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Deindustrialisation and the Remaking of British Communities, 1957-1992 by Christopher M

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Deindustrialisation and the Remaking of British Communities, 1957-1992 by Christopher M Nothing Left but Smoke and Mirrors: Deindustrialisation and the Remaking of British Communities, 1957-1992 By Christopher M. Lawson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor James Vernon, Chair Professor Daniel Sargent Professor Thomas Laqueur Professor James Holston Summer 2020 Nothing Left but Smoke and Mirrors: Deindustrialisation and the Remaking of British Communities, 1957-1992 © 2020 Christopher M. Lawson Abstract Nothing Left but Smoke and Mirrors: Deindustrialisation and the Remaking of British Communities, 1957-1992 By Christopher M. Lawson Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor James Vernon, Chair In the late 1950s, the United Kingdom remained a heavily industrialised country, with nearly 40 per cent of its workforce employed in manufacturing. Today, that figure is well below 10 per cent. Industries that were at the centre of Britain’s rise to world power in the 19th century, including textiles, shipbuilding, and steelmaking, have disappeared entirely or been reduced to a tiny fraction of their former size. Although deindustrialisation is a global phenomenon, and one which is ongoing, the deindustrialisation of Britain was the most rapid and sustained of any country in the global north. It has had profound and lasting effects on the lives of individuals, families, and communities. Using material from archives across the UK, including government documents, the files of local organisations, and community oral history projects, this dissertation is a comprehensive study of deindustrialisation and its impacts on mid-to-late 20th century Britain. This dissertation broadens the temporal frame of study away from a narrow focus on the 1980s, arguing that deindustrialisation’s effects were felt much earlier than the election of Margaret Thatcher and demonstrating the complex bi-directional relationship between industrial decline and the rise of Thatcherite policies. Critically, I argue that deindustrialisation was fundamentally connected to the end of empire, and that it both intersected with pre-existed inequalities in postwar British society and demonstrated the hollowness of the promises of the postwar welfare state. Deindustrialisation impacted women and Commonwealth citizens as much or more as it did white male Britons. I also explore the significant yet understudied role of local organisations, including neighbourhood associations, clubs and support groups, in responding to the effects of deindustrialisation and also to the subsequent abandonment of government. I argue that these organisations often represented a transformation in local political assumptions and helped spur a painful process of adaptation to the post-industrial reality. In order to capture the diversity of impacts and responses to deindustrialisation, this dissertation is structured around four interconnected case studies drawn from across the UK: Oldham, Belfast, Coventry, and Motherwell. This approach allows for the comparison of deindustrialisation’s impact in the different nations of the UK, in fragmented and centralised industries, in male and female dominated sectors, and in both multi-racial and primarily white communities. However, the case studies also demonstrate the commonalities and connections across the entire UK, as deindustrialisation remade communities and left behind complex physical and emotional legacies. 1 For my parents: Scott and Monica Lawson i Table of Contents List of Illustrations iii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: As the Wheels Stop Turning – 20 ‘Community’, Race and Gender in Postwar Oldham Chapter 2: Troubled in Many Ways – 51 Reintegrating Belfast into Postwar UK History Chapter 3: Can the Phoenix Rise Again? – 97 The Sudden Deindustrialisation of Coventry, Britain's Motor City Chapter 4: Doomed from the Start? – 131 Class and Nation in the Fight to Save the Ravenscraig Steel Mill Conclusion 161 Bibliography 169 ii List of Illustrations Figure 1: Graph showing percentage of UK labour force 14 employed in each sector over time Figure 2: Map showing location within the UK of the four 17 case studies covered in this dissertation Figure 3: The abandoned Hartford Mill, Oldham, before 21 its demolition in 2020 Figure 4: The Shankill Road 68 Figure 5: The Lower Shankill, 2017 69 Figure 6: Titanic Quarter, Belfast 95 Figure 7: Jaguar Land Rover’s Whitley Engineering 129 Centre, Coventry Figure 8: ‘The Steelman’ – statue memorialising Scottish 154 steel workers, Ravenscraig site Figure 9: Faded government sign advertising the Ravenscraig 156 redevelopment Figure 10: Largely undeveloped Ravenscraig site, Dalzell 157 Steelworks in distance iii Acknowledgements I am incredibly fortunate to have had this opportunity to study a topic I am passionate about, to visit dozens of unique and special places, and most importantly, to meet and learn from so many kind and brilliant people. It is only because of a network of family, friends, and colleagues who have supported, guided, and cared about me over these last six years that I have actually managed to complete this dissertation. My sincere appreciation goes out first to the Institute of International Studies, the Center for British Studies, the Irish Studies Program, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Without their financial support, my research would not have been possible, and I would not even have been able to afford to live in Berkeley. I am also grateful for the kindness and superior organisational skills of Mabel Lee, Todd Kuebler, and Erin Lee Inama, who helped me navigate the opaque university bureaucracy and overcome the unique complications faced by international students at Berkeley. Why would a Canadian travel to the west coast of the United States to study British History? The answer is simple: James Vernon. James is the most generous, supportive, and kind-hearted supervisor one could ever wish for. This project truly came into shape in conversation with him, as my incoherent and disjointed ideas were given form and structure. Simply put, he has helped me to find my voice as an historian. He has also tolerated my horrifying inability to meet my own deadlines and has always maintained faith in my ability to complete this dissertation, even when that faith did not seem especially warranted or deserved. Daniel Sargent has helped me keep an eye on the big picture (often in spite of myself), and his vast knowledge and incredible ability to identify the broader relevance of my work have been inspiring and invaluable. Tom Laqueur’s wisdom and depth of perspective have injected my work with a deeper sense of purpose, and his constant reminders to clarify my arguments have made me a stronger writer. James Holston introduced me to questions of culture, citizenship and rights that will forever shape my scholarship, and he has helped me to grapple with the political stakes of my project. I was also fortunate to have been able to take seminars at Berkeley with brilliant and compassionate scholars, including Janaki Bakhle, Abhishek Kaicker, David Henkin and Christoph Kalter, all of whom have left a lasting impression on my understanding of the past. During my research trip in 2017, and in several subsequent follow up journeys, I travelled to all four nations and almost every corner of the United Kingdom. I will forever be grateful to the more than a dozen wonderful Airbnb hosts I stayed with along the way, every one of whom treated me with kindness. They drove me to the railway station when I was running late, gave me valuable insights into local history, and turned the experience of living out of a suitcase for eight months into one of the most memorable and enjoyable periods of my life. I also benefitted from the incredible generosity and keen insights of archivists and librarians who helped me find the materials that made this dissertation possible. I am especially grateful to Joanne Robson, formerly of Oldham Local Studies and Archives, Carole McCallum of the Glasgow Caledonian University archives, Justin Parkes of North Lanarkshire Heritage, and Claire Hackett of the Falls Community Council, who went well above the call of duty to support my research. The best part about completing a PhD at Berkeley is the people you get to study alongside. I have learned so much from them and I have gained friendships that I hope will last a lifetime. In particular, my love and thanks go out to Sophie FitzMaurice, Shaviya Mishra, Varsha Venkatasubramanian, Maelia Dubois, J. T. Jamieson, David Delano, Sarah Stoller, iv Peiting Li, Evan Fernández, Sourav Ghosh, Joseph Ledford, Brent Otto, Claire Wrigley and Brendan Mackie. My fondest memory of my time at Berkeley will always be the countless hours I spent on the steps outside Dwinelle Hall with Anthony Gregory, drinking coffee and debating history and politics with our colleagues as they passed by. No graduate seminar could ever replicate what I learned over the course of those discussions. It took me a long time to warm up to California, but it was these friendships that made it come to feel like home. I am also incredibly fortunate to have been supported by a network of friends spanning multiple countries. I completed my Masters degree at McGill alongside Ella Cloutier, Carleigh Nicholls and Hao Chen, and although we went on to PhDs at different universities, we have retained a meaningful bond. Rammy Saini and Pierre Botcherby have been endlessly supportive, and I particularly want to thank them for their kind and careful edits and suggestions. Upon my return to Toronto in 2019, Stephen Brooke, Jessica Clark and Catherine Ellis gave me a sense of academic community when I really needed it. David Wilson has always encouraged me to dig deeper, and his love of the finer details of historical research is simply infectious. Dimitry Anastakis has shown me incredible kindness in taking me under his wing in the last year.
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