermal differentiated not only by high Finally, the environmental Analysis Works power, mid power and low conditions during operation like After switching a heat load, power application, but also humidity, corrosive atmosphere i.e. switching the LED drive current concerning reliability, i.e. high and thermo- mechanical stress from high heating current to low reliability and low reliability. are fundamental for the lifetime sense current, the forward voltage On the one side, low cost LED of the LED systems. Vf(t) is measured time resolved. consumer goods and, The thermal path from the die unfortunately, partly also Because many failures are through the LED package to the replacement LED bulbs are driven by the junction heat sink can be resolved. TTA has

located at the low reliability temperature TJ of an LED, become a common method and it is side of the lighting applications. thermal management is standardized in the MIL-STD-750F On the other side, reliability and essential to realize cost (3100 Series) [5]. Also the Solid State long lifetime determines the competitive but reliable LED Technology Association (JEDEC) economic and ecological systems. Transient thermal published valuable standards and success of high-end LED analysis (TTA) is a powerful thermal characterization test illumination systems, e.g. approach to measure the methods [6] in their JESD51 series. outdoor illumination, signaling, junction temperature of the They are applicable to a wide variety agricultural LED systems and LEDs in a system and the of semiconductor packages under

automotive lighting. LED lighting thermal resistance Rth_el of the different mountings and usages systems can, in general, LED module [2-4]. A method for conditions and underpin the thermal reach very long lifetime of up the automation of this specifications of the manufacturer. to 100,000 h when appropriate measurement process will be TTA can also be applied for reliability designed and business models demonstrated in this paper. testing. The location of failures can are based on the failure free be identified. For example, it is operation of the light sources. possible to distinguish between Junction temperature and drive failures such as delamination of the current are the key parameters LED die or cracking of solder that determine lumen interconnect from the LED package degradation. In addition to to the printed circuit board (PCB) [7]. the slow lumen degradation However, the TTA measurements also catastrophic failures of the are often considered as complicated LED can occur. For eliminating and time consuming. The thermal these failures not only die and load which is switched, i.e. the package design but also electrical energy minus the optical process and material control energy, and the proportional factor

between temperature and forward Today, TTA equipment migrates After determination of the k-factor voltage have to be measured to from lab equipment to automatic for a specific drive current, calculate the real thermal resistance inline inspection for quality control the forward voltage can be used

Rth_real (Symbols used as defined in and reliability analysis. However, to calculate the temperature change

JEDEC51-51: Rth_el: electrical-thermal high time resolution and dead time in the LED junction when the resistance using as thermal load the to access the first level die contact specific current is applied. However, electrical power, Rth_real: real thermal is not yet commercially available as the k-factor can change during resistance using the real thermal an automatic in-line tester. Here, the reliability testing in dependence of load). To reduce the measurement performance of the electronic the device and epitaxial design of effort, the relative thermal resistance hardware, the automation approach, modern LEDs. The same holds method was introduced [1]. the automatic data evaluation and for the LED efficiency. The lumen By relative thermal resistance test report generation for an flux as well as the thermal load, measurement the k-factor and automatic panel level LED tester change during accelerated testing thermal load are not measured, with the focus on reliability testing of of the LEDs. Therefore, to obtain the but obtained by thermal path LED on wafer or panel level is accurate thermal resistance Rth_real normalization to reference samples, developed and described. the k-factor and the lumen flux need i.e. known good samples, for which to be measured again after every thermal load and the k-factor are interval of accelerated lifetime known, i.e. precisely measured. Transient Thermal Analysis testing. This causes a significant

To obtain the Rth the thermal amount of experimental effort and response need to be measured as Method based on JEDEC 51- is not adequate for large volume early as possible after switching the 14 and JEDEC 51-51 reliability testing or in-line inspection. heat load, in especially to resolve To determine the Rth junction to the thermal resistance between case, the temperature gradient As discussed in the introduction, die and first heat spreader or within a LED system has to be the transient thermal analysis is a substrate (first level interconnect). measured. The forward voltage Vf common method to measure the The measurement dead time and of the junction can be used as a thermal resistance of microelectronic resolution depends on the electrical temperature probe due to its quasi packages that contain active response of the equipment and linear temperature dependence. semiconductor devices. The thermal the sample itself, i.e. parasitic Actually, the dependence is response of a system like an LED capacity of the LED and parasitic non-linear and can be derived from package on a printed circuit board is inductance of the equipment. semiconductor theory by the measured time resolved after Typical well-designed and Shockley equation. However, in an switching a heat load as shown in maintained equipment reaches adequate small temperature range figure 1. Initially a constant heat flux 20 μs dead time. Signal cable length (within 30°-50°C) it can be linearly is applied by a large drive current and electromagnetic noise influence approximated for a defined drive (Iheat) until the thermal equilibrium is the switching time and the current (EQ1). reached. The thermal equilibrium is stabilization of the detection current then changed by switching off the and therefore the measurement Approximation of Vf for a limited heat flux. The forward voltage Vf(t) is signal. Often every individual set-up temperature range: measured time resolved applying a in a lab, even from the same small sensing current ISense while the supplier, can behave differently. 1 system transfers into its new thermal Vƒ = - ∙ T + Ucon = s ∙ T + Ucon (1) The errors influence the data k equilibrium. The temperature T(t) is evaluation and results. Especially in obtained from Vf(t) by equation (1). the structure-function, the dominating The constant factor k, called the For accurate absolute temperature approach to analyze the transient k-factor (sensitivity s = 1/k) defines measurements Ucon, i.e. the contact temperature data, is influenced by the relation of Vf(t) from temperature T. resistance, in equation (1) needs to the dead time and the method how The sensitivity s is in the range of be small or very reproducible. to extrapolate the very early Vf(t) 2 mV. The constant Ucon is due to Transient testing determines the data. It plots the cumulative thermal contact resistance of the probing difference ΔVf = Vf(junction hot) - Vf(junction cold) capacitance Cth in dependence of system and the inner serial and is independent from Ucon and by the cumulative thermal resistance resistance of the LED. The k-factor that independent from the contact

Rth alongside the heat flow path depends on the energy bands and resistance. However, one needs to

(one dimensional approximation). the effective electronic state measure the Vf for hot condition, Most of the artifacts which influence densities of the junction and, i.e. heat flux switched on for a the structure function are visible in therefore, also from internal and sufficiently long time so that the the time domain, i.e. visible in packaging induced stress in the thermal equilibrium is reached, and the time derived Vf(t) curve and junction. The sensitivity s may vary Vf for cold condition (heat flux could be detected before further for a single LED from wafer to wafer switched off for a sufficiently long data processing. batch between 1 mV and 3 mV. time so that the thermal equilibrium

Figure 1: The heat load is is reached) for the same drive switched using the current ISense. After switching off the drive current of the drive current from IHeat to ISense a LED. During heating delay time, i.e. dead time, is required up under high drive until the system has stabilized after current Vf decreases from the initial large current switching before accurate Vf value because the data can be obtained. The dead junction heats up. time is discussed in more detail in Due to switching from large heating section 3, below. The same holds to small sensing true when measuring the heating current V is initially f up of the device and besides that, reduced because the under high current conditions required Vf at lower current is smaller (V(I) noise is increased. In addition, characteristic curve) while heating up the thermal load and rises afterwards changes due to change of WPE in while the junction cools down dependence of the temperature. Cooling down measurements are therefore preferred. However, for in-line measurements also heating up data are useful and utilized. equipment. In most papers Using calibrated known good

Based on the transient Vf (t) published on TTA, the dead time samples the Rth_real is calculated. measurement the transient thermal correction is not described In the following, the concept of

impedance Zth(t) is calculated: appropriately. To compare TTA the relative thermal resistance measurement performed with measurement for reliability testing ∆T(t) k different equipment the square root will be explained. The concept is Zth(t) = = (Vf(t) − Vf (t=0)) (2) Pth Pth correction intervals have to be rather straight forward and nothing defined equally. The structure more than a normalization after the Following the JEDEC51-14 (app. B), function is obtained after the logarithm of b(z) is calculated in the logarithmic time derivation of calculation of the time constant EQ 5 below.

Zth(t) is calculated. First the time spectrum R(z) for the Foster- is substituted by the logarithmic Representation and afterward by The effect of the logarithm is time z = ln(t): Foster-Cauer transformation. straightforward. Linear factors However, in this paper the structure- are transferred to an axis offset.

a(z) = Zth (t = exp(z)) (3) function is not used for automatic The efficiency of the method is TTA analysis. Automatic TTA depicted in figure 2. When measuring Afterwards the logarithmic time analysis is based on the transient an LED at different current slight derivation is obtained. time data to filter out measurement changes in the efficiency changes errors that are better visible on the the Z (t) curve. This is also visible in d th b(z) = a(z) (4) time domain. The relative thermal the b(z) curve and the structure dz resistance method utilizes solely the function. However, in the B(z) curve b(z) curve for thermal path analysis. it can be noticed that the heat path The approach for dead time Later on, the structure function can doesn’t change: all B(z) curves are correction is described in be calculated in addition. solely moved perpendicular to JEDEC51-14 in section 4.3 the time axis. In the following, (offset correction). The widely normalization will be called the

spread approach is the square root Relative Rth Measurement process “moving the B(z) curves correction. However, the time As discussed in the previous perpendicular to the time axis” to interval for which the square root section, for determination of the match the B(z) curve on a known

correction is performed is not real thermal resistance Rth_real in good sample. After normalization

generally defined in the standard. addition to the transient Vf(t) curve, the index N is added, i.e. BN(z) From a practical point of view the the k-factor and the thermal load are the normalized B(z) curves. shortest possible time interval is have to be measured. The relative The normalization is performed used. However, it depends on the thermal resistance method avoids by a least square root fit of an dead time of the experimental this by relative measurement. axis offset.

k d k d B(z) = log(b(z)) = log (V (t=ln(z)) - V (z=1)) = log + log (V (t=ln(z)) − V (z=1)) (5) ( P dz f f ) P dz f f th th

Figure 2: For in-line testing the approach is heating current it is bypassed from General description the following: The sample under the device under test (DUT) using of the relative Rth test is normalized onto a known switch S1. The sense current is method: The heating good sample. As long as the least continually applied. However, current is varied in the measurement. square root fit is below a defined after switching off the heating The dead time in this limit, the sample under test passes. current the forward voltage jumps example is 20 μs. Clearly, signal to noise of the sample from roughly over 0,5 V within the Time data before 20 μs are eliminated, under test needs to be under a switching time. Due to the large i.e. the square root defined limit as well. Very good dI/dt parasitic inductances need to extrapolation is not signal to noise is anyway crucial be avoided and the diffusion used. The optical for TTA measurement. Therefore, capacity of the diode need to be efficiency changes with the heating the requirements for the discharged. The switching of the current, therefore measurement equipment are very heating current is displayed in figure 4. the Rthe_el changes. important and discussed in the next In addition, the regulation of the The optical efficiency section. In addition, for failure sense current has to respond within has to be measured to obtain Rth_real. identification more detailed data a short time. A forward voltage However, the thermal evaluation need to be performed. measurement when switching the path of the diode The data evaluation approach heating current is depicted in figure 5. doesn’t change with developed for the automatic tester The oscillation due to parasite the heating current. After calculation of is described in section 4. inductances and the regulation of the logarithmic time the sense current are visible. derivation b(z) the After 2 μs the sense current is logarithm of b(z) is displayed, i.e. B(z). stabilized and the measurement Hardware The curves can be To realize fast TTA equipment, data can be used for thermal moved on top of each two main technical features need to analysis. To observe the thermal other: The thermal path be realized: Fast switching-off of the resistance as close to the die as is identical. The factor f = k/Pth can be heating current and fast regulation possible fast detection is required. obtained from of the sense current. The general With a targeted dead time of 1 μs an normalization electric circuit diagram used for fast appropriate bandwidth needs to TTA equipment is displayed in figure 3 be used. The sampling rate used in (top). For fast switching of the figure 5 is 20 MHz. With an

Figure 3: Concept for fast switching of the heating current. On the left side a simplified (schematic) circuit diagram of fast TTA equipment is depicted and on the right side the measured switching time for the heating current (100 ns). The Diode D1 is used to separate the sense current source from the heating current source

Figure 4: Measurement of the forward voltage of a diode by a 20 mA sense current after switching the thermal load. Sample rate of AD-converter is 20 MHz and bandwidth of anti alias filter 5 MHz. After 15 μs the bandwidth is reduced by digital filtering to reduce noise and data size. Afterwards, reduction of bandwidth is done in steps

Figure 5: The automatic tester is displayed on the top left and the probing system on the bottom left. An LED panel is on the right

Figure 6: Data processing procedure as described in the text

anti-aliasing filter of 5 MHz a time The automatic tester is displayed in Data Processing resolution of 200 ns is reached, figure 5. It is based on a xyz-probing First of all, the measurement well below 1 μs. The time data are system. The electronic is mounted capability of the equipment has to required on a logarithmic time scale on the probing arm to keep the be tested using calibration samples.

and the high bandwidth is solely electronic connection as short as After measuring of the Vf(t) of the useful within the first 10 μs. possible. Four point probing pins sample under test, the data are Afterwards it can be reduced are used for electrical connection of filtered and the time derivation b(z) is stepwise. In figure 5, the filtering heating/sense current and voltage calculated. Appropriate filtering is can be recognized at 15 μs. In the measurement. For recognition of the required. The quality of the data, i.e. example it is reduced to 500 kHz, alignment marks and test pads, a signal to noise and dead time are

which causes the significant camera is mounted close to the evaluated using Vf(t) and b(z), i.e. reduction of signal to noise. probing pins. limited noise in the range 1-50 μs and no deviation from the theoretical

curves (including potential failures). (interconnect to board domain). Conclusions Potential theoretical curves are If the normalization in the die- An automatic transient thermal obtained by measurements and by domain is residual free, the die impedance tester is realized. FE simulation supported failure interconnect is without failure. If in Automatic measurement and data mode analysis [7, 8]. Afterwards, the addition in the interconnect to board evaluation is implemented based B(z) curve is calculated. All curves domain the normalization succeeds on the relative thermal resistance can be displayed in the protocol and B(z) peak position and peak method. Based on calibrated known including the preselected reference value are within a defined range good samples, also the absolute curve, i.e. the known good sample. the sample under test passes. Rth_real can be calculated. Pass and The curves are normalized using the The k-factor and the thermal load fail criteria can be defined based on known good reference sample. are calculated from the normalization the LED package and application.

Because the normalization is a least and the Rth_real is calculated. If the Also failure mode analysis based square fit of the axis offset it delivers peak value of B(z) is increased or on the TTA measurement can a residuum plot and value, i.e. the shifted significantly the sample is be implemented. In addition, sum of the square root deviation of considered as failed. Also for the the common structure function can the measurement curve from the failed samples the Rth_real can be be calculated using the numerical reference curve in the selected time calculated as long as the die- procedure described in the range. The residuum is evaluated: domain normalization succeeded. JEDEC51-14 standard. total residuum and behavior of the If the die-domain normalization residuum, i.e. the residuum should is not residual free an early be solely arbitrary noise if the normalization failure is displayed. thermal path of the sample under If, in addition, the normalization is test is identical in the selected time possible at the maximum, a die interval. Normalization is performed failure is defined. Following this at two time intervals: early general approach the failure modes normalization (die domain) and at are defined for the different the maximum peak position LED packages.

References: [1] A. Hanss, M. Schmid, E Liu, G. Elger, “Transient thermal analysis as measurement method for IC package structural integrity”, Chinese Physics B, Vol. 24 No. 6 (2015) 068105 [2] B. Siegel, "Measuring thermal resistance is the key to a cool semiconductor", Electronics, Vol. 51 (1978) 121-126 [3] W. Sofia, "Analysis of thermal transient data with synthesized dynamic models for semiconductor devices", IEEE Trans Comp Pack Manuf, Vol. 18(1995) pp. 39-47 [4] M. Rencz and V. Székely, "Measuring Partial Thermal Resistances in a Heat-Flow Path", IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, Vol. 25 No. 4 (2002) pp. 547-553 [5] Department of Defense: Test Method Standard MIL-STD-750-3 (310 series)," 2012 Transistor Electrical Test Methods For Semiconductor Devices [6] JEDEC Standard, JESD51-14, "Transient Dual Interface Test Method", JEDEC SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION, 2010 and JESD51-51, „Implementation of the Electrical Test Method for the Measurement of Real Thermal Resistance and Impedance of Light- Emitting Diodes with Exposed Cooling," JEDEC SOLID STATE TECHNO LOGY ASSOCIATION, 2012 [7] A. Hanss, E Liu, M. Schmid, D. Müller, U. Karbowski, R. Derix, G. Elger, “New Method to Separate Failure Modes by Transient Thermal Analysis of High Power LEDs”, IEEE Electronic Component Technology Conference, (2017) pp.1136-1143, DOI 10.1109/ECTC.2017.137 [8] S. Tandon, E. Liu, T. Zahner, S. Besold, W. Kalb, G. Elger, “Transient Thermal Simulation of High Power LED and its Challenge”, 18th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical & Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE), 2017, DOI: 10.1109/EuroSimE.2017.7926221

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Cost and time-efficient methods for the fabrication of optical elements are highly desirable in the field of lighting. Imprinting optical structures in combination with large area fabrication turns out to become an effective approach in this regard. In particular roll-to-roll UV nanoimprint lithography (R2R-UV-NIL) has a large potential to set new benchmarks for the fabrication of miniaturized, low-cost and low-weight optics that can be applied in many fields of applications. In the following, the Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H team, Claude Leiner, Stephan Ruttloff, Dieter Nees, Anja Haase, Ladislav Kuna, Wolfgang Nemitz, Franz-Peter Wenzl, Christian Sommer, Barbara Stadlober and Ursula Palfinger, led by Paul Hartmann, demonstrates the maturity of the related process chain, combining optical design, direct laser lithography, step&repeat imprinting for shim fabrication and R2R reproduction.

During the last few years, elements and the required optical elements also offer, light emitting diodes (LEDs) precision. Examples in this besides their low height, have conquered almost all regard range from injection additional benefits, including segments of the lighting molding to ultra precision ease of system integration market as a consequence of diamond machining. However, and reduced weight. the manifold of advantages a lot of these methods are they provide, ranging from comparably expensive and long lifetime, reliability, energy suchlike fabricated optical saving, light and color control elements account for a notable to new possibilities for system percentage to the costs of a integration. Their compact size luminaire. Therefore, more cost also allows the use of tailored and time-efficient methods primary and secondary optical for the fabrication of such elements to generate arbitrary optical elements are highly radiation patterns, in particular desirable. One such fabrication in case of freeform (FF) optical method could be imprinting of elements, or to couple and to optical structures, ideally using guide the light in accordance roll-to-roll (R2R) processes with demands. These optical for large-scale fabrication. elements may have dimensions However, imprinting is limited to of centimeters down to fabrication of optical elements millimeters and a variety of with much smaller sizes than methods for their fabrication the ones typically used for are applied owing to the lighting. On the other hand complexity of the optical such ultrathin, foil-based

Figures 1a&b: The Fabrication Procedure Cross-section along The process described below one half of the diameter allows for the fabrication of of the FF micro-optical tailored optical structures cost element (a), and 3D model of the FF micro- and time-efficiently by an approach optical element (b) that is based on master fabrication by mask-less gray scale laser lithography and the replication from these masters using step&repeat imprinting for shim fabrication. This shim can then be used as a stamp for R2R reproduction. Exemplarily, the fabrication of ultrathin freeform micro-optical elements on foils will be shown. Such foils can be directly integrated into the light sources or they can be laminated, lenses a sophisticated algorithm Figure 2 shows the predicted light e.g., on optically transparent plates. for calculating the freeform surface intensity distribution on a target was implemented, including the plane using the FF micro-optical The design procedure for the introduction of minimal and element of figure 1 in combination ultrathin FF micro-optical elements maximal thresholds of the freeform. with an LED light source as well as has been published in more detail Figure 1 shows a cross-section an image showing a wall that is elsewhere [1, 2]. It enables along one half of the diameter of illuminated by an LED through the realization of (freeform micro-) such an FF micro-optical element FF micro-optical element. The latter optical elements with heights that was designed to provide a one was fabricated in a batch of several 10 μm that provide rotationally symmetric radiation process [3]. The sag height of the radiation patterns on a target pattern. Also the 3D model of the FF micro-optical element is about plane as desired. In order to FF micro-optical element is shown 60 µm and the diameter of the generate such ultrathin FF in the figure. element is about 10.75 mm.

Figures 2a&b: Light intensity distribution on the target plane using the FF micro-optical element in combination with an LED light source, simulation (a), experiment with a wall representing the target plane (b)

Figures 3a&b: Cross-sections along one half of the diameters of a FF micro- optical element (a) and a (98 segments) 3D Model (b) designed for generating a uniform irradiance distribution with a square shape on a target plane.

Figure 4: Process chain for Still, the procedure can also be the R2R-UV-NIL extended to design non-rotationally based fabrication of symmetric irradiance distributions optical structures. with, e.g., an irradiance distribution The main steps are master fabrication (1), having a square shape. In this case step&repeat (2-5) and the FF object has to be “segmented” R2R-UV-NIL (6-7) into different slices with a constant azimuth step size, as shown in figure 3 and discussed in detail in [2].

The R2R-UV-NIL Process Besides their compactness and low weight, the main benefit of such structures is the possibility to fabricate them on a large scale in an R2R process. In this regard R2R-UV-NIL is one of the most promising high-resolution patterning techniques that can account for cost-effective large-scale production on flexible substrates [4]. Figure 5: Schematic of the Initially demonstrated for thermal fabrication of the imprinting in 1998 by Tan et al. [5], master by mask-less Ahn et al. [6] extended its potentials laser direct write to R2R-UV-NIL. While for thermal lithography (MALA) imprinting a thermoplastic material is embossed at temperatures above its glass transition and hardened by subsequent cooling, in UV-NIL the desired structure is transferred by a stamp into an imprint resist and fixed simultaneously by UV-curing.

With R2R-NIL the flat and rigid up-scaling of the master for the Process chain for the R2R- stamps that are used for a lot of fabrication of a polymer shim UV-NIL based fabrication other imprinting processes are and finally roll-to-roll fabrication. An effective method for the replaced by roller stamps. This has From a viewpoint of optical design fabrication of masters for suchlike the advantages that the imprinting and the complexity of the optical structures ((1) in Figure 4) is a is done continuously, which allows structures, larger heights would mask-less laser direct write for a more homogeneous and be preferable. On the other hand, lithography (MALA) approach, conformal pressure application, from the viewpoints of laser which is based on gray-scale improved resist displacement, lithography and R2R-NIL fabrication, direct laser lithography [3]. seamless pattern transfer and smaller heights are preferable. high throughput. Such roller stamps Therefore, in dependence of the Besides the laser writing process can be either patterned rolling complexity of the structures a itself, the most relevant part of cylinders with either a metallic or certain compromise with respect master fabrication is the generation silicone surface, or bendable to the final height have to be made of a “virtual” photomask. The virtual patterned stamps that are wrapped for which the aforementioned photomask, which is directly around a metal roller [4]. Such implementation of an additional generated from the 3D model flexible stamps, named “shims” algorithm in the design process of the FF micro-optical element, can be easily attached on and that allows to define arbitrarily specifies the respective light dosage detached from the roller. threshold values for the final that is applied at a given XY-position height of a specific structure, of a stage on which the sample is The whole process chain for R2R is an essential step to align placed. This light dosage can be fabrication of micro-scaled optical simulation and fabrication. varied while scanning the laser structures therefore comprises the beam across the sample in aforementioned optical simulations, The process chain for the fabrication accordance with the desired the fabrication of a master in of the simulated structures is shown structure to be fabricated. accordance with the optical design, in figure 4.

Figure 6: Scheme of the operating mode of the MALA process

The whole process is schematically approach, the lifetime of the master after metallization. Once the shim is illustrated in figure 5, the operating template can be largely prolonged. fabricated the shim can be used for mode of the MALA process in figure 6. In the step&repeat process a UV large-scale replication by R2R-UV- curable resist is applied to the NIL (6-7 in Figure 4). The next step ((2-5) in Figure 4) is substrate (3). The transparent the up-scaling of the master to a working stamp then comes into shim by step&repeat equipment. contact with the substrate. In a Proof of Concept in This tool allows very fast up-scaling subsequent step the resist is cured the Pilot Plant of the written structures to larger with UV light (4). Finally, the working Figure 9 shows an image of the sized masters and shims for R2R stamp is released (5) and reused R2R-UV-NIL pilot plant. For R2R processes by highly precise for the next print, close to the fabrication a liquid UV-curable stitching of the pattern elements previously set structure. imprint resist is coated on a floating of the master structure. For this, foil on a 250 mm wide web. the master template is replicated Figure 7 shows an image of the The requirements on the specific by imprinting its pattern to a working step&repeat equipment. Figure 8 imprinting resist used are many-fold stamp, which is used for the is an image of a shim that was ranging from good substrate Figure 7: actual step and repeat processing fabricated from the master template adhesion over a high curing rate and Image of the step&repeat ((2) in Figure 4). Using such an of free-form micro-optical elements, low surface energy to sufficiently equipment

Figure 8: Image of the shim fabricated by step&repeat with the free-form micro- optical elements after metallization

low viscosity for fast spreading and flexibility in exploiting all potential shim that is mounted on a steel filling of stamp cavities [4]. Still, optical effects compared to thermal roller. The pressure that is needed a clear benefit is also that the resin imprinting into a single polymer to transfer the topographic shim composition can be varied and/or foil material. pattern into the resist is applied by a additives can be added to the resin, soft rubber-coated counter roller Figure 9: which allows for the modification of On its way through the R2R pressing the substrate against the R2R-UV-NIL pilot plant at Joanneum Research the refractive index of the structured machine, the coated foil passes the shim ((7) in Figure 4). in Weiz, Austria layer. This allows much higher imprinting unit which contains the

Figures 10: Still, the alignment of structure Free-form micro-optical design, resist parameters and elements fabricated by process parameters is quite a R2R-UV-NIL at different complex process with a lot of speeds(left: 10 m/min| right: 1 m/min) mutual interferences that have to be aligned precisely to one another in order to allow for structures with high quality and precision. Improvements in this regard are ongoing; in particular with respect to Figures 11: the process speed for fabricating Final rolls with high quality R2R-UV-NIL imprinted (left) light coupling free-form micro-optical elements. structures and (right) Figure 9 shows the current status, free-form micro optical elements fabricated by which allows the R2R fabrication of R2R-UV-NIL defect free structures with a process speed in the low m/min range, while structures fabricated at around 10 m/min still suffer from imperfections and embedded air bubbles. Conclusions optical elements. Such miniaturized, Figures 10 show the free-form Still a young technology, all these low-cost and low-weight optics will micro-optical elements fabricated by examples demonstrate that owing to have a huge impact in the coming R2R-UV-NIL at different speeds, the progress over the last years years not only for lighting, but also for and finally, figures 11 shows a final R2R-UV-NIL and the related process a lot of other applications in that optical roll with free-form micro-optical chain has become a mature structures are core elements. elements as well as a further example technology for cost- and time- with light-coupling structures. effective large scale fabrication of

References: [1] C. Leiner, W. Nemitz, S. Schweitzer, F. P. Wenzl, C. Sommer, „Smart freeform optics solution for an extremely thin direct-lit application”, Proc. of SPIE 9889, 988911 (2016) [2] C. Leiner, W. Nemitz, S. Schweitzer, F. P. Wenzl, L. Kuna, F. Reil, P. Hartmann, C. Sommer, „Thin direct-lit application for general lighting realized by freeform micro-optical elements”, Proc. of SPIE SPIE 9955 99550E (2016) [3] L. Kuna; C. Leiner; W. Nemitz; F. Reil; P. Hartmann; F.P. Wenzl; C. Sommer, Optical design of freeform micro-optical elements and their fabrication combining maskless laser direct write lithography and replication by imprinting, J. Photon. Energy. 7, 016002, (2017) [4] M. Leitgeb, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, U. Palfinger, J. Götz, R. Liska, M. R. Belegratis, B. Stadlober, Multilength Scale Patterning of Functional Layers by Roll-to-Roll Ultraviolet-Light-Assisted Nanoimprint Lithography, ACS Nano 10, 4926−4941, (2016) [5] H. Tan, A. Gilbertson, S. Y. Chou, Roller Nanoimprint Lithography, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B: Microelectron. Process. Phenom. 16, 3926 - 3928, (1998) [6] S. Ahn, J. Cha, H. Myung, S.-M. Kim, S. Kang, Continuous Ultraviolet Roll Nanoimprinting Process for Replicating Large-Scale Nano- and Micropatterns. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 213101. (2006)

Today’s displays and advertising boards should be flexible, lightweight, and of an easily customizable size, which makes them relatively expensive. Simplification and/or new approaches and production technologies are required. In a European project called OptIntegral, researchers have developed new types of LED displays that combine the flexibility, low cost and high technical performance enabled by roll-to-roll mass manufacturing technology. Dr. Eveliina Juntunen, Senior Scientist at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, and her team, Vishal Gandhi, Satu Ylimaula and Arttu Huttunen, also from VTT, Samuli Leivo and Matti Koponen from Neonelektro Oy, Dr. Robert Heath and Dr. Haiming Hang from the University of Bath School of Management, with Encarna Escudero and Enric Pascual from Eurecat - The Technology Centre of Catalonia, demonstrate the results of this project.

Modern manufacturing integration are introduced. the full roll-to-roll manufacturing technologies of flexible In in-mould integration, process. The user evaluation electronics and in-mould flexible electronics is done in a public test installation integration could realize all overmoulded with plastics concludes that curved shaped features that are requested providing additional features to advertising board with RGB from state-of-the-art displays the backlight. Measurements backlight gained significantly and advertising boards but done on different tests more attention and was adaptation to new approaches structures show benefit in significantly more effective and production technologies both optical and thermal on both communication and is required. In this article, performance, and the pilot metacommunication than two different solutions for manufacturing of an advertising the standard display with the advertising boards backlighting board RGB backlight identical advertisement design based on advanced in-mould demonstrates high yield of used as a reference.

Figure 1: In the Optintegral project, a flexible, thin, and transparent light panel was developed by integrating a flexible LED foil with thermoplastics overmoulding realizing optical features on panel surface

Figure 2: Increasing the Performance In-mould integrated of Printed Electronics optical features on the The device functionality of printed light-guide module electronics can be increased by surface reduce the optical hot spots and assembling discrete components distribute the light like LEDs to the flexible foils making more evenly. Light- it possible to create hybrid integrated guide display in the left and reference sample structures with higher complexity [1]. without optical features Such combinations are thin, large on right area, and lightweight elements that can be cut and bent into desired shape [2]. This is an attractive feature for advertising boards backlighting in vehicle applications front surface were integrated on the Embedding Reduces the for example. Hybrid systems built on backlighting element using mould LED Temperatures flexible foils are also compatible with inserts allowing different optical Heat management is a key thermoplastics overmoulding that features to be manufactured with factor dictating the performance enables fully integrated and sealed the same mould. Two versions of the and reliability of LED solutions. manufacturing of additional features same backlighting element with and The flexible foils are made of plastics such as optical and mechanical without optical structures on the and consequently are poor thermal functions at low cost [3]. front surface are shown in figure 2. conductors. Also, the embedding In OptIntegral-project, this technology It can be seen that developed material is typically plastic. was applied to the production optical features reduce the optical Metallic conductors printed on of large area LED displays. hot spots on the module surface the foils improve the thermal Overmoulding of flexible electronics and distribute the light out from the performance, but are often was used to add optical features to light guide more evenly giving the minimized to reduce material the display elements, improving the appearance of more evenly consumption, cost and to provide visual appearance and thermal illuminated top surface. maximum transparency. management of the product. This contradicts thermal The optical features integrated on management of the in-mould the backlighting element turn the integrated device [5]. Here, In-Mould Integrated Optical light along the structure causing the temperature of the LEDs was Features on a Light Guide light to travel inside the light guide studied with thermal transient A light guide functionality was longer. This cumulates more tester (T3Ster) in different thermal designed for an advertising board absorption to occur in the moulding environments, such as with and backlight to spread the light emitting material due to longer travelling without in-mould integration, and from the LEDs to a wider surface distance. The backlighting element with two different drive currents. area. Using such approach, with and without in-mould integrated The T3Ster records the junction evenly illuminated advertising optical features on the front surface temperature of the LED as a boards could be realized with were studied with integrating sphere function of time and calculates the reduced number of LEDs and with as 4pi-measurement giving the total thermal transient response of the thinner structures both having light output. When measured with structure. From this response, positive influence on production 100% drive current (20 mA per LED) the cumulative structure function is cost. In-mould integration enables 4% loss in total light output due processed giving a one dimensional optics to be realized on LED to optical absorption was shown. description of the thermal path from backlighting module in one process The direction of the luminous flux the heat source to surrounding step. Overmoulding occurs when emitting from the backlighting ambient that was 22ºC free air in the flexible electronics foil is placed element was studied with this case. [6, 7]. The same samples inside the mould cavity. During the goniometer. The measurements of LED foils were measured before moulding, the thermoplastic material confirm that the in-mould integrated and after the overmoulding with is injected with heat and pressure optical features on the front surface identical measurement procedures. into this cavity where it cools and turn the light more along the light Each sample consisted of seven solidifies to the shape of the cavity [4]. guide where as in the backlighting LEDs connected in series (illustrated Here, the LED backlight was built on element without optical features as one row of LEDs in Figure 2) flexible electronics foil that was more light escapes from the that was considered as one heat over-moulded with plastics to create backside of the panel. The benefit source. Average values are a light guide. The optical structures of the developed optical features summarized in the (Table 1). designed to direct the light from the was 17% due to the increased On average embedding reduced LEDs to the light guide and then light output from the front and LED temperatures by 20%. from the light guide out from the side surfaces. When measured on foil, most of the

cooling occurs via thermal convection dynamic displays was detected, can be realized with the same and thermal radiation in air as and low pixel resolution, dynamic solution simply by cutting and convection towards the foil is limited RGB backlight based on full bending correct size of the due to small contact area and low roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing illuminating element out from thermal conductivity of the foil. The was developed for this demand. the roll. The process steps are overmoulding replaces the air from The basis of the solution is flexible illustrated in figure 3. Commonly, the direct vicinity of the LED and foil having continuous layout pattern the foil is inserted into the mould increases the cooling via thermal on which the digitally controllable as a sheet like it was done with conduction through plastics. RGB LEDs are assembled. the light-guide demonstration The overmoulding is carried out introduced above. However, sequentially over the LED matrix by using roll-to-roll (R2R) processing Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing enabling LED foil to remain through all the manufacturing steps of Dynamic RGB Backlight flexible and in roll format also from printing to electronics over- During OptIntegral project, after the overmoulding. As such, moulding the separate sheet cutting increasing interest for low cost, different backlighting solutions step is avoided that increases the throughput and cost efficiency. Table 1: LED temperature Heating current Average T LED (C) Average T LED (C) Change in T LED (C) The R2R over-moulding also through LEDs on foil embedded when embedded comparison on foil and benefits from less complex foil in in-mould integrated 10mA 95.0 75,6 -20 % inserting in the moulding tool structure - enabling better possibilities to fully Ambient (air) = 22°C 15mA 127.4 102,6 -19 % automate the process as well as simplified component handling Figure 3: Manufacturing steps when the components can be of full roll-to-roll kept in roll format. processing Curved, large area project demonstrator was manufactured using the developed RGB display concept. In the R2R manufacturing trial, 20 meters long RGB LED foil having 175 LEDs/ meter was overmoulded with over 99% yield. Large, circular advertisement board with printed canvas surface was built using the over-moulded RGB LED foil. The cylinder had identical print and RGB LED foil assembly on opposite sides. The diameter of the cylinder was 183 cm, height 57 cm and thickness 3 cm. Figure 4: Flexible, R2R Circular shape was produced to overmoulded RGB emphasize the flexibility of the LED foil was used to developed LED backlight element, build dynamic, large where as thin structure demonstrates area, and curved advertisement display the reduced thickness achieved by optical features of the in-mould integration. Arduino MEGA microcontroller board was used to vary the backlight colour smoothly from cold white to warm white and to few reddish hues. In addition, in certain occasions local effects took place to highlight the icons with different colours and paint the tires of the race car red. The measured total electric power draw of the RGB backlight was between 85-121 W depending on the dynamic features used.

Figure 5: Effect of In-Mould Partial overmoulding (A) Integration on the RGB with slightly diffusing Backlight Performance optics in-mould Combined power consumption integrated over the LEDs and conductors and optical measurement using and overall moulding (B) integrating sphere was carried out with in-mould integrated to investigate the effect of plastics lens on the LED. Both backlight elements embedding of developed RGB LED are made on the same backlight. In these measurements, RGB LED foil two types of the same backlight Figure 6: LED foils were compared that RGB display sample means that the LED configuration in placed on the entrance both types was identical. The first of the sphere for light overmoulding type (called partial measurements moulding) had a slightly diffusing optics covering LEDs and conductor tracks while leaving the other parts of the foil not covered. The second Table 2: overmoulding type (called overall Electric power Radiant power Efficiency Measured optical and Sample Color (W) 10-2 (W) (%) moulding) covered the entire foil electrical performance surface with thin, clear plastic. Red 0.53 3.3 6.2 of the RGB LED In addition, there was a simple lens backlight elements. Green 0.53 3.2 6.0 The measurement shape on top of the LED. The optics Bare foil (no optics) includes 12 LEDs. is shown in figure 5. Bare foil with Blue 0.54 4.7 8.7 Only the light leaving no overmoulding at all was used from the front (primary) White 1.23 10.4 8.5 surface is recorded as a reference Red 0.50 3.1 6.3

The light measurement was done Green 0.50 3.1 6.2 Partial overmoulding A as 2pi-measurement by inserting (diffusing optics) Blue 0.50 4.6 9.1 the samples on the side entrance of the integrating sphere. The sample White 1.20 10.5 8.7 placed on the entrance of the Red 0.50 2.5 4.9 sphere is shown in figure 6. Green 0.50 2.7 5.4 Each RGB colour was measured Overall moulding B (lens optics) separately and the reported value Blue 0.50 3.9 7.8 is an average of 10 repeated White 1.19 8.7 7.3 measurements. The used measurement set up records the light coming out from the front overall moulded sample (B in Figure 5) RGB advertising board was carried (primary) surface. The light escaping in which the efficiency reduction is out as a public installation and user from the back surface and the sides 10-20% compared to bare foil. The study involving 30 test subjects in is neglected. Simultaneously to the overall moulded sample should the Sports Training Village of light measurement, current and experience the same thermal University of Bath. The testing voltage were recorded with management benefit as the partially approach utilized a state-of-the-art multi-meters giving the electrical overmoulded sample. So, the glasses-based eye camera to power. Current was set to half of decrease in performance is due to measure the actual attention paid the maximum current of the LEDs. the change in optical structure. towards advertising. The evaluation The results listed in (Table 2) show The overmoulding covering the also included an assessment of that the sample with partial entire front surface could act as a the performance of the display overmoulding (A in Figure 5) light guide directing the light more on both communication and performs with higher efficiency than sideways and away from the metacommunication. the bare foil although some light measurement sensors detecting The methodology envisaged absorption must occur in the slightly only the light that comes out from students being asked to walk freely diffusing optical element covering the front surface. along a prescribed route in which the LEDs. The benefit is 2-4 % both the developed curved RGB depending on the colour and is display and the selected competitive assumed to be caused by improved Impact on Advertisement display would be mounted. thermal performance of the Effectiveness The competitor display was a overmoulded sample. The result is The evaluation of the performance standard two-sided flat rectangular opposite when considering the of the developed curved, large area, backlit display. The advertisement

Figure 7: Fixation map on display (RGB cylinder) was also curved, large area RGB perceived to be significantly more advertisement board attention-getting than the standard display. The reason it was perceived to be more attention-getting was concluded to be more due to its shape than the RGB colour effect.

Conclusions Manufacturing and performance of innovative advertising board backlights is reported in this article. The manufacturing is based on in-mould integration in which the flexible electronics is overmoulded with plastics providing additional features to the product. design on each display was also asked how much attention the Full roll-to-roll manufacturing identical. Both displays were hung ad was perceived to be able to get. process is introduced and piloted just above head height in a well- To obviate order effects the direction with good yield in RGB LED trafficked 4-metre-wide corridor of the route would be reversed for backlight manufacturing. leading to the Sports Training Village half the subjects, such that the Measurements done on tests Café. Test subjects were equipped order of encountering the two structures show benefit in both with lightweight portable glasses- test displays (Optintegral and optical and thermal performance by based eye cameras, and were given Competitor) would be reversed. in-mould integration. The user no instructions other than to walk evaluation done in a public test the prescribed route behaving as Summary of all subjects viewing installation concluded that curved they would normally do. The dwell the test display through the shaped advertising board with RGB time spent looking at each display eye-camera glasses is shown backlight gained significantly more would enable the directional in figure 7. The findings of the attention and was significantly more attention generated to be assessed, eye-camera concluded that the effective on both communication and the speed of eye-movement directional attention and the level of and metacommunication than the (fixations per second) would indicate attention towards the test display standard display. the level of attention generated (RGB cylinder) was not significantly by each display. After subjects greater than towards the standard had walked past the displays, display. However, the findings of a short questionnaire was the questionnaire show that the administered, asking questions test display is significantly more concerning communication and effective than the standard display metacommunication about one of on both communication and the two displays. The questionnaire metacommunication. The test

References: [1] K. Keränen, P. Korhonen, J. Rekilä, O. Tapaninen, T. Happonen, P. Makkonen, and K. Rönkä. ”Roll-to-roll printed and assembled large area LED lighting element,” the International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol 81, Issue 1, pp 529-536. October 2015 [2] M.A.M. Leenen, V. Arning, H. Thiem, J. Steiger, and R. Anselmann. “Printable electronics: flexibility for the future,” Status Solidi A, vol. 206, no. 4, pp. 588-597, April. 2009 [3] E. Juntunen, S. Ihme, A. Huttunen, and J-T. Mäkinen. R2R process for integrating LEDs on flexible substrate, IEEE Conference Publications on 2017 IMAPS Nordic Conference on Microelectronics Packaging (NordPac), 18-20 June 2017, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 12-16. DOI: 10.1109/NORDPAC.2017.7993155 [4] R. Ventura and X. Berjaga. “Comparison of multivariate analysis techniques in plastic injection moulding process,” 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), 8 - 11 Sept. 2015. Luxembourg, Luxembourg [5] O. Tapaninen, O. Jyrki, E. Juntunen, and K. Keränen, ‘Thermal management in flexible substrates for LEDs, IMAPS Nordic conference proceedings, 9.-11. June 2014, Oulu, Finland [6] T3Ster Thermal Transient Tester Technical Information, Mentor Graphics Corporation, Wilsonville, OR, USA, 2011 [7] V. Szekely and T. Van Bien, “Fine structure of heat flow path in semiconductor devices: A measurement and identification method,” Solid-State Electron., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1363-1368, 1988

EVENTS LIGHT + BUILDING 62 Lighting Industry Quo Vadis - Impressions from Light + Building 2018

Messe Frankfurt recently announced a new record for Light + Building 2018: “A total of 2,714 exhibitors (2016: 2,626) from 55 countries launched their latest products onto the world market. Altogether, more than 220,000 trade visitors (2016: 216,610) from 177 countries made their way to Frankfurt and around 240,000 visitors were thrilled by the Luminale in Frankfurt and Offenbach.” These figures explain why, even if you were well prepared and spending the entire week at the event, a complete picture just cannot be given. Arno Grabher-Meyer, Editor in Chief of LED professional and Technology Manager at Luger Research, collected and analyzed as much information as possible, condensed it to his personal list of highlights, and wrote a summary.

Light + Building is traditionally the Oftentimes the newcomer is a new designs that were inspired by lighting event where companies from company with a long tradition in other the possibilities of new technologies. all over the world introduce their technology fields that has realized Finding these highlights within the newest, top innovations. Some that their competencies would be enormous number of exhibits was a companies even invite a selected beneficial to the lighting industry. feat in itself. Therefore, I apologize in group of people to a private These types of companies are advance if I missed any - and I am demonstration of new concepts and probably the most interesting from a sure, I did! (In this case, please feel prototypes. Occasionally, members of technological point of view because free to send me your personal the press are allowed in and receive a they bring genuine innovations to the favorite.) rough forecast of upcoming trends, lighting market. but unfortunately, taking pictures Last, but not least, Light + Building is strictly forbidden. LED professional Light + Building is not only a revered is the event where industry giants was one of the lucky few that was place to present technical innovations demonstrate their power and their invited to look behind some but it is also the place to present visions. They are often technically of these curtains. new designs. Interesting approaches interesting and sometimes hard could be seen at the booths of small to understand. At first glance, Newcomers to the market also prefer and large companies alike. While they might seem insignificant but Light + Building for presenting their some attempts were, like in the these companies have the potential products for the first time because of fashion industry, just meaningless to define the direction in which the the size of the audience. The term remakes in a new technology and whole industry will need to develop, “newcomer” doesn’t necessarily refer therefore not very impressive, there and their ideas should therefore, to a new, young and small business. were, at the other end of the scale, be observed carefully.

About 240,000 people called on 2,714 exhibitors who showcased products that they felt would initiate lucrative business deals. TRILUX demonstrated their vision of future light systems - cue modularity and advanced HCL features - to selected clients and partners at the back of their booth while the front was crowded with interested visitors

 Fully color tunable luminaires with soft Designs & Applications designers have adopted LED and diametrically opposed in their aims organic shapes at the Are Driving the Industry OLED technology, what is even by hiding the light source and the Lumitech booth Despite the fact that LED more interesting is the way these luminaires that focus on the light professional has a strong affinity creative people are challenging itself. At the other end, the luminaire to technology and components, limitations and signaling what is portrayed as a piece of art without it was imperative for me to peek they expect from component compromising the purpose of beyond those boundaries especially manufacturers in the future. creating light. And between these  Vanory combines because of the influence In this respect, what struck me two extremes, anything is possible. glass, fabrics and applications and designs are most were: Soft shapes using fully tunable RGB starting to have on technology fabrics; Building integration and There were certainly other interesting LEDsto create a unique ambiance again. Although it is interesting to reductionism; mimicking natural attempts but they were mostly the see how designers and lighting illumination. Some approaches are result of improving and developing

existing luminaire designs, which material for lampshades in organic, companies. A positive aspect of were rarely new or substantially soft shapes. The materials used this trend is that many of the different from their predecessors. are often unlike the lampshade designs can’t be used for an Edison materials used in the incandescent socket, resulting in products that Cautious use of sensual fabrics era, and are used in diverse ways are true LED luminaires that can and their ability to shape light into because LEDs and OLEDs don’t use the potential of this technology unique patterns at Light + Building get nearly as hot as halogen more fully.  A simple, soft 2016 was continued this year. or incandescent lamps did, design with fully The applications included giving designers more freedom in Early visions of LED lighting were controllable light output, paired with combinations of glass and other their choice of materials. Slowly but building integration and building the unique Eclipse materials for mood lighting and surely this development is being luminaire construction elements wireless controls. visual diversification as well as adopted by more and more visions but we are still waiting for the This is Shade’s Orb

 Georg Bechter Licht’s award winning mass adoption. But still, the vision is been set: Drivers with integrated electronics circuits - has become an system is characterized slowly becoming a reality because controls are now slimmer and important issue. While some IC by maximal integration of the enormous ingenuity and smaller in volume. Several manufacturers have already found and miniaturization creativity of small companies; some companies have started to shrink the answer, there are still a huge possibilities of which are already making use of the dimensions of their drivers; number of parameters that have to  llll makes hovering lighting objects from the latest communication and mostly staying within certain limits be considered. Some of those fabrics and LEDs controls technologies with unique and just reducing the height to allow parameters are flicker suppression, and advanced operation concepts. slimmer form factors, but keeping a exact control of the output current Although the ultimate building standard length. For most of the or equal power distribution over the integration hasn’t been realized yet, current applications this is fine but whole length of a several meters the success of these businesses for some, this type of standardization long linear strip module, to name and their crowded booths at the is a disadvantage. Luckily, there are just a few. L+B might animate established some companies that are starting to lighting corporations to investigate provide proprietary dimensioned, Three other developments in these approaches or invest in some even smaller, drivers. electronics that came about of these innovative companies. because of user requirements and  ERP proudly The pressure on components from applications could also become demonstrated the most In some respects, requirements the application, especially game-changers. The first one is the compact LED drivers have been recognized by the electronics, continues in driver ICs realization by all the important of their class, available with different controls electronics industry and the first and concepts. Simplification - companies that commissioning can options actions to accommodate them have including miniaturization of the be a critical, limiting factor for the

 Lextar’s design broad adoption of smart and truly innovation for projects and mass accepted the challenge. The two includes gesture human centric light installations applications and will soon become a proposals have very different control for dimming this because each and every light is a Zhaga certified standard. This would technical levels and price ranges dim-to-warm capable node that needs to be addressed allow for the programming and and although they haven’t yet fully luminaire individually. In many cases it is no parameterization of drivers in bulk to achieved the feeling described longer sufficient to group various the exact requirements needed in a above, their attempts are very luminaires together and many project just before shipping them. impressive. Even though some  Ewinlight Tech’s well-known companies are working Should there be changes or in case people think that we should just design for Human hard to find solutions for simplifying of a replacement, they can be easily spend more time outside and refer Centric Lighting allows the process. The second one is re-programmed on location. to human centric lighting as a for the simulation of lowering dimming levels down to gimmick, the approaches should not different outdoor situations from 0.1%, which is provided by some For years, psychologists and be ignored. A lot of effort and overcast to sunset or manufacturers. The difference to the ethnologists have known that natural money has been spent on less sunrise to a bright, prevalent 1% is striking and the light conditions like the slow important issues and product sunny day question of whether it is reasonable fluctuations under a shady tree have development with a successful  CoeLux’s (use/application area) is easy to positive effects on the wellbeing and return on investment. Further Sun&Moon attracted answer: Primarily dimming using cognition of people. And even investigations and improvements a lot of attention. systems with color or CCT tunable though it is no simple task, could lead to a paradigm change in Shown here in sun mode, the moon setting was systems. The third game-changer is mimicking natural illumination seems some applications so it is well worth even more amazing - the NFC programming of drivers. to be the logical goal. Two it to keep an eye on these but hard to capture This is probably the biggest adopted companies have, at least in part, technologies. on film

Research and Development Is Ongoing and the Innovative Power Is Still Alive I don’t think that I’m the only editor of a technology focused magazine who has noticed that big news in respect to technologies on a component level have become scarce. This is because the technologies have matured and are no longer the driving force. Applications are the new innovation drivers with a few exceptions in the cases where companies focused on other technologies realized that their knowledge might be interesting for LED and/or OLED lighting. I’m not saying that there isn’t any innovation anymore, but rather that the innovations are subtler or have switched to other technology fields. Besides the omnipresent topics of IoT and controls, the most visible innovations concern optics and the application of optics. Here, I should also mention electronics as well as laser lights, daylight using solutions and LiFi as discernable innovations.

Although LiFi is an ongoing topic, up until now the technology has only been used in a small number of projects. Although, I feel that this might change. Signify’s (formerly Philips) presentation of broadband LiFi to a selected audience at Light + Building may trigger the broader adoption of this technology but it remains to be seen how fast it will make its way into the mass market.

 Lensvector demonstrated how to alter light distribution in a range between Noteworthy optics are, for instance, zoom optics for about 5° to 50° using a 2mm thin LCD lens, by altering the electrical field spotlights with reasonable efficiency. While zoom lenses are basically nothing new, in comparison to their predecessors, this generation has two convincing  The sophisticated IQ Structures optics manufacturing method allows for the production of slimmer luminaires with well-defined, efficient light distribution attributes: They are quite efficient over the whole zoom range, and they are by far, not as bulky as they were before - allowing for slim, modern designs. While one solution is based on conventional technologies changing the angle by changing the distance between the LED and the lens by a few millimeters, the second solution is based on LCD technology and uses the principle that refraction index in an LCD changes with the applied electrical field. While this is certainly the most advanced technology, the liquid lens technology that was introduced a few years ago must also be mentioned. Unfortunately, the latter two technologies still have one significant disadvantage compared to conventional zoom lenses: They are currently much too costly for many applications and will very likely only be applied in the high-end segment or if dynamic zooms are required.

The new, approximately 2 mm thin optical devices, based on principles of diffraction applied in a novel way to achieve improved performance of white light illumination systems, were absolutely striking. This unique solution is based on full control over the modulation of material and geometric properties of the optical elements at a nano-level. A combination of complex transmission diffractive elements, with specially designed systems of micro-reflectors

is a promising flexible unit for the construction of a new generation of luminaires. The knowledge for manufacturing these innovative optics comes with a long history and experience in producing recording anti-counterfeiting features and micro- and nanostructured materials for fuel cells.

It has already been predicted that laser lighting will be the next lighting revolution but the high costs have limited the application to headlights in a few luxury cars. Two approaches that were demonstrated at Light + Building were aimed to change that. First, a cost reduction by about a factor of 5 within the last two years and then an expected significant further cost reduction speaks for a bright future in appropriate applications. While the full advantage seems to lie in very compact modules for narrow angle spotlights like searchlights, the presented solutions for other lighting applications are also very promising. High CRI can be achieved and unmatched contrast with razor sharp shadows can be attained that are not possible with any other artificial light source. LED professional will be carefully watching future developments of this technology and keeping you up-to-date.

There were also interesting solutions that go beyond LEDs, OLEDs and lasers. While the use of daylight is definitely no new idea, it could be brought to a new level with improved materials. Technical progress might open new doors and the affirmation towards human centric  Parhelion proved that laser based modules can easily replace MR16 LEDs or lighting may support the adoption of this technology. halogen lamps with lower energy consumption and equal or better light quality With increased reflectivity of materials from the commonly 90%-95% up to 98%, new daylight systems  In a research project with BASF, Bartenbach is working on the development of a new daylight control system for windowless rooms. While in their headquarters a life-size might make sense. Some might ask what difference 3% setup allows measurement and testing, at the show a model demonstrated the concept would make, but in this application every percentage point counts. The idea of transporting sunlight from a roof or façade to the center of a building is as old as architecture itself. There are old buildings that used the method but with an incredible amount of space being used and high losses. Today, such solutions are ineffective and much too costly. With increased reflectivity of reflectors, an appropriate solution seems to be possible, and each percentage point - even a tenth of a percentage point - counts - as a simple calculation proves. A reflectivity comparison of a low-cost material (90%) with a high quality standard material (95%), a world leading material (98%) and a currently still fictive 99% reflectivity material used in a system which requires 25 reflections shows the following result: The light levels at the outlet of the system are 7%, 28%, 60% and 78%, respectively. The more reflections that are required, the more the gap opens. If the idea to install such solutions in a standard dimension in parallel to climatization channels can succeed, strongly depends on the material properties and perfect planning of the light channel. In any case, this approach might, in combination with intelligent controls of LED lights, further reduce energy consumption of buildings and offer another type of human centric lighting approach.

Trends and Topics with a Huge Potential to Influence the Market Trends are not necessarily always positive, nor do they always provide extraordinary value. They can be artificially generated with clever marketing and they can disappear just as fast as they appeared. The problem for companies is that it can mean disaster if they don’t follow a trend and it can also mean disaster if they do follow it. The one thing that all trends (good or bad) have in common is that the drive business and they line the pockets of the winners.

At Light + Building we saw several trends being pushed. Some were old and continuing and some were new. A few may peter out and die while some may be sustainable. Even though there still doesn’t seem to be a common understanding of what human centric lighting really means, this, and IoT, are two of the long running trends. Providing a dedicated CCT and customized spectra for different applications is also a continuing and expanding trend. Tunable light and its more affordable sibling, dim-to-warm, were also shown a lot. Product versatility and flexibility are other noteworthy attributes. Automatizing to speed up production and lower costs, featuring modularity and standardization are other current trends. But the one topic that seemed to be most important for many companies and some business branches was: Blue light risks and blue light hazard.

The term blue light hazard might be overly stressed and often used in an ambiguous manner, but it is important, and shouldn’t be taken lightly. The safety standards gained center stage during the last few years and manufacturers have been urged to classify their products accordingly. Even though this means extra effort on their part, it can also be an advantage because a better rating may be a valuable marketing argument, a factor that was demonstrated at the show. Another trend - not directly related to lighting - should also be mentioned: Companies have started to invite scientists and specialists to hold lectures on topics that they can provide solutions for and they invite their clients and journalists to attend. It’s not surprising that in

 Many companies invited researchers to present their findings. Dr. Russel (top) was invited by Seoul Semiconductor and Prof. Sangchul Yoon (bottom) by Luflex (former LG Display). Manufacturers of measurement equipment like Instrument Systems (center) introduced products for better and simpler IEC 62471 and IEC 62778 conformity testing

many cases blue light issues were the topic of discussion and this fact underlines the relevance and potential of the topic. Without going into detail about the substance of the lectures it should be recognized that clients are more sensitive now to the subject and IEC 62471 and IEC 62778 conformity has become more important than ever before. It was therefore not a surprise that much of the new measurement equipment was also focused on this topic. The range of products involved both hardware and software. Some hardware, like integrating spheres or spectrometers, may need to be adapted because the regulations not only concerns blue light, but also UV and IR and the resulting health risks are addressed in the regulation. In most cases new software was developed that simplifies the measurement task.

The trend of striving for flexible area lights is ongoing. New developments and improvements in OLEDs were presented and even if only gradually, companies that had abandoned their OLED development projects years ago are starting to revive their applications. On the other side, LED based, flexible modules that are much thinner than ever before and which have been significantly improved were on display. While the OLED manufacturers argued that their products only had minor or even no blue light hazard, the manufacturers of LED based systems argued that they had better light shaping options and larger formats.

The continuing human centric lighting trend with its requirement for increased controllability also supports the trend towards IoT. The philosophies of the different companies in this segment are conflicting. Some want to become the provider of data and data analysis that can be obtained by the IoT connected lighting equipment while the others want to be enablers, providing the basic hardware to anybody who wants to connect their sensors to the IoT environment. And still others want to equip their nodes with the required sensors to provide raw data to any other intelligent node within the system. It remains to be seen which concept and philosophy will prove to be the best approach. One general trend that may make the end-user happy, because it is more

 Like the new OLEDworks module (center), flexible OLEDs are still popular, but the are becoming challenged by a new generation of thinner, flexible LED based products, e.g. by the products from DesignLED (top). Already, the trend to smart lighting is slowly followed by smart controls concepts beyond mobile devices, even without batteries (bottom)

 BJB’s automation machine for linear lights substantial for the average person: assembles a luminaire It took a while for companies to realize in just 68 seconds that instead of an app, a simpler with unparalleled control solution is required that can accuracy. Even faster, assembly of spotlights perform 90% of the tasks, giving the or downlights (image) mobile device and its app the job of with the most advanced configuring the system and scenes lighting technologies and solving complex settings. In the just takes nine seconds meantime programmable, wireless switches and controls are available  Component manufacturers also for virtually any system. In many recognized the need cases there is no need for a power for more automation. source and sometimes they are Kathod, for example, based on interesting, new, introduced the world’s first reel lenses innovative and unconventional operation concepts. Many of these wireless controls devices are available for the most relevant wireless solutions. This is especially relevant as competition between the different systems is ongoing.

A longer lasting trend with new technologies and concepts that have been pushed forward is the trend towards automation of production. Increasingly, powerful robots and sophisticated software combined with cameras and other sensors allow for a fully automated production line for various lamp and luminaire types. The latest trend in this

 EID Tech respect are the “micro factories” that promoted their fully allow for a local creation of value on automated micro-plant a 10x10 meter facility. This could production concept - make high-wage countries more manufacturing local, closer to the places competitive and more independent where the product from East Asia. These trends play should be sold into the hands of product modularization and standardization, which touches on another, upcoming trend.

For a long time, modularization was banished from the lighting industry because it seemed too costly and inefficient. Simplified, a luminaire consisted of a few components/ modules: Housing, a light source, a driver with controls (if any), and an optical system. However, the increasing system complexity, with the digitalization of light and the request for customization and flexibility demanded that the industry rethink their point of view. First we had some clever examples of modular luminaires, some of which were ready to be sold to the public, and then we had others that were far-reaching and just behind the curtain. You don’t need a crystal ball to know that the number of these types of concepts will increase by the next Light + Building event.

Final Thoughts What are the lessons to be drawn from Light + Building 2018? What is new or what are the consequences? Was it worth spending a week at Light + Building and should I go again in 2020? For me the answer is simple: Even though it was sometimes hard to find eye-catching, noteworthy innovations, there were many interesting new products that could be experienced firsthand. There are only a few places that one can go to exchange views with so many influential people or company representatives in this business like Nichia's COO, Hiroyoshi Ogawa, and Light + Building is one of them. It is probably the most important place for a business to go to adapt its future roadmap or garner ideas for future projects or developments. It is a great place to learn what drives the business, which trends are fading and which are on the rise. It may be exhausting to walk miles and miles at this huge fair and talk for a full week at meetings and appointments, running from booth to booth, but it is totally worth every second. Light + Building is the must-visit event in 2020.

 In cooperation with Bartenbach, XAL designed a clever, new modular concept. The two Austrian companies developed Unico, a powerful downlight with up to nine individually controllable 38x38 mm optical modules. Each can have its own very different photometrics, brightness and, if a color tunable version is chosen, CCT setting

 Special colors for various applications, from automotive to effect lighting and to horticulture were presented by Lumileds

 The combination of design and intelligent controls, as presented by volatiles, drew a lot of attention

 Light quality, and mainly providing a spectrum closer to that of sunlight, like Luminus Devices (right) and Nichia (below). While the applied technology might be completely different, filling the missing spectral range of conventional High CRI LEDs, like cyan, improves whites and color fidelity

 Miniaturization and simplification of driver circuits must not compromize the output signal quality. For instance, Infineon demonstrated that current ripple suppression for non-flickering light can still be provided through innovative driver concepts

Western business investments in local manufacturing facilities have been declining since the 1980s due to partnering with contract manufacturers in Asia. But with increasing and hidden costs in Asia, companies are now seeking to bring manufacturing back home. A recent innovation, microfactories, could be the solution. Paavo Käkelä, Chairman and VP at EID Tech in Finland, presents the microfactory called Ant PlantTM. He explains this new, flexible manufacturing concept, shows how it works and how it is set up, and analyzes the benefits of local, automated production of LED lighting products as an alternative to contract manufacturing in Asia.

Companies have been in New Unpredictable Risks Automation is Here to Help search for better profits and Emerging in Global Markets One way to reduce the risk of lower labor costs through US Manufacturers are voicing unpredictable global markets, is to contract manufacturing in concerns about the downside bring manufacturing back home. Asia. During the last decade, of the import tariffs the Trump With today’s automated production however, Chinese labor cost administration is slapping on line solutions, it is becoming a real has risen with an increase of $50 billion worth of Chinese option to run a successful and 64% since 2011 [1]. Due to products. At the same time, profitable manufacturing business this trend, some companies there are talks about potential without outsourcing it to Asia. are now taking their business changes in NAFTA. And who knows, elsewhere with lower wages, maybe even EU relations will EID Tech, a manufacturing or considering automation, to become volatile if the worst-case automation company, has spent the secure competitive production trade-war scenarios play out. last four years in developing the cost. When also considering entirely new concept called Ant all hidden costs of overseas Many of the manufacturing Plant™ Microfactory. It is an contract manufacturing, business leaders have no way of example of the new trend, where the including the import taxes, predicting how all this will impact local manufacturing operations are customs fees and freight their business in the long term. made profitable again, thanks to a expenses, many companies Political risks, corruption, new reasonably priced automation have realized that it is more changes to the tariffs, supply chain and robotic production solutions. reasonable to bring the costs, changing exchange rates, manufacturing back home to a need for big committed capital The microfactory concept has the automated factories, instead of for the advance payments for potential to change the way the LED searching for another low-cost outsourcing partners, long lead lighting industry is manufacturing its labor country. times, quality risks, etc. Nobody can products. The field-data from the accurately forecast the global first LED Lighting microfactory market behavior and its impact on owners demonstrate that it can one single business. reduce the local manufacturing cost to a competitive level vs. Asian It's like driving in fog down a busy imports. It also makes highway with no headlights. At the manufacturing more flexible, with same time, manufacturing CEOs faster lead times and rapid small need to continue developing their batch product runs. By using fully strategy and make sound automated manufacturing with investment decisions. automated burn-in and testing, the microfactory also substantially increases the quality of the LED

lighting products, as all the products Most of the updates can be done Customers can choose a combination are 100% tested and human errors remotely from the microfactory of these modules that will best fit are eliminated. service center with the help of their manufacturing needs. customer’s engineers. To secure For example, if the setup only calls optimized and uninterrupted for sample-based offline testing, Factory as a Service Brings operation, the product line data and there is already an offline Additional Benefits is continuously collected and packing line in the factory, Companies investing in production analyzed in the cloud. If any the assembly and the laser marking line automaton are often worried deviations appear in the process, functions may be all that is needed. about their long term operations. corrective actions are prepared In that case, only the first three What happens, for example, if they remotely and the required service microfactory modules and the suddenly have to modify or change can be often done even without laser marking and unloading the product design? stopping the production. modules are required (Figure 2). Additional modules can be added By using a well modularized later, if aging, testing and packaging system, updates are easy to Brief Description of a need to be added. The set-up time make when product modifications Modularized Microfactory for installing new modules to the require changes in the assembly A fully automated microfactory line is on average only two hours setup. Fully automated microfactory line, for example for LED Tube until production is running again. operations are controlled from the production, has six main The modular design also makes it cloud and field engineers can be modules (Figure 1). possible to make the investment in supported remotely to make any the microfactory in smaller installments. changes at customer premises with The six main modules for an minimum downtime to the operation. LED Tube production: Installation of the complete • Loading (1) microfactory line at customer When new updated parts or • Assembly1 (2) premises can be done in only components are needed, and if they • Assembly2 (3) eight hours because the interface are different size or form factor, • Aging (4) between the modules is just vision-guided general feeders • Testing & laser marking (5) connecting the power lines and enable quick and easy changes to • Individual / serial packaging (6) communication network. During the new parts. installation the robot picking and

Figure 1: Microfactory with the complete line using all 6 modules

Figure 2: Simpler example of the microfactory, just using the loading, assembly and laser marking+ unloading modules

Figure 1: A Graphical User Interface simplifies monitoring, controlling and operating of the plant

placing points will be prepared Quality Improvements Logistics and Supply and tested, and then the production that Only Robots Can Chain - Automated can start running. Guarantee Offering a centralized regional hub Quality of a product has three that will feed product parts and With the best microfactory setup, critical components: Product materials to remote microfactories, not only the production line is design, used materials and will help to secure larger purchasing modularized. All the applications manufacturing process. To make volumes and cost reduction for inside the cell are also their own sure that the automated production product parts. That benefit is then individual modules. The line also has can run efficiently in most of the shared with all the microfactory its own communication network with cases DFA (Design For Automation) users that are using the service. one secured external connection work is needed. The regional hub concept makes point for remote control and data the short lead times to parts collection. All the applications have During the DFA planning the possible and reduces their own I/O modules and are critical points in the product manufacturer’s inventory cost. connected with Fieldbus, so they architecture are defined to Compare that to an outsourced are easy to change when required ensure the best possible Asian operation, that may require due to product design changes. manufacturability and production large quantity orders, with pre- Robots are placed on the cell output, with minimum compromises payment and long lead times. ceiling, which allows maximum in product design. DFA work space for applications working area connects the manufacturing inside the cell. The application and process and product together. Microfactory Has Its control software is also modularized First Focus on the LED to each function and application. When the product design and Lighting Industry manufacturing process are properly While the same microfactory The microfactory line is controlled prepared and designed, when the concept can be applied to any from Graphical User Interface (GUI) needed test points are defined, high volume production of small (Figure 3). The GUI has different possible human errors are size merchandize that requires user access levels, which are minimized, and only the validated assembly, it is planned first to defined together with the customer. material suppliers are used, it is serve the LED lighting markets. The operator can run the line and possible to achieve an extremely Manufacturing LED tubes, fixtures monitor the cell states, yield and high level of product quality. and panels, seems to be ideally output. Any changes to settings, And that quality is made possible fitted for gaining the benefits of the when product type is changed, by preparing the process and microfactory operation, and the can be done by advanced user. product design before manufacturing, feedback from the first customers Production engineers can also with full automated production and has been encouraging. easily change settings and make tests, and not by quality monitoring service and maintenance actions later on by the operators during As LED lighting products continue when needed. the process. becoming more standardized and price competition intensifies,

the pressure to lower manufacturing Conclusions Using microfactories like Ant Plant™ costs continue to increase. LED lighting manufacturers can may not be the only required action Microfactory technology offers the gain several benefits by using the to keep and improve competitiveness local based LED lighting companies micro-factory concept. Micro- of our western industry, but it can a new flexibility, better customer factories offer both business and be a significant contribution to it. response-times, the quality and national economic benefits due to Furthermore, this concept allows cost that will help them to stay several reasons. smaller companies and start-ups to competitive for the long- term future. set up their own production with With fully automated microfactory Benefits of micro-factories: relatively little cost, and by that may solution, today, even smaller • Flexible manufacturing: enable new creativity and new ideas. western LED lighting companies Full control over local production can run profitable and flexible line enables rapid response to manufacturing at home, closer to customer demand, and optimized their own market and customers. end-product inventory with lower working capital need • Competitive cost: Local Wellbeing With a fully-automated micro- Even if microfactory operations factory, operated by one person, are 100% automated, they always the product cost is competitive provide people with work – with Asian imports for instance, to support the • Superior quality: manufacturing and handle human– With micro-factory’s automated robot collaboration. While a fully product burn-in and testing automated and intelligent capabilities, the human error microfactory doesn’t need people to factor is minimized. Micro-factory assemble or package the products, users have reported 3x lower field someone still has to do specialist failure rate and 3x longer product work or work which is needed for life vs. Asian contract production support functions. manufacturing Technological advances in tools for • Local and green: engineering already make it Local manufacturing supports necessary to have a college degree vibrant local partner ecosystem in many types of manufacturing development around the micro- jobs. This development brings new factory operations and enables possibilities for millions of workers building a local brand, for example with skills in advanced machinery “Made-in-USA” in the near future.

References: [1] Euromonitor: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/27/chinese-wages-rise-made-in-china-isnt-so-cheap-anymore.html

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Following the rapid penetration of LEDs, lighting now becomes integrated into the Internet of Things. Over the past three years a consortium of leading European companies worked on the OpenAIS project, partly funded by the EU within the Horizon 2020 program. Now showing the results, the consortium is working on a full size demonstrator. Ben Pronk, System Architect at Philips Lighting Research, and Frank van Tuijl, Project Manager at Philips Lighting show how OpenAIS creates an open ecosystem to enable a wider community to deliver the smartness of light and they explain how it is possible to adapt the system to cater to the diversity of people and demands.

The Internet of Things (IoT) The lighting industry has been Benefits of the Internet extends the Internet Protocol going through a transformation of Lights (IP) communication beyond its to Solid State Lighting for some Converting to IoT based systems will established markets in years. The introduction of introduce mainstream digital and computers and mobile phones LED-based systems enables communication technologies in the to billions of resource- increased control capabilities lighting domain. As in other digitized constrained endpoints (e.g., switching and dimming) domains, this transformation is (“things”). In the lighting domain and reduced operational costs expected to come with advantages these “things” will comprise and energy consumption. in (product) costs, development physical devices as intelligent Incorporating IoT and efficiency and availability of luminaires and sensors as well connectivity in lighting systems solutions and vendors. This will as infrastructural elements as now creates yet another provide opportunities for the lighting gateways. IoT opens these revolution and opens a plethora industry to decrease both CapEx “things” to regular Internet of new opportunities and value and OpEx costs by leveraging on services and fast networks propositions. IoT-technology is commodity hardware, network and allowing (remote) control and maturing quickly, which makes other software stacks. data collection from these it economically feasible to devices. The introduction of IoT connect each luminaire to the A transition towards IoT is not as the backbone for connected Internet. Hence, it is an merely a cost reduction effort, lighting systems enables excellent opportunity to it brings several additional benefits: seamless communication, establish the Internet of Lights, It enables using the network contextual services and data i.e., an advanced lighting infrastructure in the building for sharing between devices system with IoT at its core. controlling and powering the (“things”) and is bringing radical lighting systems rather than using changes to the industries by a dedicated lighting network. converging multitudes of Having IP connectivity to all light vertical markets. points also enables flexibility and interoperability with other systems such as Building Management Systems (BMS), smart grids and cloud services. It provides flexibility to seamlessly combine multiple connectivity technologies, for example, in both wired and wireless solutions and eliminates the need for expensive gateways for

doing application layer translations. lighting industry and other stakeholders. Finally, it enables a large variety Every IoT framework investigated THE OpenAIS CONSORTIUM & of new services. For example, was missing features for application sharing occupancy data collected in lighting control systems. THE OpenAIS PROJECT by presence detectors used for lighting controls with BMS for air The most important features: OpenAIS is a pre-competitive R&D project that runs from conditioning or with cloud for data • Low-latency group communication: 2015 to mid-2018 and is coordinated by Philips Lighting. analytics opens up new possibilities Most IoT frameworks are very The project is supported and partially funded by the and services. much focussed on connecting Horizon 2020 program of the European Union. field devices to the cloud. Overall, it can increase the comfort For many IoT applications like The OpenAIS consortium includes partners from all and well-being of the people in a vending machines this is a segments of the Lighting vertical: facility management, building, lead to more efficient use suitable set-up. However, lighting installation, lighting manufacturing, technology suppliers of the building and even help to has the unique property of and academic partners. Application focus and carrier case achieve certifications such as intensive real-time local is Professional Indoor Office (Europe). BREEAM or LEED by increasing the coordination and communication building performance rating and between many nodes. Therefore, reducing the carbon footprint. efficient and secured n:m communication between the nodes in a system is a prerequisite User Scenarios of the 2020’s • Operation not dependent of The project researched the central cloud server: lighting requirements for the office functions must be available environments of 2020 and beyond. always, therefore local The information obtained in communication and control has to structured interviews with industry be available also when a central experts across the value chain, were server or a cloud connection is analyzed, distilled and grouped into absent, be it temporarily or three main “super” scenarios. permanently. This again requires an independent, network-based The OpenAIS consortium The three "super" scenarios: communication amongst nodes • Easy Life “…a solution that is easy • For the application layer a to specify, design, install, dedicated Object Model was The OpenAIS partners are Philips Lighting B.V., Zumtobel commission, operate and developed, as evaluation showed Lighting GmbH, Tridonic GmbH & Co KG, Johnson Controls maintain without making that public models like IPSO were Systems and Service Italy SRL, Dynniq Belgium N.V., NXP, compromises on the ease of use…” much too limited for advanced ARM Ltd, Technische Universität Eindhoven and TNO-ESI. • Increase Building Value “…in the high quality lighting control and changing world of office space, simple integration into BMS’s. The OpenAIS project that started from the presumptions provision owners will need to Existing application models like that connected lighting solutions will constitute a significant make their properties more ZigBee or KNX were not taken part of the (future) Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. attractive for businesses to lease into account by the consortium as or rent……...”trophy workplaces” they did not support IP natively (yet) The project vision included that: making visits to the office a luxury • Lighting will offer the infrastructure to integrate devices and a rewarding experience…” and deliver additional functionality beyond lighting • Building Wide Ecosystem “….in the The OpenAIS Solution • IoT will use existing ecosystems and standards to create future, systems in a building will We will now detail the architectural commercially differentiated solutions and finally be expected to share sensors and solution as proposed by the • In a landscape of mainly proprietary solutions, as of seamlessly interoperate to the consortium. We will start with a today, an IoT-based Lighting system for professional benefit of the building and their discussion on the selection of a environments in the near future demands openness and stakeholders” suitable IoT-framework to build the interoperability, as many professional customers want to Internet of Lights on. This paragraph avoid vendor lock-in These scenarios form the cornerstone will be followed by a description of motivations behind the design work the network stack build-up. Consequently, the goals of the project were defined as: and value proposition. After that, we will focus on the • Create an open architecture (standard) for lighting control two main topics identified above, systems, allowing multi-vendor systems, based on the OpenAIS Group Communication (emerging) IoT-standards and ecosystems, and The Architectural and Object Model. Finally, we will • Validate this approach by a large-scale pilot in an actual Challenges explain how commercially office environment, demonstrating the promises of Existing IoT architectures do not fully differentiating features can be interoperability, third party mix and match. meet the requirements from the created.

IoT-framework A key advantage of LWM2M compared Open (Secure) Group During the state-of-the-art research to other IoT initiatives at the moment of Communication (OGC) phase in 2015, various existing and selection was that it had a released The consortium developed a group upcoming IoT standards offering specification and implementations communication mechanism that lightweight IP-based management already on the market. operates in parallel to LWM2M and control were investigated. device control to provide low latency One of these standards is and controlled bandwidth Lightweight M2M defined by the Network stack communication links, needed in Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), In the choices made for the network lighting controls for professional abbreviated “LWM2M”. The public stack the project objectives are buildings. Secure OpenAIS Group Version 1.0 of the LWM2M standard clearly visible. Communication enables the has been chosen as the basis for operative lighting use cases, the OpenAIS architecture. Project objectives: supports local (node to node) • IPv6-based communication with control and event handling and LWM2M is a framework for device UDP as the transport layer. IPv6 ensures interoperability across management and service multicast and 6LoWPAN vendors. Setup of groups is secured enablement that defines the compression will be supported through commissioning. LWM2M protocol between a • Support any (future) physical medium LWM2M Client (i.e. a resource- that is IPv6 capable and is able to Important characteristics and constrained M2M field device) and a deliver a defined minimum transport design choices for the mechanism LWM2M Server (which is the capacity. Typical larger systems will are: configuring entity and typically not have a LAN backbone with IP routers • CoAP Multicast [RFC7252] resource-constrained). The protocol or Border Routers to integrate different [RFC7390] protocol over IPv6 was developed for use over cellular local IoT networks (using e.g. BT, multicast. M2M connections with potentially BLE, 6LoWPAN, Wi-Fi, PLC, VLC, • Support for multiple Application very low bandwidth and a non- PoE, etc.) Groups re-using an IPv6 Multicast negligible communication cost per • All communication uses the Group, to obtain efficiency in the kilobyte, but the standard is also well-standardized CoAP protocol, usage of IPv6 multicast applicable when used over any defined by the IETF especially for use addresses. other IP-based network technology. in the domain of constrained • Multicast security model, offering embedded devices. CoAP implements authentication and authorization The protocol is optimized for the REST communication paradigm for multicast group commands or resource constrained field devices, that powers today’s web services requests that is fast enough for that is, devices with limited RAM, • Security and privacy of data lighting control. limited flash memory, low-bandwidth communication are achieved by • Multiple instances of a particular connectivity and/or limited CPU using a combination of transport layer object type at a single node are resources. LWM2M uses the (DTLS) and application layer reachable with a single group Constrained Application Protocol (OSCORE) based encryption request, even if the object CoAP as a transport mechanism. • On top of these layers, LWM2M and instances have different instance It also supports data payloads in other services run. Finally an identifiers across different multiple data format standards: application layer has been specified, devices. Multiple object instances industry-standard JSON, compact which is elaborated in the Object at a single node may be TLV and plain text/numbers. Model paragraph associated with different groups to support lighting application Figure 1: Network stack best. • Multiple IPv6 Multicast Groups (destinations) supported per OpenAIS device, supporting complex device and controls structures. • Support of multiple IPv6 (multicast and unicast) destination addresses per group to allow for situations where multicast reachability of (some) devices is hampered by router settings or firewalls.

The Group Communication is used in parallel with LWM2M.

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Future systems may, if needed, use actuators. These contain the • Legacy systems are incorporated other IoT frameworks and still stay logic that determines the actions using (application-layer) gateways interoperable through use of the to be taken on events, and may that talk “OpenAIS” on the IPv6 OpenAIS Group Communication be physically placed at any place interface. The level of legacy (OGC). OGC can be applied across (sensor, actuator, server or integration is up to the designers diverse IoT frameworks, enabling cloud “devices”). of the gateways and not limited interoperability for lighting controls. • Stacking of control objects: by OpenAIS The architecture allows the • OpenAIS provides out-of-the-box In our view, OGC is a non- stacking of control objects, functionality, which delivers differentiating middleware stack that i.e. Superior Control Objects can (non-secured) basic operation enables differentiated commercial control groups of control objects to ease installation and solutions and is a prerequisite for and base their behaviour on the installation-testing for luminaires, interoperability between vendors combined sensors settings of switches, presence detectors on device level. these groups. Simple examples of and light sensors this behaviour are open plan • Mobile devices like tablets behaviour or corridor linking. and phones provide user Object model Note that this hierarchical model control of this system with This application layer is completely can be more than one deep. fine-grained access control and based on a Sensor-Control-Actuator There may be floor and building authentication. User access may model to which the project added a control objects to represent even include functions like selection of datacollect object that simplifies the higher levels of control, e.g. control algorithms/modes, as well data acquisition in lighting networks. scheduled control for an entire as direct on-demand (lighting) The OpenAIS Object Model is building. Stacking is organized to group control. This is achieved structured as a RESTful architecture. provide local control if superior without the need to commission In the implementation CoAP and control fails or becomes the mobile device as a part of the JSON have been used to implement (temporarily) not available system. Access control (AA/AAA) a versatile RESTful communication. • Redundancy: The architecture can be executed on a building In the object model we identify next also includes mechanisms to server or in the cloud using to common functionality for presence, define redundant control standard IT solutions buttons, on, off, dim and color behaviour, where secondary or • Cloud services benefit also from control a number of new concepts. ghost control objects can serve the data collector objects that as a fall back in case of also provides extended New concepts: communication interruptions or authentication and encryption • Data Collect Object: A data object software/node crashes before sending data to the cloud allows the collection of all status/ event information as transmitted Figure 2: OpenAIS Object Model by actuators, sensors and groups examples in the system. It offers functionality for (pre)processing data (grouping, trending, compressing, and data reduction), intermediate storage and buffering, e.g. when the connection to the back-end/cloud is limited or interrupted. • The common API for group communication is represented by a unified logical object (per application), that hands over the data and requests to the (fully vendor specific) physical objects. This structural approach also helps to arbitrate conflicting requests to a single actuator. • Layered architecture: Contrary to ZigBee, that has the concept of direct links between sensors and actuators, in the OpenAIS architecture control objects sit “in between” sensors and

In figure 2, some standard examples a way that additional communication from all over the world study and of instances of the object model are (frameworks) and properties are visit the building for its remarkable given. The Reference Architecture used, to support specific IoT data design. It is therefore ideal to has been published including the protocols, or even add in parallel demonstrate the new OpenAIS object model [1] future communication protocols architecture for lighting controls. like KNX/IoT, BACnet/IoT. The 5th floor tenant, GGD-BZO (municipal health service), Support for commercially The basic security mechanisms and has embarked on a renovation differentiated solutions keys as implemented in OGC can journey to update to LED using the The Architecture supports the also be used to protect commercial latest controls architecture for lights. stacking of control functions, extensions and options in the field. which means that a new control For the pilot, the consortium did a function can be added to a system. complete light, control and network This function can extend the already Large Scale Pilot design as well as the installation, existing functionality by “controlling The consortium has chosen to commissioning and operation of or overriding the control function”, validate and demonstrate the system the building. without the need to physically replace in a real- life pilot, as this yields it or take the existing one out. superior feedback and pushes the Philips provided SmartBalance and partners to deliver an implementation PowerBalance luminaires, with Multiple object instances relating close to production quality. In this adapted UPoE LED-drivers. to one physical object can be used pilot, a lighting system prototype at For wireless, a module was with a specific binding for each scale of 400 luminiares - mixed implemented using NXP MCU object instance. This mechanism vendor, mixed wired and wireless and RF chips to design Thread can be used to extend the system and mixed mains and UPoE devices - connected luminaires. These wireless behavior by configuration/ has been deployed successfully. modules were used to control desk commissioning only. It can be used lights. A full non-differentiating in a way that the basic behavior of For the Pilot location, the “White software control and communication the already commissioned system is Lady” building in Eindhoven has stack was implemented based upon maintained and used as fallback. been selected. The building itself is the LWM2M and ARM Mbed a former Philips factory built in embedded software platform and Additional or derived object (classes) 1930 where light bulbs were made. extended with the lighting specific may be added to the device, Renovated by the city of Eindhoven and/or vendor specific additions. providing additional features. it is now a national monument and All luminiares are equipped with Such objects may also be created in in daily use as offices. Architects embedded PIR and lightlevel sensors.

Figure 3: Zumtobel contributed luminaires The White Lady from their Mirel and Glacier series, building with the equipped with Tridonics’ Net4more OpenAIS pilot on the th (ethernet and Thread) communication 5 floor modules, LED-drivers and embedded occupancy and lightlevel sensors. Power is supplied via conventional mains cables or via PoE for stand-alone sensors. The common control and communication stack is used also with ARM’s Mbed embedded software platform.

Figures 4: Impressions of the pilot office space in the White Lady building. Luminaires from Philips (left) and Zumtobel (right)

Figure 6: Dynniq provided the IT infrastucture OpenAIS light show based on Cisco’s UPoE switches for during the Eindhoven the wired backbone and developed Glow Light Festival a commissioning tool. ARM and NXP provided the Thread border routers as the backbone of the wireless network. ARM provided Mbed as the common software development platform.

Johnson Controls integrated their Metasys BMS system into the system, collecting the data from the lighting system, e.g. energy consumption and occupancy data, light level sensing per luminaire. Conclusion and visualizes this data for workflow Personal control is achieved via OpenAIS has designed and and process optimizations. Office Mobile app. implemented a fully functional They also implemented direct control (and stable) multi-vendor lighting of the lighting control strategy, control system based on IoT- operating with scenes and schedules. Validation and standards and frameworks, with the Demonstration IPv6 protocol to all end nodes, in a At the time of writing, the pilot has hybrid system of mixed wired and been successfully launched and the wireless networks. By using standard building is in full operational use by IP communication, translating the tenant. The validation of the gateways and proprietary protocols OpenAIS architecture is in progress have been completely avoided. through an extensive program that includes checking of the user At the same time, the consortium has requirements as collected for the proposed and validated a middleware 3 main 2020 “super”scenario’s solution to address the lighting described above. Furthermore there specific digital era challenges in is a more specific Pilot specification professional spaces of secure low that describes the details of the latency group communication, White Lady Installation and control, central server independence and that will be validated together support for commercially differentiated with the pilot design, the system, solutions. It also defined and the Lighting, the network, validated an object model for the controls aspects and the user interoperable high quality office satisfaction. Naturally some aspects lighting and seamless integration into of the solution are not directly part (future) BMS. The system specification of the pilot specification, and API’s are open available, but extremely important to assess, enabling interoperability between for example, the responsiveness the participating lighting vendors, as and synchronisation reliability etc. well as independent 3rd party Yet as these are essential aspects developers of value added software. of the architecture, they will also Figure 5: User control app by TU/e be validated using the White The system offers a flexible lighting Lady prototype. control mechanism allowing the fast TU/e provided mobile apps for implementation of many advanced personal control of light settings at The most visible public result until and challenging use cases as will be the individual workplaces and for now is shown in the picture below. demanded by the office workers scene settings in the meeting rooms. During the 2017 Eindhoven Glow and building owners of the 2020’s. Light festival the installation was OpenAIS has addressed the Advanced lighting control strategies used to play patterns visible from challenges of extending the Internet have been deployed including granular the façade of the building, Protocol application to resource sensing and control strategies (local showing the flexibility and constrained IoT end nodes for dimming) using local occupancy and performance of the control solution. professional lighting.

References: [1] (http://www.openais.eu/en/results/)

TECHNOLOGIES NANO/MICRO-STRUCTURED OPTICS 88 LED Lighting Requires New Approaches in Optics

Even though LED technology has been established LEDs still need new approaches in electronics, thermal management or optics to make complete use of their advantages. Marek Škereň, Chief Technology Officer of IQ Structures, explains how new optical devices, with the trade name Nanoptiqs, based on principles of diffraction are applied to achieve improved performance of white light illumination systems. This unique solution is based on full control over the modulation of material and geometric properties of the optical elements at a nano-level. A combination of complex transmission diffractive elements, with specially designed systems of micro-reflectors (produced using an innovative mass-production technique) is also presented as a promising flexible building unit for the construction of new generation luminaires.

For a long period of time light shaping of light distribution elements. Thus, smooth designs from lighting systems was curves. Application of diffractive with simple geometric shapes managed using conventional elements dramatically increases can be used in combination optical elements based on flexibility of the beam shaping with the sophisticated optical reflection or refraction. Large process and enables precise performance of the luminaire. light sources required bulky illumination of areas with Also, the geometric dimensions optical systems, however, the complicated shapes and of light fixtures are positively beam shaping capabilities requirements with a spatial influenced, extremely thin were rather low. It was distribution of energy. Such or narrow bodies can be almost impossible to achieve capability results are not only constructed (Figure 1). complicated light distribution a significant improvement curves (LDC), even for complex in the quality of illumination, configurations of optical but it can also lead to an elements. An invention of LED important increase in overall based solutions for lighting efficiency of illumination applications introduced new systems and reduction of degrees of freedom to the energy consumption. Moreover, design of luminaires. The most in most cases the systems important parameter from this based on diffractive elements point of view is the size of an are lightweight, convenient LED chip, which is significantly for mass production and have smaller than the typical lower environmental impact dimensions of conventional following from their production light sources. Generally, a small and disposal. The presented light-emitting volume enables approach opens new interesting miniaturization of optics and possibilities also for visual complete luminaires. However, design of future light fixtures. the highest potential follows The designers benefit from from a significant increase of significantly higher flexibility of spatial coherence of the emitted shapes of optical components. light. New approaches based The complexity of the optical on diffraction of light from micro function is not any more and nano-structured materials closely connected with the can now be used for extended complex geometry of the optical

Figure 1: Physical Principles and The picture of a Design Approaches luminaire based on Application of principles of the new technology diffraction for managing light from approach demonstrates the wall-washing effect illumination systems requires several of a surface-emitting, important issues to be addressed. ultra-thin, low-glare The most critical one is the strong luminaire with visually homogeneous luminous dispersive behavior of diffractive surface structures under polychromatic illumination. The diffractive dispersion is naturally much stronger than the dispersion of refractive systems. There are several approaches to the suppression of coloring effects; some with stronger emphasis on color properties and others oriented more on diffraction Figures 2a&b: efficiency of the elements. Schematic illustration The new solution is based on of the luminaire from sophisticated calculation of figure 1 (a). The active three-dimensional nano-structured part of the system, as thin as 6 mm, consists elements with high resolution. of a combination of The design and optimization is circuit board with performed by polychromatic light LED chips, specially designed micro- using in-house developed numerical reflectors, and nano- tools. Due to the high amount of optical element (b) processed data and large number of parameters the calculation is extremely computationally intensive. On the other hand, it is possible to tune the behavior of the system for polychromatic light exactly according to the needs of a particular application. Manufacturing of the designed micro/nano-structures is Higher complexity of the micro/ Complex Hybrid also highly demanding due to the nano-structure induces volume Optical Systems complex nature and modulation behavior of the diffractive element Although the diffractive structures of the material properties. also for relief-type structures. are very flexible and capable of Especially important is the Thus more rigorous modeling sophisticated operation, it is often orientation of micro/nano-structures approaches must be used to difficult to achieve required with such a geometry, which already simulate the interaction of light functionality just by using a simple fully suppresses the unwanted with optical elements instead of micro/nano-structure. In such dispersion, but, simultaneously, simple ray-tracing techniques. cases, more complex nano-optical it is still applicable for effective The numerical tools have been elements can be used with general mass-replication processes. developed to simulate light three-dimensional modulation of Similar structures are still used interaction with structured matter material parameters. The described more and more, not only in lighting in a fully vectorial form. These tools complexity has significant impact on applications, but also in other in combination with commonly the design and modeling processes, optical systems. However, available ray-tracing software thus special tools have been these microstructures are usually packages are integrated within developed to cover such needs. one-dimensional and the shaping the design and simulation of the functionality is rather limited. systems. The micro/nano-structure To achieve maximum flexibility of To achieve full flexibility in operation is calculated point-by-point with the systems, it is necessary to it is essential to use full three- resolution better than 100 nm, handle one more important issue dimensional micro/nano-structures. very often reaching values down connected with the widespread Such elements are still, in general, to 10 nm. Thus, the design process application of wide-angled LED highly demanding from a point of is extremely computationally chips with Lambertian emission. view of design and mastering intensive and requires state-of-the To collect as much light as possible processes. art computer hardware. from the chip, a type of reflection barrier or micro-reflector could be

used. The complete assembly can from a commercial point of view system. On the other hand, be constructed according to the as the chance to tune the LDC application of precise miniaturized drawing displayed in figure 2. without replacing the complete systems of reflectors based on The system of micro-reflectors optical system is highly interesting extruded aluminum or injection- performs pre-processing of the light in many applications. molded plastics are questionable incident in the transmission optical because of high costs, element. The reflected light, low throughputs or limited precision together with the direct beam from Manufacturing, Mass- of shapes. Therefore, a completely the LED source, is further managed Replication and new technology has been by a transmission optical Commercial Application developed, which is based on the micro/nano-structured element. Apart from the improved shaping of thin plates from a wide Because of high demands on spatial functionality, this approach is variety of plastic materials. coherence of light at the plane of the distinguished by a significant The invented technique features optical element, the whole system increase in efficiency of mass high throughputs, high efficiency must be designed, simulated, production. The micro/nano- of manufacturing process and and optimized within a single loop structured reliefs can be effectively excellent fidelity of created shapes. within the same design environment. mass-replicated using various types Simultaneously, thin plastic carrier The developed design packages of embossing processes. Very often, material ensures low weight and take into account all of these aspects. a roll-to-roll technology can be used high resistance against environmental with large widths and high influences. Altogether, the described When multiple LED chips are throughputs. On the other hand, properties promise excellent used on a single circuit board, mastering of the tool for mass- applicability of the micro-reflectors the described combination of replication is a tricky task with in a wide variety of applications. reflectors and sophisticated high demands on precision transmission elements can serve as and elementary feature size. An example of the luminaire based a building unit for larger luminaries. Manufacturing of three-dimensional on the new solution is presented Particular functionality (LDC) of each optical nano-structures requires in figures 1 & 2. The photo of the such unit can be tuned separately application of state-of-the-art luminaire of figure 1 demonstrates from the neighboring cells without mastering techniques with the wall-washing effect of a visible changes to visual appearance extreme spatial resolution. surface-emitting, ultra-thin, of the unit. The change itself can low-glare luminaire with visually be realized through replacing only In many cases, micro-reflectors homogeneous luminous surface. some of the components in the represent important parts of the Such a performance cannot be optical system. Such a level of solutions, which improve efficiency, virtually achieved using conventional flexibility is extremely important and overall performance of the manufactured optics components.

Figure 3: Only an optical foil like this, based on the presented new technology, allows the luminaire design and light distribution shown in figures 1&2

Figures 4a&b: Conclusion without decreasing the efficiency the latest state-of-the-art Both figures The presented approach to design of manufacturing. On the contrary, technologies, the mass-replication demonstrate the and manufacturing of optical in most cases the mass-production step is very efficient. Altogether, advantage in size systems for lighting applications is of these components is more the proposed solution represents for the new optical approach compared distinguished by a significantly effective and robust when a promising direction, not only to a reflector (a) improved optical performance and compared to manufacturing of in general lighting applications, in diameter, and to a completely new parameters for conventional optical systems. but also in the fields of light conventional lens (b) in thickness manufacturing processes. It was Although mastering of the management for automotive demonstrated that new complex production tools is often demanding industry, optical sensors, traffic and functionalities could be achieved and can require the application of pedestrian lights, and many more.

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For aircraft manufacturers and operators, LED technology promises to keep planes operating longer with reduced maintenance costs and lower power consumption. As the need to frequently replace burned-out incandescent bulbs is eliminated, the importance of constructing a reliable exterior lighting system capable of maintaining safe levels of light output despite continual exposure to particulate abrasion, thermal, and chemical stresses is crucial for operators to realize the benefits of LED technology. In this study, Adam Willsey, Manager of Research, Engineering, and Quality Assurance at Kopp Glass, reports how Taber abrasion and high-velocity particulate testing was performed on three different jet aircraft lens materials, including: heat strengthened borosilicate glass (Kopp 9000), hard-coated polycarbonate, and aviation grade acrylic (Makrolon AR and Plexiglas II UVA).

The ability of pilots to see light, with minimal material the lighting fixture design and be seen in poor weather degradation after exposure and maintenance processes conditions, especially on and to harsh conditions. In this otherwise the potential near busy airfields, is critical study, abrasion testing was cost savings of LED to ensuring the safety of the performed on three different technology cannot be public. Exterior aircraft lighting jet aircraft lens materials, achieved in application. is a critical component that a heat strengthened helps provide necessary borosilicate glass (Kopp 9000), visibility. Aircraft lighting has a hard-coated polycarbonate followed general conventions (Makrolon AR), and an aviation used in marine applications grade acrylic (Plexiglas II UVA), to help identify positioning to demonstrate suitability between aircraft, and have for the extreme aerospace several individual lighting environment. Taber abrasion systems to help this and high-velocity particulate identification process testing results demonstrated including position and anti- a significant abrasion collision lights and in some resistance advantage for glass cases icing, landing, and taxi compared to the plastic. lights [1,2,3,4] The light output Severe transmission loss requirements for anti-collision was observed in the and position lights are clearly polycarbonate compared to identified in several SAE the glass and far exceeded standards [3,4,5]. the transmission losses (theorized or deemed In order ensure a long acceptable) by industry lifetime and reliable sources [6]. Abrasion performance, the lens covers resistance, the ability of used in aircraft lighting exterior lenses to stand up to applications must provide these harsh environments, consistent transmission of must be a high priority during

Figure 1: Aeronautics is one of the most challenging applications as stresses and strains for all materials are extremely high

Table 1: Comparative properties Borosilicate Poly-carbonate Acrylic Plexiglas II of materials tested Glass (Kopp 9000) Makrolon AR UVA

Optical Properties Transmission UV-nIR Vis-nIR UVA-nIR

Refractive Index 1.49 1.58 1.49

Density (g/cm³) 2.33 1.20 1.20

UV Resistance High Low Med

Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength (MPa) 60 75 70

Hardness (Moh’s) 5.5 3 3

Brittleness Yes No No

Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 65 2 3

Abrasion Resistance High Med Med

Chemical Resistance High Low Low

Thermal Properties CTE (E-7/°C) 43 650 720

Operating Temperature (°C) 410 130 70

Lens Materials can be provided in annealed or heat Borosilicate glass offers excellent Exterior aircraft lighting fixtures use strengthened (tempered) states. optical performance, durability when a transparent lens to cover and Plastic lenses are most commonly exposed to the airstream, and the protect the light source, with the made of polycarbonate or acrylic, ability to withstand high operating most common lens materials being with or without a hard coating temperatures. It is resistant against glass or plastic. Glass lenses are applied to improve durability [6]. mechanical and chemical abrasion usually made from borosilicate or Table 1 provides a summary and maintains high levels of light soda lime silicate compositions and comparison of these three materials. transmission in application.

Plastic lenses provide a reduction jet aircraft lenses, it is necessary the required photometric light in lens weight and good impact to select materials that can provide output of the lens, which could resistance, but they can be consistent performance. result in a safety hazard as the light highly sensitive to chemical then becomes scattered. and mechanical degradation. Figure 2 shows an example Intense and prolonged exposure of the light intensity loss of a to UV light, such as from solar polycarbonate lens for a wing tip Experimental Procedure radiation, has no effect on glass light assembly. SAE guidelines and Two different testing methods but can cause plastics to supporting literature confirm the were used to assess the abrasion become brittle and discolored. loss of light output with plastic resistance of borosilicate glass and Both materials can be molded into covers and recommend light fixtures plastics. The Taber Abrasion test a shape or contour [6]. be designed with the presumption method is an industry standard of degraded lens output [6]. testing protocol used to illustrate Fixtures designed with plastic abrasion resistance of materials Performance in Application lenses must allow for 20-40% ranging from plastics to glasses Light covers or lenses are critical loss in transmission, either by to ceramics [8]. A high-velocity to protecting light sources, compensating with higher wattage particulate impact test designed like incandescent bulbs or LEDs, incandescent lamps, more LEDs, to simulate erosion effects on from the harsh environment of the LEDs of higher intensity, or driving aircraft surfaces in flight was used airstream, while transmitting as lower intensity LEDs to higher to illustrate the abrasion resistance much light as possible, in order to brightness using more electrical of glass and polycarbonate in a create an efficient and effective power. In addition, SAE has more application-like environment. system. According to SAE recommended guidelines on AS8037C, “the light covers or anticipating and engineering around color filters used shall not readily LED reduced light output over the Taber abrasion method support combustion and shall be service life of the fixture, furthering The Taber Abrasion test method constructed so that they will not the need for careful consideration was developed and used based on change shape or permanently of lighting design [7]. All of these the ASTM D1044 guidelines [8]. change color or shape or suffer compensating design solutions A Taber Abrasion Model 174 was any appreciable loss of light tend to increase the total cost of used to abrade the samples. transmission during normal use.”[3] owning and maintaining a light The Taber Test experimental fixture with plastic lenses to procedure followed ASTM D1044 In the harsh and demanding maintain the required light output. guidelines with the three exceptions. environments experienced by Generally speaking, the loss in exterior commercial and military transmission will negatively affect Test setup variation to ASTM D1044 guidelines: Figure 2: Plastic lens light • The vacuum nozzle had an 8 mm intensity loss diameter opening in place of the experienced for a recommended 11 mm diameter sample wing tip • A spectrophotometer was used exterior light assembly. Data reproduced from to measure transmission in place SAE ARP5637 [6] of a haze • Samples were run up to 2,000 cycles beyond the recommended 100 cycles to help simulate abrasion resistance between materials over a longer time frame

Abrasion in this method is simulated by the rub-wear action that is produced by contact of the test specimen against the sliding rotation of the abrasive wheel. As the turntable rotates, the wheels are driven by the sample in opposite directions along a horizontal axis displaced tangentially from the axis of the sample. One abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the other,

Figure 3: inward toward the center. Schematic of the Taber The wheels traverse a complete abrasion test method circle on the specimen surface, and testing equipment revealing abrasion resistance at all angles relative to the weave or grain of the material [8].

High-velocity particulate abrasion test A high-velocity particulate abrasion test was performed on September 27, 2017, at the US Air Force Particle Erosion Test Facility at Wright- Patterson AFB, maintained and operated by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) to serve Figure 4: the international aerospace Schematic of the high- community. Access is provided for velocity particulate both military and commercial impact abrasion test testing. The particle erosion test method and equipment apparatus, or “dust-rig,” was designed and built in 1983 to simulate erosion effects on aircraft surfaces subjected in flight to dust-laden environments [9]. Table 2: A schematic of the testing apparatus Particle Type Foundry sand - 100% quartz sand High-velocity is provided n figure 4. particulate impact Size of Particle media 177-240 μm Foundry abrasion test variable parameters The test was conducted on six Velocity 420 MPH specimens of both glass and hard-coated polycarbonate. Impact Angle 20° Each sample was 4.75” diameter Mass Loading 0.14 gm/cm² (x3), 3.75” square (x3), and the test setup consisted of five independent variable parameters that define the exposure environment during the test provided in Table 2. THE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE

Samples of both glass and hard- Engineers (SAE) formed appropriate committees to create many of the standards, coated polycarbonate were exposed recommended practices, and aerospace circulars used for guidance in the aerospace to periodic and increasing levels of industry. These standards and guidelines are necessary to ensure that each aircraft particulate (sand) at the prescribed maintain visibility and awareness when in operation, thereby helping to prevent accidents impact angle to simulate aircraft through well-known and consistent visual clues [3, 4, 5]. lighting lens applications. The erosion and impact of the sand on the samples were controlled by SAE ARP 5637 STATEMENTS: a rostering system to ensure even and consistent abrasion across the “The most significant shortcoming of plastic lenses is optical performance. When plastic defined test sample area. lenses are exposed to the airstream, particulate (ice and rain) and abrasives in the airstream damage the lenses’ exposed surfaces. This is referred to as “lens erosion” damage and it appears as cloudy or opaque areas on the lenses much like sandblasting Results and Discussion would produce. The effect of this degradation is reduced light transmission and light being scattered in unwanted directions. The light reduction can be significant.” [6] Taber abrasion results The Taber abrasion results for the “Careful consideration must be given to the total cost of ownership of both types of borosilicate glass, hard-coated materials over the life of the aircraft, which is a key consideration for the owners of polycarbonate, and acrylic commercial and military aircraft.” [6] (Plexiglas II UVA) samples are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Photopic transmission of glass and polymer samples following increased cycles (exposure) on the Taber Abrasion test

The transmission of these materials Sand Exposure Photopic Transmission (%) Photopic Transmission (%) Table 3: (g/cm²) Borosilicate Glass (Kopp 9000) Polycarbonate (Makrolon AR) The test results - high- is plotted against increasing number of cycles on the test equipment. velocity particulate 0.000 91.5 88.7 abrasion test The samples demonstrated degradation in transmission as 0.033 78.2 68.6 the number of cycles increased. 0.060 69 49.5 The borosilicate glass displayed significantly less transmission loss as compared to the hard-coated decreases with increasing exposure the plastic in this testing and plastic samples. to simulated atmospheric particulate correlates well with the results matter (sand). Intuitively, we can of the Taber abrasion tests. The results illustrate the significant equate an increased amount of sand difference in abrasion resistance of exposure to more accumulated flight Another critical result from the the borosilicate glass compared to hours. Therefore, the design goal for high-velocity particulate impact hard-coated polycarbonate and a lens material is to keep light testing is the potential level of acrylic. At 1000 cycles, the glass transmission as high as possible. severity in the degradation of displayed greater than 20% more transmission in the plastic material. light transmission than both SAE guidelines for designing polycarbonate and acrylic. The glass The transmission levels start excess light output into a fixture continues to separate itself from the similarly high between the only indicate potential transmission polycarbonate at even higher cycle two materials but diverge losses of nearly 35% for counts maintaining over 90% with increasing exposure. polycarbonate, as shown in transmission, with the polycarbonate The borosilicate glass samples figure 2 [6]. This testing showed exhibiting only about 65% transmission exhibit consistently higher abrasion even more significant light loss, at 1500 cycles and only 55% resistance to the particles, nearly 40%, was possible. transmission at 2000 cycles. In addition, providing for longer periods of The additional transmission loss the glass transmission remains high transmission. Table 3 of plastic could be much more significantly higher (approx. 25%) demonstrates that glass requires significant and may require light than the acrylic transmission level nearly double the amount of sand fixtures to be designed with an even even as the acrylic transmission exposure to drop below 70% greater loss taken into consideration levels off after 500 cycles. transmission compared to the in order to meet the prescribed SAE hard-coated polycarbonate. Also, light output levels. Alternatively, at the exposure level where the plastic lenses will need to be High-velocity particulate transmission loss of polycarbonate repaired or replaced more frequently testing results has reached approximately 50%, before unsafe significant transmission The high-velocity particulate test the transmission loss for glass loss occurs to maintain required results are shown in Table 3. is only at approximately 70%. light output levels, with the related The sample transmission The glass significantly outperforms escalation in the total cost of ownership.

Conclusions The critical function of lenses in exterior aircraft lighting applications is to maintain a consistent transmission of light to ensure the highest level of safety. The Taber abrasion and high-velocity particulate impact testing provide an effective means for comparing current aircraft lens materials to determine suitability. At increasing cycles and exposures, the glass continued to maintain significantly higher levels of transmission than plastic. The tests indicate that the abrasion resistance of glass will significantly outperform that of plastic in exterior jet aircraft lighting applications.

As airframes are pressed into nearly continuous service across varying environments, using materials that can withstand particulate abrasion, thermal, and chemical stresses will reduce the total cost of ownership of an exterior light fixture. When margins of safety, reliability, and maintenance protocols are considered, glass is the superior choice for exterior light fixtures on commercial and military jet aircraft. The testing is clear in showing glass lenses can withstand the harsh operating environment of aerospace for more significant periods of time than their plastic counterparts, helping to provide a consistent, reliable, and safe flying environment.

References:

[1] Lombardo, D. (2000). Aircraft Systems. 2nd ed. Blacklick, USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing [2] SAE ARP693D Landing and Taxiing Lights - Design Criteria for Installation [3] SAE AS8037C Minimum Performance Standard for Aircraft Position Lights [4] SAE AS8017D Minimum Performance Standard for Anticollision Light Systems [5] SAE AIR1106B Factors Affecting Visibility of Aircraft Navigation and Anticollision Lights [6] SAE ARP5637 Design and Maintenance Considerations for Aircraft Exterior Lighting Plastic Lenses [7] SAE ARP6253 LEDs and Aircraft Applications [8] STM Standard D1044, 2013, “Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, www.astm.org [9] University of Dayton Research Institute, Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing: Particle Erosion Test Apparatus: Use Policies, Operating Procedures & Specimen Configurations. Dayton, OH, 2012, https://www.udri.udayton.edu

Imprint Next LpR LED professional Review (LpR), ISSN 1993-890X SMART ELECTRONICS & COMPONENTS Publishing Company Issue 68 - July/Aug 2018 Luger Research e.U. TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Institute for Innovation & Technology Rico Kramer - Moosmahdstrasse 30 CEO and Founder of eSave A 6850 Dornbirn, Austria / Europe Rico Kramer launched his company just phone +43 5572 39 44 89 7 years ago, but the story started much fax +43 5572 20 60 70 earlier. In 2008 he travelled to Taiwan info(at)lugerresearch.com looking for warm white LED lamps that www.lugerresearch.com he could’nt find in Europe at the time. In the end he returned with a powerful Publisher 140 W streetlight in his baggage that led Siegfried Luger +43 699 11 33 55 70 to the development of the e-Save s.luger(at)led-professional.com wireless control system. He talks about the history, the technology and the Editor-in-Chief different product requirements in Arno Grabher-Meyer +43 699 11 33 55 18 different regions, and much more. a.g-m(at)led-professional.com RESEARCH Int. Account Manager Theresa Koenig +43 699 11 33 55 20 “Best Papers” at LpS 2017: theresa.koenig(at)led-professional.com LED professional Review (LpR) - Aerosol Jet Printing: A Promising Annual Subscriptions Technology for LED Packaging MarCom Manager LpR Digital Magazine Modern LED packaging technologies Bronwen Rolls +44 797 401 2962 • 6 issues have to satisfy the demand for integrating bronwen.rolls(at)led-professional.com • pdf download an ever increasing number of components • high resolution pictures and graphs into a module. Therefore, there is a clear Your Sales Contacts need for alternative packaging processes. • printable Int. Sales Manager A promising technology in this regard is • commercial use Brigitte Lindner +43 699 11 33 55 19 additive manufacturing. Recently, • access to all previous issues brigitte.lindner(at)led-professional.com • Euro 78.80 aerosol-jet printing has demonstrated many advantages. The article shows the China, Hong-Kong LpR Printed Magazine potential of aerosol-jet printing in various Iris Yuen +86 1380 27 01 367 • 6 issues aspects of LED module packaging based irisyuen88(at)gmail.com • Euro 158.40 on test samples and test structures. Germany http://www.led-professional.com/ Armin Wezel +49 30 526 891 92 subscription TECHNOLOGIES armin(at)eurokom-media.de Intelligent Lighting - A Case of Diminishing Returns? India Priyanka Rai +91 124 478 7331 The ongoing second transition phase of priyanka.rai(at)binarysemantics.com “LEDification” will be characterized by an increased use of smart lighting controls. Japan Cover-page But this causes additional power Eiji Yoshikawa +81 3 6751 0090 Artwork: Thomas Klobassa, consumption for their operation. scala(at)s3.dion.ne.jp ©LED professional 2017 The amount of needed power may South Korea typically vary between some milliwatts Jung Won Suh +82 2 78 58 222 Main Image: Arno Grabher-Meyer, and several watts. Thus, the central idea sinsegi-2(at)sinsegimedia.info LED professional of more controls being equivalent with less power does not seem logical anymore. Taiwan In a number of typical use cases the Leon Chen +886 2 256 81 786-10 substance of this conclusion will be leon(at)jkmedia.com.tw reviewed and the impact and real benefits UK, Ireland, Benelux, Scandinavia of lighting controls will be analyzed. Zena Coupé +44 1923 85 25 37 zena(at)expomedia.biz APPLICATIONS US East Emerging Applications for Karen C Smith-Kernc +1 717 397 7100 UV LEDs in Agriculture KarenKCS(at)aol.com The Ultraviolet (UV) LED market has US West & Canada expanded five-fold in the past decade Alan A. Kernc +1 717 397 7100 and is projected to still grow fast. A key AlanKCS(at)aol.com trend expected to influenstillce the market is the ability to expand into new applications, including agriculture. UV light, at proper frequency and dose, can Copyrights - Luger Research e.U. increase the production of active The editors make every reasonable effort to verify the information substances in plants and it can also help published, but Luger Research e.U. assumes no responsibility for the maintain a healthy growing environment. validity of any manufacturers, non profit organizations or individuals claims or statements. 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