Review Lpr the Global Information Hub for Lighting Technologies Sept/Oct 2018 | Issue 69

www.led-professional.com ISSN 1993-890X

Review LpR The Global Information Hub for Lighting Technologies Sept/Oct 2018 | Issue 69

Tech-Talks Bregenz: Guido van Tartwijk Research: Micro-Optics & Medical Devices Engineering & Technology: Data, Optics, IoT & Cooling Events: LpS & TiL Planning and Program

EDITORIAL 4 LpS / TiL 2018 - The Lighting Events

After months of preparation the starting bell for the 8th International LpS event and the 2nd TiL event is about to ring.

In the following, I’d like to highlight a few key questions that will be examined in Bregenz:

What do the leading lighting organizations say about the future of the light? Where is our journey going? How does dynamic beam shaping work and what technologies are available? Is LiFi technology ready to use? What flexible OLED technologies are there? How do I plan rooms with new light planning tools? How and what can we learn from other industries and new applications? How do digitization, networking and miniaturization affect new solutions? Do we understand the potentials of Semantic Lighting? Why do cyber security and IoT make us nervous? How do we learn from natural light? How can we expand our creative thinking with new materials, processes and design tools?

Is modularity key for future designs?

The LpS program is segmented into the topics of: Strategies and Technologies, Quality Engineering, Digitalization, HCL, and Technologies in Applications. On the other hand, the Trends in Lighting program will focus on Lighting Heart & Soul, The Right to Create, Humanized Tech, and Beyond Illumination.

Join our annual events and be inspired by over 100 leading experts in the fields of light, architecture, design, communication, medicine, transportation and horticulture, to name just a few.

This LpR issue contains an overview of the complete program and articles related to the above key questions.

Have a good read.

Yours Sincerely,

Siegfried Luger Publisher, LED professional

CONTENT OVERVIEW 6

COMMENTARY REGULARS 08 A New Lighting Scene 04 EDITORIAL by Rogier van der Heide, Curator of Trends in Lighting 2018 08 COMMENTARY EVENTS 10 COMPONENTS NEWS 24 APPLICATIONS NEWS Planning Your LpS 2018 Is Easy with Our Simple Program Chart and Event App 34 26 RESEARCH NEWS by Bronwen Rolls, Trends in Lighting 32 REGULATION NEWS LpS&TiL 2018 EVENT PROGRAM 36 40 CIE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION SPECIALS 42 Zhaga Enables Mechanical IoT-Upgradability for Outdoor LED Lighting Fixtures by Dee Denteneer, Zhaga 48 Evaluating Performance of LED based Luminaires 110 ABOUT | IMPRINT by Various Experts from LightingEurope TECH-TALKS BREGENZ 56 Guido van Tartwijk, CEO of Tridonic compiled by Guenther Sejkora, LED professional HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH 76 Rethinking the Photometric 64 Smart Design of Freeform Micro-Optical Elements for Thin Direct-Lit Luminaires Data File Format by Christian Sommer et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft by P. Eng. (Ret ) Ian Ashdown, 70 Optical Designs to Improve LED Lighting Efficiency of Medical Endoscopes SunTracker Technologies by Alexander Gaertner & Paola Belloni, University Furtwangen ENGINEERING 76 Rethinking the Photometric Data File Format by P. Eng. (Ret ) Ian Ashdown, SunTracker Technologies 82 Additive Optics Design and Fabrication for Smart Lighting Systems and Tailored Project Solutions by Marco de Visser et al., Luximprint & Physionary TECHNOLOGY Qualified Bluetooth Mesh – Making Lighting Controls Future-Proof 88 Qualified Bluetooth Mesh – Making by Patrick Durand, Future Lighting Solutions 88 Lighting Controls Future-Proof Materials, Manufacturing and Technologies for Designing Passive Cooling Devices 94 by Patrick Durand, by John Broadbent, Columbia-Staver Future Lighting Solutions APPLICATIONS 98 Interactive Lighting Control is Opening New Doors for LED Application by Manjinder Benning, Limbic Media TRENDS 104 Approaching the Spectrum of the Sun by Marc Juarez, Seoul Semiconductor

ADVERTISING INDEX

FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 1 HEP 21 TIL 55 LUMILEDS 2 ELT 23 TRIDONIC 61 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 3 OPHIR SPIRICON 25 FLS-SIGNIFY 63 EVONIK 5 ELECTROLUBE 27 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 69 FLS-NICHIA 7 GL OPTIC 28 MOUSER ELECTRONICS 75 FLS-LUMILEDS 9 WAGO 28 SEOUL SEMICONDUCTOR 87 ELECTRO TERMINAL 11 LACKWERKE PETERS 29 ACAL BFI 103 LIFUD 13 WAGO 29 GUZHEN LIGHTING EXPO 109 EDISON 15 GRE ALPHA ELECTRONICS 31 LPR 111 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 17 CREE 33 WÜRTH 112 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 19 FULHAM 39 LACKWERKE PETERS 19 LPS 47

COMMENTARY CHANGES IN THE LIGHTING SCENE 8

A NEW LIGHTING SCENE

I wouldn’t be telling you anything new if VGA resolution (does that mean anything I said that technology is changing at an at all to millennials?) but we didn’t care: ever-increasing rate. But in the lighting Digital technology offered opportunities industry there is a lot more happening, to improve our work and we understood which makes these times truly disruptive the affordability and accessibility of it. and perhaps even inconvenient for some That is the real empowerment of digitization: people ... but not for me. it offers new possibilities and it is extremely democratic. Gone are the times that a manufacturer could sell lamps and luminaires with big Things are the same now with lighting. margins, using known technologies, Many professionals are concerned, just like illuminating the world one lux at the time many photographers and photography and repeating concepts and specifications corporations were in the nineties. Rogier van der Heide for years and years without substantially Many lighting people feel that LED is not changing anything. Gone are the times that only a new opportunity but also a threat, Rogier van der Heide is not a lighting designer could draw his plans like and many are forced to re-think their only one of the world's best- "ambient lighting, accent lighting, specialty profession because with digital tech comes known lighting designers, lighting" and analyze them for uniformity and a new paradigm of how you do your work reflection factors on his laptop. Gone are the and what you deliver to your clients. but also a recognized c-suite times that retailers install ceiling panels, I am excited about the new opportunities! executive specialized in 60x60 cm, with a luminaire every 2.4 Today, lighting doesn’t only illuminate. enabling sustainable business meters. Things were comfortable then Sure, it still shapes and articulates the because there were no unknowns and buildings, cars, spaces and objects that growth by design. Rogier's everyone got his share. But those days surround us, but now that it's digital it can current agenda of key topics are gone! do so much more. Light is for entertainment, includes Open Innovation, health, wellbeing and productivity. Light gives Can you remember when digital music was identity, heart and soul, color and spirit. IoT, Foresighting, Branding, introduced? It was 1983, and my father - And the beautiful thing is: everyone is a and the Convergence of a musician nota bene - took me to the lighting designer! Across all industries, light Disciplines such as Design, audio/visual tradeshow. Philips introduced can contribute to making better products the compact disk; and suddenly everything and giving better experiences. And to be Marketing and Technology. changed. Music became replicable with successful in doing so, one requires an As a lighting designer, he led no loss and with the arrival of CD burners understanding of digital technology, Arup Lighting for eight years, everyone could become a music label! and more importantly, comprehension of I was thrilled. Digital technology was the way people shape their digital world and has worked for over extremely empowering and sooner rather around their desires to express, create, 30 years on some of the than later, I started to compose music, connect, experience and transform. most challenging projects distribute it, market it and enjoy all of it on a computer - and later on I could Trends in Lighting 2018 is meant to worldwide, often recognized use my phone. encourage just that: the cross-discipline, with the most prestigious professional and creative application of awards. He continues to work Can you remember the arrival of digital digital light, and we embrace all the photography? In1996 I bought a Philips opportunities that come with the changes in lighting design, while at digital camera (the ESP-2) and we were all in the industry. We aspire to demonstrate the same time advising blown away by the new possibilities it a vision: that lighting design is not limited to corporations on design strategy, offered us as designers! I showed it off in architecture and to luminaires, and instead Tom Hennes' office in New York City. encompasses design in the broadest sense, and teaching at the university. The people there couldn’t believe their eyes! as well as a sound understanding of the Rogier is the curator of We started to brainstorm what we could digital ecosystem, and a keen and curious Trends in Lighting 2018 do with it: make affordable presentations, mind to spot the opportunities to do as show images to clients on our computer, much with light as you can possibly imagine. in Bregenz: The leading lighting take snapshots at an extremely low cost design event, owned and and be much faster turning around design I am looking forward to shaking hands with organized by Luger Research. pilots and experiments. My camera only had you in Bregenz! R.v.d.H.

NEWS COMPONENTS 10

TT Electronics - Cree's XP-G3 S Line - and production quantities are available with IR LED Emitter has Optimized for standard lead times. The XP-G3 S Line LED has LM-80 data available to enable luminaires Narrow FWH Angle Connected Lighting to immediately meet the requirements for TT Electronics, a global provider of Cree, Inc. announces the XLamp® XP-G3 S DesignLights Consortium® qualification. engineered electronics for performance Line LED, an extension of the industry- critical applications, has introduced a leading XLamp XP-G3 LED that is optimized compact, infrared LED emitter with the for the connected lighting future. With the industry’s largest spot diameter of 7 mm XP-G3 S Line, Cree delivers high-power LG Innotek Introduces for super-reliable optical sensing and LED technology optimized for long-lifetime, "Visible Disinfection position encoder applications. high-power general lighting applications Lighting" Solution where sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming common, LG Innotek announced "Visible Disinfection such as commercial indoor, parking, Lighting", which is a functional light source industrial and roadway. that gives the effect of sterilization by sunlight with the indoor light. The LED realizes the effect of eco-friendly sterilization, that is, the method used to dry household goods and blankets under the sun, in indoor spaces conveniently and safely at any time.

TT Electronics' new IR LED Emitter has Bacteria have a characteristic that they market-leading 7 mm spot size and high become extinct when exposed to sunlight for on-axis intensity to ensure dependable a long time. It is because of a material called detector response "porphyrin" inside of bacteria which destroys Cree's new XLamp XP-G3 S Line LED combines its cells by reacting with certain wavelengths With up to 10 mW total radiated power at the best-in-class reliability and efficacy, addressing of sunlight. LG Innotek created "Visible maximum drive current of 100 mA, and 2.25° the requirements for connected lighting Disinfection Lighting" by maximizing the angle of half intensity, the OP207CL couples use of the 405 nm wavelength to which optical flux extremely efficiently onto the Connected lighting systems use information porphyrin reacts most actively, with its receiving photo-sensor to ensure clearly from occupancy sensors and other sources unique LED light extraction technology. detectable on/off transitions. The integrated to continuously react to the target environment, collimating lens creates a tight beam profile dimming or switching off unneeded lights to for use with accuracy-dependent devices conserve energy. On average, a connected such as radial or linear encoders for absolute lighting system will dim or switch off lights up or incremental measurement, as well as to 10 times more often than with a standard long-range light curtains, edge detectors, lighting system. These additional dimming scanners, and general optical sensing and switching cycles put more stress on the and switching. LED system and can limit the luminaire’s lifetime. Through innovations in component Having a wide operating temperature range architecture, the new XLamp XP-G3 S Line of -40°C to 105°C, the OP207CL can LED can withstand double the number of LG Innotek announced new LED packages for withstand demanding environments in a wide switching cycles when compared to "Visible Disinfection Lighting" range of applications including industrial competing LEDs in its class. automation, safety systems, robotics, security detectors, or other equipment The new XP-G3 S Line LED further improves Using LG Innotek’s "Visible Disinfection requiring dependable position, proximity, the standard XP-G3 with better reliability Lighting" one can easily sterilize an indoor or motion sensing. through switching and dimming cycles, space without having to use any chemicals. improved resistance to sulfur exposure and According to the result of the sterilization The surface-mount LED with integral molded higher light output and efficacy. This more power test on Hygienic Light LED by Korea lens comes mounted on a 9.9x9.9 mm PCB robust version of the XP-G3 LED delivers Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 99.9% of substrate. The compact footprint and height excellent LED system reliability in all Escherichia Coli get killed. of only 6.3 mm allow use in space- lighting applications, including those with constrained situations. The GaAIAs LED harsher environments. Especially since this product does not harm emits wavelengths in the 840-870 nm the human body, its sterilization function can near-infrared range for good spectral The XP-G3 S Line LED provides an easy be used without any worries in places where matching with silicon photo-sensors, upgrade path for existing XP-based LED many people pass by such as kitchens or and the typical rise/fall time of 22 ns ensures systems, allowing manufacturers to quickly restrooms. The product is verified that it fast response to turn-on/off signals. implement these LED innovations into their does not have any negative effect on the designs. Product samples are available now eyes or skin, from the Photobiological

Safety Standard (IEC62471) of International LED lighting manufacturers can now Electrotechnical Commission, an international efficiently and stably produce differentiated standard for electrical technology. lighting with the supply of this LED. This is possible thanks to the company’s quality "Visible Disinfection Lighting" of LG Innotek competitiveness that comes from owning the can optimize sterilization power according to core technology and production lines for the the indoor conditions in the same way as one light source. The manufacturers can design controls the brightness of the light. various types of lighting, including flat panel, tube, and down light types. Samples and production quantities of Vishay’s LG Innotek plans to actively promote "Visible new LED series will be available in Q4 2018 Disinfection Lighting’, aiming at local and international LED lighting manufacturers. The AEC-Q101 qualified LEDs released Since the sterilization effect and safety of Vishay Automotive LEDs - combine low thermal resistance down to this product have been proven, The company AllnGaP Technology in 400 K/W with power dissipation of 130 mW, can actively promote the product to apply it Smallest Chip Size which in turn enables their high drive current. to facilities related to health & medical The small 2.3 mm by 1.3 mm by 1.4 mm size treatment and other public places such as Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. introduced of the VLMx235xx’s MiniLED package and food & drug-related facilities or public restrooms. two new series of surface-mount Automotive VLMx335xx’s high luminous intensity to Grade power LEDs in PLCC-2 and ultra- 1400 mcd make them ideal for automotive In fact, LG Innotek has already installed this compact MiniLED packages. Utilizing the interior and exterior lighting; traffic signals product in the coffin rooms of funeral halls latest advanced AllnGaP technology in and signs; and indicators and backlighting and waste storage rooms in Yonsei University the smallest chip size available, the Vishay for audio and video equipment, LCD Severance Hospital Seoul as a trial. The product Semiconductors VLMx335xx and VLMx235xx switches, and symbols for general use. has received positive responses as it enhances series deliver high brightness and maximum the sterilization effect and gives a psychological drive current up to 50 mA for automotive, Offered in super red, red, amber, soft relief at the same time. industrial, and consumer applications. orange, and yellow, the LEDs feature a

lead-frame embedded in a white thermoplast, parking lots and company premises, as well The "EP LED" can also be used to create with an inside reflector filled with a clear as museums and bank foyers. Adding a light that can improve cognitive ability and epoxy. The devices offer a ± 60° angle of infrared illumination ensures that the camera concentration compared with conventional half-intensity, forward voltage down to 1.8 V, delivers high-quality images regardless of the white LED products. This is possible because a luminous intensity ratio per packing unit of prevailing light conditions. The IRED can also EP LED emits a wavelength between 465 and ≤ 1.6, and are categorized, per packing unit, be used for automatic license plate 495 nm of which wavelength is known to activate for luminous intensity and color. recognition systems. the physiological function of a human body up to 20% more than natural sunlight does. RoHS-compliant, halogen-free, and Vishay In the low output range a new version with a Green, the LEDs are available in 8 mm tape, narrower beam angle of ±25° is now available EP LED product can be also used with offer an ESD-withstand voltage up to 2 kV in on the market. Particularly for camera color temperature tuning solution in office, accordance with JESD22-A114-B, and are systems with a medium capture range this retail, or hospital environment. It can compatible with preconditioning according to means that the illumination unit can be activate the biorhythm with the high color JEDEC Level 2a. designed without additional secondary temperature close to the natural sunlight. optics. This makes the overall system more In addition, it can improve the sense of Samples and production quantities of compact and cost-effective. At the same stability of people and patients in the lounge the VLMx335xx and VLMx235xx series time, the SFH 4718A provides an excellent or the hospital patient rooms with the low will be available in Q4 2018, with lead radiant intensity of 730 W/sr. At a current of color temperature. times of six weeks. 1 amp, the IRED offers an optical output of 0.8 watts (W). Their 850 nm wavelength The "EP LED" also fully capitalizes on the is barely discernible by humans, but lies advantages of LED lighting. Compared to the firmly within the sensitivity range of the conventional method of attaching a filter to New IR LED for Razor camera sensors. the lighting to reduce harmful wavelength, Sharp Images of CCTV the “EP LED” minimizes the loss of optical Surveillance Cameras efficiency and color.

Osram Opto Semiconductors is expanding LG Innotek Unveils LG Innotek secured the quality and stability its proven Oslon Black portfolio for Less Blue Light Emitting of the products by installing the "EP LED" infrared illumination with the addition of "Eye Pleasing" LED lighting in its new plant in Pyeongtaek, an infrared LED with a narrower beam Gyeonggi-do. angle of ± 25°. Thanks to the new LG Innotek announced that it released an SFH 4718A IRED, illumination units for "eye-pleasing (EP)" LED, a functional LED camera systems with a medium capture package for the first time in the world. range no longer require secondary optics. "EP LED" is a lighting LED of a new concept Cree Adds XLamp XP- inspired by previous research on the interaction G2 High Efficacy (HE) between light and eye. The company applied LED To Boost Efficacy its proprietary technology for designing LED chips to control the wavelength of light. Cree, Inc. announces the new High Efficacy (HE) version of the XLamp® XP-G2 LED that delivers improved performance compared to standard XP-G2 LEDs, with higher output and greater efficiency to enable smaller, lighter, lower-cost designs. The original XLamp XP-G2 LED pioneered a broad set of LED applications for the industry, including outdoor and area lighting. Osram's new SFH 4718A cuts the size and cost of illumination units for CCTV systems with a medium capture range

LG Innotek claims their new proprietary EP The Oslon Black family now offers a wide LED technology is easier on the eyes than selection for the most varied of infrared- conventional LEDs or even sunlight based applications, taking in four power classes, three wavelengths and In fact, "EP LED" controls the wavelength of three beam angles. The Oslon Black series "blue light", which corresponds to 380-500 nm from Osram Opto Semiconductors spans of the visible light. It generates by up to all types of infrared illumination. Key 60%~70% less of the wavelength from 415 applications include the illumination of areas to 455 nanometers than the sunlight or the monitored by closed-circuit television (CCTV) former LEDs, which is known to generate XP-G2 HE LEDs consume less power with systems using infrared light. CCTV is used, reactive oxygen in the retina and give stress drop-in compatibility for instance, to monitor public spaces, to the eyes.

NEWS COMPONENTS 14

The original XP-G2 has, since its introduction, the light wavelength and give the desired served as a preferred choice by output spectrum. The device efficiency is manufacturers that require superior output, comparable to blue gallium nitride-based efficacy and optical control. The new XP-G2 LEDs, which allows other colors to be HE extends this legacy with a drop-in produced at higher efficiencies than typically upgrade for existing XP-G2 LED systems, achieved when using different chip allowing designers to quickly implement technologies. As the output consists of a Cree’s newest Dmax™ high-power LED chip wide spread of light wavelengths rather than technology while maintaining the excellent a narrow peak, the result is a more intense, color quality and optical control demanded richer color than traditional LEDs. Another LG Innotek’s horticulture LED lineup covers a by applications, such as outdoor, indoor, benefit of active diffuser technology is that it broad range of the light spectrum architectural and portable. delivers a more homogenous output, eliminating the wire-bond and lead-frame Horticulture LED is a state-of-the-art light The XP-G2 HE LED leverages Cree’s latest shadows commonly seen in the beam source that can control plant growth rate and chip technology to deliver 25 percent greater pattern of standard LEDs. increase the nutrient content of the crop by output via a higher maximum current of using the light of a specific wavelength. 2000 mA, plus up to 9 percent higher Applying this approach to generate This product was developed considering the efficacy and lower thermal resistance. purple light greatly simplifies the task of characteristics that the physiological responses incorporating purple illumination into a such as photosynthesis and flowering vary design. Previously, the most common depending on the wavelength of light. approaches to generating purple light OMC’s High Brightness from an LED was to mix red and blue light In addition, LG Innotek's horticulture LEDs Purple LED for Greater from a multichip device, which adds can raise the marketability of the crops. LG Design Flexibility complexity and cost to a design and Innotek's 380 nm wavelength UV-A LED can requires more sophisticated drive circuitry. be used to enhance the phytochemical OMC has launched a new high brightness As the LPRM3268X3 device contains content of antioxidants such as anthocyanin purple surface-mount LED lamp featuring the only a single LED chip, it can be used and lutein. 405 nm wavelength LEDs that company’s proprietary Active Diffuser in the same circuit layout as other emit purple light can thicken the leaves of Technology™, which produces a far richer standard LED colors, simplifying designs. the plant and make the color sharper. and more efficient output than traditional Other approaches to generating purple single-wavelength devices. The vibrant light with LEDs involve the use of a 400 nm The company's horticulture LEDs can be output and ease of driving of the new purple LED chip, which is typically less efficient applied to smart greenhouses and plant LED SMD lamp makes it ideal for applications and incorporates a significant UV component factories to boost productivity. 450 nm such as backlighting, mood-lighting, displays to the output, which can give rise to its wavelength LEDs that emit blue light and and status indication on items such as front own considerations. 660 nm wavelength LEDs that emit dark red panels and keypads, as well as signaling and light can shorten the growth period of plants industrial electronics. Designated LPRM3268X3, OMC’s Commercial Director, William Heath by promoting photosynthesis regardless of this new SMD lamp requires very low current, comments: “Our high output color LED range environmental changes such as the weather. has a compact footprint of only 3.2 mm by with Active Diffuser Technology is a newer, 2.8 mm, and a depth of 1.9 mm, with the more efficient approach to producing colored LG Innotek's horticulture LED is good for industry-standard PLCC package. LEDs. The addition of a rich purple LED to eco-friendly organic farming. The 530 nm the line-up broadens the color choice LED light has the function of suppressing available to designers and is certain to mold development. Also, pests do not like help enhance product appearance.” 615 nm light wavelength. So, a 615 nm wavelength LED can drive away nasty pests.

In particular, the company plans to provide LG Innotek - Full Lineup horticulture LEDs that are optimized according of Horticulture LEDs to crop type, lighting location, and required functions. This is possible because the LG Innotek announced that it set up a full company has more than 30 products with OMC’s new high brightness purple LED offers lineup of “horticulture LEDs,” which are the different wavelengths, light quantity and easy to drive Active Diffuser Technology™; light sources that can make plants grow irradiation angle.. compact footprint; suits backlighting, faster than under the sunlight, and will displays, status indication, signaling, venture into the global market. LG Innotek LG Innotek plans to launch an additional mood lighting and more secured 30 types of horticulture LED packages 730 nm near infrared LED this year. optimized according to light wavelength and This product can increase the content of OMC’s Active Diffuser Technology combines power consumption. In addition to visible specific ingredients, such as sugar in crops a blue LED chip with colored phosphor- light LEDs, the company also launched and saponin in ginseng, and can be utilized based diffuser media in order to manipulate horticulture UV (ultraviolet) LEDs. for cultivation of functional crops.

Tridonic Introduces With the fifth generation of the 24 mm now that it is also possible to combine SELV Improved, New Gen. LLE ADVANCED modules, Tridonic sets variants in different lengths, with the light new standards in terms of the efficacy remaining completely homogeneous. of LED Modules and quality of linear LED modules. Lengths and drill holes according to ZHAGA The fifth generation of the 24 mm This is down to a rigorous procurement requirements also allow the modules to be LLE ADVANCED modules for linear and production process in which only easily integrated into existing designs. luminaires and panel lights feature premium raw materials are used. an impressively high efficacy of up In addition, chip selection is based Wide range of applications: to 200 lumen per watt as well as on strict optical criteria as well as The new LLE modules are compatible with superior quality. Luminaire manufacturers comprehensive tests, which far exceed existing accessories for linear luminaires, and OEMs will also benefit from the requirements of the usual standards. such as ACL linear lenses with various beam greater flexibility, thanks to the wider The efficacy of the LLE ADV5 modules characteristics, mounting clips, end caps variety of products. has thus been boosted to 200 lumen and covers. With the appropriate covers, per watt in the high-efficacy portfolio they can even be used straight away as and to 190 lumen per watt in the luminaires. When combined with the standard portfolio. appropriate LED driver (fixed output or dimmable version), a highly efficient system Greater efficacy with a CRI > 90 is created for a wide range of applications. and more flexible use: The LLE modules are available in different The efficacy of modules with a high color- lengths and with color temperatures of rendering index (CRI) > 90 has been 2,700 K, 3,000 K, 3,500 K, 4,000 K, 5,000 K improved even further compared to the and 6,500 K, whereby the respective color previous version. All modules are available temperature remains constant even when with a CRI > 80 and a CRI > 90, both as dimmed. The modules have a service life of Tridonic's generation 5 LLE modules feature SELV and non-SELV variants. There is even 72,000 hours and come with a five-year upgraded efficacy and quality greater flexibility when using the modules manufacturer guarantee.

Fulham - Low-Profile mounted in an aluminum extrusion to ConextMatrix - for flexible shapes LinearHO High Output eliminate the need for heatsinking. and large surfaces: They are also suitable for dry or The ConextMatrix LED modules, which are LED DC Modules damp locations. available in 5 different shapes (edge Fulham Co., Inc., a leading supplier of modules, corner modules, center modules, lighting components and electronics for All the LP-LinearHO units are compatible linear modules and power supply modules), commercial and specialty applications, with Fulham programmable drivers as well set almost no limits to the creative is now shipping new low-profile versions of as Fulham’s HotSpot LED emergency development of large-area light fields. Up to its popular LinearHO LED Modules. lighting systems. 270 ConextMatrix modules can be supplied The new LP-LinearHO high-output DC LED simultaneously via one power connection on modules are available in eight configurations A Snap-On, diffused lens accessory as the power supply module. Each module is and are ideal for linear highbays or linear well as a 2 or 4 module harness is available equipped with 4 powerful Nichia LEDs with a strip luminaries, for example, four- or for all the LP-Linear DC LED Modules. CRI value of over 90. eight-foot vapor tights and troffers. The units also are cURus certified, CE listed, and RoHS compliant. ConextPlay - creative playing with forms and colors: The modules of the ConextPlay family follow a playful and creative approach, which are Conext - Electrical available in three forms (connection module, Contacting without female-module, male-module). Each module Connectors and Tools is available with a high-power LED of the Nichia 757 series in one of the colors red, With the Conext system, the LED specialist green, blue and warm white. 150 modules Lumitronix from Baden-Württemberg has can be operated via one USB-C connection. Fulham's new LP LinearHO DC LED Modules succeeded in connecting LED modules with The ConextPlay modules can be used for are available in 5.5 to 58.inch models and are no additional aids. The patented development backlighting or in model making. Another designed for Highbay, Vapor Tight, and Troffer Luminaires using FLUO T5HO lamps ensures that the merging of LED modules area of application is playful learning and runs smoothly and quickly. The puzzle-like experimentation. connecting elements allow both mechanical For maximum versatility, the LP-LinearHO connection and electrical contacting without ConextBar - LED strips with variable length: DC LED modules are offered in six any further tools. No soldering, no cables, With the ConextBar, 10 mm wide LED strips standard models: no plugs! The connectorless assembly of the in various module lengths can easily be • 5.5 inches with 1,959 lm (480 mA), modules is made possible by the fact that realized. The short ConextBar4 LED modules • 11 inches with 3,919 lm (640 mA), both the noses of the male modules and the with 4 LEDs extend the strips by 20.7 mm, • 22 inches with 4,899 lm (800 mA) grooves of the female modules have electrical and the long ConextBar20 LED modules with • 22 inches with 7,700 lm (1250 mA), contacts that conduct the current reliably 20 LEDs by 104 mm, creating a great deal of • 44 inches with 8,656 lm (1400 mA), and constantly. flexibility. The power is supplied by a power • 44 inches with 14,699 lm (2400 mA). supply module, which is available as male and female-version. Up to 50 ConextBar20 A 46-inch model with 8,656 lm (1400 mA) and LED modules or 250 ConextBar4 LED a 58-inch version with 14,699 lm (2400 mA) modules can be operated simultaneously. are available as custom orders. The modules are equipped with warm white LEDs of the Nichia 757 series that convince The LP-LinearHO DC LED Modules are with a good efficiency and a CRI value of high-lumen units with an output range from over 90. 14,699 lm down to 219 lm, delivering higher lumens per watt and higher thermal "The Conext modules lie flat and do not conductivity. LP-LinearHO DC LED Modules require any superstructures," explains allow for OEMs to meet the DLC Premium Christian Hoffmann, CEO of the Hechingen- Conext modules are only available from requirement much easier and with greater LUMITRONIX®. The three different product based company. "The modules are joined flexibility. What makes these different from families, ConextMatrix, ConextPlay & together without connectors because Fulham’s standard LinearHO units is their ConextBar, are suitable for a wide range both the noses of the male modules of applications lower profile, both in width (1.26 inches) and the notches of the female modules and height (.29 inches), higher thermal possess electrical contacts that reliably performance, and 8 percent higher lumen The Conext connection and contacting conduct the current. The different output. The LP-LinearHO DC LED modules system from Lumitronix is currently used module shapes in a puzzle look, are easier and faster to install when in three product families: also enable the creation of individual compared to standard DC modules. • ConextMatrix light fields in many shapes. This is The LP-LinearHO is rigid and has self- • ConextPlay unique worldwide and only available thermal management; the MCPCB is • ConextBar from LUMITRONIX®."

NEWS COMPONENTS 18

Tivoli's TivoTape™ 4 oz. traces provide greater durability and Features and Benefits: Boosts Design thermal management, which can increase • IP67: protected against water & dust the overall systems lifetime. • Luminous flux range of 600, 1,200 and Opportunities 1,800 lm/m Without a doubt, LED Tape Light has High CRI is an industry standard request • Color temperature 2,700, 3,000 and 4,000 become a staple in most Lighting Designers for flexible tape in today’s market. with SDCM 3 (1) creative palettes. In regards to Low Voltage Elite TivoTape™ offers a CRI, making colors • Module luminous efficacy up to 100 lm/W LED Tape Light, there is a distinct difference pop with 94+ CRI. Tight LED spacing of the • High design freedom due to 5 cm cut-options between maximum load lengths to maintain 2835 diodes produce zero scalping within • Pitch distance of 6 mm enables high light Class II listed status and the maximum run our narrowest depth profile and a binning homogeneity lengths before experiencing significant tolerance of 1.5 MacAdam Ellipse keeps • Self-adhesive 3M tape at the backside for voltage drop, which will result in lumen loss. consistent color throughout your project giving simple mounting on different surfaces Tivoli has solved that with the design of our you expected results in quality lighting. • All the accessories – from the Interconnector proprietary Zero Drop Elite TivoTape™. to the Input-terminal till End cap – has Most LED Tape uses from 1-3 oz. of copper been specifically designed for the IP67 for the traces. TivoTape™ Elite embodies tape and allows intuitive and easy handling 4 oz. of copper traces. LED on a Roll - which still keeps the protection of IP67 active Tridonic's Flexible • Self-cooling (no additional heat sink required) IP67 LED Modules • Long life-time up to 50,000 hours • 5-year guarantee The flexible LLE FLEX IP67 EXCITE • System solution in combination with continuous row from Tridonic offers Tridonic constant voltage LED Driver protections from dust and water and can be installed in moisture-prone rooms, Flexible, safe and easy to handle: like bathrooms, without a second thought. The flexible continuous row is available with a A stable color temperature without any luminous flux of 600, 1,200 or 1,800 lm/m and chromacity coordinate shift also allows for in color temperatures 2,700, 3,000 and 4,000 With its brand new Zero Drop Elite TivoTape™, combination with other continuous rows. K (SDCM 3). The versatility of these options Tivoli just solved a lighting design challenge means that the required lighting for different applications can be achieved as needed. The Feature and Benefits: design freedom is almost limitless, as the row • 4 oz. Copper Trace can be cut to size in 50 mm increments. The • 3 Wattage ratings with the same high continuous row comes on self-adhesive film density spacing for a variety of run lengths and can be mounted on different surfaces. • 317 to 826 Lumens Per Foot • CRI 96 | R9 83 Connectors, terminals or end caps specially • 100 to 119 Lm/W Efficacy developed for the LLE FLEX make handling • 1.5 Step McAdam Ellipse and mounting easy and guarantee the • Title 24 JA8 Compliant (California) Tridonic's LLE FLEX IP67 EXCITE offers high high degree of protection during use. • 2200, 2400, 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000, IP protection combined with high CRI, high Together with manufacturer-specific constant and 5000 K CCT available efficiency, and narrow 6 mm LED pitch for voltage LED drivers (fixed output or dimmable), • ExoShield IP54 Coated surprisingly homogeneous light the result is a reliable system solution with • Zero pixilation in most extrusion with up to 50,000 hours of service life. milky white and frosted lenses The dimmable 24 V constant voltage continuous row with 6 mm light point From a design perspective, the voltage drop intervals produces impressively by the end of the run of Standard Tape cut to homogeneous light. Tridonic avoids EPtronics LP Series - maximum load is significant enough that chromacity coordinate shift, which would Latest Programmable when a second run is placed in line along otherwise be typical for such a high LED Drivers with the first, there is a significant visible degree of protection, by using innovative difference in brightness. When voltage airGAP technology in the manufacturing EPtronics is pleased to announce its latest drops, so do lumens toward the end of each process. The IP67 continuous row is generation LP Series of programmable maximum electronic run length. In some especially suitable for applications constant current LED drivers with flicker free popular design elements this can result in that call for high lighting quality in operation. All five wattage families are gradations of intensity in the desired effect. addition to a high degree of protection. included in UL’s Class P LED Driver Program: The color-rendering index in all versions LP25W, LP40W, LP50W (T8), LP55WW, Elite TivoTape’s™ 4 oz. Copper trace allows of the LLE FLEX IP67 EXCITE is higher and LP96W. This UL program allows LED for unparalleled thermal and electronic than 90, and module efficiency boasts luminaire manufacturers to quickly substitute management that equals longer runs with up to 100 lm/W. existing drivers with pre-approved EPtronics virtually no lumen drop. Additionally, drivers without the need for recertification by UL.

EPtronics' latest constant current LED drivers from the LP Series of programmable offer flicker free operation and UL’s Class P certification

LP Series drivers can be pre-programmed to customer requirements during EPtronics manufacturing or re-programmed in the field using EPtronics’ EP-PRG-01 USB Interface Programming Tool. In addition, the optional EP-CRADLE-01 programming cradle enables OEMs to reduce SKUs and satisfy customer needs by quickly programming LP Series drivers on their own assembly lines.

EPtronics, a leading manufacturer of solid-state lighting power supplies, offers the broadest selection of UL recognized off-the- shelf and custom LED drivers. Our US-engineered products ensure that you receive exceptional performance and reliability to satisfy all your technical requirements.

All EPtronics products are protected by a standard 5-year limited product warranty.

Inventronics - Flicker-Free, Tight Tolerance Dimming LED Drivers

Inventronics releases a new programmable IP20 LED driver series ideal for indoor projects such as panel, troffers, downlights and other fixtures requiring a compact driver and a lower profile. The new LUG-040SxxxDTE is an expansion to the existing low power, indoor programmable LED driver portfolio.

Inventronics' latest LED drivers, the LUG-040SxxxDTE, are UL Class P certified, Class 2 recognized and have a long calculated lifetime of over 100,000 hours @ 80% load and Tc = 70°C

Designed to offer OEMs complete driver our Type A driver line. Espen continues Applications: flexibility, they provide full power at almost to be a leading provider of LED drivers to • High Power LED, High Voltage LED any output current range from 800-1500 mA the lighting industry.” • Accurate Current-Limited from 40 W down to 28 W. With a tight tolerance Voltage Regulators in the low dimming range, this series offers The new driver can provide either 3-lamp or flicker-free, smooth dimming to 10% giving it 4-lamp 190mA output current per channel, The LTM8005 operates from a 5 V to 38 V a consistent light quality performance. and up to 20 watts of power per channel. input voltage range and can deliver up to It has a power factor of 0.96 at 277VAC input 1.6 A of regulated current at an output OEMs benefit from the added convenience voltage and 0.98 PF at 120 VAC input voltage. voltage of up to 38 V. An Inductor is external, of the UL Class P certification, increased enabling the LTM8005 to easily configure in competitive advantage, and reduced The new 4-lamp Type A driver features active different operation modes including boost, inventory SKUs. They are also Class 2 power correction, constant output current, buck-boost, buck and SEPIC topologies recognized which increases safety while and a Class A sound rating. with a coupled inductor. reducing materials cost. With a compact form factor and color-coded terminals, the The driver is UL8750 (damp & dry listed), The high reliability H-grade version guarantees product facilitates safe and easy installation. EN61347 listed, and FCC Class A compliant. operation from –40°C to 150°C. The wide Espen protects the driver with a 5 year / input voltage range and 150°C operation The LUG-040SxxxDTE operate over a 50,000 hour warranty. make this µModule LED driver ideal for 90-305/127-250 Vdc input voltage and are automotive and industrial lighting applications. approved to UL, FCC, CE and Class P allows it to be used in many countries The operating frequency is adjustable around the world. They are highly reliable 38 VIN, 10 A Boost from 100 kHz to 1 MHz, and built-in and have a calculated lifetime to be at µModule Regulator - spread spectrum frequency modulation least 100,000 hours when operating at Ideal for Driving LEDs improves electromagnetic compatibility 80% load with a case temperature of 70˚C. performance. Brightness of the LEDs Production quantities are available now. Analog Devices announces the Power can be controlled by the analog CTRL by Linear™ LTM8005 boost DC/DC pin and by PWM dimming with a range µModule® (power module) regulator up to 3,000:1. The LTM8005 provides designed for driving LEDs. The LTM8005 safety features such as output disconnect Espen Technology includes a DC/DC controller, power switch, short-circuit protection, open LED Launches 4-Lamp, Schottky diode and current sense resistor protection, programmable input current Type A, Dimmable Driver in a 9x11.25x2.22 mm BGA package. limit, as well as, input and output current reporting. Espen Technology announced the expansion of its Type A driver line, to include its new 4-lamp, Type A dimmable driver. The new 4-channel driver is model #VEL60BN-4C- New High Performance 10V. It operates Type A lamps only, and Resonant Controller IC provides 0-10 V dimming. with PFC from Infineon

Infineon Technologies introduces the second-generation ICL5102 resonant The LTM8005's low profile package enables controller IC designed specifically for power utilization of unused space on the bottom of supply and lighting drivers. Main target PC boards. Its thermally enhanced, compact applications are LED drivers for professional over-molded Ball Grid Array (BGA) package is and industrial lighting, and street lighting. suitable for automated assembly by standard surface mount equipment

Espen Technology's RetroFlex driver is a Features: dimmable 4-channel driver for Type A LED • Wide Input Voltage Range: 5 V to 38 V lamps replacing fluorescent lamps • 40 V, 10A Internal Power Switch • 3,000:1 True Color PWM™ Dimming According to John Clancy, SVP of Sales & • Internal 40 V Switch for PWM & Marketing at Espen, “Espen’s 2-lamp, Output Disconnect Type A driver has been a very popular item • Int.Spread Spectrum Frequency Modulation for many years, and customers have • Open LED Protection with OpenLED Flag Infineon's new high performance PFC & requested that we provide a 4-lamp, • Short-Circuit Protection with SortLED Flag resonant controller for LCC and LLC provides 4-channel version.” Clancy added, • Input & Output Current Reporting a wide input voltage range, high efficiency, “This new 4-lamp driver really completes • 9x11.25x2.22 mm BGA Package high PF and low THD

Features: The ICL5102 integrates Power Factor internal coreless transformer with self-adaptive • Universal input 70–325 V Correction (PFC) and half-bridge (HB) dead time ranging between 250 ns and • Highest efficiency up to 94% by controllers in a single DSO-16 package. 750 ns, and an operating frequency up to resonant topology It supports universal input voltages ranging 500 kHz. It can detect overload, short circuit, • THD <3.5%, PF >0.95 from 70 V AC to 325 V AC, and has a BUS, HB or output under and over voltage • Burst mode, low standby comparable wide output range. A low as well as over temperature. An integrated • Low BOM cost number of external components are required capacitive mode regulator prevents operation °° Combo controller IC to configure and support this controller IC. in capacitive mode. All protection features °° 500V MOSFETs at LLC stage All parameters are set by resistors. use AUTO restart (No Latch). °° Low cost resistors to set working points The ICL5012 supports fast startup under 500 ms at less than 100 μA. The industry- Benefits: leading PFC is greater than 99 percent and • Enables global designs Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is less than Helvar Launches • Can be used from 40-250 W 3.5 percent. The controller has up to 94 LOOP SELV60 LED • Best-in-class PFC and THD at full percent efficiency by resonant topology. Driver Series and light load The active burst mode for low standby • High efficiency: more lumen output consumes less than 300 mW. An enable/ Helvar is proud to present LOOP: and less thermal load disable function supports dimming. Helvar's first looping mechanics for LED • No components required to match drivers. LOOP is a combination of an the PFC and LLC stage The PFC controller features brownout SELV60 LED driver with terminals, • Protection and auto restart detection, adjustable THD for light load integrated strain reliefs and, in DALI drivers, operation, and high power factor correction. additional control terminals for fast and Target Applications: Due to the high accuracy of BUS voltage accurate wiring. These new mechanics • LED lighting sensing, only four PINs are required for PFC are optimized for independent usage • Professional lighting action. The resonant HB controller has a fully applications where safe and stable • Street lighting/Smart street lamp integrated 650 V high-side driver using an installation is needed.

The LT3762’s 2.5 V to 38.5 V input voltage and 0.263°C/W for single CoB. The Igloo range and synchronous operation is ideal for SS250 with heat pipes design for single CoB automotive power systems, portable instruments, to enhance the heat dissipation quickly. industrial applications, medical instruments and architectural lighting. An auxiliary on-chip buck-boost converter provides the necessary gate drive voltage in low voltage systems, and when combined with a low LOOP is Helvar's first driver that allows 500 µA maximum quiescent current and cabling without any tools 1 µA shutdown current (TA = 25°C), results in high efficiency over wide input voltage and The drivers enable looping of mains and output current ranges. DALI wires with doubled input terminals throughout the driver, saving time and effort Features: GlacialTech's Igloo SS250 SDK Kit allows for on a site’s actual wiring work. Bigger looping • Synchronous Controller for Highest Efficiency fixtures that are dustproof and waterproof connectors allow quick cable connections, • 500 µA Maximum Quiescent Current and against extreme weather and strong jets of and also support a variety of wire 1 µA Shutdown Current (TA = 25°C) water thicknesses. Wires are secured to the driver • Optional Spread Spectrum Frequency with click-on cable clamps, and the strain- Modulation for Low EMI Features: relief cover clicks on effortlessly, • Internal 250:1 PWM Signal Generator • Rated for 250 to 280 W single CoB or securing connections without any need for Multi-chip LEDs screws. Installation on site is faster since In systems where EMI is a concern, • Thermal resistance 0.263°C/W for single not a single screw or tool is required–wires the LT3762’s optional spread spectrum CoB and 0.235°C/W for Multi-chip LEDs are secure in their robust, sturdy housing. frequency modulation can be enabled to • Adjustable stainless steel mounting Drivers with LOOP mechanics are ideal reduce the effective switching frequency bracket and screws for independent use with Class I, II and III noise. An on-chip PWM signal generator is • IP65 rated, suitable for outdoor applications SELV60 rated luminaires. synchronized to the internal oscillator for lowest noise performance. Internal PWM GlacialTech’s experience in thermal design generation provides 250:1 dimming; allows the Igloo SS250 to create a heatsink external 3000:1 dimming or analog boasting an excellent thermal resistance Analog Devices - dimming can also be employed. Other using stamping technology. The efficient 60 VOUT Synchronous features of the constant current and constant thermal performance makes high output Boost LED Driver voltage LT3762 include current mode single CoB or Multi-chip LEDs up to 280 W operation with cycle-by-cycle current limiting, can be accommodated. Customers can Analog Devices announces the Power adjustable 100 kHz to 1 MHz switching, easily use the Igloo SS250 to construct high by Linear™ LT3762, a 60 V output, programmable undervoltage lockout, open wattage LED flood lights and make sure the high efficiency, synchronous, boost LED LED and short-circuit protection with fault LED will not be overheated and therefore driver controller with a programmable internal status indicators, LED overcurrent protection have a long lifespan. LED PWM signal generator and spread and thermal shutdown. spectrum frequency modulation that The Igloo SS250 thermal module is available yield low EMI noise. The versatile LT3762 The LT3762 is available in thermally as a standalone, or as a semi-knockdown includes a rail-to-rail current sense amplifier, enhanced 28-lead TSSOP and 4x5 mm QFN (SKD) kit that includes heatsink module, enabling high side or low side current packages. Three temperature grades are adjustable stainless steel mounting bracket sensing that in addition to synchronous available, with operation from –40°C to and screws. It also offers the waterproof boost facilitates synchronous buck-mode 125°C (junction) for the extended and bridging connector that can easily install the and buck-boost mode topologies and industrial grades, and a high temperature power cables between LEDs and drivers. nonsynchronous SEPIC designs. grade of –40°C to 150°C. The SKD kit allows use in high output lighting for stadiums, parking lots, and outdoor storage areas.

GlacialTech Announces With an IP65 rugged design, LED floodlights New Igloo SS250 LED built with the Igloo SS250 SKD kit are Flood Light SKD Kit dustproof and waterproof against extreme weather and strong jets of water. GlacialTech, the diversified LED technology Fixture designers can choose the provider, announces a new 250 W heatsink appropriate LED module and driver for outdoor flood light and available for single for their lighting needs and easily Analog Devices new LT3762 provides 60 V output CoB or Multi-chip LEDs. The Igloo SS250 create high performance outdoor voltage at low EMI, while also maintaining low features an efficient heatsink with thermal application with dependable GlacialTech quiescent current and shutdown current resistance 0.235°C/W for Multi-chip LEDs thermal technology.

More Accurate, Faster, The newly-developed DSP 200 photometer The most common use of the DSP 200 Further - Instrument uses a silicon photovoltaic cell as a detector is goniometric raster measurements that achieves outstanding stability and the ‘on-the-fly’. The fast internal sampling rate Systems' DSP 200 highest degree of accuracy due to integrated enables light distributions of pulse-width Instrument Systems' new, versatile photometer, innovative cooling to 0°C. The silicon modulated light sources with a wide range the DSP 200, conforms to the highest accuracy photodiode is precisely adjusted to V (λ) of pulse frequencies to be accurately grade L to DIN 5032-7 (2017) and has an and has a light-sensitive surface of only measured, even with extremely short extremely broad measuring range from 0.1 mlx 6 x 6 mm. This ensures an excellent local switch-on cycles. The high data transmission to 200 klx for all common light sources, resolution that pays off, in particular with rate enables the measurement of even including pulse-width modulated LEDs. light sources with sharp gradients and new high-resolution rasters in the shortest It is extremely well suited to ultra-fast applications such as glare-free headlights, of times. measurements of spatial light distributions. pixel headlights and scans due to the cut-off line. Instrument Systems offers extensive software for a wide range of applications. In addition to traditional light sources, The LightCon software was specially test specimens with pulse-width developed for fast measurement of external modulated LEDs or LED modules can automotive lighting and light sources with also be measured thanks to the unique comparable requirements, such as airfield combination of high-precision analog lighting or variable message signs and retro technology and advanced digital signal reflectors. The SpecWinPro software is processing. The measured signal passes tailored to spectral analyses in the areas of through a digital, auto-adaptive filter that solid-state lighting and general lighting. Instrument Systems' newly developed DSP automatically detects and eliminates It supports the measurement of spatial 200 photometer in the highest accuracy class possible modulations and interferences. radiation properties of lamps, luminaires L performs ultra-fast measurements of spatial The filter characteristics are optimally and modules, as well as the control and light distribution from 0.1 mlx to 200 klx adjusted in a continuous monitoring process. measurement of electrical operating data.

Combined Conformal bottom-up) cameras. The ACI/AOI systems Kyocera's new LED lighting is ideal for Coating and Automated inspect conformal coating coverage and verify growing various water creatures as it correct part assembly in SMT or through-hole reproduces the light close to the natural Inspection System applications, improving quality and yield. habitats of corals and water plants. Nordson ASYMTEK announces an The optical spectrum can also be automated coating inspection (ACI) line With minimal programming, the inspection customized to reproduce the deep blue combining its Select Coat® SL-940 set-up is fast and intuitive, typically requiring color for ornamental purposes Conformal Coating system with the FX- less than 30 minutes. Automated inspection 940UV Series ACI/AOI Automated Conformal typically takes only a few seconds and Kyocera's aquarium LED lighting will be Coat Inspection system. Together, the systems results are immediately displayed. available to the Japanese market in the ensure a conformal coating process that's These results can be stored and reviewed middle of August in four types: accurate and reliable, and delivers ongoing off-line. The FX-940UV also reads all • Marine Blue reproducing spectrum of coating quality and consistency. common barcodes and captures board sunlight at 2.5 m below sea level images for product traceability. • Aqua Blue reproducing spectrum of sunlight at 11 m below sea level Configurable for several line positions, • Natural White reproducing similar the FX-940UV ACI series is equally effective spectrum of sunlight above ground for coating, pre- and post-cure, and final • Deep Blue for ornamental purposes assembly inspection. Off-line programming maximizes machine utilization and real-time Specifications: SPC monitoring provides a valuable yield Weight: 1,400 g (lamp), enhancement solution. The FX-940UV can 900 g (light source) be fully integrated with a FIS/MES system Dimensions: Diameter: 107 mm (body) The combination of conformal coating and to capture up-to-the-minute process data. Depth: 145 mm (body) inspection ensures an accurate and reliable Single-page, quick feedback reports provide an Width: 110 mm (clip) coating process overall view of the inspected board and allow Input voltage: AC100 V (50/60 Hz) you to zoom in on specific areas of interest, Power: 51.2 W Eliminating coating problems starts with a such as around keep out zones. high-quality conformal coating system with Product Features: process controls. The Nordson ASYMTEK Together, Nordson ASYMTEK's Select Lamps emitting light mimicking natural Select Coat SL-940 conformal coating Coat® SL-940 conformal coating system and sunlight helps grow coral and water plants. system provides the highest quality and FX-940 ACI can team up for coating that is By combining violet LEDs and RGB phosphor productivity for automated coating processes. done accurately and reliably. blending technology, Kyocera's high-color- The system has a wide range of features to rendering LEDs produce light extremely monitor and control the process and to close to natural sunlight. By customizing the provide traceability, such as Fan Width spectrum, it reproduces the light close to Control, Viscosity Control, Flow Monitoring, Kyocera -World's First that of the natural habitats of corals and a bar code system, and a vision system. Full-Spectrum LED water plants at specific underwater depths. Information can be exchanged with customer- Aquarium Lighting specific Factory Information Systems (FIS) Furthermore, as each LED element emits and Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) Kyocera Corporation announced that the full-spectrum light close to natural sunlight, to ensure factory production workflow. company developed the world's first it produces light with luminance uniformity full-spectrum LED lighting for aquariums. without color separation making it ideal for Conformal coatings used by electronic Kyocera's high-color-rendering LED lighting growing corals and other sea creatures for manufacturers contain UV indicators for the combines its proprietary violet LEDs and a long period of time. purpose of inspection. Since coatings are RGB (red, green and blue) phosphors to transparent, parts must be viewed under create lights close to natural sunlight at High Light Output: ultraviolet or black light to verify coverage specific underwater depths. Kyocera's proprietary ceramic technology and non-coverage. The FX-940UV's provides excellent durability in an LED light. advanced, high-power UV lighting and In addition, an air-cooling function utilizing newly available image-processing air convection offers a high output while technology integrate several techniques, maintaining high color rendering. including coverage and color inspection, Assuming this light would be used near normalized correlation, and rule-based the sea, Kyocera developed a robust algorithms to provide complete inspection design with a heat dissipation structure coverage with an unmatched low false-failure to use natural air. As this design does not rate. Advanced multiple-camera imaging require a fan, which was traditionally technology offers high-speed inspection with considered one of the main reasons for defect coverage. The FX-942 model provides Kyocera's aquarium LED lighting is designed product breakdown, the new aquarium dual-sided viewing (top-down and to optimize growth of corals and marine plants LED light can minimize failures.

Lighting Science Group The new downlight is a comprehensive Khim Lee, President, Lighting Science said. Introduces Good solution that enables residential and “Our human-centric lighting portfolio is commercial customers to optimize daytime leading the global shift in how lighting is Day&Night Downlight alertness, while also enhancing their applied in residential and commercial Lighting Science® announced the release of a nighttime sleep environment. applications – our new products are at the new daytime productivity and natural sleep forefront of the circadian lighting revolution.” cycle lighting solution. The Good Day&Night® Based on technology developed in Downlight combines the company’s popular, collaboration with NASA to support the The first commercial installation of the Good patented GoodDay® and GoodNight® LED natural circadian rhythms of astronauts Day&Night Downlight will be in New York City spectrum technologies into a single, easy-to- living onboard on the International at Manhattan’s new luxury condominium use luminaire. Space Station, the Good Day&Night development, Gramercy Square. Partnering solution enables users to easily change with MNDFL, New York City’s premier between focus-enhancing and sleep- mediation studio, the team worked enhancing spectrums. The luminaire is collaboratively to create special wellness- controlled via a standard wall switch, or by focused amenity spaces. The downlight will a wireless switch accessory. Mounting kits be installed in the meditation room, and in are available for retrofit and new several shared areas, offering residents construction, providing living spaces with healthy, biologically balanced light. energy-efficient, circadian lighting for both day and night in any area of your home or “At Gramercy Square, integrated wellness is workplace in a sleek, functional design. supported through a multi-dimensional approach,” David Bistricer of Clipper Equity “The new Good Day&Night Downlight said. “The partnership with Lighting Science Lighting Science Group's new LED luminaire, Good Day&Night® Downlight, delivers optimal delivers on the company's promise to naturally aligns with our mission to contribute daytime productivity and natural sleep engineer lighting solutions that provide peak living innovation inspired by nature, enhancement in one solution visual performance and biological benefits,” connectivity and a healthy environment. ”

Electron Beam Patterning for Full-Color HR OLED Displays OLED microdisplays are increasingly establishing themselves in consumer-ready wearables and data glasses. In order to meet the requirements for higher efficiency, higher contrast, and higher resolutions in these applications, Fraunhofer FEP scientists have developed a new micropatterning approach for OLEDs on silicon substrates. This might eliminate the use of color filters and shadow masks in the future and allow full-color displays to be developed by means of a new process. An increase in efficiency and considerably broader color gamut has already been demonstrated in first experiments.

The average smartphone user looks at a display about 88 times a day, not counting viewing smaller smart watches or other displays. Displays of all kinds have become ubiquitous and will soon be irreplaceable in everyday life.

If you turn your attention to the world of OLED microdisplays, you will quickly find Probe station with patterned OLEDs in the clean room of Fraunhofer FEP (Credits: ©Fraunhofer FEP) yourself immersed in data glasses for current and future Virtual Reality (VR) and mastered in order to exploit the full potential Further development of the electron Augmented Reality (AR) applications, of OLED technology for use in consumer- beam process has now achieved the core of which is the microdisplay. ready data glasses and other AR/VR full-color OLED without using color filters Since the Pokémon Go mania everyone has applications. Very high brightness and or shadow masks. To create red, green, an idea of what AR means – additional efficiency, good yields for large chip areas, and blue pixels, an organic layer of the interactive information is being interwoven curved surfaces, integrated eye tracking, OLED itself is ablated by a thermal into the real world. In addition to industrial and transparent substrates are some of the electron beam process. This patterning use in Production 4.0 programs and tasks still on the researchers' agenda. causes a change to the thickness products, its use in medical technology of the layer stack, which makes the and in electronic entertainment, AR and VR Currently, OLED technology faces the emission of different colors possible. applications have also been established for hurdle that full-color displays can only be This is the first major step towards years in advertising and the education sector. realized by using color filters or shadow the development of full-color displays The days of bulky audio guides in museums masks, which limit OLED efficiency and without the use of restrictive color could soon be over, not only as a result of resolution. Researchers are working intensely filters in the process. Elisabeth Bodenstein, previous solutions like tablets and on new approaches to fabricate microdisplays developer in the Fraunhofer FEP project smartphones. Lightweight head-up displays characterized by high resolution while at the team, explains the advantages: “With our can turn exhibitions into great learning same time offering high efficiency and long electron-beam process it is possible to worlds by integrating film scenes, audio, operating lifetime. The patterning of the thermally structure even these sensitive and interaction with the visitor to make a organic layers of OLEDs is one of the organic materials without damaging the museum experience more memorable. greatest challenges, since conventional underlying layer.” methods such as photolithography cannot Thanks to the shallow overall depth that be utilized with organic semiconductor The results were obtained by simulating results from the self-luminous properties of materials. The use of electron beam and initially estimating the HTL (hole OLEDs and their excellent contrast ratios, technology for microstructuring was transport layer) thicknesses that are manufacturers are increasingly turning to successfully demonstrated at the Fraunhofer produced by the electron beam. OLED microdisplays for AR/VR glasses. FEP two years ago. Using its patented The researchers actually achieved the Fraunhofer FEP has been continuously process, FEP was able to modify the decoupling of red, green, and blue emissions immersed in the advanced development emission of an OLED through the existing from the white OLED. Following proof of of this technology for several years. encapsulation layer to create any feature concept at Fraunhofer FEP, these colors Nevertheless, there are still some imaginable and even produce high-resolution were demonstrated on the first test substrates, technological challenges that need to be grayscale images. exhibiting comparable OLED performance.

In addition to using this new process order to facilitate establishing the technology Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Now the scientists for OLEDs, electron beam processing at the industrial level at a later date. are ready for specific advanced development can also be used for other applications in of the technology through partnerships and organic electronics and inorganic layers. In parallel, the scientists are also planning an joint projects with display, plant, material and Moreover, the electron-beam patterning enhanced simulation of OLEDs. The OLED system manufacturers. The results with first process is very adaptable and can also color spectrum will be broadened by suitably colored OLEDs will also be presented at the be employed in the areas of photovoltaics, modifying the materials and layer thicknesses. Fraunhofer FEP booth no. 50 and in poster MEMS, and thin-film technology. In this way, the prospective incorporation the session III during the International Meeting on displays in data glasses for special applications Information Display - IMID 2018 in Busan, Now Fraunhofer FEP scientists are approaching such as in industrial manufacturing and South Korea, August 29-31, 2018. the next milestones, having completed the medicine should be opened up with the promising preparatory work. The main goal in new process. the coming years is to use this new method in jointly developing fabrication of OLED Liquid-Suspended microdisplays with partners and establish it in References: White QD LEDs Achieve the industry through licensing. To do this, the Paper No. L_10_1003: Electron Beam Luminous Efficacy Record features will be further miniaturized and the Patterning for Realization of RGB Microcavity process optimized by working together with OLEDs Quantum dot (QD) white LEDs that show a interested partners from industry. Authors: luminous efficacy of 105 lm/W have been Elisabeth Bodenstein, Matthias Schober, developed. The QDs are liquid-based and, The next step planned is to integrate the Stefan Saager, Christoph Metzner, Uwe according to researchers, could help the micropatterning into existing processes in Vogel; Fraunhofer FEP, Germany LEDs achieve an efficacy double that of LEDs order to gain further know-how jointly that incorporate quantum dots in solid films. with industrial partners. This should enable Acknowledgements: With further development, researchers say future transfer of the test results into an The development of the new technology the new LEDs could reach an efficacy over existing process line to be worked out in is the result of a project funded by the 200 lm/W.

Researchers created QD-based white LEDs with a record efficacy applying QDs in a suspension rather than embedded in a solid. Inset: These LEDs use flexible lenses filled with a QD solution (Courtesy of Sedat Nizamoglu, Koç University)

The new LEDs use commercially available blue LEDs combined with flexible lenses filled with QDs. Light from the blue LED causes the QDs to emit green and red, which combine with the blue emission to create white light.

To make the white LEDs, researchers from Koç University filled the space between a polymer lens and LED chip with a solution of QDs that were synthesized by mixing cadmium, selenium, zinc, and sulfur at high temperatures. The researchers used silicone to make the lens because its elasticity would allow them to inject the solution into the lens without any solution leaking out, and because silicone’s transparency would enable light transmission.

The team carried out more than 300 synthesis reactions to identify the best conditions, such as temperature and time of the reaction, for making QDs that would emit at different colors while exhibiting optimal efficacy.

“Creating white light requires integrating the appropriate amount of quantum dots, and even if that is accomplished, there are an infinite number of blue, green, and red combinations that can lead to white," said researcher Sedat Nizamoglu. "We developed a simulation based on a theoretical approach we recently reported and used it to determine the appropriate amounts and best combinations of quantum dot colors for efficient white light generation.”

The researchers demonstrated their white LEDs by using them to illuminate a 7-inch. display. They showed that their liquid-based white LEDs could achieve an efficacy double that of LEDs that incorporate QDs in solid films.

Although QDs embedded in a film are currently used in LED televisions, this lighting approach is not suitable for widespread use in general lighting applications, said the researchers. Transferring the QDs in a liquid allowed the team to overcome the drop in efficacy that can occur when nanomaterials are embedded into solid polymers.

The team said that the synthesis and fabrication methods it used for making the QDs and the new LEDs were inexpensive and applicable for mass production.

As a next step, the researchers are working to increase the efficacy of the LEDs and want to reach high efficacy levels using environmentally friendly materials that are cadmium and lead-free. They also plan to study the liquid LEDs under different conditions to ensure they are stable for long-term application.

“Efficient LEDs have a strong potential for saving energy and protecting the environment. Replacing conventional lighting sources with LEDs with an efficacy of 200 lumens per watt would decrease the global electricity consumed for lighting by more than half, " said Nizamoglu. "That reduction is equal to the electricity created by 230 typical 500-megawatt coal plants and would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 200 million tons.”

Unlike the phosphors that are used to create white light with today’s LEDs, QDs generate pure colors because they emit only in a narrow portion of the spectrum. This narrow emission makes it possible to create high-quality white light with precise color temperatures and optical properties by combining QDs that generate different colors with a blue LED. Quantum dots are also easy to make, and the color of their emission can be easily changed by increasing the size of the semiconductor particle. By changing their concentration, QDs can be used to generate warm white light sources (e.g., incandescent light bulbs) or cool white sources (e.g., typical fluorescent lamps).

Acknowledgements: The research was originally published on July 3rd, 2018 in Optica Vol. 5, Issue 7, pp. 793-802 (2018), a publication of OSA; The Optical Society (doi:10.1364/ OPTICA.5.000793). The original paper can be downloaded at www.osapublishing.org/optica/ viewmedia.cfm?uri=optica-5-7-793&seq=0

Cooling for Computer Chips - Maybe Also Useful for LEDs

The inner workings of high-power electronic devices must remain cool to operate reliably. High internal temperatures can make programs run slower, freeze or shut down. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Materials science and eng. prof. and dept. head David Cahill co-led research to optimize the Urbana-Champaign and The University synthesis of boron arsenide – a highly thermally conductive material – to dissipate heat inside of Texas, Dallas have collaborated to high-powered electronics (Credits: L. Brian Stauffer) optimize the crystal-growing process of boron arsenide – a material that has excellent Diamond has the highest known thermal The next step in the work will be to try thermal properties and can effectively conductivity – about 15 times that of silicon – other processes to improve the growth and dissipate the heat generated in electronic but there are problems when it comes to properties of this material for large-scale devices. using it for thermal management of electronics. applications, the researchers said.

The results of the study, published in “Although diamond has been incorporated the journal Science, mark the first occasionally in demanding heat-dissipation Acknowledgements and References: realization of previously predicted class of applications, the cost of natural diamonds The Office of Naval Research and the ultrahigh thermal conductivity materials. and structural defects in manmade diamond Air Force Office of Scientific Research Boron arsenide is not a naturally occurring films make the material impractical for supported this study. material, so scientists must synthesize it in widespread use in electronics,” said co-author the lab, the researchers said. It also needs Bing Lv, a physics professor at UT Dallas. The paper “High thermal conductivity in to have a very specific structure and low cubic boron arsenide crystals” is available defect density for it to have peak thermal “The boron arsenide crystals were online and from the U. of I. News Bureau. conductivity, so that its growth happens synthesized using a technique called DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8982 in a very controlled way. chemical vapor transport,” said Illinois postdoctoral researcher Qiye Zheng. “We studied the structural defects and “Elemental boron and arsenic are combined measured the thermal conductivity of while in the vapor phase and then cool and InteGreat Project - the boron arsenide crystals produced condense into small crystals. We combined New Approaches to at UT Dallas,” said co-author David Cahill, extensive materials characterization and LED Production a professor and head of the department of trial-and-error synthesis to find the conditions materials science and engineering at Illinois. that produce crystals of high enough quality.” In the InteGreat research project, Osram “Our experiments also show that the original Opto Semiconductors coordinated a theory is incomplete and will need to be The Illinois team used electron microscopy consortium comprising seven partners from refined to fully understand the high and a technique called time-domain thermo science and industry. Between December thermal conductivity.” reflectance to determine if the lab-grown 2014 and February 2018 the project partners crystals were free of the types of defects that investigated time-honored manufacturing Most of today’s high-performance computer cause a reduction in thermal conductivity. approaches and know-how along the entire chips and high-power electronic devices are LED production process with the aim of made of silicon, a crystalline semiconducting “We measured dozens of the boron arsenide identifying potential areas for optimization. material that does an adequate job of crystals produced in this study and found The new insights allow for LED products to dissipating heat. But in combination with that the thermal conductivity of the material be given additional superior properties that other cooling technology incorporated into can be three times higher than that of best would have been difficult or even impossible devices, silicon can handle only so much, materials being used as heat spreaders to achieve with the technologies previously the team said. today,” Zheng said. used to produce LEDs.

Osram Opto Semiconductors, Osram, the At the heart of the project was wafer level industrial applications and also in areas such Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems packaging as well as investigations into as the mobility of the future can therefore be and Device Technology (IISB), the Fraunhofer planar contacts. One of the pioneering accelerated. The results also open up huge Institute for Reliability and Microintegration approaches to emerge from the project is potential in infotainment. (IZM), Würth Elektronik, LayTec AG and planar interconnect technology in which the Mühlbauer GmbH & Co KG investigated bond wire is replaced by a thin flat metal “The results of the InteGreat research new approaches for manufacturing very connection. This moves the surface emitter project represent a major advance for the small surface emitting LED chips and to the surface of the package. The light can future of LEDs. Our powerful consortium of packaging technologies, among other therefore be used more directly, unlike with partners from science and industry has things, as part of the “Photonic Process conventional components. This leads to delivered extraordinary achievements in three Chains” initiative. smaller losses in efficiency and luminance years. Once again we have been able to and consequently to greater brilliance and demonstrate the powers of innovation in cost savings in operation. Other new Germany as a center of scientific know-how”, technologies along the entire value-added said Frank Singer, Predevelopment Group chain for functional full-color video wall Leader at Osram Opto Semiconductors. modules with a pixel pitch of 1 mm were successfully demonstrated. Acknowledgements: The results of the project can be applied not Innovative technologies and pioneering only to large-format video walls but also to findings for LED manufacturing as a result of new applications such as in ambient lighting the project funded by the German Federal and sensor systems. Thanks to the modular Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). As part of the “Photonic Process Chains” structure of the project comprising four work initiative, new connection technologies (right) as well as approaches for manufacturing packages, many results can now be quickly very small surface-emitting LED chips and transferred to product development and packaging technologies (left) were investigated production. The integration of LEDs in

TECHNICAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE

Standard Segment Product (Certification) Region Technical Regulatory Compliance Information

Regulations LED- IEC Int. IEC 62031:2018 specifies general and safety requirements for light-emitting diode (LED) modules. Modules 62031:2018 This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition and its amendments. This edition constitutes a technical revision. Few significant technical changes are: • The scope and wording in several clauses were clarified • The marking of working voltage was modified • Requirements for other than integral terminals added • Annex B was deleted • Information for luminaire design was detailed especially for water contact & working voltage • An Abnormal temperature test was introduced - cl. 20.3, Annex D

Regulations Luminaires, ENEC + Europe ENEC + is the European quality mark that ensures the performance of LEDs and Luminaires. To be LED publication eligible for ENEC+ certification, a product MUST carry the ENEC safety mark. The most advantageous Luminaires, part of having this single-certification mark is that it is accepted throughout Europe and beyond. LED lamps, ETICS published in May 2018 the following new documents for the ENEC+ scheme: LED • ENEC 301 Annex F: ENEC+ standards covered modules • ENEC 324 Annex B: ENEC+ product surveillance testing program • EPRS 001 : LED module with use of EN 62717:2017 • EPRS 002 : Luminaire with use of EN 62722-1:2016 • EPRS 003 : LED Luminaires with use of EN 62722-2-1:2016 • EPRS 004 : Self ballasted LED lamps with use of EN 62612:2013 The EPRS documents describe how to use the referenced standards and provide some variations to apply the standards and the number of samples. Further it also describes what will be listed in the ENEC+ certificate. With the new reference to EN 60969 (latest version) also CFL go under the ENEC+ scheme.

Regulations Lamps IEC 60061- Int. The issue of the third edition splits EN/IEC 60061 - the single publication into three parts, numbered 1:1969/ IEC 60061-1, IEC 60061-2, IEC 60061-3, covering lamp caps, Iamp holders and gauges respectively. AMD56:201 There are many models of lamps for countless applications therefore, lamp caps and holders must be standardized to ensure lamps designed for the same purpose are interchangeable. The amendment 56 to the EN/IEC 60061-1 brings in additional requirements for the max. values for the lamp caps E14 and E40. Lamp cap E14 sheet 7004-23 changed to version 7 with: • Max. lamp mass/weight: not exceed 0,5kg • Bending moment: not exceed 1.0 Nm Lamp cap E40 sheet 7004-24 changed to version 7 with: • Max. lamp mass/weight: not exceed 1,5kg • Bending moment: not exceed 3.0 Nm The above values should be applied when designing lamps of all kind of technologies - LED, CFL etc.

Regulations LED- IEC PAS Int. The Zhaga Consortium is a global lighting-industry organization that aims to standardize LED Modules 63166: light engines and associated components such as LED modules, holders and electronic control 2018(E) gear (LED drivers). The Zhaga specifications, known as Books, describe the interfaces between LED luminaires and LED light engines. The IEC PAS 63166:2018(E) contains Zhaga Book 1 which defines the common concepts that underlie the Zhaga interface specifications and Book 7 which defines several specific LED modules with rectangular shape. With this ZHAGA transfers the first books into IEC standards.

Lighting LED IEC 62504: Int. The IEC 62504:2014+A1:2018 provides terms and definitions used for LED product in other products 2014+A1: related standards like IEC 62031. The Amendment 1 of 2018 provides several adjustments for 2018 the definitions. The changed/additions are as follows: LED lamp, LED module, LED package, Printed circuit board cap

Regulations Luminaires, IEC/TR 63158 Int. The objective of IEC/TR 63158 is to establish a common and objective reference for evaluating Lamps, LED the performance of lighting equipment in terms of stroboscopic effect. This describes the modules methodology for stroboscopic effect visibility (SVM) meter under different operational conditions. The stroboscopic effects considered are limited to the objective assessment by a human observer of visible stroboscopic effects of temporal light modulation of lighting equipment in general indoor applications, with typical indoor light levels (> 100 lx) and with moderate movements of an observer or nearby handled object (< 4 m/s). Details on restriction of the applicability of the stroboscopic effect visibility measure is given in Clause A.1.

Disclaimer: This information is research work of TÜV SÜD Product Service and is intended for general information purposes only. The content is publishable only after having the consent of TÜV SÜD Product Service. If it is published with any changes, the company is not liable for it. The information is subject to change and all rights for it are reserved by TÜV SÜD Product Service GmbH. A free training can be arranged for a clear understanding of the upper stated standards. For further information on the latest upgrades and testing standards and training, please contact [email protected]

LpS returns this year and continues to feature of the WELL Building Standard. Planning Your be aimed at technology experts from There are multiple sessions on our collective industry and research, as well as those connected future; companies sharing their who are curious about the latest ambitions in the field include Signify, LpS 2018 developments in lighting technology. Fulham and Silvair. This year LpS opens The carefully curated program for with the keynote from Dr Guido van Tartwijk, Is Easy with LpS2018, together with the co-hosted CEO of Tridonic. He delivers his address on TiL2018, now forms a comprehensive “The Transformation of the Lighting Industry”, overview of the current developments, how different solutions can be utilized to Our Simple hurdles and solutions for the disrupted bring about a successful transformation of and ever changing world of lighting. the existing lighting system into a future- Program proof one. Program www.led-professional-symposium.com/ event-program-sessions Chart and LpS will bring together the greatest minds in lighting to tackle this year’s key 5 topics The extensive conference program of Strategies & Technologies, Digitization, encompasses strategies and markets, Event App Human Centric Lighting, Quality Engineering engineering and design, testing and and Technologies in Applications. applications, and covers the central building blocks of lighting systems from SEPT 25-27, BREGENZ Highlights this year include cross-sector the component or materials right the way workshops like “Wellness Real Estate, through to the application. In total there New Challenges In Health Lighting will be over 100 specialist lectures, Requirements In The Built Environment” workshops, and panel debates that will where experts from Mount Sinai Hospital be enjoyed by more than 1,600 visitors, NYC, Arup, Bartenbach and Broadway who will come together to discuss, Malyan discuss and animate this vital debate, design and develop the “Lighting issue with an emphasis on the circadian Technologies of Tomorrow”. Proceedings relationships. It can be downloaded from that lighting knows no boundaries. Like every year, LpS delegates will your regular app store. Search for LpS2018 There are new and unexpected applications receive the full event proceedings. and TiL2018. in areas like healthcare, entertainment, An incredible resource, the proceedings mobility, and agriculture, to name just a few. booklet allows you full access to the detailed, ground breaking work Get Together & Awards Ceremony Trends in Lighting is mission critical for the from our speaker community. The Get Together event and the Awards lighting industry in its quest to find new ceremony have been combined this year, meanings and new relevance of light in the and will be held on the evening of day 2. digital age. We have begun to explore new Exhibition There has been an increase in the number of purposes of light and new applications that Over 100 companies from around the world awards to three categories per event as well bring true value to people all over the world. will form the go-to showcase for all things as the coveted Scientific Award for the best new and exciting in lighting technologies. research paper of the year. Echoing the TiL2018 will bring together the greatest The exhibition hall is your chance to see prestigious nature of the awards, we will be minds in lighting to tackle this year’s key the latest product launches, discuss your ferried across the lake on the MS Vorarlberg 5 topics of Lighting Heart & Soul, The Right needs with manufacturers and get hands-on to the magnificent Eilguthalle in Lindau, to Create, Humanized Technology and experience with the latest technologies where the ceremony will take place. Beyond Illumination. This year’s incredible for yourself. Tickets are available now and can be ordered speaker, experience and workshop line-up when registering for your event pass. includes LG, Boeing, Arup, LichtVision Design, Volpi, OSRAM, Zumtobel, Signify, www.led-professional-symposium.com/ Event App Bluetooth, DIAL and many more. registration New to the LpS2018 and TiL2018 is a helpful www.trends.lighting/program-2 information Event App. This purposely designed tool allows you to navigate the Co-Hosted Trends in Lighting conference, tailoring the experience to your The co-hosted TiL event returns for its personal agenda. It is also the perfect 2nd year, this year. It has evolved into an networking companion, enabling registered even more inspiring and vital element of users to connect and build strong the lighting industry. TiL2018 demonstrates Credit: Kongresskultur Bregenz / Lisa Mathis LpS & TiL PROGRAM 2018

Sept. 25th, 2018 Strategies & Trends Sept. 25th, 2018 Be Inspired

Lighting Business Trends Lighting Technology Trends Human Centric Lighting Debates Interactive Sessions Creative Talks Debates Time Seestudio Seefoyer Propter Homines Showfloor Time Parkstudio Seegalerie Showfloor 09.30 Event Opening (Grosser Saal) 09.30 Event Opening (Grosser Saal) 10.00 KEYNOTE: The Transformation of Lighting 10.00 KEYNOTE: The Transformation of Lighting Guido VAN TARTWIJK, Tridonic Guido VAN TARTWIJK, Tridonic 10.30 KEYNOTE: The Lighting Industry’s Journey Towards New Growth 10.30 KEYNOTE: The Lighting Industry’s Journey Towards New Growth Rogier VAN DER HEIDE Rogier VAN DER HEIDE

11.30 The Roadmap of the Global Lighting Repro-light: Modularity, Sustainability & Human-Centric Lighting - Quo Vadis? 11.30 WORKSHOP: Smart Building Design - Launch & Association Personalization for Lighting Industry Johannes WENINGER, DI The Closest LED Light to the Sun Introduction of the New DIAL Design Book Jan DENNEMAN Katrin TANZER, PhD Bartenbach SEOUL SEMICONDUCTOR Michael J. IMMECKE Global Lighting Association Bartenbach DIAL 12.00 EU Circular Economy Policies are Zhaga Connectivity Interfaces for Lighting and Ed Clinician Wellness and 12.00 How Automotive Designs & Approaches Impacting Lighting Product Design Smart Cities and Smart Buildings Performance Improvement Can Inspire Us and Business Models Dee DENTENEER, PhD Octavio PEREZ, PhD Thomas HIEBAUM, Dr. Ourania GEORGOUTSAKOU The Zhaga Consortium Mount Sinai Hospital NYC Hiebaum Consulting LightingEurope 12.30 Ecodesign Directive and Energy Lighting Goes Smart - Should We Care The Therapeutic Role of Proces- 12.30 Why Is There A Light Switch on My Phone? Labelling Regulation - Short Term Con- About Cybersecurity? sor-Controlled LED Lighting to Combat The Importance of Interaction Design for sequences for Lighting Products Alexander W. KOEHLER, Dipl. Math. the Global Epidemic of Myopia Office Lighting Heiko BECKER UL International Stephen Archer MASON, Dr. Harm VAN ESSEN, Prof. Erco & LightingEurope Sustainable Eye Health Pty Thomas VAN DE WERFF, PhD cand. Eindhoven University of Technology

13.30 EXPO WELCOME 13.30 PANEL DISCUSSION: Smart Luminaries for IoT Connectivity 14.30 The Role of Governments in the Metameric Circadian Lighting: Implications for Human-Centric Light- SHOWFLOOR TOUR: 14.30 WORKSHOP: Interact Indoor Navigation Applied to the Transformation of the SSL Industry A Technology Analysis ing Design in Tropical Nursing Homes: SciPiL: Lighting Design Benefit of People in Shops and Offices James Norman BARDSLEY, PhD Tamara ADERNEUER, MSc A Pilot Study Connect - Share - Develop with DIALux evo 8.0 Stefan VERBRUGH, Dr. International Solid State Lighting Alliance CSEM Center Muttenz Szu-Cheng CHIEN, Dr. Günther Sejkora, Dr. DIAL Signify Singapore Institute of Technology 15.00 Future-Proofing Lighting How Digital Lighting Will Further Full Spectrum LEDs and Indoor Day- 15.00 Internet of Things (IoT) 101 Control Systems Revolutionize Automotive Lighting light Support for Health and Wellbeing Emre GUNES Patrick DURAND Pierrick BOULAY Octavio PEREZ, Dr. PLD Turkey Future Lighting Solutions YOLE Développement Mount Sinai Hospital NYC 15.30 Managing Connected Lighting How to Solve Increasing Challenges in 15.30 Putting the Smart in Smart Buildings Solutions in Real Life LED Luminaire Production with Bluetooth Mesh Giovanni FREZZA, Dr. Markus SPIEKERMANN, BA Eng. Jim KATSANDRES Molex BJB Bluetooth SIG

16.30 16.30 PANEL DISCUSSION Lighting Design Debate 17.00 The Business Case for Sensing - Can the Success of OLED Displays be PANEL: 17.00 WORKSHOP: Human Centric Lighting Review How to be Ready Transferred to Lighting? Human Centric Lighting Quality of Light: and Outlook Tom GRIFFITHS, MA Eco. James Norman BARDSLEY, PhD Moderator: Jan DENNEMAN Is it All About Flickering? Carla WILKINS ams Bardsley Consulting Global Lighting Association SIGNIFY Lichtvision Design 17.30 Professional Lighting between Vision Total Lighting Efficiency: 17.30 Sun - Culture - Perception - and Reality Think Outside of the Chip An Interactive Experience Christian LADE, DI Tom VEENSTRA Gabi STERN Vossloh-Schwabe Innotec 18.00 Horticultural LED Lighting Market, The Technology and Implementation of 18.00 Industry and Technology Trends Dynamic Beam Shaping Pars MUKISH, MSc David KRIEBEL Yole Développement LensVector Sept. 26th, 2018 Technologies & Engineering Sept. 26th, 2018 Be Creative LEDs, OLEDs and Materials & Engineering Drivers, Connected Lighting & IoT Workshops Laser Light Sources in Lighting Interactive Sessions Creative Talks Debates Time Seestudio Seefoyer Propter Homines Saal Bodensee Time Parkstudio Seegalerie Showfloor 08.30 Modeling and Quantifying The Business Case for Connected How Next Generation Design Tools WORKSHOP: 08.30 WORKSHOP: From Architectural Lighting LED Variability Lighting and IoT Services Built on Top Accelerate Time to Market and Secure PMMA - SEE. FEEL. Quality of Light, Rethinking to Architectural Media Thomas MERELLE, Dr. Thomas MODER Design Decisions EXPERIENCE Lighting Specifications Brad KOERNER Pi Lighting TRIDONIC Francois MIRAND René KOGLER, Dr. SIGNIFY Future Lighting Solutions Evonik Performance Materials 09.00 Hermetic Polymer-free White LEDs for Benefits of an Information Centric Reinventing Office Lighting - Harsh Environments Lighting Network The Making of an Innovative Michael KUNZER, Dr. Szymon SLUPIK, MSc Eng. Office Task Light Also accessible Fraunhofer Institut Applied Solid State Silvair Till ARMBRÜSTER, Dipl. Designer with TiL pass. Physics Licht Kunst Licht 09.30 Heat Fluxes and Temperatures in Chip- OpenAIS: Advantages of Injection Moulded Diffraction Gratings Smart Lighting Owns the Ceiling - on-Board LEDs for Different Package IoT Connected Lighting in Reality on Curved Surfaces. A Breakthrough But What About the Walls? Structures and Phosphor Technologies Stefan VERBRUGH, Dr. for a Cost-Effective Industrial Matthias KASSNER, DI Max WAGNER, Dr. Signify Mass-Production EnOcean TU Darmstadt, Laboratory of Manuel WALCH, Dr. Lighting Technology kdg opticomp 10.00

11.00 Advancements in LED Technology Simulation Techniques During the A New Approach to Optical Beam 11.00 WORKSHOP: LEDs in Medical Point-of-Care Testing Enabling High Luminance LEDs Process of LED Driver Development Shaping for Lighting Applications Commissioning an IoT Lighting Diagnostics - Commodity or Still Driving Werner GOETZ, Dr. Antonio Cuadra GIMÉNEZ, BEng. Based on Nano-Optics Infrastructure. What Makes it Technology Demand? LUMILEDS ELT Marek ŠKEREN, PhD so Difficult? How the Process Ulrich STÄRKER, MSc IQ Structures can be Improved? Volpi SILVAIR 11.30 Rapid Evolution of High-Power LEDs Latest Development on Drivers - Rapid Prototyping of Complex 3D 11.30 What is Li-Fi? Everything You Need to Package from SMD to CSP to Direct Control and Dimming Optical Components Know: Opportunities & Challenges Mountable Chip Toke Meyer ANDERSEN, PhD Markus POSTL, DI Suat TOPSU, Prof. Xavier DENIS Nordic Power Converters Joanneum Research, Institute for University of Paris Saclay Nichia Surface Technologies and Photonics 12.00 TRI-R Technology - The Light Closest Influence of Converter Topology on Semi-Empirical Characterization of 12.00 BIOWNLIGHT- Brings Day-Light to Life to the Sun for Human Well-Being the System Interactions Freeform Microlens Arrays Ramunas DANAUSKAS Kumpei KOBAYASHI Markus HECKMANN, DI (FH) Oscar FERNANDEZ, PhD Selteka Toshiba Materials Materials Co., Ltd. OSRAM CSEM

14.00 LED Filaments - A New Technolo- DALI-2: Standardized, Interoperable The T-Word: Tolerancing, and its Role WORKSHOP: 14.00 WORKSHOP: Technology Changes Our Business. gy Enables Classical Design in LED Components and Smart Luminaires in Illumination Optics Design Visual Perception and Ambient Communication A Consultants View on the Future Retrofit Lamps Scott WADE, Dr. Dave JACOBSEN Health - Demonstrations SKANDAL TECHNOLOGIES Challenges of the Lighting Market Markus HOFMANN, DI DiiA Lambda Research Wilfried POHL, Mag. rer. nat. Walter WERNER, Dr. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors Bartenbach GmbH Werner Mgt. Services 14.30 An Introduction of OLED Connected Outdoor Lights and Fixture Multi-Functional Optical Silicone-to- 14.30 LED Lighting: An Active Contribution to Lighting Technology Based Sensors for Indoor Lights: Thermoplastic Over-Molded Eye Health Claudia KEIBLER-WILLNER, DI Use Cases and Benefits for End User Component for LED Lighting Stephen A. MASON, Dr. Fraunhofer Peter DUINE, PhD Francois DE BUYL, PhD Sustainable Eye Health Pty Signify Dow 15.00 The Latest Developments In Laser Connected Emergency Lighting - Flexible Graphite for Superior Thermal 15.00 The Psychological Evolution Light Sources For Industry-Leading Safety and Security in Controls Management Solutions in LED Lighting of Urban Lighting Luminance and Emergency Lighting Jeff GOUGH, MBA Torsten BRAUN, Dipl. Psych. Julian CAREY, Dr. Jeremy LUDYJAN NeoGraf Solutions Die Lichtplaner SLD Laser Fulham

16.00 16.00 PANEL DISCUSSION Innovation Debate 16.30 LED Tape for Tunable White Based VLC Luminaire - Visible Light Aluminum Oxide PCB - Technology WORKSHOP: on an Inductive Design Communication for Developing New Generation Wellness Real Estate - Roland MICHAL, DI Dr. Guido PIAI, Prof. LED Solutions New Challenges in Healthy Bilton Interstate University of Applied Sciences Aleksey OSIN, PhD Lighting Requirements in NTB RUSALOX the Built Environment Octavio PEREZ, PhD 17.00 Defining the Spectrum for Unique Size Matters - Small Form Factors Cost-Effective Manufacturing of Mount Sinai Hospital NYC 17.00 LpS & TiL 2018 Lighting Applications, TM-30-15 and Drivers to Support Flicker-Free Airy High-Quality ITO Thin Films on 300 mm PRESS CONFERENCE Human Centric LED Sources and Artistic Luminary Design CMOS for Next Generation Display Tom JORY Keith HOPWOOD, BSc Technologies Luminus Devices Seoul Semiconductor Claudiu Valentin FALUB, Dr. Evatec 17.30 Requirements on High Performance LED Driver for Professional LED Lighting Ulrich VOM BAUER, DI Infineon Technologies

18.30 18.30-24.00 Get Together / Award Ceremony (Boat tour to Lindau) LpS & TiL PROGRAM 2018

Sept. 27th, 2018 Systems & Applications Sept. 27th, 2018 Take Action Lighting Applications Lighting Quality & Testing Lighting Requirements Interactive Sessions Creative Talks Debates

Time Seestudio Seefoyer Propter Homines Time Parkstudio Seegalerie Showfloor

08.30 The Dark Side of Light: Effects of Light How to Tackle the Increasing Spectral Innovations 08.30 WORKSHOP: WORKSHOP: Pollution on Insects and Agriculture Complexity at Legislative Compliance in Theater Lighting What OLED Holds for the Future Human Centric Lighting - Designing Maja GRUBISIC, Dr. Jacob NUESINK Markus REISINGER, DI of Lighting and Operating Lighting with Human Leibniz-Institute DEKRA Reisinger Studios Luflex - LG OLED LIGHT in the Center LG DISPLAY ZUMTOBEL 09.00 LEDs Solutions for Sports Lighting Aging of Potted LED Modules under Can Entertainment Lighting Shih Shun CHANG, Dr. Realistic Conditions Requirements be Combined in a LUMILEDS Thomas SCHULZ, DI (FH) Comprehensive Lighting Solution LUMITRONIX Christian ALLABAUER, Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. (BA) Ing. OETHG

09.30 Dynamic Light in a Static Luminaire Reliability of New Light Quality Modern Lighting Audits - Technology 09.30 The Future Everyday with Based on Mirco-Tracking Technology Metrics: Challenges and Opportunities Supporting Designers and Contractors Intelligent Lighting Noé BORY, MSc Benoit HAMON, PhD to Verify Lighting Installation Quality Harm VAN ESSEN, Prof. Insolight Pi Lighting Miko PRZYBYLA, MA Thomas VAN DE WERFF, PhD cand. GL Optic Eindhoven University of Technology

10.30 Plant’s Responds to Exposure of Destroy in the Lab to Last in the Field - WORKSHOP: 10.30 WORKSHOP: Semantic Light - Where Light Meets Different Lighting Conditions LED Robustness, Reliability and Life Lighting & Laser Projection for the BendOLED Lighting, Bring your Artificial Intelligence (AI) Volkmar KEUTER, DI Time Testing Entertainment Industry Bended Design to Light Zary SEGALL, Prof. Fraunhofer Institute Alexander WILM, DI Jose POZO, Dr. OLEDWorks The Royal Institute of Technology OSRAM Opto Semiconductors EPIC

11.00 Closed Loop Control Systems for Temperature Profiling of Secondary 11.00 LIGHTELLIGENCE - IoT Business in Lighting Supplementary Lighting in Smart LED Optics by Infrared Thermography Also accessible with TiL pass. Christoph Peitz, Dr. Greenhouses Peter W. Nolte, Dr. Osram Viktor Zsellér Fraunhofer Institute ARROW

11.30 Universal LED Tubes - Detailed Light Flicker: A Reasonable Measure- 11.30 Human Centric Lighting Apart from Descriptions of Design, Technologies ment Method in View Tuneable White LEDs and Markets Peter Erwin,DI Stefan LORENZ, Dr. Martijn Dekker, Dr. Der Lichtpeter OSRAM Opto Semiconductors Seaborough

12.00 12.00 PANEL DISCUSSION CEO Debate

13.00 Water Metering Data Acquisition and Effects of Temporally Modulated WORKSHOP: 13.00 WORKSHOP: UrbanLight - Optimized LED street lighting Transmission Through Street Lighting Illumination to Human Beings Solid-State Lighting Measurements LiFi End-To-End for Vienna Enabled Network Markus CANAZEI, DI MMag. Denan KONJHODZIC, Dr. OLEDCOMM Wilfried POHL, Mag. rer. nat. Arturo RUBIO-DOBÓN, BEng. Bartenbach Instrument Systems Bartenbach ELT

13.30 Luminaire Efficiency - A Proposal to Miniaturization & Its Consequences 13.30 Light is the Source of Well-Being: Think Different Marcel HUBELI, Mll HCL for Large Surfaces Andreas NIEDERSTÄTTER, MSc Bartenbach, Nordic Power Converters Michele GARDENAL, MBA Swareflex OSRAM

14.30 CLOSING

CIE RESEARCH ADVANCED CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY 40 Adaptive, Dynamic and Intelligent Lighting Previously, most lighting applications were designed to ensure suitable visual conditions, to support the most demanding visual task anticipated, whilst also taking into account requirements to provide adequate levels of visual comfort and aesthetics. In most cases this was a static lighting solution because the options to change light levels, luminance distribution, or light source spectrum were limited. Tasks, occupants, and needs change from time to time, making control over the lighting desirable, if unattainable. Advanced LED and controls technology make the unattainable possible; now, the key questions are also for CIE how to define the user needs for various applications and how best to set up lighting systems to be adaptive and intelligent in response.

The user should be the focal point of performance. The photometric The Role of Adaptive Lighting any lighting application, regardless of parameters today are based on The role of adaptive lighting (sometimes whether the lighting is for a work place, visual needs for adequate light to called “smart lighting”) is to adapt in a for home and leisure, or artistic see and sufficient control to prevent holistic way the whole set of lighting impression. Guidance documents discomfort associated with glare. parameters to the current needs of users provide quantitative photometric There is increasing interest in adding depending on current conditions, changing parameters for many applications. parameters to address ipRGC- in response to changing conditions that These include: horizontal and vertical influenced light responses (also known include the availability and quality of daylight, illuminance and luminances, as integrative lighting or human-centric occupancy pattern of users, and user the luminance and illuminance lighting), although such criteria for preferences. Dynamic lighting can change distributions, light source chromaticity these parameters have not yet according to pre-set dynamic variations or in color rendering, and energy been established. response to manual controls, but adaptive

Adaptive, intelligent lighting is not just a topic for indoor lighting but at least equally relevant in outdoor lighting (Credits: ©esave ag)

lighting detects current conditions and Key research questions are: CIE 205:2013 - Review of response accordingly. If automatic functions • What is the impact of adaptive lighting Lighting Quality Measures are incorporated, and even more, if these on user behavior or reactions, such as for Interior Lighting with LED are based on advanced technologies like occupants’ space perception or Lighting Systems fuzzy-logic, genetic algorithms or neural driver safety? This report provides information on networks, we can call such systems “intelligent”. • How should the system adapt itself to the suitability of existing lighting quality the circumstances to provide optimal measures when applied to (commercial) The adaptability of a lighting system can lighting? For example: interior LED lighting systems. It identifies be classified into four levels: °° Could the system detect individual the gaps and weaknesses in existing quality • Level 1 - adaptation using time schedules needs for varying visual conditions? measures, recommends new quality based on statistics °° Could roadway lighting vary depending measures and includes suggestions for • Level 2 - adaptation on demand using on traffic composition, traffic density, required research. local sensors or individual local controls and weather conditions? • Level 3 - adaptation with links to • What are the relations between lighting intelligent systems such as Building settings and user safety and comfort? CIE Technical Committees Automation Systems (BAS) for buildings • Which types and levels of dynamics are Are Addressing Adaptive and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) acceptable in a lighting installation? Lighting in Transport and on selected roadways • Which types of input and feedback Roadway Applications • Level 4 - adaptation combining the (e.g. road surface luminance monitoring, options of Levels 2 and 3, for example: photocells, presence detection, TC 4-51 - Optimization of °° scheduled changes in light source color algorithms for integrated multi-sensor Road Lighting: or level to mimic daylight patterns, with input, automated fault detection) are Objective of this TC is to develop guidance or without local occupancy detection, necessary to ensure system usability? on optimization of road lighting to balance task tuning, or daylight harvesting • What are the energy and operational the benefits and costs where primary issues °° adaptation with links to ITS systems on costs and benefits of adaptive lighting? include accident risk and energy all roadways with electrical and lighting • Could adaptive exterior lighting consumption. management systems (ELMS) control have ecological benefits beyond °° luminance monitoring energy savings? °° lighting-on-demand - lights that are C 4-47 - Application of LEDs in activated by immediate need and The CIE has previously published two Transport Lighting and Signaling: otherwise are dimmed or switched off, technical reports that fully (CIE 222:2017) This TC aims to review the application and e.g. with Connected Vehicle or partly (CIE 205:2013) deal with problems methods of measurement of LED Systems in Technology or in response to local of dynamic, adaptive and intelligent lighting transport lighting and signaling and to occupancy signals in buildings. provide recommendations for the visual °° smart city and smart building characteristics of LED signals and lighting as applications far as they affect the visual performance of CIE 222:2017 - Decision Scheme the users of the transport system. for Lighting Controls in Non- How to Use the Technologies for Residential Buildings: Adaptive Lighting This report offers guidelines in order Summary & Conclusion The technologies to provide adaptive to balance lighting quality, user comfort Current research on adaptive lighting lighting are already in the marketplace and energy efficiency in lighting was a focus of discussion during the and are accepted by some jurisdictions. controls solutions for lighting in non- CIE Topical Conference on Smart Lighting, Nonetheless, we have an inadequate residential buildings (i.e. for commercial, held earlier this year in Chinese Taipei. understanding of how best to use these institutional and industrial buildings). The conference addressed key questions technologies, meaning that installations It provides a decision scheme with a focus in this field and provided space for topical might not serve users well, and in the on the user requirements (visual comfort, tutorials, a panel discussion on standards worst case, might lead to harm. performance, personal control) to determine needed for smart lighting and a site demo Lighting researchers can generate the the most applicable control solution, presenting a practical application of smart knowledge needed to support the best including the consequences for possible lighting at a pier in Keelung City. application of adaptive lighting technologies. savings. In this, it assumes that there are no technological or financial hurdles. Although adaptive lighting installations are The International Commission on Illumination The decision scheme identifies 16 possible few in number today, the pace is increasing. (CIE) understands the importance and control strategies, for both daylight and The time for researchers to address the CIE urgency to deal with problems of adaptive, electric lighting, and provides guidance for Research Agenda questions is now, so that dynamic and intelligent lighting in all which strategy would be most effective in the future of adaptive and intelligent lighting application fields. Hence, this topic is a each of the 12 cases defined by space rests on a solid foundation of research and highlight of CIE’s research strategy. usage and occupancy. standardization.

The Zhaga Consortium is a global association of lighting companies that is standardizing LED luminaire components interfaces. The latest specification from Book 18 defines a standardized interface between outdoor LED luminaires and modules for sensing and communication. Dee Denteneer, Zhaga Secretary General, explains how the New Book 18 helps bring the Internet of Things to the outdoor lighting market via smart, upgradeable, future-proof fixtures.

Zhaga’s first concrete contribution to IoT is the recently completed Book 18 Ed. 1.0 that specifies the mechanical interface between outdoor LED luminaires and extension modules (Figure 1). This specification makes it easy to upgrade conforming outdoor LED fixtures by adding or changing 24 V modules that provide sensing and communication capabilities. This adds flexibility and value to these luminaires and gives assurance to our end-customers that the luminaires are future proof.

In this article, we first introduce connectivity interfaces, their use in smart city scenarios: stressing the value of standardization, interoperability, and certification. Next, we zoom in on the technical features of Book 18 Ed. 1.0, which defines the mechanical aspects of the interface; including topics like vendor differentiation and a benchmark against NEMA C136.10. Lastly, we sketch the path towards Book 18 Ed. 2.0, which will additionally specify the electrical and control

aspects of the interface, covering Figure 1: Book 18 defines the interface between outdoor LED luminaires and extension modules our collaboration with the Digital Illumination Interface Alliance (DiiA) and how to move from a mechanical Smart City Scenarios and definitely has a right to this role interface to a plug-and-play The lighting industry is keen to play a central because of the access to the power grid interoperable proposition, role in the business that comes along offered by outdoor luminaires and their driving growth for the lighting industry. with emerging smart-city propositions, high density in cities.

Figure 2: A well designed interface between the luminaire and an external intelligent or connected extension module makes the luminaire upgradeable

Figure 3: IoT upgradeable luminaires future proof the luminaire by enabling deployment scenarios in which the sensor or communication functions are added, or replaced, during the luminaire lifetime

Yet lighting is also confronted with a IoT Upgradeable Fixtures or sensing functions can be added smart-city dilemma. There is still huge This smart-city dilemma is resolved by by mounting an appropriate external uncertainty concerning the preferred means of an interface that sits between the module onto the luminaire (Figure 3). business propositions that will transition the luminaire and an external “intelligent” or Alternatively, the modules may be smart city from promise to reality, and the “connected” extension module (Figure 2). included at installation time based on connectivity and sensing technologies that a communication technology, A. are to be included in outdoor luminaires. Such an interface, if well-designed As time passes by, communication Moreover, these propositions may very well and meeting smart-city requirements, technology A will be superseded by depend on local conditions and preferences future-proofs the luminaire as it enables a faster revision or by a competitor and may change over time, as may upgrades achieving conformity of the technology B. The module can then technology preferences. And yet we are luminaire to new needs and insights. be unmounted and replaced by a installing outdoor LED luminaires right now. It thus breaks the impasse and allows new module that implements this for the installation of smart-ready and improved technology. Failure to resolve the dilemma hampers upgradeable luminaires right now. the installation of smart luminaires, To enable smart city scenarios and and, consequently, prevents the lighting Several deployments are possible with IoT upgradeable luminaires, it is industry from assuming a central role in this interface. For instance, a luminaire mandatory that the interface is the smart city. Our right to play a role may be installed without any sensing or developed as a standard that supports may then be superseded by faster communication technology present. interoperability between luminaire and movers in other industries. As needs arise, new communication extension module.

The interface should enable interoperability Furthermore, testing has also always been By 2019, 91% of all newly installed to ensure that the external module will an integral part of the standardization. streetlights will be LED. Book 18 Ed. 1.0 work with the luminaire, whenever it fits. This has been included in so called “round is an updated solution specifically for the This feature is essential for scenarios in robins” during specification development as new world of LED lighting. It defines the which a luminaire is upgraded in the field well as in testing and product certification. mechanical interface between a module in minimal time by a non-lighting expert. The availability of testing and a logo (control node) or cap and receptacle. The interface should be a standard to drive program is a key asset to demonstrate the acceptance and installed base of IoT interoperability, which is essential for As stated the connector is a four-pin upgradeable luminaires. A large installed specifications targeting non-lighting interface. A DALI 2.0 inter luminaire base of IoT upgradeable luminaires will drive specialists as well as product companies communication bus has been selected the development of smart modules that from different industries. as the protocol to provide 2-way control match the luminaires, which will add value between modules and an ECG (Electronic to the luminaires and drive the installed Control Gear). Therefore, using two of base. It seems impossible to get these Phase 1: The Mechanical four the pins. The system doesn’t take reinforcing dynamics and scale without Interface and Vendor advantage of DALI’s ability to be polarization a standard. Differentiation free, but instead sees a greater benefit to Street lighting is a large part of the have a 24 V auxiliary power supply share its Most importantly, without a standard, outdoor lighting market and a focus 0 V line with DALI, reducing the pin count customers will not be convinced that the point for smart cities, yet has largely and reducing the cost of the connector. luminaire can indeed be upgraded for its been ignored by standardization, with only Although the DALI bus is a powered bus, lifetime at reasonable costs in a multi- North America having a published standard being able to power a device with a load up vendor eco-system. for a connection between a luminaire and to 250 mA, the 24 V pin will allow devices a control node. The Book 18 Ed. 1.0 with greater power demands to be This idea is so natural that it seems hardly provides an alternative interface. connected. The fourth pin is a digital I/O likely that it has not already been picked While defining the mechanical fit and and the detailed specification in phase 2 up elsewhere. In fact, it has and there is a designation of the four electrical contacts, will define its use. successful predecessor in the existing many of the non-critical aspects are ANSI/NEMA standard C136.41-2013. not restricted by the specification. Mechanically the book has been carefully However, Zhaga has modernized the Design freedom is therefore still written to define only the interface features. concept and redeveloped the concept provided for a manufacturer to design Though the Book 18 Ed. 1.0 product for the LED era. for unique application complexities and does speak to the ANSI C136.10 design, thereby the specification allows for having curved flag shaped contacts and vendor differentiation. a rotary locking mechanism. That is where The Value of Standards, Interoperability, Certification The value of standards for the high-volume lighting businesses has been the initial driving force behind Zhaga [1]. In its more recent evolution, the organization has widened its scope to better address interfaces for smart components, such as sensors and connectivity modules, its support of emerging business propositions from IoT and service economy, as well as its commitment to interoperability [2].

Zhaga has always promoted a restrained approach to standardization specifying only those aspects of an interface needed to support interoperability: Remove arbitrary variation in interface parameters that do not add value for the customer but leave ample Figure 4: Positions of the reference point, the reference plane and reference axes of the Receptacle and Module room for vendor differentiation.

the similarity ends: It is not designed for a “connectorized” solution is needed, Benchmarking: power switching architecture, but instead again Book 18 allows for it. NEMA ANSI C136.41-2013 allows designers to focus on compact Book 18 Ed. 1.0 offers a number of elegant control nodes. After all, the locking Despite of the strong specification it advantages compared with the existing interface and also the overall diameter of also allows the industry to have product ANSI/NEMA standard C136.41-2013. the connector is approximately only 30 mm differentiations, which is often achieved These advantages are directly related to the in diameter. This small diameter, just by the through innovation. Book 18 Ed. 1.0 underlying system architecture, which is area it takes up, makes it much easier to doesn’t limit this innovation. Instead based on a low voltage driver - module seal to the luminaire. The book doesn’t identifies only the aspects of the interface interface. This non-mains interface enables restrictively define the seal, instead defines that guarantees the fit system, meaning a more compact form factor of the it by a mating surface and a keep out zone. that any Book 18 compliant module will connector, leading to a significant size It does allow for designs where a single fit with any luminaire that has the Book 18 and cost reduction of the corresponding seal can provide ingress protection receptacle. Fit systems are the corner receptacle (i.e. diameter reduces from between the receptacle, luminaire and stone of any ecosystem allowing 66 to 30 mm). The receptacle also allows module. Rather than a solution that needs upgradability and serviceability for more flexible mounting options such a seal between receptacle and luminaire through interoperability. as bottom and side mounting of the and a second seal between receptacle and modules (Figure 5). This will initiate many module. The seal is not restrictively more new connectivity but also sensor defined, as to allow for seals that are Phase 2: The Power and applications, such as e.g. movement designed to work with heavily contoured Control Interface detection under the pole. luminaires, not just flat surfaces. This does Phase 2 of Book 18 will be Zhaga’s first not compromise the quality of the product, specification offering a fully interoperable This architecture also removes which the book delivers, as the certification solution. To ensure true interoperability redundancies at system level, removing the process tests for product compliance. between modules and drivers of various need for double surge protection and manufacturers, the mechanical interface multiple power conversions from mains to The locking features also act as a key, and electrical pin assignment needs to be low voltage DC in both driver and making sure that a module only fits to a complemented with the power and control controllers. In the preferred architecture receptacle in one orientation. Not only interface specification. As indicated before, functions like energy metering (1% does this mean that contacts cannot be the 4 pins of the connectivity interface are accuracy), asset management and misaligned, but where a module needs to the 24 V DC power supply, the DALI control diagnostics are covered by the driver. As a have a specific orientation to the streetlight lines and a so-called general digital I/O result, the luminaire integration is simplified and hence the roadway, this is also pin which will be reserved for future use are as less wiring and components are required. realized. This is a necessity for such not part of Book 18 Ed. 1.0. applications like motion sensing. Next to above-mentioned benefits, Contained in Book 18 Ed. 1.0 is a detailed The 24 V DC power is an auxiliary supply guaranteed interoperability of modules description of how a manufacturer must for demanding connectivity or sensor and drivers is one of the most important align a receptacle with respect to the applications requiring average power levels promises. The specified DALI-based luminaire. Ensuring that whatever up to 3 W, allowing pulsed mode operation interface ensures that driver and controllers functionality the module has, it can be up to 6 W. The power supply specification speak the same controller language. On the realized on multiple designs and multiple also describes the start-up sequence contrary, the C136.41 specification leaves manufacturer’s streetlight. including maximum start-up time and room for different dimming standards supply current capabilities during start-up. (i.e. DALI and 0-10 V) leading to The seal example is just one way that interoperability issues when exchanging differentiation can be achieved. For the For the interface specification of the or upgrading luminaires in the field. module and sealing cap, again the two DALI pins, Zhaga has set up a liaison interface is defined, but outside a keep with the Digital Illumination Interface In short, the Book 18 interface specification out zone for the diameter, there is design Alliance (DiiA) to align specification in offers luminaire OEMs and smart cities freedom. So, if you are adding rigidity to Book 18 Phase 2. From a specification companies a compact, cost sensitive survive an IK09 impact test or features to organization point of view, the DiiA has and easy-to design in solution. In addition, blend a module into the luminaire, split the related interface protocol into the single gasket receptacle design offers the Book 18 allows for it. For the receptacle 4 different parts, describing the following a robust and waterproof solution for a wide the design freedom is around how it is aspects: integrated DALI power supply, range of outdoor luminaire applications. electrically connected to the internals of asset management of the luminaire, True interoperability is thereby the most a luminaire. Whether flying leads or a energy reporting and diagnostics. important promise.

A Growing Eco-System Although the Zhaga vision on IoT upgradeable outdoor luminaires is still unfolding, early signs of success are already visible. Products are available that conform to the mechanical interface, and that support the development of IoT upgradeable luminaires as well as external modules. Products in scope are receptacles along with caps to be integrated with the luminaire. A second set of products support the development of external modules and comprises base plates on which to integrate the sensing and connectivity boards, along with domes (Figure 6).

The certification program for these products is now open and first products Figure 5: The Book 18 interface design well supports external modules that are mounted underneath the luminaire have been certified. As another early sign, there is reference to the Zhaga interface specification in specifier documents [3], and a lot of interest has been expressed by other specifier organizations. Meanwhile, a number of luminaires are already available that support this interface. Also on the market are several external modules supporting a variety of sensing modalities, such as motion sensing and light measurement, or light management via a number of connectivity technologies, such as 3G and LORA.

Conclusion Zhaga is in the process of implementing its vision for the outdoor connectivity interface, as described in this article. There is a strong belief that this connectivity interface will enable growth for the lighting industry, secure a central Figure 6: Products are becoming available that support the development of both role for lighting in the smart city, and add luminaires: receptacles and seals, as well as the development of external modules: base plates and domes functions are added, or replaced, during the luminaire lifetime value for all players along the lighting value (Credits: TE Connectivity) chain. The early signs of adoption provide concrete proof points for the success of this vision. Following a similar vision for indoor lighting, a white paper on this References: topic is available [4], and a working [1] Dee Denteneer; Zhaga Gets Smart: Addressing the Industry Need for Smart Lighting and group has recently been established. Standardized LED Components; LED Professional Symposium 2016, Bregenz Specifications are in the making to [2] Dee Denteneer: Introducing the NEW Zhaga: Smart standards. Smarter lighting, LED Professional Review, Issue 68, July/Aug 2018 implement the New Zhaga’s vision [3] IPWEA, Model Public Lighting Controls Specification: Street lighting and smart controls for other components in the luminaire programme version 1.0, Institute of Public Work Engineering Australia, 2018 as well. [4] Jan de Graaf et al. The NEW Zhaga develops connectivity interface standards for indoor luminaires; Zhaga white paper, 2018

LIGHTINGEUROPE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT 48 Evaluating Performance of LED-Based Luminaires

The wide spread of performance data supplied by manufacturers make it difficult for the professional user to reach an “apple-to-apple” comparison, especially if the data is not based on standardized metrics. This is however critical for the preparation of lighting projects or tender specifications. Experts from LightingEurope have therefore developed a guidance document which recommends a fixed set of performance data for LED based luminaires, with particular emphasis to the useful life and the data which is necessary for lighting application design.

Today, the preparation of lighting projects or tender specifications is more difficult than ever. Manufacturers of LED based luminaires provide different performance data for their products, often not based on standardized metrics, making it impossible to allow for an “apple-to-apple” comparison.

The intention of this article is therefore to give users, like specifiers, lighting designers, technical engineers and policy makers a guideline on how to define performance requirements, in particular related to the term “useful life or lifetime”. This article recommends a fixed set of performance data for Figure 1: Evaluating “initial” and “useful lifetime” performance of LED based luminaires LED based luminaires. This data set is focused on the information which is necessary for lighting Evaluating Performance of will sustain their rated characteristics application design. LED Based Luminaires over their years of operation. While the quality of LED technology has rapidly improved and the application At present, evaluating LED based considerations have not changed, luminaires is complex because of the product data have remained two main reasons: unnecessarily complex. The main challenge • The use of different technical definitions for the professional market is to improve and related parameters to describe the the way users of LED based luminaires performance of products, thus making evaluate the performance data of different them difficult to compare (for example the manufacturers when preparing lighting incorrect use of LED module or light projects or tender specifications. source data instead of luminaire data) • The technical design choices made for a Both “initial” and “useful lifetime” product can make a tremendous performance data should be evaluated difference in terms of performance over to have confidence in how LED based the useful lifetime luminaires will perform and how long they

The establishment of simplified performance metrics that support the needs of good EN EN EN EN EN EN No IEC 62722-2-1 12464-1 12464-2 15193 13201-2 13201-5 12193 lighting design and allow easy product to product comparisons to be made can add 1 Input power x x value to the professional market. 2 Luminous flux x x x x Confusion due to the use of different sets of definitions can be eased by following the 3 Luminaire efficacy x x latest IEC/EN standards on performance of LED based luminaires. These standards 4 Luminous intensity distribution x x x x give guidance on “what” (phenomena and metric) to publish and “how” (measurement 5 Correlated Color Temperature x x x x and/or calculation method) to arrive at a set of comparable product specifications. 6 Color Rendering Index x x x x

This value is not directly required by the standards but the value is fundamentally 7 Ambient temperature Lighting Requirements necessary for a correct and comparable Good lighting design calculations require operation in the lighting application. different technical product parameters 8 Median Useful Life (depreciation) x x x x x based on standardized and therefore comparable data. IEC 62722-2-1 9 Abrupt Failure Value (failures) x x x x Performance requirements for LED based luminaires, gives the following overview of Table 1: Product data directly linked to lighting application standards the relevant “initial” and “useful lifetime” product information parameters that should be used for the planning of lighting designs. In this section, the initial luminaire Lighting Application performance parameters (1-7) are Requirements Following CEN Parameters to being considered for described that can be used as input for When considering if a product is the planning of lighting design: lighting design calculations. The useful best solution for an application we need • Rated input power (P in W) lifetime luminaire performance parameters to understand what should be calculated • Rated luminous flux (Φ in lm) (8-9) are described in the section to ensure that the correct lit environment • Rated luminous efficacy (η in lm/W) “Lifetime considerations”. is created. • Rated luminous intensity distribution (in cd or cd/klm) Common examples of misrepresentation When requirements are specific to • Rated correlated color temperature of performance data are: the given lighting solution within the (Tcp in K) • Luminous flux output for LED module application space, a lighting design • Rated color rendering index (CRI) being stated instead of the luminous flux needs to be performed. In that case • Ambient temperature related to output for the complete luminaire the data requirements when considering performance of the luminaire (tq in ˚C) • Data based on 25 °C operation a particular lighting product should be • Rated median useful life (Lx in hours with temperature of the LED module or light application driven and consider what x for the associated rated luminous flux source instead of data based on the information is required to ensure the maintenance factor in %) actual operating temperature of the lighting solution is correct for the • Rated abrupt failure value (in %) source inside the luminaire application space. Any data that • Operating power being based on just is not driven by the application In this context “rated” means the value of that of the LED module or light source requirements should be considered the parameter for the LED based luminaire instead of that consumed by the of secondary importance. declared by the manufacturer when operated complete luminaire under specified conditions. It is reminded • Incorrect comparison of power / Table 1 shows, according to European that the tq value for which the performance efficiency between luminaires containing standards, which product requirements data is declared shall always be reported even built in control gear and those using are relevant for each application and if this is 25˚C. Where applications require tq remote control gear which of these requirements can be temperatures other than 25˚C all performance • A combination of incorrect input power fulfilled wholly by the product data data is required to reflect the actual performance and luminous flux output values resulting and therefore can be specified on a for these specific tq temperatures. in inflated efficacy product datasheet.

Key to the standards • IEC 62722-2-1:2016 - Luminaire performance: Particular requirements for LED luminaires • EN 12464-1:2011 - Light and lighting: Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places • EN 12464-2:2014 - Light and lighting: Lighting of work places Part 2: Outdoor work places • EN 15193:2007 - Energy performance of buildings: Energy requirements for lighting. • EN 13201-2:2015 - Road lighting Part 2: Performance requirements • EN 13201-5:2016 - Road lighting Part 5: Energy performance indicators • EN 12193:2007 - Light and lighting: Figure 2: IEC lifetime metric Sports lighting

Lifetime Considerations There are two relevant useful lifetime performance values to be considered related to “gradual” and “abrupt” luminous flux output degradation of a LED based luminaire. Figure 3: Gradual light output degradation Gradual luminous flux output degradation relates to the lumen maintenance of the As the Median Useful Life of LED based Lifetime data are normally specified together light source in a luminaire. It describes luminaires can be very long, it is important with a specific ambient temperature (tq), how much of the initial luminous flux to understand that useful lifetime the number of burning hours and the output of the light sources in the luminaire performance values are predictions rather associated switching cycles. is available after a certain period of time. than measurements. For manufacturers, Luminous flux output depreciation can it is not possible to measure the useful be a combination of individual LEDs lifetime values with, for example, 50.000 h Gradual Luminous Flux giving less light and individual LEDs before launching new products. Instead, Degradation: Useful Life giving no light at all. the manufacturers use shorter assessment and Median Useful Life periods and extrapolate the results to The gradual light output degradation of a Abrupt luminous flux output degradation arrive at predictions. population of LED based luminaires at a describes the situation where the LED certain point in time is called Useful Life based luminaire no longer gives any light The IEC performance standards currently and expressed in general as LxBy. at all because the system (or a critical describe lifetime metrics for LED based The population includes operating LED component therein) has failed. products but not how to measure/calculate based luminaires only; non-operative the parameter of the lifetime metrics. As a products are excluded. Both “gradual” and “abrupt” luminous consequence, the quality of the lifetime flux output degradations have been predictions varies wildly and there is a Useful Life expresses the age at which a described in the IEC lifetime metric significant risk of apple-to-pear comparison. given percentile of LED based luminaires (y) for LED based luminaires. IEC suggests cannot meet the lumen maintenance applying a standard set of quantities Reputable manufacturers will calculate factor x. Light output lower than the for communication to the market: Median Useful Life and associated Abrupt required luminous flux maintenance “Median Useful Life” and the associated Failure Value based on historical design factor x called flux degraded because “Abrupt Failure Value”. data and knowledge, component level they produce less light but still operate. testing and thermal design.

To unambiguously compare manufacturers’ lifetime data, IEC introduced Median Useful Life (Lx). Median Useful Life is the time at which 50% (B50) of a population of LED based luminaires are flux degraded. Median Useful Life is generally expressed as Lx so without the B50 notification.

Example: Median Useful Life L90 is understood as the length of time during which 50% (B50) of a population of Figure 4: Example of normal distribution for a L90 rated product operating LED based luminaires of the same type have flux degraded to less than 90% (L90) of their initial luminous flux but are still operating.

Besides the median value (B50), in the market an apparent demand for B10 or even B0 rated products exists. Although By is a defined performance characteristic, the standard IEC 62722-2-1 does not include any technical explanation for how this parameter should be verified or applied. Figure 5: Product data analysis of an example of a LED based luminaire Also lighting application design standards give no guidance for how a By factor should be accounted for. Closer technical evaluation as to what this really means is required.

It can be expected that around a distribution of products there will be a proportion above and a proportion below the rated performance value. The graph below shows an example of the normal distribution for a L90 rated Figure 6: Abrupt luminous flux degradation product, illustrating the difference of a B10 or B50 value. As B10 and B50 are so close together, the continued promotion of By as a significant Detailed analysis of product data from spread due to depreciation is low and the factor for making product to product LED based luminaires from various median (B50) value represents with a performance comparisons. Therefore only manufacturers shows that when projecting sufficient degree of accuracy the lumen the Median Useful Life, generally expressed installation life up to 100.000 hours, deprecation behavior of a number of as Lx without the unnecessary B50 the difference in flux degradation products at the projected lifetime (in this notification, should be promoted. between B10 and B50 is about 1%. example 100.000 hours). The measurement process for B50 is standardized and more For the L90 example at 100.000 hours widely accepted than any other By. Therefore, Abrupt Luminous Flux this means that an initial luminous flux of for reasons of accuracy and consistency Degradation: Time to Abrupt 10.000 lumen will be 9.000 lumen in the between manufacturers the use of any other By Failure and Abrupt Failure Value case of B50. If the same luminaire is rated cannot be recommended over the use of B50. An important parameter that should be as B10, the corresponding value would be considered with expected long life is system 8910 lumen. Bearing in mind that the rated This indicates that for the commonly used reliability. A LED based luminaire will last as light output data of both LED and traditional L70, L80 or L90 values the By factor is not long as the component used with the light sources are subject to a typical as significant as may be thought (or promoted) shortest life. There are several critical 10% tolerance this practical differential by some manufacturers and users. components of a LED based luminaire that can be regarded as negligible. Consequently, there is little benefit in the influence the system reliability.

specific to the lighting solution within the application and a lighting design needs to be performed.

As input to the lighting design the average installation life is often given, so one could argue the highest number of hours is not a relevant discriminator when selecting a LED based luminaire.

Consequently, this justifies the question what is the best recommended value for comparing the useful life of LED based luminaires? • Fixing of the “x” (lumen depreciation) from Median Useful Life Lx as a comparison value for different luminaires? In this case the “time” is not fixed and can have a variation from luminaire to luminaire • Fixing of the “time” value from Median Useful Life Lx as a comparison value for different luminaires? In this case the “x” from Lx (lumen depreciation) is not fixed Figure 7: Principal components of a LED based luminaire and can have a variation from luminaire to luminaire Degradation of optical material may cause LED based luminaires failing to operate a reduction of luminous flux rather than an at Median Useful Life (Lx). To investigate the importance, the average abrupt degradation. Failure of one of the installation life for different indoor- and remaining principal components generally Example: outdoor applications have been calculated, leads to complete failure of the LED based Abrupt Failure Value of 10% represents based on the annual operating hours and luminaire. This is not taken into account 10% of the population of initially operating the average time to refurbishment for a when indicating the rated Median Useful LED based luminaires fail to produce any product in a specific application. Life. For that reason, abrupt failures have to luminous flux at Median Useful Life. be considered separately so it can be taken We also need to be aware that these into account at time of lighting engineering The current IEC standards do not describe values may not be realistic in all situations and planning. This is why the IEC lifetime completely what failure modes of principal (e.g. in case of the use of automatic metric also specifies time to abrupt failure, components to include in the Abrupt Failure lighting controls or application requiring which takes into account failure modes of Value (AFV) calculations. Since most of the 24/7 illumination). principal components in the LED based abrupt failures in practice occur in relation luminaire design. to the LED control gear, LightingEurope It can be concluded that for products recommends specifying the expected used in the majority of indoor applications The abrupt light output degradation of a control gear failure rate of the device as the the average installation life will not exceed population of LED luminaires at a certain AFV indicated for the Median Useful Life of 50.000 hours. For products used in the point in time is called Time to Abrupt Failure the LED-based luminaire. majority of outdoor applications the and expressed in general as Cy. Time to average installation life will not exceed Abrupt Failure expresses the age at which 100.000 hours. a given percentage (y) of LED based Why Lifetime Is Not Always luminaires have failed abruptly. a Critical Factor LightingEurope believes that “number Looking at common practice, lifetime data of hours” should not be a dominant To facilitate easy evaluation of for LED based luminaires seems to be a discriminator when selecting LED based manufacturers’ performance data, IEC race for the highest number of hours luminaires for professional applications. introduced the Abrupt Failure Value (AFV) belonging to the Median Useful Life For the lighting design, the maintained of a population of LED based luminaires. L80B50. We have to be aware that in the luminous flux at the average installation life Abrupt Failure Value is the percentage of professional market, requirements are for a specific application is much more

luminaires and light sources, but lack detail Default annual operating hours Average time To Average to accommodate LED-based lighting Indoor applications (EN15193) refurbishment installation life designs. However, the core of the CIE methodology - which is based on the same to years hours principles for both indoor and outdoor- is Offices 2500 20 50.000 still accurate.

Education 2000 25 50.000 ISO/TC 274 is currently developing a Technical Specification that will provide a Hospitals 5000 10 50.000 standardized way of working for determining the maintenance factor for both indoor and Hotels 5000 10 50.000 outdoor installations using the methodology Restaurants 2500 10 25.000 as described in CIE 154:2003 & CIE 97:2005. Insights from recently published Sports 4000 25 100.000 product performance standards such as IEC 62722-2-1 will be combined with the Retail 5000 10 50.000 existing determination methodology from CIE technical reports. Manufacturing 4000 25 100.000

Table 2: Possible examples of average installation life for different indoor applications By using the overall MF determination methodology and the content on the impact Default annual of the environment on luminaires in operating hours Average time to Average installation combination with the product performance Outdoor applications (EN13201-5) refurbishment life metrics, a robust way of working can be to years hours established. This will allow for the determination of the maintenance factor of Street 4000 25 100.000 installations including the latest light source technologies. This will create a level playing Tunnel (entrance) 4000 25 100.000 field with respect to comparison of lighting

Tunnel (interior) 8760 12 100.000 designs in the market, provide clarity to all involved parties (from end-users to policy Sport (recreational) 1250 20 25.000 makers), and ensure safety and comfort over the lifetime of the installation. Area 4000 25 100.000

Table 3: Possible examples of average installation life for different outdoor applications Further LightingEurope Recommendations relevant and may support energy saving Maintenance Factor Manufacturers of LED based luminaires through the reduction in over-design to Consideration in Different should publish apple-to-apple comparable account for losses through life. Applications product information following the With LEDs rapidly becoming the new parameters and as described in LightingEurope therefore recommends: standard in (functional) lighting design for IEC 62722-2-1. • Lifetime claims should not exceed both indoor and outdoor installations, the 100.000 hours, unless it is clearly need has arisen to provide more clarity on Recommended initial performance values required by specific lighting applications how the existing CIE maintenance factor to be provided: and verified by an appropriate life (MF) determination methods can be applied • Input power (P in W) test period to this technology. • Luminous flux (Φ in lm) • To enable apple-to-apple comparison it • Luminous efficacy (η in lm/W) would be best practice to fix the “time” Clarification is needed to prevent unsafe • Luminous intensity distribution value for Median Useful Life to 35k, 50k, and uncomfortable situations during the (in cd or cd/klm) 75k and/or 100k and express the “x” lifetime of the installation. Current CIE • Correlated color temperature (Tcp in K) from Lx (lumen depreciation) for time technical reports describing the MF • Color rendering index (CRI) value(s) related to the applications where determination methodology contain detailed • Ambient temperature (tq) related to the product may be used explanations with respect to conventional performance of the luminaire (in ˚C)

Recommended over time performance Lumen maintenance factor groups values to be provided • Lumen maintenance factor “x” (in %) at Group value ≥70 ≥75 ≥80 ≥85 ≥90 ≥95 the associated median useful life Lx (in Group range 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-100 hours) • Abrupt failure value (in %) at the same Table 4: Lumen maintenance factor groups [1] associated median useful life Lx (in hours). The expected “control gear failure rate” should be provided for this data References: [1] Details on terms, their definitions and references can be found on the LightingEurope Lumen maintenance factor groups (buckets) website. Also, application requirements from EN standards, divided into stated and implied requirements can be found there. - Please, visit https://www.lightingeurope.org/ should be introduced to enable initial images/publications/general/ product comparison. Separate product specific lumen maintenance factor values for input to lighting designs may also Disclaimer: be published. This information is for general guidance on matters of interest only. While we have made every attempt to ensure that the information has been obtained from reliable sources, LightingEurope is not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. The content of this document is a recommendation only and is not binding to any party. LightingEurope members are not bound to adhere to this document. All information is provided with no guarantee of completeness, accuracy, timeliness or of the results obtained from the use of this information, and without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to warranties of performance, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event will LightingEurope, its related partnerships or corporations, or the partners, agents or employees thereof be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. The data and information presented in this guide should not be taken as forming a basis of warranty conditions which are the responsibility of individual manufacturers.

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TECH-TALKSCATEGORY BREGENZ GUIDO VAN TARTWIJK 56

Tech-Talks BREGENZ - Guido van Tartwijk, CEO of Tridonic

Guido van Tartwijk As Tridonic’s chief executive officer, Dr. Guido van Tartwijk is responsible for Tridonic’s day-to-day- operations as well as leading the company’s long-term strategy. He has more than 20 years of international experience in the semiconductor/LED electronics and lighting industry. Prior to joining Tridonic in November 2016, he was CEO of the LED Electronics section at Philips Lighting and held various senior executive roles at Philips Lighting in China and the Netherlands. Before moving to Philips Lighting he worked in several highly innovative start-up companies in both Silicon Valley and in Europe. He has a strong track record in leading and growing innovative teams and businesses across many geographies, and is deeply committed to driving sustainable long-term growth at Tridonic. Guido van Tartwijk holds an MSc in Physics from Eindhoven University of Technology and a PhD in Physics from the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

Many traditional luminaire manufacturers are currently facing difficult times. LED professional discusses how this situation affects an electronics manufacturer withTridonic ’s CEO, Guido van Tartwijk. The company’s approaches to the hot topics of IoT, Smart Lighting, Human Centric Lighting, and Artificial Intelligence are discussed, including the underlying technologies. Light quality and the question of how time has changed this business, as well as the company’s strategies for the future are all addressed.

LED professional: Thank you very today, the ballast business is driven by have of course changed significantly from much for taking the time for this interview. Tridonic. So I was wondering if you could those produced 60 years ago but the give us a bit of the history of how Tridonic concept is still the same: We sell 20% of our Guido van Tartwijk: My pleasure! got to where it is today. products to our internal customer - Zumtobel - and the other 80% is sold to Zumtobel’s LED professional: We were hoping to Guido van Tartwijk: I think that is a very competitors. That’s how you drive scale and talk to you about Tridonic - what led up to interesting question because, as you say, volume and how you keep your costs at a Tridonic being in the good position that it Zumtobel is now the luminaire manufacturer. relatively low level. is in, the challenges Tridonic faces and the It’s the company with expertise regarding opportunities for the future. lighting and lighting effects - the things that To ensure a good service for all our everyone can see. However, in every lighting customers we treat both Zumtobel and all Guido van Tartwijk: Yes that would be great. solution there is something that is hidden other customers alike. That is also why we in the ceiling or in the wall that also inspires are very careful to make sure that no pricing LED professional: Normally we start electronics - the power conversion, information and no customer information is by asking for a history of the company, the ballast, the electronic control gear. shared between Tridonic and Zumtobel but I think this time it would be interesting And that’s basically how Tridonic was group’s lighting brands - and for that we have if you told us a little about yourself. started. Initially, Wehn Zumtobel bought installed what we call a “firewall”. Tridonic in the 80ies, they transferred the And it’s that firewall and that discipline that Guido van Tartwijk: Well maybe I should whole ballast business to Tridonic who are necessary to build trust with the market. just name some of the highlights. I have a became the internal supplier of electronic PhD in physics - Initially, it was my ambition ballasts. The nature of every electronics Over the past 60 years we have become a to be a scientist and a professor but I was company is that you can only be competitive top 2 player in Europe and when it comes to tempted by the industry, and I joined the if you have enough volume. So very early - indoor lighting Tridonic is the number one telecom industry in the late 90’s. I was So very early - in the late 60’s, Zumtobel brand in Europe. That is a fantastic position!. involved in developing hardware - making the decided to let Zumtobel Elektrobauteile (now products that would make the Internet Tridonic) sell its products to Zumtobel’s LED professional: How do you manage possible. I worked in big companies and competitors. And I think that was the that from a technical perspective? Are the start-ups in the US and the Netherlands. defining moment in the history of Tridonic. products flexible enough for the client to I worked at start-up companies for around Fast forward to today: Tridonic’s products program their own features? ten years in Silicon Valley and Europe and when the dot-com crash happened, I switched industries. I basically went from lasers to LEDs. I joined Philips in 2003 and because of my start-up background I was given the task of building up an LED lighting business in China. In 2015 my family and I came back from China and I felt that it was time for a change. I joined Tridonic at the end of 2016. So to sum it up: my background is small companies, big companies and always innovation, disruptive technologies and disruptive events in markets. I have worked in China, the US and Europe and even though I’m Dutch, I’ve spent a lot of time outside of Holland. Tridonic (former Zumtobel Elektrobauteile) started its business as manufacturer of LED professional: You’ve had a very fluorescent lamp magnetic interesting life so far! But moving on to ballasts for the mother company, Zumtobel Tridonic - while the original business of Zumtobel was the magnetic ballast business;

Guido van Tartwijk spoke in detail about the business and impressed with his technical knowledge

Guido van Tartwijk: Every luminaire We are constantly working on the portfolio sizable footprint in China with an innovation manufacturer wants to be different from their to make it as streamlined as possible, while, center and a factory in Shenzhen. In the U.K. competitors. The key is that we enable them at the same time, allowing our customers to in Spennymoor, which is in the northeast, to be different. And there are many ways to differentiate. We do that with software.; we have an emergency lighting competence do that: One is to provide custom-made Tridonic started to integrate software into the center and a factory. We have a small R&D products, which is difficult because you have products at a very early stage. If you look at presence in Switzerland where they to dedicate the products to one specific our history you’ll see that we produced specialize in sensors. We have about customer or sometimes even just to one magnetic ballasts in the late 50’s. and in the 60 sales offices across the globe - the ones specific project. late 70’s launched the first electronic most recently opened are in the U.S. and converters. In the very early 2000’s we Malaysia. Before that, Tridonic wasn’t LED professional: That would work against started what is now called the DALI protocol - present in the U.S. but as this is an scale… the digital interface for lighting control. interesting market and our brand has And that’s where the software started to already been known there, we thought Guido van Tartwijk: Yes; unless you work on make its inroad into our products. Right now that we should also be present with our the same platform. software accounts for almost half of our own sales offices. R&D activities. A much more elegant way is to work with LED professional: We’ll talk about the programmable features. So, if you make your LED professional: Before we dive deeper market trends a little later, but for now could converters programmable, a customer can into the technology could you just give us you tell us about your market strategy? tune whatever setting he or she wants. some information about the company - And that balance between allowing our how big is it and what are the figures? Guido van Tartwijk: Yes. We have a very customers to be different and at the same strong presence in Europe - mainly in the UK time standardise our products enough Guido van Tartwijk: We just closed our and the DACH region (Germany, Austria and so that we can scale, that’s the challenge financial year which shows that we had sales Switzerland). Our strength is growing in for every ballast maker or component of more than €350 million, we are profitable, southern Europe, especially in Italy, Spain, manufacturer. That is not easy. We are not and we have a total of about 1,700 employees. France and the Benelux countries. like Apple; the iPhone is produced in high Our headquarter is in Dornbirn, Austria. Eastern Europe and Turkey are the fastest volume in China. We have, in total, more than in Eastern Austria, in Jennersdorf, we have growing markets for us at the moment. 3,500 different products. So when you talk an innovation center and a factory which The growth rate is in the double digits there. about high volume - that is relative. specialise in light sources. We also have a The reason for that is because Turkey and

Eastern Europe have become favorable places to manufacture products. So you see a natural focus of a lot of activities in Turkey and Eastern Europe. In the Middle East - we have had a very strong presence in Dubai for quite a while where we are a recognized brand. And we have a very strong presence in Australia and New Zealand. So Australia, New Zealand, Middle East, Europe are our key markets. We also have a presence in China with an R&D team and a factory in Shenzhen, in the south, and we have sales teams in Shanghai and Beijing.

LED professional: If we can focus on Eastern Europe for a minute: Tridonic is known for its quality and not being a cheap product. So how do you manage to compete in the countries in Eastern Europe? are doing it and how we can serve almost 10,000 luminaire While the competency for LED light sources the market even better.. manufacturers worldwide. It’s a is concentrated Guido van Tartwijk: I don’t like huge, scattered market. And it is in Jennersdorf, to compete purely on price, LED professional: Looking back to not the fastest when it comes to electronics and especially because Tridonic has a the time of the fluorescent lamps, adopting new technologies. So even intelligent systems are the domain of proven brand strength and that there was a big difference between though we are all very enthusiastic the engineers at strength is based on a very good dimmable and non-dimmable. Is this about LED and Tunable White and the headquarters customer service. and a very good still an issue today or are all LED Human Centric Lighting and remote in Dornbirn supply chain. We have a very strong converters likely to be dimmable? control, the fact of the matter is that customer focus. We don’t just ask the bulk of the market is still very them what they want, but we also Guido van Tartwijk: It’s surprising slowly adapting to this new trend. help them find what they really how many non-dimmable products So it will happen, but it will take need. Sometimes we even go there still are on the market. We still years until all the non-dimmables are into co-development. Combine that have a large volume of non- replaced by more fancy products. with the supply chain that has dimmable products. We all see, recognized, top quality performance and we all believe, that LEDs will In the past there was also quite a that is what allows us to ask for a allow people to take full advantage price difference between non- premium. It doesn’t mean that we of the benefits of remote control, dimmable and dimmable but with feel comfortable and we can sit dimming, tunable light. It’s all there everything becoming digital and back and relax because you have to it’s all true. But there is still a need software focused, the price prove that point time and time again. for just light. And that need is big. difference is getting smaller. As for the market trend - I think people will I should also mention that the LED professional: So these are only replace their lighting once - Eastern European suppliers all the real volume products… going from fluorescent to LED but want to export their products into they won’t go dimmable. But the Western Europe. That means that Guido van Tartwijk: Yes, but with next time they go they’ll ask for they have to meet certain quality a high range of differentiation: remote control and they’ll want standards. So it wouldn’t be in different voltages, different currents, everything. So there are a few steps. their interest to switch to a no so its high volume as a group but as name brand, super low cost, individuals, they are limited. But it’s remarkable in the sense that non-proven supplier. it takes the market a while to adopt. LED professional: Is there a reason LED penetration almost took 15 But again, I don’t want to get too for that? years to get to a reasonable level. comfortable so I am always But you would be surprised at the challenging our company to make Guido van Tartwijk: I think there is number of non-LED converters we sure we know exactly what the a lot of history in the market. If you are still selling. We still have competition is doing, how they look at the global field, there are conventional converters and as long

as customers want them in of production lines. So, as a natural It’s quite challenging. And the only reasonable volumes, we will keep step, we added that to our way we can differentiate ourselves on making them. But we know activities. And that requires a from our competition is the fact it will stop one day. dedicated competence center - that we are closer to our European which is in Jennersdorf. customers. Jennersdorf is in Austria - LED professional: What percentage which means that if a customer of your production are conventional Today, our LED light source orders we can ship within 48 hours. converters? business is almost a third of the It doesn’t have to be transported by €350 million. And we can add a lot sea freight on a boat from China! Guido van Tartwijk: It’s about 15% of value to customers by offering The second thing is that people ask right now. It’s going down rapidly, them a combination of a pre- for special light-effects which we but I’m still surprised by the fact checked, compatible LED module can provide due to our LED expertise. that in 2018 they are still needed. and a converter, in fact a “Bundle”. In essence, those are the two It means that people are still buying The Bundle sales are actually very things that allow us to differentiate. conventional products today interesting. It helps customers But I also have to say that it’s not and installing them. because they don’t have to go to the easiest business to be in. two different suppliers, they don’t LED professional: You mentioned have to figure out which converter If I may add one more trend - the competence center in they need for a certain module; which is even more interesting: Jennersdorf, Austria where you you basically deliver a total The fact that we have both the produce Chip on Board and package to them. light source and the converter modules. This is just a small part of which are based on the same the Tridonic business, isn’t it? So that business in Jennersdorf has electronic principles made it helped us a lot. Not only with the possible to combine the two parts Guido van Tartwijk: No, it’s not direct contribution of the modules into one. The industry has been small at all. I think the interesting but also the fact that we can sell the trying to do this since 2012. Before digitalization, thing about the market is that in the combination of drivers and modules. I believe I saw the first attempts Tridonic mainly defined past, Tridonic and its competitors in Frankfurt at Light + Building in itself as a „fast follower“. Today the only focused on the electronics box - If you look at the prices on the 2010 or 2012. There were company aims to lead, the converters - because the light market, LED modules are most completely integrated engines with at least in some key sources were quite chemical. sensitive to price erosion. So I’m electronics and LEDs on one board. technologies, with The LED is also an electronic really happy that the Jennersdorf But they had all kinds of issues. products such as DCstring, net4more component: it’s not the same but team has been able to keep up They didn’t dim. They were and TundableWhite at least you have the same type with competition, step by step. flickering. There was ripple.

Those things have all been taken care of in the meantime but now the cost is the problem. We see in certain applications, like moisture- proof luminaires, where the luminaire has to be completely sealed, it’s perfect to have integrated boards with the electronics for power conversion and the light source itself. And that’s why it’s essential to have that competence in house. I want to be able to innovate with those two ingredients.

LED professional: Looking back around ten years, when I talked with technicians from Tridonic they always said that they had good products and were at the top level but they were fast followers. Is that the same today?

Guido van Tartwijk: When LED started to take hold, the market started to become busier. The barrier for entry to the market is lower now. There are many more players around. There are very small companies as well as big companies, so it’s a fight for speed, innovation and quality, reliability and the supply chain. And that’s a very difficult mix. I think it’s fair to say that we are leading in a couple of aspects in the portfolio but in a lot of aspects we are just the same as the big guys and the small guys who are just following the trend.

We have an aspiration of being the leader in a couple of key technologies, but it’s tough. Right now, I think, with DCstring, net4more, and TunableWhite, we have something to show. It doesn’t mean that no one else is doing something similar, but we were one of the first to embark on it. So on the important aspects, we have innovation programs but it would be naïve to think we can be the leader in everything.

LED professional: Today everybody is talking about connected lighting. About 20 years ago, connected lighting was easy - it was DALI. But today there are so many different technologies that I have We still sell our products to the luminaire manufacturers but to ask myself if it will be the luminaire maker that will integrate the some products need to be marketed directly to IT departments. Internet or will it be the Internet provider that integrates lighting. What is Tridonic’s position? I believe there is going to be an unclear phase in the coming years and I’m expecting a new company to emerge in the market, which we Guido van Tartwijk: That’s a very good question but I don’t think call a contractor or system integrator. It’s a company that will do the we have a clear answer. I think the market today is exploring different turnkey project for another company. What this company does is versions of what you just described. But let me take a step back arranges all the luminaires, and arrange all the network components to the old world, without connectivity: Suppose our friends in and deliver the project. Jennersdorf had made a fantastic, new Chip-on-Board module with unique phosphor and a fantastic color rendering. What would LED professional: It has always been a problem for luminaire we have done? It would have gone to our luminaire customers and manufacturers to sell more than luminaires. They’ve always had we would have asked them to try and design this thing in and use it problems selling systems. So will it be the task of Tridonic to sell in their products. But we would also have tried to talk to the end systems or will the luminaire manufacturers have to learn to sell users about the product - tell them what we have - and then let systems? them ask for it. Guido van Tartwijk: I think it’s both. I think Tridonic also has to learn Now we move forward to the connected world: We have a full to talk about the value beyond the simple hardware box that you sell. technology suite for connected lighting. The net4more toolbox So what we do is we enable our customers to become a system provides both hardware and software as well as Apps, in fact provider. Enabling means that we don’t tell you how to do it but we everything that is necessary, to pave the way for lighting to enter the give you the tools you need to do it. And the portfolio isn’t just a Internet of Things. But as you said, there are many, many different collection of hardware boxes - it has software suites as well. So our technologies out there. So what we do in terms of connected lighting customers can say, “Listen, I don’t like the look of this app. I want is, instead of going to the end-user at the fashion store and telling you to change it; I want my name here and I want the dashboard to them that their clothes will look much better with our product, we go look different. ” Tridonic provides this flexibility. - But you’re right - to the IT department of big companies and explain them how we not everyone will be that quick. Some will be quicker than others. connect lighting into the Internet and let them ask for our technology. And I believe that is why things are so chaotic right now. At the

moment there are some luminaire sold -Tridonic sold a record number of LED I think it will become more integrated in manufacturers are still at the very early drivers last year. And even the sales of a our living environments, both indoors and stage of understanding what the change to combination of LED modules plus driver is outdoors. It will be very versatile - meaning it connected lighting entails. Some have a at a record high. So our factories have been will change its color temperature or intensity strategy to enter in the connected world. very busy. The volume that is being shipped based on the needs of the people. I don’t And there are other companies that aren’t into these growing economies is increasing know about you, but I don’t like touching linked to a luminaire manufacturer who try but the prices are declining faster than the remote controls and keyboards and things to build a business by being independent. volume grows and therefore everybody is like that because it’s boring. So I think So it’s pretty complex. Add to that at least struggling. We hope that this will stop but it that lighting will become part of artificial five different technologies per application requires the industry to have a shake-out. intelligence that will run buildings and cities, and you have a dangerous cocktail. And now I think that when LED first started in the late and basically adjust the lighting according to the struggle for companies like Tridonic is 90’s, a lot of people expected the lighting the needs of the people. how to choose. market to have a shake-out and it hasn’t really happened. It has been almost And where will Tridonic be 10 years from That is why we have said that we will focus 20 years now and we’re seeing the first now? We will be one of the leading brands, on two application domains: Connected luminaire manufacturers getting into trouble. globally, that will provide the ingredients for lighting in a single room with a limited There have been a couple of bankruptcies that network. Network doesn’t mean you number of light points and the second one, in Germany during the past 12 months. have to have a lot of communication between net4more that is, would be for multiple And that’s quite unique. the light points. But light will become almost rooms, multiple floors, full buildings and even sentient. It will listen, see and then act multiple buildings on a scalable system. LED professional: Does the market even according to what’s happening. And it will Those are the two applications we go after. understand the difference in quality? I mean, require us to keep on innovating - building on the average person really can’t tell the our strong legacy - knowing how to convert LED professional: I believe that many difference between good light and bad light. 230 volts from the wall to the right voltage for luminaire manufacturers are experiencing Therefore the luminaire maker can take the LEDs, link it to sensors and controls and crises these days. Where is that coming optics from one company, the LED from make it run as a whole. - That’s the dream! from? Is it the new technology that they another and the driver from another, put it can’t deal with? I’ve noticed that 20 or on a board, and it’s finished. And it’s a known fact that goes against 25 years ago the luminaire business grew the erosion of quality: people feel better alongside the building business. But that’s Guido van Tartwijk: A lot of our efforts go and are noticeably healthier when they have not happening today: even though there into explaining to customers again and again proper lighting. And that is going to be the is a boom in the area of construction, that, for example, it is very important for us big trend - Human Centric Lighting based luminaire business is in crisis. that there is no ripple. We are putting a lot of on Artificial Intelligence effort into delivering the message that there Guido van Tartwijk: If you look at the global is a decent level of quality that you have to But 10 years is a short period of time. market and which countries have a positive adhere to. But of course, many customers We have a long way to go! GDP, and then you look at the construction are tempted to try something below that level industry which is booming, it is logical that and if no one complains, they say it’s good LED professional: Thank you very much there has to be a boom in the lighting enough. And that’s how the market goes for sharing your insights and your visions industry. That used to be true in the past. down in terms of quality, appreciation and with us. But now what we see are flat, or even things like that. Luckily, in some markets declining, luminaire sales in a very positive there are very strict regulations regarding the Guido van Tartwijk: My pleasure. economy. The answer has to lie in the fact quality of light. That’s why even in Europe that apparently it is now easier to build you see big differences. Some markets luminaires and to be in that market than have a higher acceptance level than others. it was in the past. So the barrier to enter It requires a lot of education to make sure the luminaire market has been lowered. that our customers don’t forget that if LEDs have contributed to the lowering of people are not excited about light, it’s a the barrier because it has become an missed opportunity. assembly industry where you just wrap a suitable cover or a lens around the LED LED professional: To wrap it up I’d like to and you have a luminaire. ask you to imagine it’s five or ten years in the future: What will lighting look like then and The reason for why we are growing so what will Tridonic’s position be? strongly in Eastern Europe and Turkey is that the amount of imported luminaires is Guido van Tartwijk: In my opinion, in ten phenomenal. So there is a supply surplus years, lighting will be in even more places and the laws of supply and demand dictate than it is today. It will be in places that you that the prices are going in the wrong don’t expect it to be today. Right now we see direction. And so, look at the volume being it in ceilings and standing luminaires outside.

RESEARCHCATEGORY FREEFORM MICRO-OPTICAL ELEMENTS 64 Smart Design of Freeform Micro-Optical Elements for Thin Direct-Lit Luminaires

Direct-lit LED luminaires consist of LED arrays. In order to achieve homogenous light distribution a diffuser sheet is placed at a certain height above the LED array. Usually the distance between the LEDs and the diffuser has to be greater than the distance between the LEDs on the array. To overcome this limitation, additional optical elements like freeform lenses are necessary. Christian Sommer, scientist at the Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics of the Joanneum Research Forschungsges.m.b.H and his colleagues, Claude Leiner, Ladislav Kuna, Paul Hartmann and Franz P. Wenzl propose a smart design concept for an extremely flat, direct-lit lighting system, making use of mask-less laser direct write lithography.

Common LED based direct-lit In this contribution we discuss a Introduction luminaires for general lighting smart design concept for an Light sources based on light applications use LEDs as light extremely flat, direct-lit lighting emitting diodes (LEDs) have a lot of sources, which are placed at a system. It is characterized by advantages in comparison with their certain distance in a regularly an improved distance (LEDs) to conventional counterparts like arranged array. In order to height (diffuser sheet) ratio incandescent or compact achieve homogenous light compared to diffuser sheet fluorescent lamps, which range from distribution a diffuser sheet only-approaches and a smaller lifetime, reliability, energy saving to has to be placed on the out- thickness compared to common new potentials for system integration coupling side at a certain freeform approaches. For this because of their compact sizes [1,2]. height above the LED array. demand we designed very thin As a consequence, LED based The required height is freeform lenses with a maximal luminaires nowadays have found determined by the distance height of 60 µm that allow to their way into signage, display between the LEDs. For this maintain a uniform illumination backlight, automotive lighting, so-called DHR (distance (of the in a flat direct-lit backlight using general lighting and architectural LEDs) to height (of the diffuser an LED-array with a comparably lighting applications. sheet placement) ratio) values large distance between the of 1 are hardly achievable. individual LEDs. The concept Still, research on LEDs and LED To overcome this limitation emphasizes the use of based luminaires has not come to additional optical elements like mask-less laser direct write an end yet and there are a lot of freeform lenses are necessary. lithography for the cost- challenges ahead for the ongoing effective fabrication of the thin improvements of device efficiency, freeform micro-lens array. white light quality, but also luminaire design. In this regard, in the following we extend our previous discussion [3] on a design concept for a direct-lit luminaire for general and architectural lighting.

As discussed in [3], such a set-up for a direct-lit luminaire has a close relationship to the more recognized

direct-lit backlight for liquid crystal distance between two LEDs and the High DHR values are desirable displays (LCD) used in the premium height (or the thickness) of the BLU, because for a specific area of the segment of television (TV) sets. i.e. distance-height ratio (DHR), luminaire a lower number of is high. Increasing the distance individual LEDs would be needed, The possibilities for a homogeneous between the LEDs of the regular which reduces the costs and lowers luminance and a very flat LED-array by keeping the target the electrical power needed. On the construction in combination with plane at a constant height is only other hand, when keeping the a large display size are the reasons possible with additional optics. number of LEDs fixed, a higher why LED based light sources have Several researchers have DHR value allows decreasing the become very attractive for the investigated freeform optics in this thickness of the luminaire facilitating backlight unit (BLU) of LCD context [6-8]. The related strategies its integration, e.g., into walls for television sets. On the other hand, e.g., rely on a freeform optic for a indoor lighting. these potentials are also very single LED die which generates a appealing for a direct-lit luminaire uniform square shaped irradiance In the following, we extend the aiming at general and architectural distribution with a certain width d. discussion on our recently lighting applications. Usually, Using an array of individual freeform presented design scheme for the LED light sources of a BLU optical elements with such a calculating thin freeform optical are arranged in an array and the configuration allows to generate a elements with an effective height of denser the LED dice are packed uniform irradiance distribution on about 60 µm for a direct-lit luminaire the higher is the uniformity of the the target plane, for example on a with a high DHR value and an irradiance on a target plane. Still, diffuser element, which transforms effective height of 10 mm, i.e. height the packaging density is limited by the uniform irradiance distribution of the target plane relatively to the the cost (due to a larger amount of into a uniform radiance. With such LEDs. In particular, we discuss LED dice needed with increasing a concept, a large area backlight non-rotationally symmetric FF density), the available space and with a size of several square meters elements, which are of relevance in thermal issues. and a uniform luminance comprising order to avoid the overlapping of the a high DHR value of up to 3 can irradiance distributions of the Therefore, research activities for be realized. individual elements. the design of direct-lit BLUs on the one hand focus on large-scale These properties are what a Figure 1 summarizes the direct-lit uniform illumination, and on the direct-lit luminaire would make also luminaire concept with a thin FF other hand on an increased distance very appealing for general and element for achieving a between the individual LEDs. architectural lighting: Large size homogeneous irradiance on the The research of the last several area, homogeneous luminance, target plane where a diffuser sheet years has investigated different high efficiency, a tuneable is placed, as discussed in our LED arrangements and the brightness, very thin height with previous publication. superposed illumination/irradiance a high DHR value. All these of the LEDs on a certain target desirable properties of LCD displays plane, e.g., for achieving a are also valid for general lighting Freeform Design Procedure homogenous illumination for a luminaires and can be derived from The design procedure for the rotational symmetric illuminance strategies developed in this regard. freeform (FF) optical elements used of a single LED [4,5]. However, While the freeform optic generates in this contribution has been the optimal arrangement alone is the uniform irradiance at the target published in more detail elsewhere not sufficient for achieving both a plane the diffuser sheet allows for [3]. Briefly, it is based on a two uniform illuminance and a thin BLU. angular mixing of the light so that a dimensional approach by applying It is desirable that the ratio of the uniform luminance can be obtained. Snell’s law in a ray mapping

Figure 1: Schematic of a direct- lit luminaire concept with flat freeform optics for achieving a homogeneous irradiance on the target plane, at which a diffuser sheet is placed

Figures 2: Illustration of the scheme, which is outlined in figure 2. The FF algorithm discretization of the enables the determination of a complex optical surface radiant intensity in a sequential process, which allows to transform an distribution I (θ) of the S arbitrary angle dependent radiant intensity distribution source (a). Scheme of the sequential IS(θ) of a light source into a calculated angle dependent FF algorithm to radiant intensity distribution IL(θ) which is generating the calculate the points desired irradiance distribution when illuminating the Bi and Ai, which are target plane [8]. In other words, the ray mapping determining the top and the bottom curve scheme correlates rays emitted by the light source with of the FF element (b). calculated points R on the target plane (Figure 2a). Schematic illustration This allows the design of an optical surface which of the functionality of the implemented refracts the emitted rays towards the calculated transformation points R (Figure 2c). algorithm when a point i B falls below the lower In order to find an optical element which is capable threshold value (c) to fulfil this condition, the radiant intensity distributions

IL(θ) and IS(θ) are discretized into M rays with different i i propagation angles θL and θS respectively, with i = 1, 2,…, M. By this, the points Ri on the target plane can be determined (Figure 2a). The rays emitted from the source must hit these points to create the desired irradiance distribution on the target plane. The points Bi, which are defining the FF surface, are calculated in a sequential process by determining the surface normal vectors Ni in a way that, according to Snell’s law, the rays are refracted towards their corresponding points Ri on the target plane (Figure 2b). After defining the A⁰ B⁰ and N⁰ as starting parameters the sequential process is composed of three iterative steps (Figure 2b).

The three iterative steps from figure 2b: • Determining the position of the point Ai by intersecting the i-th ray with the bottom surface and calculating the change of the propagation direction by Snell’s law • Determining the position of the Point Bi by intersecting the tangent corresponding to the point Bi-1 with the actual ray refracted at point Ai • Calculating the normal vector Ni in Bi in a way that the actual ray refracts towards the point Ri on the target plane

In order to create very thin FF lenses, we implemented an additional transformation algorithm directly in the sequential process of calculating the FF curve, which allows us to design flat FF lenses by defining two threshold values which define the minimal and the maximal height of the Bi points. The distance between the bottom surface and the lower threshold value therefore corresponds with the thickness of the thin foil (Figure 2c) and the distance between the lower and the upper threshold values defines the height of the FF structure. In case that the height of a point Bi drops below the lower threshold value during the sequential process, the height is artificially adjusted and the sequential process is continued with the adjusted point Bi (Figure 2c). With this measure the calculated FF elements can be restricted to a very flat design (e.g. a maximum of 60 µm), which can be fabricated on a thin foil and enables the use of cost-effective

Figure 3: manufacturing methods like Schematic illustration gray-scale laser lithography for for creating a mastering and roll-to-roll processing 3-dimensional for large area manufacturing of the FF element that gives reason for a optical elements. rectangular irradiance distribution on the The determined points Ai and Bi are target plane defining a bottom and a top profile of the FF lens and can be transformed into a three dimensional (3D) object by rotating the profile around the perpendicular z axis for 360°. However in this way only rotationally Figures 4a-g: symmetrical irradiance distributions 3D Model of a flat can be generated on the target segmented FF element plane. In order to extend this (98 segments) designed concept to irradiance distributions for generating an irradiance distribution with a rectangular shape the 3D FF with a square shape on object has to be “segmented” into a target plane (a). different slices with a constant Corresponding irradiance distribution azimuth step size α. on the target plane, determined by RT In figure 3 the process for creating simulations (d). such a segmented FF element for 3D Model of a flat segmented FF element a non-rotationally symmetrical (98 segments) designed irradiance distribution is illustrated. for generating a The shape of the irradiance uniform irradiance distribution is divided by a pre- distribution with a square shape on defined number of swept profiles a target plane (b). into different slices. The length of Corresponding the slices depends on the shape of irradiance distribution on the target plane, the irradiance distribution and the determined by RT number of slices depends on the simulations (e). segmentation angle α. In the next 3D Model of the flat step the FF algorithm is conducted segmented FF element (98 segments) used for every slice separately, creating in b with the FF element different FF curves for each slice. placed on a diffuser Rotating these different FF curves foil (c). Corresponding around the center (by the azimuth irradiance distribution on the target plane, step size α) allows to generate 3D determined by RT segments of the FF object. After the simulations (f). last step the whole FF object is Cross section of the composed of these different segments. shortest and the longest segments of the flat segmented FF elements of b and c (g) Results and Discussion In this section Ray-Tracing (RT) simulation results of different FF elements are shown to illustrate the design concepts discussed in section 2. distribution. The FF elements are top surface green line) of the foil as considered to be placed on a 0.5 mm well as the calculated FF curves of Figures 4a, 4b and 4c show the top thick foil with a refractive index of the shortest (red line) and the view of flat FF elements composed 1.517 and a distance of 1 mm longest (dotted blue line) of the of 98 segments. These FF elements between the bottom surface of segments of the FF element shown are designed to generate a square the foil and the emitting area of in figures 4b,c. shaped irradiance distribution on a the light source. target plane in a distance of 10 mm, Due to the transformation algorithm using a 0.5x0.5 mm² LED chip with Figure 4g shows a cross section of applied in order to maintain a very a Lambertian radiant intensity the foil (bottom surface blue line, low height, the calculated segments

Figure 5: Schematic sketch 10 mm. The top side, the front of the direct-lit side wall and one half of the luminaire showing the scattering foil were made arrangement of the transparent in the illustration, relevant components and the dimension of to facilitate the understanding of the box the geometrical arrangement of the different optical components of the simulation setting. The bottom side of the luminaire box is composed of a printed circuit board (PCB) with a square shaped LED Figures 6a&b: Simulation result of the array. The surface of the PCB was irradiance distribution considered to be covered with on the target plane a resist that has Lambertian using the diffuser foil scattering properties (reflectivity with FF elements (a). Simulated irradiance 85%) for incident rays. distribution on the target plane without The scattering foil with the FF any optical element (b) elements is placed in a distance of 1 mm from the LEDs. The arrangement is in a way that the centers of the FF elements are aligned with the centers of of the FF elements are showing irradiance distributions within the the single LED surfaces to generate a different number of “teeth” target area. On the other hand, a uniform irradiance distribution depending on how many times the amount of radiant intensity on the top surface of the box, the curve dropped below the which is not collected by the FF which is placed 10 mm above the lower threshold value during the elements is causing an unwanted light sources. The dimensions of sequential calculation process. intensity distribution outside of the the LED dice were chosen to be However, due to the transformation target area (Figure 4e), which will 0.5x0.5 mm² with Lambertian algorithm the maximal thickness of affect the neighbouring intensity radiant intensity distributions. the different segments is not distributions when using the FF The distance between the LED surpassing 60 µm (Figures 4a-c). elements in an array. dice as well as the FF elements were set to be 16.2 mm, resulting in The FF algorithm applied is based To encounter this issue, the FF a DHR of 1.62 for the simulated on a two dimensional approximation. element of figure 4b was placed direct-lit lighting application. For this reason the FF elements can on a diffuser foil (Figure 4c) having only affect the θ propagation a Lambertian scattering properties Figure 6 shows the simulated direction of the rays. On the other in order to redistribute rays which irradiance distribution on the target hand the individual segments are are not refracted at the FF element plane for this simulation setting redistributing the same radiant randomly on the target plane. with (Figure 6a) and without intensity of the light source on Directly beneath the FF elements, (Figure 6b) the scattering foil different areas due to the different the foil has no diffusing properties. with the attached FF elements. lengths of the slices, which causes As one can see from figure 4f, As one can see the irradiance an inhomogeneous irradiance which is showing the simulated distribution generated with the distribution (Figure 4d). irradiance distribution on the target scattering foil containing FF plane, the diffuser foil is redistributing elements shows a very good degree To encounter for this issue, the unwanted intensity distribution of uniformity on the target area. the amount of radiant intensity outside of the target area. In order figure 6b shows a reference collected by each segment was to show the capability of this simulation of the direct-lit luminaire adjusted in a way that each segment approach for a direct-lit lighting assuming that no optical elements generates the same absolute application, 4x4 FF elements in are applied between the light irradiance value on the target accordance with the design of sources and the top side of the box. plane (Figure 4e). Figure 4e shows figure 4c were arranged together in a The irradiance distribution of the the irradiance distributions square shaped array on a scattering reference simulation clearly shows (determined by RT simulations) on foil which has a thickness of 0.5 mm. intensity peaks at the positions of the target plane, generated by the the light sources and would give FF element of figure 4b. As one can In figure 5 illustrates a simulation reason for an inhomogeneous see, due to this correction, the FF model of a 64.9x64.9 mm² direct- radiance distribution of the direct-lit element is generating now uniform lit luminaire box with a height of luminaire box.

Conclusions In this way it was possible to simulation of a direct-lit luminaire In this contribution a two calculate a FF element with a box without any optical elements dimensional FF approach for thickness of about 60 µm between the light sources and the calculating thin FF elements for redistributing the radiant intensity top side of the box indicated a clear lighting applications, e.g., for the of a 0.5x0.5 mm² LED light source improvement in terms of uniformity use in direct-lit luminaire boxes, into a square shaped irradiance of the irradiance distribution for the was presented. The proposed FF distribution on a target plane in a given DHR value of the box by the algorithm allows the calculation of distance of 10 mm. By arranging use of the FF elements. On the FF elements refracting the radiant 4x4 of these FF elements in a other hand the presented design intensity of LEDs into uniform shaped array on a scattering foil concept of such thin FF elements irradiance distributions with arbitrary with a thickness of 0.5 mm a enables the use of cost-effective shape. Furthermore a threshold direct-lit luminaire box with a DHR of manufacturing methods like value was included in the calculation 1.62 was simulated which showed gray-scale laser lithography for algorithm enabling the control of an irradiance distribution with a very mastering and roll-to-roll processing the maximal height of the calculated good degree of uniformity on the for large area manufacturing of the FF elements. top side. A direct comparison with a optical elements.

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the BMWFW within the Research Studio Austria program of the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), project number 844742.

References: [1] Schubert, E. F., “Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart,” Science (80-. ). 308(5726), 1274-1278 (2005) [2] Craford, M. G., “LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges,” Proc. SPIE 5941(c), 594101-594101 - 10 (2005) [3] Leiner, C., Nemitz, W., Schweitzer, S., Wenzel, F.P., Sommer, C., “Smart freeform optics solution for an extremely thin direct-lit application,” Proc. SPIE 9889, 988911-988911-11 (2016) [4] Qin, Z., Wang, K., Chen, F., Luo, X.., Liu, S., “Analysis of condition for uniform lighting generated by array of light emitting diodes with l arge view angle,” Opt. Express 18(16), 17460-17476 (2010) [5] Whang, A. J. W., Chen, Y. Y.., Teng, Y. T., “Designing uniform illumination systems by surface-tailored lens and configurations of LED arrays,” IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Technol. 5(3), 94-103 (2009) [6] Wu, R., Zheng, Z., Li, H.., Liu, X., “P-63: Optimization Design of Irradiance Array for the Direct-lit LED Backlight,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 43(1), 1299-1301 (2012) [7] Bin, X., Run, H.., Luo, X., “Design of a brightness-enhancement-film-adaptive freeform lens to enhance overall performance in direct-lit light-emitting diode backlighting,” Appl. Opt. 54(17), 5542-5548 (2015) [8] Hu, R., Zheng, H., Ji, C., Liu, S.., Luo, X., “A method to design freeform lens for uniform illumination in direct-lit led backlight with high distance-height ratio,” 2012 13th Int. Conf. Electron. Packag. Technol. High Density Packag., 1474-1478, IEEE (2012)

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Lighting efficiency for endoscopic instruments has been deemed very poor, at only about 20%. While laboratory tests demonstrate that fiber optics bending is not problematic, optical simulations clearly show that lighting efficiency is strongly limited by the Étendue. Because of strong geometrical constraints in the light coupling area of an endoscope system, only a radical new optical design can provide significant improvement.Alexander Gaertner and Paola Belloni from the Faculty of Mechanical and Medical Engineering and the Steinbeis Transferzentrum Lichttechnik und Beleuchtungsoptik at the University Furtwangen discuss these issues and propose possible approaches.

The presented work focuses on 19%. Both the endoscope´s The investigations showed the improvement of the degree geometrical components as well that because of the physical of efficiency of the illumination as the critical optical interfaces constraints given by the optics of rigid medical have been implemented in a Étendue, a significant endoscopes to provide more 3D-optomechanical-simulation improvement of the efficiency Figure 1: light in the surgeon’s field of model. By means of optical of typical rigid endoscopes can The typical illumination view and therefore better image simulations we developed only be achieved by radically optics of a rigid endoscope: a fiber quality. At first, the photometric alternative optical components changing the geometries and optic cable, a cone- and colorimetric properties inside the endoscope to the mechanism that allow light shaped optics and a of typical external LED light optimize light collimation to the transport and outcoupling. fiber bundle in which sources that power state-of- target surface. The optimization single glass fibers are embedded into a light the-art endoscope systems takes into account both spectral absorbing adhesive. were measured. Further and angular light distribution of The dimension of a measurements of the efficiency the external LED light source single fiber optics is of the whole endoscope as well as material absorption in µ-range, the fiber bundle has a diameter systems surprisingly showed caused by manufacturing of a few mm very low values of about 16%- processes.

Introduction European normative DIN EN 60601 [2]. Analysis of LED-Light Over the past years, endoscopes Recently KARL STORZ introduced Sources and Endoscopes have become an essential part of a Uretero-Renoscope with LEDs The first step of our optimization minimally invasive surgery and, integrated in the handle [3]. approach is the photometric and nowadays, are indispensable in But up to now, an integrated colorimetric analysis of external operating rooms. Especially LED-illumination is not state of the LED-Light sources. The results illumination has always been a art yet and the actual light source obtained are thus implemented in great challenge for every type of is placed outside the endoscope the optomechanical simulation endoscope and is now more in an external unit. model developed with LightTools important than ever, since (Synopsys©) and further considered endoscopy systems become Figure 1 describes in a schematic in the optimization procedure. smaller and more complex. way the illumination optics Each endoscope is provided with components integrated into a rigid Therefore, at first the illuminance an illumination optics that guides endoscope. An external light source values of state-of-the-art external light from an external light source to is connected to the endoscope via LED-light sources in the lighting the distal end of the endoscope and a fiber optic cable with a typical technology laboratory was an imaging optics that captures diameter in mm range. From there, measured. All fiber optic cable reflected light from the surgical field the illumination optics typically measurements were carried out and guides it to the proximal end to consists of two components: with an integrating Ulbricht sphere further images processing. a small cone-shaped optics and a (D=25 cm; Instruments systems) and fiber bundle in which single glass a goniophotometer with integrated We distinguish between rigid, fibers are embedded into an spectrometer for angular dependent flexible and newly developed adhesive. Light is coupled from spectral measurements (Czibula and capsule endoscopes. In capsule AFiberopticCable under an angle α into Grundmann). endoscopes, illumination is realized the glass-condensing cone and is by integrating LEDs that directly coupled out under a range of angles All measurements are performed illuminate the field of view [1]. that depends on the collimation according to DIN EN 13032-4 [4]. However, integrating LEDs in rigid properties achieved. But only rays and flexible endoscopes present that hit the surface AFiberbundle inside Most of the LED-light sources show challenges with respect to heat the acceptance angle β of the glass the typical phosphor-converted dissipation in order to be compliant fibers are transferred to the distal white light spectrum with a CCT with the strict regulations regarding end of the endoscope to finally between 4600 K and 6100 K and temperatures and electrical safety of illuminate the field of view of the expected angular dependence medical equipment as defined in the the surgeon. of spectral properties. But quite

Figures 2a&b: Examples of the LED-light sources properties measured at the fiber cable end. (a) Spectrum 1 shows a typical phosphor- converted white LED with a CCT=5600 K whereas Spectrum 2 is an RGB system. Angular distribution curve of the light output, showing a maximum aperture/ cut off angle of ±36°. (b) The graphs show the angular dependent spectral properties of Spectrum 1

Figure 3: Illuminance losses that imply inaccuracies in the optical occur when connecting simulations because only defined one representative alignment patterns (e.g. rectangular external LED-light or hexagonal) can be simulated source (green bars) to three endoscopes and they do not accurately of leading OEMs (blue correspond to the real alignment bars). Measurements in a rigid endoscope. are performed at different intensity levels The first goal was to investigate the absorption in the materials used by means of optical simulations. The analysis of the wavelength- dependent material losses shows that in the glass condensing cone bulk absorption and multiple reflections lead to marginal losses. Moreover, dispersive losses within the glass fibers of the fiber bundle were considered, which have a typical length of approximately surprisingly one spectrum is an luminous flux out of the endoscope 300 mm. If light is efficiently coupled RGB system. All angular distribution relative to that of the fiber optics one. into the glass fibers of the fiber curves measured at the fiber optic bundle, the absorption losses in cable end are rotationally symmetric Moreover, it has to be considered the fiber optics itself are negligible. and show a cut-off angle. This is an that this result is not specific for important parameter for optimizing the external light source shown Therefore, the analysis focused on the illumination optics in the in figure 3. In fact, an analysis of two critical optical interfaces that optomechanical simulation model. other standard light sources on can cause high efficiency losses in the market delivered the same rigid endoscopes: Thus, the external LED-light sources results when connected to the • Light coupling between fiber optic were connected to three different endoscopes [5]. This allows the cable of the external light source endoscopes of leading OEMs in the conclusion that some bottleneck and glass condensing cone medical sector and measured the effects among the components of • Light coupling between glass illuminance values. The external light the endoscope systems must be at condensing cone and fiber bundle sources are typically adjustable to the origin of such lower efficiency. different brightness levels in order We found out that most light losses to better suit the specific needs of occur at the second critical interface the surgeon. Modeling the between the glass condensing cone Endoscope System and fiber bundle. The following three brightness In LightTools (Synopsys©) the levels were analyzed: optomechanical model of one of • Level 1 (minimum) the endoscope systems previously Étendue Efficiency • Level 5 (mean) and measured was built and the spectral Constraint • Level 10 (maximum) properties and angular light The reasons for the high losses at distribution of the LED light source this critical interface are the Each measurement was repeated were implemented. Fiber bundles in constraints given by the Étendue: 10 times and over a period of rigid endoscopes are typically glued. limitations of the glass condensing 1 hour with measurement intervals Adhesive fills intermediate gaps cone to focus light on the target

of 5 minutes. between single fibers and fully surface AFiberbundle and in a solid angle absorbs incident rays. In this within the angle of acceptance of

Figure 3 clearly demonstrates that simulation model the fiber bundle the glass fibers Ωβ. (Figure 4) very high illuminance losses occur is embedded into the adhesive, when the external light source is which is implemented as an Figure 4 shows the Étendue connected to the endoscope absorbing layer (Figure 1). efficiency calculation for the source, systems. Indeed, all the endoscope However, the production of fiber optical systems and image plane systems examined in this study bundles is not an automated characteristic of the endoscope reveal a total degree of efficiency of process and therefore every system described in Figure 1. only 16%-19%. The degree of endoscope has a different The area of the source times the efficiency of an endoscope is alignment of single fibers. projected solid angle of the emission defined here as a ratio between These manufacturing constraints defines the limit of the Étendue

Figure 4: (A *Ω ). If the product of the designed to maximize the system’s engine. In the optimization process FiberopticCable α Schematic view of aperture area of the collection optics theoretical degree of efficiency. surface area and entrance solid Étendue efficiency and the projected solid angle of the In fact, the glass-condensing cone angle of the light source are kept calculation with the output distribution (A *Ω ) is focuses light on a surface much constant while the optimization source on the left Fiberbundle β (Fiber optic), the optical less than this limit, there will be an bigger than the target surface parameters target surface and system as a black box efficiency loss quantified by their AFiberbundle. Moreover, a significant exit solid angle are equally weighted (glass cone) and the ratio [6]. In most endoscope fraction of the light that reaches in the merit function. image on the right (Fiber bundle). Ω is the systems A is significantly the fiber bundle has an angular α Fiberbundle solid angle subtended smaller that AFiberopticCable, while α aperture greater than Ωβ. This optimized CPC model only at the source by the and β are comparable, resulting obtained a marginal efficiency entrance aperture of the optical system, Ω is the in an Étendue efficiency significantly Some examples are shown in improvement, which, after absorption β solid angle subtended smaller than 1. Moreover, Figure 5. On the left side, in the adhesive layer of the fiber at the image by the exit because of adhesive absorption concentrator 1 illustrates a bundle, resulted in 21%, against the aperture in the intermediate regions among Compound Parabolic Concentrator 16%-19% measured values of the Figure 5: the single glass fibers of A , (CPC) developed using the current endoscopes. Development of two Fiberbundle concentrators to focus final efficiency will be even lower. standard LightTools CPC-Utility the light of the LED for a light source whose surface We also designed optical systems external light source area and entrance and exit solid made up of lenses and of a on the target surface A and inside Optical Development angle are known. On the right side, combination of lenses and CPCs. Fiberbundle the solid angle Ω . Taking into account the constraints concentrator 2 demonstrates a However, the best result was β The wireframe view given by Étendue optical alternatives CPC developed as a free geometry achieved by using CPCs only. shows the problems of to the glass-condensing cone were using the software’s optimization back reflections

Conclusion Aware of this limitation, we optimized and the mechanisms that allow The typical geometrical the optical design of the central light collimation, transport and configuration of light sources and collimation unit in a rigid endoscope outcoupling inside the endoscope. fiber bundles in rigid endoscope and obtained a slight improvement Therefore, the future work will focus systems is the reason for the low of the efficiency by means of a on these alternative approaches to degree of efficiency (only 16%-19%) CPC-system. It is clear that the avoid Étendue limitations. of the illumination optics of improvement potential is limited by state-of-the-art endoscopes on the Étendue efficiency constraint the market. In fact, both the target and therefore this approach turned surface and the exit solid angle are out to be not worthy of following. very small compared to the source area and emission solid angle, A more efficient illumination optics which is the reason for the low can only be achieved by radically Étendue efficiency. changing both the geometries

Acknowledgements: The authors thank the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) for its financial support of the project EDISON (Endoscopy Illumination System Optimization). EDISON is one of the ten projects in the research frame work initiative CoHMed (Connected Health in Medical Mountains) aimed at transferring current scientific trends in medical technology to biologize, miniaturize, and digitalize medical devices with industrial partners of the University of Furtwangen

References: [1] Shrestha R, Mohammed SK, Hasan MM, Zhang X, Wahid KA. Automated Adaptive Brightness in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Using Image Segmentation and Sigmoid Function. IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems 2016; 10: 884-892. [2] Norm DIN EN 60601-1:2006, Medizinisch elektrische Gerate - Teil 1: Allgemeine Festlegungen fur die Sicherheit einschließlich der wesentlichen Leistungsmerkmale-Deutsche Fassung EN 60601-1:2006; Januar 2007 [3] KARL STORZ; Highlights 2016 - Telepräsenz Bildgebende Systeme, Dokumentation, Beleuchtung, Gerätewagen: „Innovative Visualisierungsmodi in 2D und 3D"; 2016. [4] DIN EN 13032-4. Light and Lighting - Measurements and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 4: LED lamps, modules and luminaires; German version EN 13032-4:2015. [5] Alexander Gaertner and Paola Belloni (2018): Analysis and Simulation of the Illumination Optics of Rigid Medical Endoscopes. In: Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering. To be published in September 2018. [6] Mark E. Kaminski, "LED illumination design in volume constraint environments", Proc. SPIE 5942, Nonimaging Optics and Efficient Illumination Systems II, 59420F (20 August 2005)

ENGINEERING PHOTOMETRIC DATA FILE FORMAT 76 Rethinking the Photometric Data File Format

With increasing computing power, engineering disciplines cannot be imagined without simulations anymore. In lighting, photometric data and electronic processing of this data has become one of the most important tools for luminaire design and lighting design. This data is today provided in IES LM-63 format, a format that meanwhile has come to its limits. P. Eng. (Ret) Ian Ashdown, Senior Scientist at SunTracker Technologies Ltd., explains why the time for a change to a new standard has come and discusses the newly proposed standard and its properties in detail: ANSI/IES TM-33 respectively UNI 1603054.

It has been over 30 years photon is inversely proportional Brief History of IES LM-63 since the first version of to its wavelength, so quantum If you perform lighting design the IES LM-63-86, flux is not directly comparable calculations today, you can thank IES Recommended Standard to radiant flux). the efforts of the Illuminating File Format for Electronic Engineering Society’s Computer Transfer of Photometric Data The LM-63 and EULUMDAT Committee (IESCC) some thirty was published. After three file formats are clearly incapable years ago. Its members recognized revisions which mainly of characterizing luminaires an industry need, and so developed concerned the file format for these applications. It is and published IES LM-63-86, specification, IES LM-63 still therefore time, indeed well past IES Recommended Standard File focuses on “old technologies” time, to rethink the photometric Format for Electronic Transfer of and does not consider data file format. It is more than Photometric Data. With the growing new requirements. just photometric data, however; popularity of the IBM Personal it is luminaire optical data that Computer for business applications, As professional lighting we need to think about. it was an idea whose time had designers, we now have to come. consider color-changing luminaires, theatrical lighting, The need was clear: Lighting human-centric lighting, Technologies (Boulder, CO) had horticultural lighting, released its Lumen Micro lighting ultraviolet sterilization units, design and analysis software radiant heating devices, product in 1982, and luminaire and more. We need to consider manufacturers needed to provide spectral power distributions, photometric data for their products. S/P ratios, melanopic and For them, IES LM-63 was a mesopic lumens, radiant and god-send in that it established an photon intensity distributions, industry-standard file format. photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), irradiance and In keeping with the technology of photon flux density distributions, the time, the file format was color rendition metrics … human-readable ASCII text, the list goes on and on something that could be printed with (Remark: Photon flux, also a dot-matrix printer. It also resulted commonly referred to as in files of only a few kilobytes, quantum flux, is the rate of flow a definite advantage when data files of photons. Radiant flux, by were transferred by mail on 5-1/4 comparison, is the rate of flow inch floppy diskettes capable of of energy. The energy of a holding 360 kilobytes of data.

Figure 1: IBM Hollerith 80-character punch cards (Credits: Wikimedia Commons [1])

Figure 2: The file format itself revealed "Modern something of its origins by limiting communications line lengths to 80 characters - technology" - circa 1986 the width of an IBM Hollerith punch (Credits: Wikimedia Commons [2]) card in the 1960s (Figure 1).

Three decades later, our personal computers are one thousand times faster, with one million times the memory capacity and ten million times more data storage capacity. Data is transferred by fiber optic cable and satellite links at gigahertz rates … and we are still using IES LM-63 photometric data files!

The “we” of course refers mostly to North America. In Europe, It is a testament to something - Institute of Building Services the equivalent file format is exactly what is unclear - that these Engineers in the United Kingdom EULUMDAT, which was introduced two file formats have met the lighting introduced its CIBSE TM14 file in 1990 for use with Microsoft’s industry’s needs for so long. format specification in 1988, but it MS-DOS 3.0 operating system. Coming from an era of floppy has since slipped into obscurity). Again, in keeping with the diskettes and dial-up modems with technology of the time, it was acoustic couplers (Figure 2), To be fair, LM-63 was revised in also human-readable ASCII text. they should have become extinct 1991, 1995, and 2002. These decades ago (The Chartered revisions, however, at best tweaked

the file format specification to Photometric and Spectrometric for BIM applications provides an resolve various ambiguities and add Data Exchange of Lighting excellent example. a few minor features. What we have Equipment and of the Lamps. today is basically what was published As of this writing, the CIE is Quoting from the gbXML Web site: in 1986, a time when the pinnacle considering adopting the standard of lamp technology was the as a joint CIE/ISO publication. “The Green Building XML schema, compact fluorescent lamp with In the meantime, CIE Division 1 is or "gbXML," was developed to an electronic ballast. establishing a new technical facilitate the transfer of building committee to maintain what information stored in CAD-based If the LM-63 file format has an has become, as intended, building information models, advantage, it is that it is an ANSI/IES an international standard. enabling interoperability between standard that is maintained by an disparate building design and internationally-recognized standards For the sake of brevity, the standard engineering analysis software organization. EULUMDAT, on the will be referred in this article as tools. This is all in the name of other hand, is a de facto standard “TM-33.” However, all information helping architects, engineers, that has been essentially frozen in and comments apply equally to and energy modelers to design time since its publication in 1990. UNI 1603054. more energy efficient buildings.” Without the authority of a standards organization such as ANSI/IES or Unfortunately for the lighting industry, CEN (European Committee for BIM Standards the gbXML schema has an XML Standardization) to maintain the file Some North American readers “element” called “Photometry”. format, it can never be revised. may remember IESNA LM-74-05, Standard File Format for the The description of the XML Today, the problem is that while Electronic Transfer of Luminaire “Photometry” element reads: LM-63 and EULUMDAT are still Component Data. The IESCC useful in terms of characterizing worked on the development of this “This element has been left open architectural and roadway document for over a decade prior for use with other photometry luminaires, the lighting industry to its publication in 2005. It was definitions. Photometric data is has moved beyond luminous an ambitious effort to combine all required for various forms of intensity distributions. aspects of luminaires into a single lighting analysis. This tag provides data file, including far-field a way for the photometric data to photometry, lamp and ballast be passed. Since this can be An International Standard information, physical geometry, done in a variety of ways (iesna Beginning in September 2016, construction materials and finishes, LM-63, cibse TM14, EULUMDAT, the IESCC initiated a standards CAD drawings, photographs, etc.) a specific format is not development project for the and more. being specified.” representation of luminaire optical data. Given today’s global trade Unfortunately, it was too ambitious. Defining a new luminaire optical networks, it was imperative that Despite the first release being data format that is compatible the standard be international in focused on lamp data, the standard with the gbXML and similar BIM scope rather than regional or was never adopted by its intended schemas therefore serves a clear national. Some fifty lighting industry audience of luminaire manufacturers, and present need. companies and professionals architects and engineers, lighting from around the world were product specifiers, photometric therefore recruited to contribute testing laboratories, and lighting Understanding XML to the project. software developers. Simply put, The advantage of gbXML is that it is the lighting industry at the time based on the international data Two years later, the effort has did not have a need for such exchange standard XML (eXtensible succeeded beyond all expectations. a standard. Markup Language). The details of The IESCC worked closely with this standard are complex and the Italian national standards Today, we might look upon exhausting, but basically every XML organization (UNI) Technical LM-74-05 as being an early example document consists of text strings Commission CT023, Light and of a specialized building information called “elements”. Lighting, to produce two functionally management (BIM) schema, one equivalent versions of the standard: that focused on a small subset of XML element example: ANSI/IES TM-33, Standard Format typically much larger datasets. for the Electronic Transfer of (A document schema is Alfred E. Neuman Luminaire Optical Data, and UNI conceptually equivalent to a file 1603054, Light and Lighting - format specification.) The Green ... where the data is surrounded by Specifications for a Format of Building XML Schema (gbXML) begin and end “tags.”

Figure 3: Luminaire dimensions

These elements can be arranged With this, TM-33 documents from intentionally modifying the in a hierarchy, such as: are comprised of four sections: document data, it at least solves the Header, Luminaire, Equipment, problem of multiple files with the and Emitter. same name. Even better, UUIDs Alfred E. Neuman (which are commonly used to identify information in computer MAD Magazine Four sections of an systems) are for all practical TM-33 document in detail purposes unique, and do not require a central registration authority. Header In this example, the The header section includes With the introduction of IoT element is the “parent,” and any information that is currently available technology, it is becoming elements within it are its “children.” in LM-63 and EULUMDAT files, increasingly important to keep track such as manufacturer, of related documents, particularly Building on this simplest of catalog number, description, manuals, for luminaires. There may representations, virtually any type and test laboratory, but there therefore be one or more optional of data can be unambiguously are some interesting additions. Reference elements to list the names represented within an XML of these documents. For more document. If a person or computer Interesting additions of TM-33 volatile information, the optional program reading an XML document documents: More Information URI element encounters an unknown element • GTIN provides a Uniform Resource tag, the element and its children • Unique Identifier Identifier (i.e., a Web address) for (if any) can simply be ignored. • Reference further luminaire information. • More Information URI This, of course, is the problem with including LM-63 or EULUMDAT text The optional GTIN (Global Trade Luminaire files verbatim (i.e., as a multiline text Item Number) element is an TM-33 represents the luminaire as string) within gbXML or similar BIM internationally-recognized an axis-aligned rectangular box or documents. Yes, it can be done, identification code for trade items. cylinder (FIG. 3) that bounds the but the computer program reading Consumers encounter various forms actual luminaire geometry. The the document needs to be able to of GTINs almost every day when luminaire section therefore lists the somehow identify and read these they purchase products with dimensions of this “bounding box” files. Designing TM-33 as an XML barcode labels. A GTIN uniquely as length, width, and height. document has resolved this problem. identifies the luminaire. It could be argued that more One of the problems with current detailed geometric information Document Structure photometric data files is that there is would be useful, such as ceiling Compared to the simplicity of no version control. If a company cutout dimensions for recessed photometric data files, the TM-33 reissues photometric data for a luminaires. This, however, is more document schema is relatively product, there is no way of properly addressed with BIM complex, with over 240 defined distinguishing between files other documents - TM-33 is concerned XML elements. However, the majority than their file creation dates. If the only with luminaire optical data. of these elements are optional. files are copied for any reason, Existing IES LM-63 and EULUMDAT these dates can change. To address photometric data files can be ported this issue, the optional Unique Equipment to equivalent TM-33 documents Identifier element identifies the The equipment section describes with no loss of information, and with TM-33 document with a Universally the laboratory instruments used the resultant TM-33 files being not Unique Identifier (UUID). While a to perform the luminaire optical much larger than the original files. UUID does not prevent someone data measurements.

Lab instruments can include: the emitter information may Intensity data • Gonioradiometer (intensity optionally include power factor, With photometric data files, measurements) correlated color temperature (CCT) most of the data represents the • Integrating sphere (flux values, color rendering metric values luminous intensity measurements measurements) (Ra and R9 for CIE Colour for vertical and horizontal angles. • Spectroradiometer (spectral Rendering, and Rf and Rg for The same is true for TM-33 power distribution measurements) IES TM-30-15 Color Rendition), documents in the emitter section and scotopic-to-photopic except that, depending on the and detailed information specific lumens (S/P) ratios. For variable- application, the intensity to these instruments, such as CCT luminaires, some of these measurements may be based the gonioradiometer type and values may need to be expressed on luminous flux, radiant flux, spectroradiometer characteristics. as ranges. photon flux, or spectral radiant flux.

The term “gonioradiometer” is One optional but important item Both radiant and photon something of a compromise in that is the “Data Generation” element. intensity are measured over a the instruments may be designed to With photometric data files, it is specified range of wavelengths. measure luminous intensity (i.e. a impossible to know whether the When photon intensity is goniophotometer), radiant intensity luminous intensity data was measured over the range of (i.e. a gonioradiometer), or photon measured in a laboratory or the 400 nm to 700 nm, it is equivalent intensity for horticultural applications result of a computer simulation. to photosynthetically active (for which there is no accepted The Data Generation element radiation (PAR). instrument name). The only distinguishes between the two, difference between the three types including whether the measured Spectral radiant intensity is that the photosensor has different intensity data has been scaled distributions assign an SPD spectral weightings for each one based on the number of lamps to each measurement. (e.g. V(λ) for luminous intensity). and whether the measurement The distributions are useful for angles were interpolated. It also representing the variation in provides detailed information on color with varying view angle, Emitter the laboratory accreditation and such as occurs with phosphor- Photometric data files assume that instrument measurement uncertainties. coated white light LEDs. the luminaire includes one or more removable lamps, but this concept Each intensity measurement does not apply to solid state lighting, Spectroradiometric data is expressed as (for example): which may have removable LED A key ability of the emitter section modules or non-removable LED is to represent the spectral power 109 modules may emit ultraviolet or Following IES TM-27-14, IES infrared radiation rather than visible Standard Format for the Electronic light. For the purposes of TM-33, Transfer of Spectral Data, By explicitly expressing the these are therefore collectively the measured spectral radiant flux vertical and horizontal angles for referred to as “emitters.” is reported for each wavelength. each measurement, there is no requirement for the data to be Most SPDs are reported with organized as a two-dimensional Additions to the Usual constant wavelength intervals array of vertical angles and LM-63 and EULUMDAT (e.g. 5 nm), but TM-33 does not horizontal planes. This is Lamp Information impose such a restriction. important because some robotic In addition to the usual LM-63 Consequently, both continuous gonioradiometers are capable and EULUMDAT lamp information - and line emission spectral features of measuring angular positions quantity, rated lumens, can be represented with arbitrary on a geodesic sphere and other input wattage and so forth - wavelength precision. complex angular patterns.

Table 1: Intensity measurement Intensity Metric Typical Applications data, type and application Luminous lumens per steradian (candela) Architectural and roadway lighting

Radiant watts per steradian UV sterilization and radiant heating

Photon micromoles per steradian per second Horticultural lighting

Spectral watts per steradian per nanometer Angular color uniformity

Application-Distance Emission Areas reading the TM-33 document Radiometry Discomfort glare metrics such as explicitly recognizes the custom Application-distance photometry, the CIE Unified Glare Rating (CIE data element, the element and all of also known as “near-field 117-1996) require knowledge of its children elements will be ignored. photometry,” was developed in the luminous areas of luminaires the 1990s to represent the as seen by the observer. TM-33 illuminance distribution on a ceiling supports the representation of one Summary above an indirect linear fluorescent or more rectangular or elliptical If the above description of the luminaire. The laboratory “emission areas” on any side of the TM-33 document schema seems measurement process was luminaire bounding box or cylinder. rather complex, that is because it is. documented in IES LM-70-00, While both the IES LM-63 and Guide to Near-Field Photometry, EULUMDAT file formats are but it was never adopted by the Emitter center specified using one to several lighting industry. The “Emitter Center” element pages, the ANSI/IES TM-33 and specifies the horizontal and UNI 1603054 document specifications Today, however, there is an obvious vertical offsets of the presumed run to 70 pages or more. application: linear LED strips used in point source from the geometric vertical farms, where trays of leafy center of the luminaire bounding Most of the XML elements green vegetables are grown within box or cylinder. comprising a TM-33 document, half a meter of the luminaires. however, are optional. Porting an As of this writing, the IES and the LM-33 or EULUMDAT data file to the American Society of Agricultural Regulatory values TM-33 format results in documents and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Measurement values presented in that are not much larger than the are collaborating on the a TM-33 document can be one of original files, and with no loss of development of a standard for three types: measured; rated; information. On the other hand, application-distance radiometry or nominal. A “rated” value is the newly-generated TM-33 documents measurements. The standard will value of a quantity used for provide for a wealth of useful also be applicable to ultraviolet specification purposes, established information for luminaires that can sterilization units and infrared ovens. for a specified set of operating (and likely should) be included. conditions of the product, while a TM-33 fully supports application- “nominal value” is an approximate Finally, the TM-33 document distance measurements for quantity value used to designate or schema was intentionally designed illuminance, irradiance, photon flux identify the product. If a particular to be extensible. Whatever future density, and spectral irradiance, regulatory element (e., “Input Watts”) additions may be made to the with multiple planes oriented at is absent, its values are assumed to schema, they will always be any angle as required. have been measured or calculated completely backwards-compatible from measured data. with the base document.

Channels The lighting industry currently relies A luminaire may have multiple Custom data on photometric data file formats emitters with different SPDs, The “Custom Data” element that were developed three decades such as a theatrical luminaire with provides a means of including ago. The TM-33 document schema red, green, blue, and amber LEDs. custom data. For example, has been designed for today and If the intensity of each emitter can a company or government agency the future. be independently dimmed without may require additional data that significantly changing the spatial cannot be represented within intensity distribution, a “channel the base TM-33 document. multiplier” can be applied to the Multiple custom data elements channel intensity distribution to are allowed, each one including a represent the luminaire intensity name element (e.g., “Italian CAM”), distribution when the channel is fully a UUID element to uniquely identify enabled to produce “white” light the parent “Custom Data” element, with the specified CCT. (The sum and an arbitrary sequence of XML of the channel multipliers must be elements to represent the custom equal to unity.) data itself. Unless the software

References: [1] Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Card_puncher_-_NARA_-_513295.jpg [2] Wikimedia Commons: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AcousticCouplerAK2000Tel.jpg/1024px- AcousticCouplerAK2000Tel.jpg

Since its initial invention back in 2009, printed optics has come a long way in the lighting industry. Additive optics fabrication is a future proof methodology of rapid prototyping custom LED optics by means of digital manufacturing technologies. Marco de Visser, Luximprint’s Director of Marketing & Sales, breaks down the technology and explains how its features add value to the design and manufacture of smart lighting applications. From one of Luximprint’s preferred optical design partners Physionary, Ramon van der Hilst, Founder and Business Development Manager, and Suresh Christopher, inventor of the state-of-the-art “target-to-source” optics design software, explain the benefits of an optimized design process.

Additive Optics Fabrication The Process at a Glance: Smooth and frosted finishes encompasses a 3D printing Droplets on Demand In addition to the smooth surface technology utilized to produce Additive optics fabrication services finishes, a defined surface custom optics directly from a use digital UV-jetting technologies roughness can be selected, CAD file. In sharp contrast to whereby transparent droplets of a for example, to generate a targeted conventional subtractive UV-curable acrylic are jetted onto scattering of light (spectral BSDF). processes of milling, turning, a given surface and then cured Rough surfaces can be applied grinding and polishing, by strong UV-lamps. The results onto the optical part as a whole, additive manufacturing creates of the process are geometrical or selectively applied onto the parts by building them up or freeform shapes that may lenses or their connected surfaces, with progressive computer- include transparent prisms or in one single process. controlled deposition of lenses, both individual lenses material, in a process that or lens arrays. resembles printing, but with From Overstock to multiple passes until the Like in digital printing, the platform Novel Lens Design desired 3D shape is achieved. keep going until the “optical resin” - One interesting feature arising How this works in detail and basically a container with a liquid directly from the additive optics how optimized design acrylic - is empty, and the “paper” - fabrication process is replacement software minimizes effort, a translucent substrate material like of the sheet material by any given while providing outstanding PMMA, Polycarbonate and glass - lens object. As such, any existing results is demonstrated. needs to be replenished. lens module can be “reworked” into Even though the material is a new design by just adding some deposited in discrete drops, novel lens features to it. Painful the resulting surfaces are smooth tooling errors, such as unexpected straight from the printer and blinding or aberration effects, can don’t require post-processing. be compensated and tested before excessive tooling re-investments or costly tooling iterations are done.

Figure 1: The lens modules to be used Building a lens. An may include a diversity of bolder accurate deposition lens types such as TIR lenses or of droplets onto an lens arrays, or generally flatter optical sheet material is required [1] sheet materials such as prismatic and light guiding plates, among others.

Sheet materials - or individual lens objects - can be treated on both the top and bottom surface, as long as they are flat, using the dual sided printing methodology of the process.

This capability opens up an Figure 2: interesting space in the lighting Surface roughness market to tailor lighting system measurements (Ra / performance, take away unforeseen Rz in mμ) of printed (glare) effects or customize the frosted finishes conforms international aesthetics in a way that was not ISO 4287 standards. An available before. Apart from the 800 microns high pass time and cost savings that can filter was used be realized during the early development stages, the ecological and economic benefits of re-using obsolete stock or standard “off-the- shelf” lens materials are of significant meaning to the industry.

Technology Meets Application When it comes to its relevance for the lighting industry, we can break down additive optics fabrication into some main product areas of interest. Figure 3: Existing lens bases, such as TIR lenses, can Printed optics be upgraded with novel Lighting fixtures typically incorporate lens design features to optimize or adjust one or more secondary or tertiary the lighting system plastic optics. They may consist of performance lenses, total internal reflection (TIR) optics, and diffusers that concentrate the light, magnify its intensity, guide it to a given target surface, and then finally blur it to enhance beam and color uniformity.

Printed reflectors Based on the smooth surfaces Figure 4: manufacturing capability, another Explanation of dual interesting type of secondary optics sided lens with sheet can be produced: Reflective printing methodology surfaces. Deposition of aluminum coatings or other types of reflective finishes onto the surface turns the smooth (high polish) or textured

Figure 5: Printed gradient array (matte) surfaces into a fully of micro lenses functional reflector item, from where functional testing of new systems can be done rapidly.

Printed diffusers Printed diffusers aim for a uniform light distribution and a comfortable light appearance. They provide an undefined or defined scattering of light aiming for better light control, Figure 6: Smoothness straight reflectivity, source hiding, efficiency from the printer is key and finally, aesthetics. Thanks to for reflective optical the accurate droplet placement, quality surfaces a high level of customization can be achieved.

Printed molds and tools Elaborating on the smooth optical quality surfaces to another extreme ends up in rapid fabrication of mold tools. Printing the lens “negative” Figure 7: Defined Frosted rather than the positive, enables Finishes for anti- users to take immediate benefit of glare and enhanced the smoothness, also for other light control, nearing purposes than diffractive or common industry standards for mold reflective optics. roughness In addition, lens positives are used for making “imprints” into secondary materials, such as ceramics or clay specialties, enabling rapid creation of soft manufacturing tooling for other material types. From this Figure 8: In addition to optical perspective, it is easy to replace quality parts, imprints optical materials or even non-optical of part positives materials, and from cool / UV curing enable rapid material resins to hot melt materials. replacement for other lighting system components, such as metals Optographix In addition to the optical lens parts for the engineering community, the additive printing approach gives the creative lighting design space access to the color Figure 9: Example of a green features of the manufacturing color filter integrated process. A unique combination into one single prism of “optics” and “graphics”, lens part including either translucent “colored textures” or “color lenses”, in mono-color or multi-color, greatly enrich the ambiance of a given space or surface.

Fortunately, there are also some very interesting developments underway that enrich today’s optics

Figures 10 a&b: and system design landscape. Diagram Ray-tracing Where additive optics fabrication method [Light source technology breaks down the (ray file)] [Secondary barriers of manufacture and optics (CAD)]  [External distribution addresses the “pain points” in of light (Eulumdat)] (a). today’s lens fabrication processes, Target-to-source method conventional optics design software [Light source (ray file)] [Secondary optics still needs a high level of expertise (CAD)]  [External and time to get to a solution, distribution of light mainly a compromise between (Eulumdat)] (b) the design software and the fabrication process.

The answer to overcoming the bottlenecks in conventional optics design methodologies is to apply While the ray-tracing method is very external distribution of light. modern mathematical methods from reliable, it works in a straightforward While there is a mathematically physics and computer programming manner. It begins at the light source infinite set of optical solutions to generate the required optics, in order to arrive at the target: that provide the requested leading the focus away from how the external distribution of light distribution given the light source, to achieve it towards where the often stored as a Eulumdat file or modern optimization algorithms light is desired. a ray-file. The optical design here can cut through the proverbial fog to is “input”, whereas the target provide the most practical designs. distribution is “output”. An important An important consequence of this Complexity is for Free consequence of this source-to- method is that at least the same Traditionally, the staple of optical target method is that a complex level of complexity is transferred design has been ray-tracing, target distribution requires the from the requested distribution of combined with human expertise to optical designer to input an optical light to the optical design. optimize parameters of the design. design with similar complexity in This approach often entails manually order to control the light well. finding the best optical design for a One can imagine that this becomes Image faceted lens certain problem, relying on the arduous if a large amount of The first application of this expert’s insight to foresee the complexity is required. technology is through the direction in which the optimal programmatic generation of faceted solution can be found. This reliance Applying the target-to-source lens designs. A faceted lens on expertise and foresight is not a method of calculating optical design, consists of many similar-sized facets coincidence! Rather, it is a in this case, the output is the optical that “cut up” the light from the consequence of the ray-tracing design in a digital format, source. Each facet then aims the method utilized in most optics whereas the inputs are the light narrow bundle of light passing design programs. source properties and the requested through it in a specific direction,

Figure 11: With additive optics design and fabrication, complexity is “free”: designing and printing a complicated lens is no more difficult than a basic one - “Sunflower Fresnel”, a multi-facet lens precisely directing light to the illumination© 2018 targetLuger Research e.U. | Issue 69 ENGINEERING ADDITIVE OPTICS DESIGN 86

Figure 12: Lens bundles from facetted lens form light typography

such that all the beams from all the similar directions. For someone Optics Design Meets facets together make the requested looking into the light, the LED’s 3D Printing Technology external distribution of light. It does sharp point of light is now spread New opportunities in custom not matter whether that goal is a over multiple points in different optics design and development simple spotlight, or two spotlights, areas of the lens. This has the arise for the lighting industry when or something as complex as a logo. added benefit that it reduces the “smart optics design” and “additive The complexity of the optical design sensitivity to fouling by environmental optics fabrication” get together. stays the same, and often a single effects, and redundancy in the A combination of, for example, optical element is enough. case of partial obstruction. Luximprint and Physionary services, is extremely powerful, as the The target-to-source method is intelligent piece of design software Image bundles from a ideally suited to give the creativity incorporates and considers the faceted lens back to the light architects, artists, optical 3D printing platform A lens of 50 mm diameter with 4 and designers by providing reliable capabilities when generating mm² facets has approximately 500 optical designs with proven quality, designs for manufacture. facets. If an LED with a light emitting while being able to deliver unique Product developers, on the one surface length of 2.4 mm is placed designs for every assignment. hand, can now benefit from the 25 mm behind the lens, each of the Using additive manufacturing, ‘printing-on-demand’ of custom 500 beams has a (FWHM) opening every lighting project has access designed LED optics, with no angle of 5-10°. This spread in to optimized optical designs of the costly commitments to tooling and opening angles can be used to level of complexity needed. inventory, while creative lighting optimize the distribution of light, or specifiers can get uncompromised eliminated by changing the relative Additive optics manufacturing lighting solutions, meeting the size of the facets. The beams could combined with target-to-source exact quantities and needs for be made even narrower by using a optical design methods open up a their custom project. All in just a smaller LED at a larger distance with world of opportunities for creative matter of days. a practical limit of about 2°, though lighting designers in branches as placing the LED closer to the lens diverse as public lighting, artistry, also reduces the size of the outer architectural lighting, art illumination, beams while at the same time and advertising. Because the increasing the size of the middle efficiency of single element optics is beams. The preferable method naturally high compared to most depends on the application. other methods of beam-shaping, e.g. image projection methods and One advantage of having a relatively shutters, it is our expectation that large lens surface is that it is faceted lenses and other target-to- possible to reduce glare. Depending source based optical designs will on the target distribution, facets on become the norm for the creative different areas of the lens can aim in lighting industry.

References: [1] Luximprint - Additive Optics Fabrication Services for inspirational, decorative and functional optical plastics www.luximprint.com [2] Physionary - Revolutionary Target-Source Optics Design SW for custom Optics - www.physionary.nl

TECHNOLOGY FUTURE-PROOF CONTROLS 88 Qualified Bluetooth Mesh – Making Lighting Controls Future-Proof

At Lightfair USA, Siegfried Luger met with Patrick Durand, Worldwide Technical Director at Future Lighting Solutions. One of Mr. Durand’s striking statements was: “Basically, what we need is to future-proof lighting control.” This was the first time that this important aspect was so clearly addressed by a representative of the industry. This led us to asking Mr. Durand to provide LED professional with a technical article to clarify the current situation, explain the technical background that led him to making that statement and to give an idea of which requirements a controls solution must fulfill to be truly future-proof.

Building infrastructure is The Basics of a ready for any complexity and just usually designed to last for Future-Proof Installation wants the switch and the controller, decades. This is no different As a first step, it is necessary we need a wireless technology that for lighting equipment. When a to start with a basic installation: supports these needs (Figure 1). building owner or building a switch, a sensor/controller and manager decides to invest in nothing more. There shouldn’t be But, if two years later he/she says, lighting control they need to any gateways; no gateway for “My building is upgrading and a have the confidence that their commissioning; no gateway for BACnet building automation system decision is going to be the controlling. However, the system is being installed,” that should right one not just for the next needs to be able to optionally not pose any issues, whether the couple of years, but for the add a gateway. The gateway, building automation system is next decade, or more. in this case, is just a protocol from Schneider, Siemens, But today the bombardment translator, nothing else. It is not like Johnson Control, Honeywell, of all the new technologies a ZigBee gateway/server for large or whomever. And the reason for that are being introduced installations where the ZigBee the building manager’s peace of causes a building manager gateway manages the network and mind is that there is no need to to say, “I’ll wait until the if the main gateway fails, there is change anything from the initial technology landscape matures potentially a single point of failure for installation of wireless luminaires where one technology wins.” the entire system. The future-proof and switches other than adding With a future-proof lighting lighting control gateway is simply a a limited number of protocol control system, there would be bridge from the wireless protocol to, translator gateways to seamlessly no need to have that type of say, a BACnet building management translate and forward data from concern. The idea sounds system, or KNX system, or Cloud- the wireless protocol to the simple, but we need to figure based system, or even a technology BACnet protocol. If five years later, out how to achieve it. that’s going to be invented several the building manager realizes that years from now. he/she can no longer achieve his/her objectives with BACnet A simple optional protocol translator and wants to go to a Cloud-based gateway gives the user the choice system, he/she can simply of what to do, when to do it and change the limited number of how far to go. If, during the initial BACnet gateways to Cloud-based installation of a lighting control gateways, and that’s it. You have system, the building manager is not a future-proof solution.

Figure 1: A future-proof lighting control architecture

Figure 2: Network topologies for lighting control

Wireless Technologies for With the new Qualified Bluetooth Technically, there are significant a Future-Proof Installation Mesh standard that was first differences between Bluetooth The topology of a wireless system released in July 2017, there is a Low Energy (LE) and Bluetooth makes all the difference in being mesh of nodes that can forward Mesh standards, although they able to future-proof a lighting control the data to other nodes in between both leverage the same radio chip installation. If it supports point-to- the wireless switch/sensor to the or radio module. It’s the ability of point and point to multi-point, this wireless controller. Although the Qualified Bluetooth Mesh to relay means that the switch or sensor accurate name for the Bluetooth the data that truly sets the two communicates directly to the Mesh topology is many-to-many, standards apart. Furthermore, controller, which is the wireless one can still think of Bluetooth for Bluetooth LE, security is device that provides the signal to Mesh as supporting the point-to- optional where for Bluetooth Mesh, the LED driver to turn it on/off or to point topology with the added security is mandatory where it’s dim it to a specified level. It’s mainly benefit of being able to extend built into the standard where EnOcean and Bluetooth that support the range and reliability of the even the commissioning process this type of topology from an open wireless network via meshing. itself is secure. From a similarity standard standpoint (Figure 2). standpoint, the Bluetooth Mesh

standard actually incorporates the luminaire regardless whether the relatively small startups, had to entire Bluetooth LE functionality, end user (building manager) will develop their own proprietary which allows existing mobile devices immediately leverage the capabilities. technology. In many respects, with Bluetooth LE to directly connect With the scale and presence of some of these proprietary protocols to and control a Bluetooth Mesh Bluetooth, it’s mesh derivative is the are more advanced in functionality network. And since gateways are only technology that has a realistic than the current version of the optional devices in a Bluetooth chance to live up to both the low- Qualified Bluetooth Mesh standard. Mesh network that can simply act cost and future-proofing requirements As a result, the existing solutions as a protocol translator between for lighting control solutions. that are leveraging a Bluetooth Bluetooth Mesh and a building radio may wait until the Qualified automation system or a Cloud service, It’s important to mention that at Bluetooth Mesh standard matures Bluetooth Mesh can truly enable this time, Bluetooth Mesh is still a before adopting it. future-proof lighting control systems. new standard that requires maturing and additional features before it However, there is no doubt that While the decision between can take the undisputed title of the Qualified Bluetooth Mesh will EnOcean and Bluetooth Mesh dominant protocol for indoor accelerate standardization and is finally a question of personal commercial and industrial lighting commoditization of wireless lighting preference, both systems have control. This will still likely take a control. The standard is written in a advantages and drawbacks. few more years to materialize but way that really promotes full EnOcean is already installed in over this is where the over-the-air interoperability, which is more than 400,000 buildings. It’s a mature updates functionality is such a just at the user level. An example, protocol. It’s an accepted protocol, critical capability. Furthermore, in a retrofit project that includes particularly in HVAC and in lighting with Bluetooth 5, it’s now possible luminaires from companies A control. Another advantage of to increase the range of the (1000 lm downlights), B (2000 lm EnOcean is that it operates in the Bluetooth signal up to a theoretical downlights), and C (4000 lm sub-GHz frequency range where the 240m, which should address most if troffers): if they all include Qualified wireless signal can travel through not all concerns about range for the Bluetooth Mesh controllers, walls further and there’s no risk technology in indoor environments. the contractor can install them of interference with any of the like traditional luminaires and the 2.4 GHz wireless systems in highly But for what it can do today with building manager can easily congested environments such available Qualified Bluetooth commission and control them with as the center of New York City. Mesh end products like controllers, the same mobile App or wireless sensors and switches, end customers wall-mount switch. Furthermore, On the other hand, the benefit can start installing the core part of the building owner will have the of Bluetooth over EnOcean is the future-proof lighting control choice of leveraging different third that it’s supported on every mobile systems. In the first half of 2019, party mobile Apps that will be device to directly communicate we are expecting the launch of the flooding the market in the coming with the Bluetooth Mesh controller, first optional gateways to manage months and years. As a result, over which greatly simplifies the multiple sites and have advanced time, there will be less differentiation commissioning process. The other functionality such as occupancy at the hardware level where it will be major benefit of Bluetooth heatmapping, asset tracking, the software functionality and user technology is that it supports beaconing, power consumption experience that will determine the over-the-air updates, which has a monitoring and more. adoption of a particular solution. future-proofing advantage over With a fully interoperable standard, EnOcean. Finally, there is the cost Qualified Bluetooth Mesh will drive advantage of Bluetooth Mesh since The interoperability of down the cost and complexity of there are multiple Bluetooth radio Bluetooth systems lighting control. The end goal is that and module vendors where there Incompatibility is one of the major the lighting OEM market will have is only a single formal vendor of obstacles for a quick and sufficient choice of low cost and the EnOcean radio and modules. mainstream adoption of lighting simple wireless control solutions At the end of the day, cost is the control systems. Currently, there are where they will embed them into the number one barrier to the several proprietary lighting control luminaire as a standard offering mainstream adoption of wireless systems on the market where some regardless of whether the end lighting control solutions (assuming even leverage Bluetooth as their customer takes immediate advantage that the control solution is simple, wireless radio where they are of the added functionality or waits reliable, scalable and secure). implementing a mesh network. before enabling the wireless What the lighting industry needs Since the Qualified Bluetooth Mesh functionality. And as more Qualified are control solutions that are so standard was only released in July Bluetooth Mesh solutions and cost effective, that lighting OEMs 2017, many of these lighting control luminaires are launched in the integrate a wireless controller in the companies, where most are market, specifiers (Architects,

Figure 3: Architecture of a ZigBee Network (source: Synapse Wireless)

Designers, Engineers) will start the trashcan) cannot be used From a technical standpoint, it’s specifying Qualified Bluetooth Mesh to attack the building network by possible to have a wireless node for new building and retrofit projects. a resourceful hacker. that can support multiple protocols Once this occurs, that’s when the as there are several radio chips that age of future-proof lighting control Even with security, there are support both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi solutions will truly begin. ways for lighting control vendors and other chips that support both to go beyond the standard to Bluetooth and 802.15.4 (ZigBee). differentiate themselves. For However, one must remember that Security of Bluetooth example, in an installation of the difficult part in lighting control is Mesh solutions luminaires from various luminaire not the hardware but rather the Security is a mandatory part of vendors that are all leveraging firmware and software. To support the Bluetooth Mesh standard where Qualified Bluetooth Mesh, multiple protocols will necessarily all mesh messages are encrypted one approach is to automatically add a significant level of complexity and authenticated. There are 3 validate in the background of and may render the node incompatible types of security keys in Qualified the commissioning process via with nodes from other vendors. Bluetooth Mesh. The first is the the Cloud whether the node Just like when it was unclear network key that is critical for a firmware contains any vulnerabilities whether Blu-ray or HD-DVD would lighting node to join and send a or malware that can negatively win the disc format war, some message that will propagate through impact the network before it equipment vendors released the mesh network. Furthermore, is allowed to join it. No extra expensive video players that it’s possible to create sub networks hardware devices would be supported both formats. However, (or zones like a conference room required as the installer would the HD video disc industry only zone or receptionist zone) where leverage the same Internet started to blossom when Blu-ray each sub network has its own connected mobile device for this was declared the winner. network key to enable a user to only enhanced commissioning process. have authority to control lights in It’s important to understand the his/her office but not for other differences between Bluetooth vs. offices in the building. The second is Is the multi-protocol Wi-Fi and ZigBee and not attempt an application key so that a user approach valid? to employ a riskier multi-protocol who only has access to control Besides Bluetooth, Wi-Fi is also node strategy at the luminaire level. lights cannot have access to the implemented in all mobile devices. Wi-Fi power consumption is higher HVAC or other building systems. And since Wi-Fi routers are found than Bluetooth LE/Mesh and The third is the device key, which is almost everywhere, it seems logical requires a router where we’ve important for removing a node from to leverage this infrastructure. all experienced router failures at the network where the network and The question is: is that really another home or in the office or at a hotel. application keys are refreshed for direction we should consider or should For large scale ZigBee installations, the remaining nodes. This way, we potentially consider a multi- gateways are required, which add a a discarded node (luminaire in protocol node to hedge our bets? level of complexity and single points

Figure 4: Qualified Bluetooth Mesh products [1]

of failures since the gateways type of sensors (occupancy, There have been several press

are managing the ZigBee daylight harvesting, CO2, VOCs, releases about the potential network (Figure 3). noise, temperature, humidity) emergence of Li-Fi for retail and and functionality (people counting, museums where data can be sent But at the end of the day, asset tracking, beaconing, directly to the phone by modulating selecting the winning solution power metering, local vs. the light in the luminaire to the light is about selecting a technology Cloud based system). sensor on the phone where the that has an advantage in cost, user can receive location specific simplicity, reliability, scalability and The benefit of the future-proofing messages such as product security where Bluetooth Mesh characteristics of Qualified information. The challenge with is unmatched. With a year under Bluetooth Mesh is that if the end Li-Fi is that it requires specialized its belt, the Bluetooth Mesh customer is not ready to leverage equipment and is expensive and standard has already been the data on the Cloud that a system complex to implement. Furthermore, implemented in 65 interoperable can generate, they don’t need to the Bluetooth standard already products from various vendors include gateways at the time of inherently supports beaconing, where that number is expected to installation of the lighting control which provides the same grow exponentially over the next system. But having the peace of functionality without the need for few years (Figure 4). The key right mind that if a strategic decision is extra equipment at the luminaire now is to build an ecosystem of made at some point to leverage level. Again, Bluetooth Mesh Bluetooth Mesh solutions as the power of the Cloud, the option responds to the evolving needs of quickly as possible. to do so is available with low-cost the market in a simple low-cost way. Qualified Bluetooth Mesh gateways that are currently being designed About the Ecosystem by a number of vendors. As an Measures to push the of Solutions example, for a retail store, ecosystem of solutions A large ecosystem of solutions understanding where customers There are two types of lighting based on an open interoperable are spending most of their time OEMs in terms of lighting control. standard like Qualified Bluetooth during the course of the day or the The first type is reacting to the Mesh is required to support any holiday season may encourage project specification and simply conceivable project specification them to make changes that can including the specified control from the type of signal from the increase revenue. Alternatively, product in the luminaire without controller to the LED driver (DALI, understanding how many people learning its features/benefits nor 0-10V, PWM), to different form- are in a conference room may adjust how to commission it. There is no factors for integration into the the HVAC system to maximize commitment or investment from luminaire, to supporting different comfort or save energy. the lighting OEM in this case.

The second type are lighting OEMs options with different output power, Conclusions that have made the decision to have output current, output voltage and An increasing number of a strategic proactive approach to form factor. However, with PoE, companies are starting the process lighting control. They typically select traditional LED drivers cannot be to adopt Qualified Bluetooth Mesh. a lighting control technology and leveraged where options are still The advantages the protocol will invest in at least one dedicated very limited for PoE compatible bring to the lighting industry and lighting control resource to fully LED drivers. Furthermore, the PoE building automation as a whole are understand the solution, work on switches, which power the PoE LED clear. An interoperable, low-cost, developing a marketing presence drivers are still very expensive and simple, reliable, scalable and secure and most importantly, they train their limited in how much power they standard that has the potential to salespeople and agents on how to can provide to multiple luminaires. bring unity and clarity to lighting position the technology with end Finally, there is no escaping the fact OEMs, specifiers and building customers, specifiers and electrical that the IT department will need to managers. Qualified Bluetooth distributors. As the number of be involved and supportive of a PoE Mesh was specifically developed to lighting OEMs that convert to system, which adds another level of address the drawbacks of existing implementing a proactive lighting complexity. Since Bluetooth was protocols, which had forced several control strategy increases where initially developed to be a very new lighting control equipment they embrace an interoperable open reliable wireless cable replacement, vendors to create their own standard like Qualified Bluetooth for PoE to carve a niche in the proprietary solutions. However, Mesh, it will gradually strengthen the lighting control arena, it needs this had caused confusion in the ecosystem and its influence over to provide some additional value lighting industry where many lighting specifiers to include the standard in that leverages its strengths, OEMs have been waiting on the their next project, which will further such as high data rates. With PoE, lighting control technology dust to increase the rate of adoption. luminaires can also process and settle before investing proactively. send audio and video data with It will still take a couple of years microphones/speakers and IP before the Qualified Bluetooth Mesh About Wired Technologies cameras where lighting and security ecosystem reaches critical mass. as an Option for a Future- can be combined or to enhance However, the opportunity cost for Proof Installation the functionality of a video lighting OEMs to wait further may be In contrast to the widely discussed conference room. too high as some of their competitors wireless solutions, there are also may already be investing before the some very specific proposals that The other wired protocol that is dust fully settles. Now is the time to don’t leverage radio frequencies: evolving with the needs of the make the philosophical transition bus systems via a controlling cable, market is DALI and in particular from “the first duck out of the pond power line carriers, or Power-over- DALI 2.0. As examples, DALI 2.0 is gets shot” to “the early bird gets Ethernet (PoE). Some of these improving interoperability of the the worm”. approaches are promoted as more protocol to minimize issues during reliable than wireless systems. installation. The upgrade also But we need to ask ourselves if all of incorporates the use of occupancy these systems are truly competitive. and daylight harvesting. Advanced functionality such as supporting The wired technology that has tunable white from a single DALI been getting the most attention in address is now also part of the the past few years has been PoE. standard. But the likely greatest Typically, for a disruptive technology impact to the lighting OEM and to be successful, it must also lighting control markets is the embrace or bridge the existing one. upcoming release of DALI driver In the case of lighting control, diagnostic standard that will also what would be difficult to include power metering. This will fundamentally change in the short enable all LED driver manufacturers term would be the LED driver. to leverage a common interface Lighting OEMs must have flexibility and protocol to develop the in their source of LED driver next generation of LED drivers.

References: [1] Source: www.bluetooth.com

Until recently, incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lights were the dominant light sources. Today it’s the energy efficient, durable and, in the meantime, cost effective, LED. But to achieve these attributes appropriate cooling is still necessary and due to progress over the last few years the need for active cooling solutions is limited to a few high power applications as long as the material and technology is carefully chosen. John Broadbent, Managing Director at Columbia-Staver Ltd., describes the different technologies and materials and gives practical advice on how to find the right solution for an application.

A decade ago when purchasing requires careful consideration Die Casting a light bulb there was just of their thermal management Die cast heat sinks are particularly little choice, the incandescent requirements. well suited for the high volume, bulb was pretty much all one low cost LED market, where could get. Recent developments A large proportion of LED solutions are limited in the amount have brought new options applications are deployed in of output power. Whilst this with the introduction of LED’s. the built environment and in manufacturing method is low cost, The light emitting diode (LED) urban settings with the need to it does facilitate the inclusion bulb can operate for 20,000 adhere to strict noise limitations. of multiple design features. to 50,000 hours, at least five It is no surprise, therefore, Once incorporated into the die times the length of any that over two thirds of LED cast mold, these features are comparable bulb. In respect cooling solutions are based repeated for each casting cycle. to energy consumption LEDs on natural convection Design engineers can make put all contenders to shame. passive designs. use of this technology feature Whilst purchase cost of these to design heat sinks with bulbs are a little bit higher, Only a few specialist higher additional functionality. over the lifetime of the bulb power applications may need dramatic savings can be made. more sophisticated cooling Die-casting requires the production solutions using pumped liquid of an open and shut mold or die, LED lighting can be used in a cooling or fans to increase into which molten metal is injected huge variety of applications the air speed. Therefore, to form the component. that include simple domestic the scope of this article is on Once the metal is cooled down lighting, street lights and traffic natural convection cooling enough, the die is opened and control, building illumination, solutions and will describe heat the component is removed. plant growth and even for curing sinks based on die-casting, The die then closes, and the some epoxy products. The LED cold forging and heat pipe process gets repeated to produce has been successfully used in assemblies. Aesthetic aspects, the next component. This allows these applications, and many which can often be achieved for high rate of production and more, but in order to get the using various surface can be further increased by legendary longevity out of the treatments in different colors duplicating the component within LED technology, their critical and or textures, are also the mold thereby casting more junction temperatures must considered, as the solution than one component at a time. be maintained at all times and is often visible. Die-casting can maintain excellent in all operating conditions. repeatability of features to high Maintaining this temperature mechanical tolerances.

Figure 1: Example of a die cast heat sink and its application. Die cast heat sinks are the low cost solution for mass production of standard products

When selecting the casting applications, but needs mentioning component. In a high force press material to be used for the heat for reasons of completeness, is the the selected material is forced to sink, two major groups of alloys group of magnesium-based alloys. reflow into the tool by the sheer can be considered. These are predominantly used for amount of pressure exerted by the applications, where weight and press. As well as forming the heat Best suitable alloys for die casting: structural strength of the components sink shape the process re-aligns the • Silicon (Si) based alloys are critical considerations. grain structure of the base material • Zinc (Zi) based alloys leading to an improvement in thermal conductivity in the fin areas. In the first group of silicon (Si) Cold Forging The process ensures that no air based alloys, it is in particular, When the thermal performance of bubbles or porosity (often found in ADC12. This alloy is attractive to the heat sink demands thermal die casting) will be present. heat sink designers due to its conductivity in excess of 120 W/m∙K, excellent casting properties; die cast solutions cannot be The most common shape is a its ability to fill narrow cavity features considered. Cold forging can series of pillars mounted onto a such as rips and fins. ADC12 also be done with a range of materials base section. Due to ease of tool offers an attractive thermal 120 W/m∙K and above. manufacture the pillars are often conductivity of 90 – 96 W/m∙K The technology can also offer large a round section pin giving these and can be easily powder coated diameter heat sinks with tall high heat sinks their common name of or otherwise treated to enhance density fins. Designs can also offer pin fin heat sinks. its performance or appearance orientation independent solutions for after casting. high volume- low cost applications. By wire eroding the tooling, more elaborate shapes are possible The second group of zinc (Zi) For the production of these parts, such as squares, triangles, based alloys are often referred to by a tool is made in the shape of a rhomboids and diamonds. At the their original trademark of Zamak, female impression of the design and tooling stage additional with Zamak 3 being the most widely Figure 2: used alloy in Europe. Whilst the Zinc Cold forged aluminum based alloys do offer a slightly more heat sinks offer better favorable thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity ranging from 105 – 113 W/m∙K. than die cast products The density of the zinc based alloys in the range of 6600 kg/m³ in comparison to around 2700 kg/m³ for aluminum silicon alloys will increase the component weight by a factor of 2.4. The material is more aggressive, causing faster tool wear and has a harder to treat surface. These factors often put the zinc- based alloys behind the aluminum- based alloys as the prime choice for heat sink designers.

A third alloy family, which is not widely used for pure heat sink

features such as larger bosses for Heat pipes can offer thermal Due to the very high thermal screw threads or omissions of conductivity many orders of conductivity of the heat pipes and patterns can be incorporated into magnitude more than the the fact that through the provision the tool, the pitch of the pins can materials of the other solutions. of fins, a large amount of surface be variable, and non-symmetrical Following furnace sintering the area can be provided without an if required. heat pipes are malleable, excessive weight penalty, in high enabling 3D designs that can take power applications, heat pipe based Many aluminum alloys can be used the heat to be transported in any solutions can outperform both die for cold forging, starting from low direction away from the light source. cast and cold forged heat sinks. alloy numbers in the 1100 range Passive solutions rely on surface Heat pipe based solutions are right up to aircraft grade alloys in the area rather than airflow rate and largely used where high-powered 7xxx range. The standard extrusion heat pipe assemblies are no LED spot lights are deployed into grades in the 606x range of alloys different. Heat pipes can be fitted remote locations where space is are also included, and offer thermal with a large number of lightweight less of an issue. conductivities exceeding 170 W/m∙K. fins designed in such a way as to maximize performance for a given In conclusion both die cast and application. They can move large Surface Treatment cold forged heat sinks have their amounts of heat over distances In some cases, particularly when the place. Both technologies have not possible by conduction. heat sink is visible to the end user, advantages and disadvantages. Heat pipes are passive, two-phase appearance can be very important. Cold forged components have a based thermal super conductors. In other cases, protection of the higher thermal conductivity and The working principle is that a solution from the elements or the finished material is structurally small amount of working fluid, the environment is paramount. stronger than a die casing. (mostly water) is evaporated in the This aesthetic appearance or However, the intricate features heat input region. This vapor then protection can be provided by the possible in a die cast part are simply travels at almost the speed of sound surface treatment applied to the not possible using cold forging. along the pipe towards the heat finished solution. When considering output region. Because the heat surface treatments, the base output area is cooler the vapor material of the heat sink needs to Heat Pipe Assemblies condenses. This condensed be considered. Die cast, cold forged and indeed working fluid then gets returned to extruded heat sinks can only the heat input region in the wick For aluminum based cold forged function up to the limits imposed by structure of the heat pipe by capillary heat sinks, the most common the thermal characteristics of the action. This wick structure is on the surface treatment is anodizing. material that they are made of. inside surface of the pipe and can Anodizing is an electrochemical The thermal conductivity will be sintered copper particles or wire process that converts the metal eventually reach saturation and the mesh. The return of the liquid to the surface into a decorative, durable, only way to extend performance heat input area is aided by gravity corrosion-resistant, anodic oxide would then be by adding forced air and as such this is a key component finish. The process is available in a that comes with its associated cost, in the LED solution design. wide range of colors that can be noise, weight and reliability. specified from the RAL color chart. The most flexible and often the The heat pipe has a Vacuum inside, Often the color selected is black most effective LED cooling solution therefore this evaporation process because this not only provides is the Heat Pipe assembly. with water can start at temperatures protection but it also changes the as low as 4°C. It should be noted emissivity of the unit, thereby Figure 3: Heat pipe assemblies that a heat pipe is simply a highly potentially improving its performance. are often used for efficient heat transport device and cooling architectural must be supported by adequate When looking at surface treatments lighting units because means of heat dissipation at the for die cast heat sinks, and as an they offer the lowest thermal resistance of heat output area. This can be alternative to wet paint, powder any passive cooling achieved by attaching the heat costing is a very popular choice. solution output or condenser area to It offers consistent finishes with a an extruded aluminum heat sink selection of RAL colors and surface or more commonly in LED textures, ranging from completely coolers by attaching aluminum smooth to a more textured finish. or copper fins directly to the heat pipe in appropriate numbers. The powder coating process is Their number is largely determined based on charged powder particles by the thermal requirements of the being attracted to the components particular application. bearing the opposite charge.

Figure 2: Anodizing is a common surface treatment method for architectural aluminum elements and cold forged aluminum heat sinks. It offers a broad range of fancy colors (image from LpS 2017- © Luger Research e.U.)

Material/ Process Die Casting Cold Forging Heat Pipe Assemblies

Die Cast Alloys: Density: 2740 kg/m³;

Si based AL Alloys (e.g. ADC12) Thermal Conductivity: 96 W/m·k

Die Cast Alloys: Density: 6600 kg/m³;

Zi based Alloys (e.g. Zamak 3) Thermal Conductivity: 113 W/m·k

Aluminum Alloys Density: 2700-2710 kg/m³;

1000 range Thermal Conductivity: 218-243 W/m·k

Aluminum Alloys Density: 2700 kg/m³; Density: 2700 kg/m³;

606x range (e.g. AL6063) Thermal Conductivity: 200 W/m·k Thermal Conductivity: 200 W/m·k

Aluminum Alloys Density: 2720-2890 kg/m³;

7xxx range Thermal Conductivity: 115-222 W/m·k

Density: 8920 kg/m³; Copper (e.g. C101) Thermal Conductivity: 391 W/m·k

Table 1: This leads to a very good and even and corners of the parts and The table below shows the relative Relative thermal coverage of even the most complex providing a coating with unrivalled thermal properties of materials properties of materials surfaces, after particle coating environmental protection. A wide and their suitability for various and their suitability for the unit requires an oven curing range of different colors on the manufacturing techniques. various manufacturing techniques process in which the powder RAL chart are available. particles are melted and form In conclusion, it can be said that the finished coating. For completeness, metal coatings a sound knowledge of material such as Nickel plating should be properties and process technologies A final alternative is the use mentioned. However, it has to be is the key element to find the best, of electrophoretic painting. considered that due to their cost-effective solution for any This process was developed by the complexity and cost, they are application. It is therefore important automotive industry and is also not widely used as finishes for to select a supplier that offers a full referred to as e-coating or electro- LED coolers. range of thermal design services, painting. It is very similar to powder including CFD, thermal design, coating, but liquid paint with an mechanical design and design electric charge is used instead of Summary and Conclusions for manufacture for a range of powder. All remaining process steps Many different solutions are bespoke thermal products such are the same as when using powder available and several manufacturing as LED coolers, heat sinks, heat pipe coating. This process is widely used possibilities can be applied to LED assemblies, conduction cards when coating many different types cooling, but there is no one-fits-all and liquid cold plates as well as of heat exchangers, and is therefore solution. The actual application, the cooling systems. ideal for the coating of heat pipe power, the physical size and the based LED coolers, utilizing the working environment would all need process’ main advantages of being to be considered before a solution able to cover even the smallest gaps could be presented.

Advancements in lighting control technology are allowing for sophisticated interactivity in LED mapping. These new technologies are bridging the gap between lighting control and AI, with the ability to analyze and map data input (such as audio) in real-time. Installations driven by interactive LED control technologies have their place in a variety of application spaces. Manjinder Benning, Founder and CTO of Limbic Media, explains how this new technology works, what its applications are, and what the future of interactive lighting control looks like – not only for end-users, but also for lighting designers and technicians.

Interactivity is a growing feature traffic, educating, healing, than ever before. This article of consumable technology. and entertaining over platforms describes the relevance of Figure 1: Public spaces - from shopping that engage and connect interactive technology in various Interactive lighting, malls to schools, hospitals, people on a multisensory level. industries, the existing state of backed by artificial intelligence, leads to and entertainment venues - interactive LED mapping, and completely new are increasingly designed with This trend has only begun to outline an autonomous LED experiences in many human-centric, interactive influence LED applications - mapping technology that different applications approaches. Designers are and new technologies are expands the current range of by providing an exceptional atmosphere, recognizing the value of making interactive LEDs more interactive LED applications. not known until now interactive technology in driving sophisticated and accessible

Interactive Technologies customer engagement. They also frequency-based control signals to Are Growing in Demand transform underutilized civic space parameters that modulate lighting. The digital age has allowed anyone into social hubs, improving public For example, designers can map the to curate information. With limited safety and revitalizing neighborhoods. amplitude of a 60-100 Hz frequency resources, millions are able to bin to DMX fixture brightness. publish content and connect to It is clear that interactive, This would create a visual “pumping” global networks. People expect a multi-sensory experiences are effect in response to bass. greater level of participation and poised for rapid growth globally. control over their digital environments. Traditional sectors such as retail, This paradigm of manually Much of our non-digital experiences entertainment, and education are connecting simple control signals - remain unchanged despite this shift struggling to catch up to our world’s most often derived from the in digital experience. As a result, digital transformation. These sectors incoming audio signal frequencies - many facets of the real world are utilizing interactive technologies is closely modeled after the original struggle to stay relevant: to bridge the gap between the digital light organ techniques from the 20th Retail centers are losing revenue, and physical world. Modern LED century. There has been little university enrollments are declining, technologies play an important but innovation in this field since its and community-centered activities underutilized role in interactive inception. In addition, mapping light are struggling to survive in the experiences. interactions using this method is Netflix era. time-consuming for designers, and as a result, costly for consumers. Interactive technologies are Background becoming more common across spheres of public and Existing interactive LED Potential beyond private life to stay relevant and technologies are limited music-to-light mapping increase revenue: LED technologies have been Beyond music-to-light mapping for • Voice-controlled smart hubs are underutilized in the interactive LED systems, there is great potential growing in popularity in private marketplace for a number of for other interactive data inputs. residences, creating a common reasons: interactive LED technology There has been an explosion, interactive interface for a number has been limited to simplistic in recent years, for low-cost sensor of domestic devices sound-to-light interaction - technologies coupled with easy-to- • Shopping malls are embracing and even in this application, use microcontrollers such as interactive technologies, such as achieving interactions is a Raspberry PI. These technologies virtual try-on mirrors, interactive laborious and expensive process. are capable of sensing data inputs marketing displays [1], from physical environments more interactive LEDs on building Until now, interactive LED technology cheaply, accurately, and easily than facades (Singapore’s Illuma [2]), has been largely realized through previously possible. virtual immersive experiences, automatic music-to-light mapping. and robotics [3] Driving light fixtures from musical In terms of LED interactivity • Some theaters are testing input, known as light organs, was and mapping, data inputs multisensory experiences by first presented in a 1929 patent [8]: could include: manipulating temperatures, The patent mechanically models • Audio scents, and tactile experiences light automatically from audio • Voice recognition • Education institutions of all levels frequencies. A 1989 patent [9] • Motion detection are introducing more hands-on, employed electrical resonant circuits • Data streams (from social media interactive learning approaches, to respond to low, medium, and or other live inputs such as such as STEAM [4] high frequencies. Modern, digital weather patterns) music-to-light mapping systems Implementation of these have a number of advantages over Some commercially-available technologies through public art, these early systems. Computers can software products, such as the entertainment, and education digitally process audio in real-time Isadora system, enable complex has uncovered many benefits. and extract control signals input/output system building. For participants, multisensory input (energy in certain frequency bins, This allows designers to map a elevates entertainment value, or tempo, for example) to more variety of inputs (such as sensors) to or conversely, calming synesthesia- meaningfully map lighting schemes. multimedia outputs, such as like effects. It also appeals to projections or audio effects. Again, various learning styles [5, 6, 7] Some modern lighting control using LEDs as output is largely in educational settings. equipment, including hardware and unexplored. Interactive technologies benefit software lighting consoles and VJ retail-focused spaces by increasing software systems, provide designer Although very well designed and foot traffic and brand loyalty through interfaces to map beat or capable of dealing with complexity,

existing systems still require expert based preferences, without direct The system is composed of: designers to inform mappings human control. This makes interactive • A temporal correlation unit (110). between inputs and outputs, and to LED applications more accessible and This acts like a brain, inputting, direct visualizations as inputs change less costly to a variety of industries processing, recording, retrieving, and evolve. No existing technology seeking interactive solutions, and outputting data. Data inputs has been capable of autonomously while elevating user experiences. can include audio (either from a listening to data input, monitoring microphone or line-in audio), output, and learning to make motion detection sensor inputs intelligent decisions to map LED Description of the from a camera, data streams visuals over time. Technology (from weather patterns, the stock exchange, tallied votes, or social This article discusses a new paradigm LED control that maps inputs media, for example), or interfaces in interactive LED control: and drives output autonomously that request data input from an artificially intelligent systems that Imagine an LED installation that audience eliminate the programming expertise, intuitively “listens to” audio or other • An oscillator (140). This perturbs the time, and cost required to create real-time data input and adapts inputs, introducing variation to the advanced interactive LED experiences. accordingly, learning over time, LED output. This produces light Such a system intuitively recognizes with no human intervention. interactions that are lively, dynamic, distinct input features (from audio or This new approach to interactive LED and less predictable to the viewer otherwise) in real-time. Input features mapping uses an “intelligent” system • A signal mixer unit (150). This mixes are mapped according to human- based on mainly three key elements. input signals in various ways to create different outputs Figure 2: Interactive LED system architecture: The temporal correlation unit Visualization of a references input signals for distinct control system capable features, and determines how the of autonomous LED input/output mapping oscillator and signal mixer unit behave in response. The system also determines how the output signal spans through a specific color space.

Figure 3 expands on potential external inputs (120). As with prior technology, the system analyzes binned frequency content (210, 235) and time domain envelopes (215). In addition, the system recognizes and classifies higher-level musical features (220). Figure 3: Real-time inputs to Interactive LED system Some examples include: • Percussion/other specific instruments • Vocal qualities • Musical genre • Key • Dissonance and harmony • Sentiment • Transitions (e.g. from verse to chorus)

The system also interprets non- musical data inputs (225) in real-time. This includes non-musical audio features, such as speech recognition or environmental sounds (rain, wind, lightning, or footsteps), or the other non- audio data inputs previously described.

Features can be reflected as LED-mapped output in many ways.

LED parameters such as motion, Neural networks can also be Third way of the system color palette, brightness, and decay supervised. In a supervised neural to train itself adapt to reflect specific data input network, the system recognizes Similarly to evolutionary algorithms, features. This creates LED displays specific data input features that a system can utilize interacting that are more intuitively-mapped indicate audience approval of the intelligent agents. Agents also mimic to human preferences than LED mapped output. These input natural patterns in code by responding previous light-mapping technology. features could include: manual to specific, predefined rules The system’s ability to map switches, face recognition, or voice (e.g. a specific frequency produces intuitively and autonomously in recognition that indicate emotional a certain color space). Each agent real-time heightens the users’ states. This serves to further refine applies a set of rules to generate multisensory experience and the system’s output choices temporal sequences for LED potential for LED interactivity. according to human preferences. mappings, again seeking audience cues to train the system how to Second way of the system respond appropriately to input. Referenced Data Input to train itself Determines LED Mapping The system can also utilize Agent rules can be parametric. An intelligent LED mapping system evolutionary algorithms. For example, rule parameters are relies on referenced input signals. Evolutionary algorithms are used determined by the physical The system analyzes new data input in artificially intelligent systems arrangement of LEDs in 2D or 3D for familiar features based on - they are modeled after selection installations. A suite of techniques referenced input stored in the mechanisms found in evolutionary known as nature inspired algorithms, temporal correlation unit. Over time, biology (firefly attraction, which are modeled after naturally- the system optimizes database ant pheromone trail setting, and bird occurring patterns, are a credible searches. This allows it to predict flocks, for example) to optimize data source for generative content when input features from audio or other searches. Evolutionary algorithms, considering lighting output. data streams, and create a more such as a genetic algorithm, This approach works particularly intuitive, real-time visual LED allow an LED control system to well with large numbers of LED pixels. output on its own. independently find and select the most effective lighting outputs When the temporal correlation unit without human control. Implications of Technology has been adequately trained, it can predict human listeners’ preferences, As with a supervised neural Implications for industries and map LEDs accordingly for network, the system governed by and end-users musical, other audio, and non-audio genetic algorithms seeks specific An intuitive method of mapping inputs. This system provides a more audience cues that suggest approval LEDs according to human Figure 3: intuitive, engaging user experience of the mapped LED output. preferences means that Fascinated youths tinkering with an with no need for customized LED This serves as a fitness function, multisensory, interactive lighting interactive light in front programming knowledge or training the temporal correlation unit are more immersive and emotive of the Showmans Jazz real-time human control. to respond to real-time input signals. than ever before. An intelligent, Club in New York City

The temporal correlation unit trains itself to map output effectively in three ways.

First way of the system to train itself The system acts as a neural network by comparing new data inputs to similar inputs stored in the system’s database. New output features are modeled after those of referenced inputs. This allows the system to quickly reference previous lighting output configurations rather than creating them on the fly. Previous technology requires a technician to manually choose which lighting cues to load and when, whereas this system automatically chooses which cues to load and when.

autonomous LED control system The described system simplifies or costly and inaccessible to a variety has many benefits and applications removes the programming process, of industries and audiences. for end-users and various sectors. making the technology more accessible and affordable than A new technology, outlined in Benefits for end-users: previous interactive LED technologies - “System and Method for Predictive • Educational programs can but this does not necessarily imply Generation of Visual Sequences”, use such systems to leverage job obsolescence for lighting addresses these barriers to new multisensory, interdisciplinary designers and technicians. LED applications by controlling LED curriculums that address The technology will only change interactivity autonomously yet various learning styles and improve the state of the art in elegantly. The system analyzes data • Holiday, architectural, and other the future, providing a number of input, including music, non-musical lighting companies that already benefits for industry professionals. audio, and non-audio data streams employ LED technologies, for distinct input features. Input can use the system to employ a Benefits for professionals: features are mapped into distinct more interactive, human-centric • Provides a sophisticated tool LED output parameters based on approach to design for the lighting designers that human preferences, and indexed • Retail centers can use the system’s can be used in conjunction with into the system’s database. interactivity, particularly live social existing professional lighting This indexing allows the system to media hashtags as data input, protocols such as DMX autonomously predict upcoming to attract customers and leverage • Saves lighting designers data input and intelligently refine its brand presence online programming time output over time. • Cities can incorporate the • Allows designers to scale large system in their efforts to projects at a lower cost The system’s design avoids the revitalize public space by: • Opens the door to a wider variety need for timely human programming °° Investing in interactive, of LED applications in industries and maintenance, creates LED public art using LEDs outside the current status quo mapping that looks aesthetically °° Visualizing data gathered • Allows designers to manipulate detailed and intuitive, and allows through smart city initiatives lighting schemes with data input real-time interaction from a variety °° Attracting foot traffic to other than music of data inputs. This has clear business areas • Allows designers to improve or benefits to the LED lighting industry: °° Improving public safety incorporate audience interactivity it opens doors to new applications °° Place making and creating in various sectors seeking interactive community focal points solutions for consumers. It creates • Clubs, venues, and AV teams Conclusion heightened multisensory, end-user can quickly and effectively Interactive technologies are poised experiences. It offers a sophisticated create improved visual effects for for global growth, allowing various tool for lighting technicians and live performances and DJs industries to offer engaging, professional designers. • Public centers and exhibition multisensory experiences in venues that adhere to redesign non-digital settings. Applying cycles can adapt the system with interactivity to LED technologies changing data input types and opens a variety of doors into a LED configurations to refresh number of sectors looking to attract, displays year after year engage, and educate communities • Non-technical users are able in settings that struggle to stay to access sophisticated relevant in our digital world. interactive technology without custom programming or Until recent advancements in LED design knowledge control technology, mapping data • Users can avoid the time and input to lighting design has been cost associated with creating and limited to audio input using age-old maintaining interactive LED displays light organ techniques. While low-cost • LED displays can be controlled and easy to use microcontrollers and scaled across multiple such as Raspberry PI have opened locations at a lower cost new doors in LED mapping, the process still requires skilled lighting designers and programmers. Implications for technicians The cost and time associated with It is often assumed that technological creating and maintaining interactive advances, particularly using AI, LED displays using these methods have the potential to destroy jobs. has made interactive LED applications

References: [1] “6 Futuristic Displays That Will Change Your Idea of ‘E-Commerce.’” Time Magazine. 7 July, 2015, http://time.com/3938488/ retail-displays/ [2] “Illuma/WOHA.” Arch Daily. 17 May, 2010, https://www.archdaily.com/59896/iluma-woha [3] “Softbank Robot Pepper Sells Out In A Minute.” The Wall Street Journal. 22 June, 2015, https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/06/22/softbank-robot-pepper-sells-out-in-a-minute/ [4] Education Closet - What Is STEAM, https://educationcloset.com/steam/what-is-steam/ [5] Johnson, Gretchen L., and Edelson, Jill R.. “Integrating Music and Mathematics in the Elementary Classroom.” Teaching Children Mathematics, Vol. 9, No. 8, April 2003, pp. 474-479. [6] Wilmes, Barbara, Harrington, Lauren, Kohler-Evans, Patty, and Sumpter, David. “Coming to Our Senses: Incorporating Brain Research Findings into Classroom Instruction.” Education, Vol. 128, No. 4, Summer 2008, pp. 659-666. [7] Kast, Monika, Baschera, Gian-Marco, Gross, Markus, Jäncke, Lutz & Meyer, Martin. “Computer-based learning of spelling skills in children with and without dyslexia.” Annals of Dyslexia, 12 May, 2011, DOI: 10.1007/s11881-011-0052-2 [8] Lewis William Turnor, Thomas George. “Color Producing Device.” US194602A, 5 June 1929, https://patents.google.com/patent/US1946026A/en [9] Snavely, Donald. “Color Organ Display Device.” US4928568, 4 Dec. 1989, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4928568

The evolution of mankind is the evolution of the capability to make and control artificial light. This ability found its culmination with LED lighting: Today it is possible to almost perfectly recreate the spectrum of the sunlight at every time of the day and at any climatic condition. One of the pioneers in this field is Seoul Semiconductors. Marc Juarez, Technical Director Europe at Seoul Semiconductor, the innovators of the SunLike technology, explains this technology, the advantages and the future prospects.

Nothing has changed life the 1st time in human history History – Co-Evolution of more than the introduction of we are close to reproduce the Humans and Artificial Light artificial light, beginning with complete sunlight spectrum Let’s make a review on the electric the first man-made fire to gas during whole day with a simple lighting industry history and check lanterns, electrification with bulb at home. The following the key technologies that shaped it. Edison’s incandescent bulb to, paragraphs will discuss the We will find that three major finally, LED lighting today. history and co-evolution of technologies changed the market While at the beginning of the humans and artificial light, and the industry during the last ”LEDification” increasing will compare different technical 100 years. Which ones were the efficiency was the major approaches to generate white most important motivations for the concern, in the last years light, and demonstrate the changes to happen? industry began to (re-)consider fantastic opportunities of light quality to be the most shaping the LED light spectrum For millions of years the human eyes interesting and important as close as possible to the have been shaped, adapted and property and their proponents spectrum of natural sunlight evolved according to the light of the began to explore the explaining the positive effects sun but in the last 200 years the opportunities of LED on health and well-being. things have changed a lot. technology for shaping the spectrum of the light. So we Starting in the latest years of the XIX have to admit that LED industry century with the incandescent bulb is completely changing the way discoveries from Thomas Alva we interact with light and for Edison, the incandescent light bulbs

Figure 1: Evolution of the light

Figure 2: have given us the benefits to Comparison of basic develop tasks during the night or to technologies for work and live inside the buildings making white light with a warm and a much healthier [1] - blue LED + yellow phosphor (a), blue technology than the oil or gas LED + yellow and red lamps. - The race for a more efficient, phosphor (b), near UV lower cost and more durable lighting + 3 phosphors (R,G,B) (c), combination of technology had started. blue, red and green LED chips (d), blue LED Incandescent bulbs are still with chip + Quantum dot us today and what is interesting is phosphor (e) to see how a handful of companies dominated the lighting world for more than 50 years in past but this is coming to an end.

It was around mid-thirties that fluorescent technology emerged and became more and more used until it overpassed the incandescent technology around second half of the 20th century. This newer technology brought to people a more efficient light and a more durable one, but also, some known drawbacks like the usage of mercury, unpleasant hue and cold colors with many versions with big flickering issues.

The third big change in lighting technology was the discovery and development of the LEDs. Starting in nineteen sixties with red LEDs and in nineteen nineties with Blue increase the volumes to penetrate The way to approach the sunlight LEDs and phosphors to create the consumer markets and keep spectrum with LEDs is different white light the 3rd lighting revolution developing a more efficient from manufacturer to manufacturer, was started. solutions. During this period a some players use violet LEDs with big battle was taking place in the 3 phosphors (Red, Green, Blue) From this moment, the race to market between new players and that is demonstrated the closest increase the lm/w was driven by old historic giants for the control of solution to the sunlight spectrum. R&D teams that could produce this new technology and the lighting Some others use a blue LED with new products that performed better market. Who was the winner? multiple phosphors that can achieve than the previous ones with huge The customer! Today we can get higher lm/w than a violet LED but investments in R&D from companies very long lasting LED solutions at spectrum have a non-covered area and governments that were thinking very low cost and high profitability around cyan color. Some others use that LED technology one day could for the consumers and the multiple single LEDs of different lead the world of lighting and they environment with a big reduction wavelengths to cover all the spectrum were right! of CO₂ emissions. but cost, control and system becomes very complex (Figures 2a-e). In a race for quality of the light The Evolution of trying to reach the same spectrum LED Technology as the sunlight with LEDs and Light quality of different After the 1st wave of LED to get all the benefits related to it, LED technologies technology looking to achieve a like perfect color reproduction When analyzing the different high similar efficacy than fluorescent and also the non-visible effects quality lighting available products systems many companies and of the sunlight. High technology in the market at 3000 K CCT we governments invested heavily companies are developing key can see that the spectral power in the manufacturing process in products that can achieve the distribution (SPD), similarity to order to bring down the costs and sun spectrum. natural sunlight spectrum and color

Figure 3: Comparison of different existing technologies for highest quality of the light

rendition are very different from violet chip that is just growing the For example we could have a case to case and main technologies volumes. That means that the luminaire that integrates LEDs with used today are the violet (near UV) + expectation is that the violet chips 2, 3, 4 or more different CCTs RGB phosphors and the blue LED + will decrease in price when the and their related spectrums yellow and red phosphors due to volumes will grow and also will (depending on accuracy and their efficiency and cost. increase the lm/w in a similar way complexity requested of the system). that happened with the blue chips A controller could adapt the From the spectrums we can see that and the Haitz’s law and it’s expected luminaire CCT and spectrum to the the SunLike and Soraa both use a that in 3-4 years the main LED one the sun is providing in real time. violet pump chips that are between volume will be violet chips as the Imagine in the early morning the 400 nm and 420 nm. T and the main transition to Human Centric Lighting luminaire is giving 2200 K CCT difference is that SSC is capable to will be fully developed in the market. sunlight spectrum with no blue reduce the pump peak while Soraa energy content, after, during the enhances it. On the other side Actually the new technology in a morning this value is moving and Lumileds and Citizen uses a blue led 3030 package can deliver up to going up to 4000 K, at midday is pump in the range of 450 nm with a 120 lm/W at 65 mA Tj 25°C with a delivering 6500 K with blue rich visible peak in the blue area and a violet pump while the 3030 CRI95 content like the sun and then going less accurate color rendering. with the equivalent blue pump LED back to 2700 K later in the day from the same company can deliver without blue content to allow melatonin The main differences between blue up to 130 lm/W at 65 mA Tj 25°C. being generated during night like the and violet chips are that the violet This means that the efficiency sun. This will bring us a complete chips brings higher quality in color in lm/w is around 8% lower. synchronization of our circadian reproduction scales like CRI, Compared with a lower CRI product, rhythm like we were under the TM30 and CQS for all the CCTs like a CRI80, the lm/w difference natural sun during the whole day [2]. from 2200 to 6500 K and the can be up to 45% as the latest spectrum is closer to the sunlight CRI80 are achieving 220 lm/W. Is the lumen/watt enough to one. While the lumen/watt for the determine if a luminaire or light different solutions are quite similar source is better or worse? and in the range of 110 to 130 lm/W Opportunities and The answer is “NO” but legislators, being the blue pump options the Future Prospects of regulators and the market in general higher in lm/W. the New Technology should consider to apply corrective One of the important points of parameters related to quality of the the new technology is that today light when delivering the efficiency Non-photometric properties it is possible to get the different qualification for a product. of the compared technologies spectrums of the sunlight at the About the cost, we have to consider different times of the day We have to consider that efficiency that the blue chips are the main (early morning, midday, dusk,…) is just a definition that is accepted volumes in the LED market today while with a blue chip LED solution it by the market and in regards of the and then they are 20-30% lower is not easily possible to do it for high actual regulations from the EU for cost just because of scale than the CCTs (>4000 K) with full spectrum. the labelling of lighting products the

Table 1: EU efficiency labeling Non-directional Directional requirements [3] EEI Lamps EEI Lamps

Best LEDs A ++ < 0.11 < 0.11 Best LEDs (including modules) (including modules)

Very good LED lamps and modules: Very good LED lamps and A+ 0.11

Avg LEDs and modules; Average LEDs and modules; A 0.17

Less efficient CFLs and LEDs; Less efficient CFLs and LEDs; B 0.24

Less efficient conventional extra-LV Less efficient conventional C 0.6

Best 230V and conventional halogen; Best 230V and conventional D 0.8

Less efficient 230v halogen E >0.95 Typical incandescent >0.95 and incandescent quality parameters of the light years of the fluorescent technology or in the IR part. By this reason are missing as it only considers took apart the incandescent bulbs. engineers and companies tried the lm/W and CRI that is being It is being demonstrated that the to optimize their products for the demonstrated that is not enough heat in the light can have a big highest efficiency in the V-Lambda in order to take into account the impact in human’s health. One of curve but forgetting about all other quality of the products and the the main researchers is Doctor spectra’s of the sunlight like the full similarity of the natural light. Alexander Wunsch [4, 5] from spectrum in the visible part, the near For higher quality lighting and Germany that is driving several UV and IR parts of the sunlight especially for a more human experiences in order to demonstrate spectrum as they don’t bring centric approach, it is desirable this impacts. Then is very important “efficiency” as defined today. But as to change this practice. a reconsideration of how we calculate Dr. Wunsch declared it will have the efficiency of lighting for humans health issues not using a natural Another impact of the actual as today is only based in the and heat light as we spend most of efficiency definition is that the light V-Lambda curve that skips any our time under artificial “cold” light has become a “cold” light since the wavelength situated near the UV environments. A first step to

Figure 4: Solar radiation spectrum for direct light at both the top of the Earth's atmosphere (represented by yellow area) and at sea level (red area) [6]

Figures 5a-e: Daylight spectrum increase the similarity to sunlight spectrum is already under different happening by matching the visible spectrum of the LED conditions at different to the sunlight and a second step could be full sunlight times of the day (a) [8], spectrum from UV to far IR when the technology will be Ipad spectrum @ 6500 K CCT (b), streetlight driven not only by lm/w and will motivate companies to spectrum 6500 K CCT (c), develop new solutions. fluorescent lamp spectrum 5000 K CCT (d), One of the most important points of reaching the SunLike spectrum 6500 K CCT (e) directly sun with artificial light is to achieve the daylight compared to the daylight spectrum at 6500 K CCT that is being demonstrated spectrum of the sun that have positive effects on the health of humans. The latest publication of the WELL standard [7] recommends natural light at least from 9am to 1pm with a certain values of Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) in order to have a better synchronization for the human circadian rhythm.

Spectrum comparison of daylight and some artificial light sources It can easily be recognized that the new technology can cover most of the spectrum of the sunlight, while the other technologies are not covering it. Therefore it may be considered as artificial source of natural sunlight for daylight purposes.

Conclusions This new trend adds complexity and opportunities to lighting manufacturers and society in general and also brings new challenges to regulators on how the efficiency and quality of the light is being measured as standard. Many installations are being developed already with the main focus on HCL like schools, offices, hospitals, houses, and the other main market today is the high quality of the light that is being implemented in shops (food, cars, jewelry, etc.), museums and photography studios.

Many questions arise as we keep discovering the effects of the visible and non-visible light in humans and we are just seeing the tip of the iceberg and it looks that a new revolution is coming in high quality LED lighting.

References: [1] Seoul Semiconductor archives [2] Protecting the Melatonin Rhythm through Circadian Healthy Light Exposure -https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284776/ [3] Guidelines from EU commission - https://ec.europa. eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ Implementation%20Guide%20Lighting.pdf [4] https://www.linkedin.com/in/ alexander-wunsch-abb6b676/ [5] http://lichtbiologie.de/ [6] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_ spectrum_ita.svg [7] https://standard.wellcertified.com/light/ circadian-lighting-design [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sunlight

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Imprint Next LpR LED professional Review (LpR), ISSN 1993-890X SMART TRENDS & ENVIRONMENT Issue 70 - Nov/Dec 2018 Publishing Company RESEARCH Luger Research e.U. “Best Papers” at LpS 2018: Institute for Innovation & Technology The Winning Paper Moosmahdstrasse 30 This year the number of topics that were A 6850 Dornbirn, Austria / Europe submitted for the LpS Scientific Award phone +43 5572 39 44 89 was very broad. Starting from “Visible fax +43 5572 20 60 70 Light Communication”, going on to info(at)lugerresearch.com “Studies on the Influence of HCL on www.lugerresearch.com Performance” to “LED Packaging Materials” and “Micro-Optical Freeform Publisher Optical Design”, to name just a few. Siegfried Luger +43 699 11 33 55 70 The winner will be presented at the LpS s.luger(at)led-professional.com Get Together & Award Ceremony on September 26th, 2018. Without revealing Editor-in-Chief too much at this point: The winning Arno Grabher-Meyer +43 699 11 33 55 18 paper will - once again - be an absolute a.g-m(at)led-professional.com highlight of this LpR issue. Int. Account Manager TECHNOLOGIES Theresa Koenig +43 699 11 33 55 20 LED professional Review (LpR) - Bluetooth Mesh Protocol as theresa.koenig(at)led-professional.com Applied to Lighting Annual Subscriptions MarCom Manager Little more than one year ago, LpR Digital Magazine Bronwen Rolls +44 797 401 2962 • 6 issues Bluetooth SIG released the Bluetooth bronwen.rolls(at)led-professional.com • pdf download Mesh standardization. Meanwhile it has • high resolution pictures and graphs become widely adopted and is also one Your Sales Contacts • printable of the favorite systems for lighting • commercial use controls. The proposed article starts with Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, Int. Brigitte Lindner +43 699 11 33 55 19 • access to all previous issues an explanation of the Bluetooth Mesh • Euro 78.80 protocol as applied to lighting control brigitte.lindner(at)led-professional.com LpR Printed Magazine and define its key elements. In a second China, Hong-Kong • 6 issues portion of the article, questions that Lolo Yeung +852 9732 2081 • Euro 158.40 lighting control evaluators could be lolo(at)castintl.com asking their vendor will be answered. http://www.led-professional.com/ Germany subscription Armin Wezel +49 30 526 891 92 APPLICATIONS armin(at)eurokom-media.de Enriching Horticultural Lighting for India Faster Growth and Better Crops Priyanka Rai +91 124 478 7331 Horticulture lighting is not a new lighting priyanka.rai(at)binarysemantics.com application, but it gained momentum Japan with the introduction and evolution of Eiji Yoshikawa +81 3 6751 0090 LED lighting. In the meantime it is one of scala(at)s3.dion.ne.jp the fastest growing markets in lighting. 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