TERRY CANYON BRIDGE #4 HAER NM-31 (Bridge #5885/150-94) HAER NM-31 Gila National Forest National Forest System Road 150/North Star Road Mimbres vicinity Grant County New Mexico

WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS

HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD TERRY CANYON BRIDGE #4 BRIDGE #5885/150-94

HAER NO. NM-31

Location: Spans an ephemeral stream along National Forest System Road (NFSR) 150, in Terry Canyon, Gila National Forest, Grant County, Mimbres Vicinity. Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is located approximately 9.12 miles north of the intersection of NM 35 and FR 150 at latitude: 33.071566, longitude: -108.00307500646721. The coordinate was obtained using GIS in 2014 and the datum is North American Datum 1983.

Present Owner: Gila National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

Present Use: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is one of five bridges that allow vehicular passage across ephemeral streams along NFSR150 in the vicinity of Terry Canyon.

Significance: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is thought to be a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Era bridge built between 1933 and 1942. The bridge is one of the better examples of CCC work on the Gila National Forest. The bridge is unique because its construction incorporates naturally occurring boulders within Bearing Wall 1, the southwestern and southeastern wings wall. In addition, the bridge is associated with the NFSR 150/North Star Road corridor. This road was built in large part and used by the US Military in the late 1800s and played a great role in the early development of what eventually became the Gila and Aldo Leopold Wildernesses in the 20th century.

Historian(s): Erin Knolles, July 2014-April 2015 Christopher D. Adams, July 2014-April 2015 Wendy Sutton, PhD, July 2014-April 2015

Project Information: The Gila National Forest has approved a project called the Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation on NFSR 150 (also referred to as FR 150 Bridges Project). This project will replace or rehabilitate eight CCC era bridges along NFSR 150, leaving two of the Terry Canyon bridges in place for future archeological interpretation. The bridges, along with several CCC culverts and NFSR 150, are recorded as linear site AR-03-06-05-00618/LA 103484. The site is Eligible to the National Register of Historic Places under criteria A, and C. Therefore, the removal or rehabilitation of the bridges is considered an Adverse Effect to the site. A Memorandum of Agreement was developed and signed by the Gila National Forest and New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer in order to mitigate the Adverse Effect.

Under this MOA, all of the bridges slated for demolition must be fully documented to HABS/HAER Level II documentation standards as specified by the Secretary of the Interior Standards and Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation. This report fulfills this requirement for Terry Canyon Bridge #4.

The measured drawings, historical reports, and photography were completed by Gila National Forest Heritage staff under the direction of Dr. Wendy Sutton, Forest Archeologist. Erin Knolles, Assistant Forest Archeologist, completed research on Terry Canyon Bridge #4 and broader research on FR 150 and the CCC. Christopher D. Adams, East Zone Archeologist, conducted measurements of the bridge for completion of engineering plans and produced large-format photography. Tony Flores, Civil Engineering Technician, completed engineering drawings for the bridge through Computer Aided Drafting software (CAD). Rex Null, Transportation Engineer, and Tracy Weber, Recreation, Heritage, Engineering, Lands and Minerals Staff Officer, provided technical expertise.

Part I. Historical Information

A. Physical History: 1. Dates of Construction: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 was most likely constructed by the CCC between 1933 and 1942.

2. Architect/Engineer: The architect/engineer for the original bridge is unknown. However, the design is most likely a standard bridge design, as similar structures are found on other Forests.

3. Builder/Contractor/Supplier: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 was most likely constructed by the CCC using local materials. The Forest Service would have provided the construction plans and supervision of work. Presumably, funding for the materials and labor would have been provided through Congressional appropriations for the CCC.

4. Original plans and construction: No original plans, drawings, or photographs of the Terry Canyon Bridge #4 are known to exist. However, like many CCC-era bridges, the original decks were probably wooden; and, the rock masonry bearing and wing walls were built utilizing locally available materials. Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is unique, because its construction incorporates naturally occurring boulders within Bearing Wall 1, the southwestern, and southeastern wing walls.

5. Alterations and additions: Archeological site forms indicate that the wooden deck was replaced with concrete in the 1950s. Bridge deck plans from the Coronado National Forest dated 1958 seem to confirm this and promote the idea that the decks are built into the bearing walls.1 These plans were most likely used throughout Region 3. There is also documentation suggesting that all of the bridges in Terry Canyon were replaced in 1953.2 This has not been confirmed. However, Terry Canyon Bridge #4’s rock masonry work may show evidence of being re-worked and/or patched as mortar appears to have been replaced in some areas. Though, this work is not overly apparent except in a few locations along Bearing Wall 2.

B. Historical Context:

The historical context of Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is intertwined with that of the North Star Road, today known as National Forest System Road 150 or Forest Road 150. The following historical context focuses on this road and relates back to all the Forest Road 150 bridges.

A Path Through the Wilderness: The Story of Forest Road 150

National Forest System Road 150 [commonly referred to as Forest Road (FR) 150], begins within the confines of the Gila National Forest and stretches north about 55 miles from NM 35 near Mimbres past Beaverhead Work Center to NM 163 north of the Gila National Forest boundary. FR 150 is the main road accessing this area of the Gila National Forest. Its location between two Wilderness Areas, Aldo Leopold and the Gila, makes it an important corridor for public access, as well as, administrative access for the Gila National Forest.

Forest Road 150: The Name and a Brief History:

1 US Forest Service, “Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan,” Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, (1958), on file, Gila National Forest.

2 M. Eriksson, C. Milo McLeod, and Dan Gard, “Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges,” (USDA Forest Service and Technology & Development, Missoula, Minnesota, 2000), 41. FR150 has been known by several names. The road was first called the North Star Road by the residents of Grant County and US Military when it was constructed in the 1870s.3 Today, the route is still called the North Star Road and used interchangeably with FR 150.

Through most of the 20th century, FR 150 was under New Mexico state jurisdiction and named New Mexico (NM) 61.4 Of interest is that topographical maps dating to a least 1980, list the road as both NM 61 and FR 150.5 This is interesting because, today, it is common practice not to give roads Forest Service names unless they are under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service. In addition, the 1974 Gila National Forest Map refers to the route as FR 150.6 There is still some question when the North Star Road and NM 61 became known as FR 150. The earliest known account is 1936. A ‘Truck Trail Inspection’ form from Camp Sully, F-N-11, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp near Mimbres, reports work completed on the Beaverhead Mimbres #150 truck trail.7

North Star Road:

FR 150 began its life as the North Star Road in the 1870s. At this time, the U.S. Military and citizens of Grant County were trying to establish a better route for travel instead of relying on Cooke’s Canyon or Jornada del Muerto routes. These routes, due to their location and the encroachment of settlers, often saw settler-Apache conflicts.8

3 Neta Pope and Andrea Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story 1866-99: The Soldiers…The Hostile Apache Indians…The Settlers in Harm’s Way…, (Self-Published: Andrea Jaquez 2011), 230-231.

Lieutenant C.A. Stedman, 9th Cavalry, to Acting Assistant Adjunct General, District of New Mexico, October 26, 1877,” (Letter #N-381, Record Group 393: Records of United States Army Continental Commands (1821-1920), Part III: Geographical Districts and Subdistricts: District of New Mexico (1865-90), Entry 434: Letters and Reports Received (1867-90)., National Archive Building, Washington, DC ).

4 Lawerence S. Grebner, “Historical Research and Current Status of NM 61 with Enclosures,” (Memo to Bill Moyers, Assistant General Counsel, New Mexico Department of Transportation, March 10, 2004, On file, Gila National Forest).

5 USDA Forest Service, “Gila National Forest 1980 Transportation ‘B’ Quads: Black Mountain, Santa Rita, and Copperas Peak,” (On file at the Gila National Forest, 1980).

6 USDA Forest Service, “Gila National Forest Map”, (Gila National Forest, 1974).

7 Forest Service Inspection Forms for Civilian Conservation Camps, 1933-1942 (FS Inspection Forms); Camps F-11-N, F-12-N, F-15-N, F-29-N, F-25-N, F-34-N, F-40-N, PE-202-N, and TF-1-N (CCC Camps); Gila National Forest, Silver City, NM (GNF).

8 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230,

C.P. Crawford of Silver City suggested building the North Star Road on the west side of the Mimbres Mountains. This idea was adopted by the citizens of Grant County, specifically, those in Mimbres and Silver City. They began building the road in early 1875.9 Grant County citizens built sections of the road at Willow Springs, at Rocky Canyon, and at Black Canyon.10

Later, in 1875, the US Army began working on the North Star Road. Military personnel and, reportedly, military prisoners worked to construct the road.11 Companies from the 15th Infantry and both the 8th and 9th Cavalry helped to construct various portions of the road. However, it appears companies from the 15th Infantry and the 9th Calvary were much more involved in its construction.12 Detachments from the 15th Infantry worked on the east end of the North Star Road. This stretch included the area between Camp Sherman and Camp Vincent.13 And, Company C of the 9th Calvary worked on segments of the road in Black Canyon. Camps were built close to work locations including Corduroy Canyon (Camp Sherman), Black Canyon (Camp Beyer), and the Diamond Creek (Camp Vincent) areas. The North Star Road was completed by 1877; it stopped at Wall Lake.14

Today, FR 150 does not follow the exact prism of the original North Star Road. In fact, there is some evidence of improvements to North Star Road in the late 1870s due to flooding that would have varied its location from the original construction in 1876. 15 Nevertheless, today, the names are used interchangeably by residents of the area.

NM 61:

FR 150/North Star Road was considered a state highway for a good portion of the 20th Century. In 1917, the New Mexico State Highway Commission (SHC) created NM 61.16 The original description of the route did not include FR 150/North Star Road.17 However, a map from 1948

9 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230,

10 Lt Stedman Letter, 4, 10 and 13.

11 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230,

12 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230-231.

13 Pope and Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230,

Lt. Stedman Letter, 21-22.

14 Pope Jaquez, The Fort Bayard Story, 230-230.

15 Lt. Stedman Letter.

16 Grebner, Lawrence S., “Historical Research Memo”, 2004.

17 Grebner, Lawrence S., “Historical Research Memo”, 2004.

displays this segment as NM 61.18 The exact date that FR 150/North Star Road became NM 61 is not known, but it appears to be somewhere between 1917 and 1948. Data discussed below would point to the 1940s. In correspondence relating to maintenance of roads in 1982, the SHC states that Grant and Catron Counties did not maintain the route, but the Forest Service provided some maintenance.19 This may be why the name ‘FR 150’ was attached to the road before the Forest Service took over jurisdiction in 1985. A SHC memo states that in 1965 the state vacated and abandoned several segments of NM 61, specifically, the FR 150/North Star Road segments, to the US Forest Service. However, it appears this was not finalized until 1985 when Declaration of Vacation and Abandonment documents were signed.20

FR 150 and The First Wilderness Area

Most documentation describes FR 150/North Star Road as a military or wagon road that received some level of use. The road was improved upon and constructed into a more permanent road by the Gila National Forest and CCC in the 1930s.21 This influenced the boundaries of both the Gila and Aldo Leopold Wildernesses.22

In the early 1900s, public lands existed in the form of National Parks and Forests. In the early days of the National Forest system, forest management leaned toward production be it timber, grazing, minerals, etc. and providing access through roads for said production or recreation. As

18 Grebner, Lawrence S., “Historical Research Memo”, 2004.

19Charles A. Sayer, “County Maintained Roads on Rural State Highway System –District 1,” (Memo to Tony Gonzales, Planning Bureau, New Mexico Department of Transportation, August 10, 1982, On file, Gila National Forest).

20 Grebner, Lawrence S., “Historical Research Memo”, 2004. 21 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; GNF.

David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, ed. Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1990), 163.

Richard H. Spray, “Gila Wilderness Boundary History, ” (Memo to Director of the Recreation Staff Unit, Region 3, June 30, 1977, On file, Gila National Forest).

Richard H. Spray, “The Gila Wilderness: Boundary Adjustments and other High Jinks, 1924 to 1980,” (presentation, Southwest Wilderness Conference at Western New Mexico University in Silver City, NM, September 29, 1989, Paper on file, Gila National Forest).

Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press: 1988), 270-271.

22Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff.”

Spray, “High Jinks.”

time passed, some people argued that some tracts of land within these forests should not be allowed to undergo such modernization.

Aldo Leopold, an early employee of the Forest Service and well known conservationist, was one such person. In a 1921 article, Leopold describes a wilderness as,

…a continuous stretch of country preserved in its natural state, open to lawful hunting and fishing, big enough to absorb a two weeks’ pack trip, and kept devoid of road, artificial trials, cottages, or other works of man...,23

He argues such wildernesses have an important place in Forest Service recreational policy. Due to its isolated nature, lack of railroads and limited intrusion of roads, presence of large game, fowl, and fish, and its potential for pack trips, Leopold suggests the headwaters of the Gila River in the Gila National Forest as good example of where such an area could be established.24

On October 2, 1922, Leopold proposed the formation of the Gila Wilderness Area. On June 3, 1924, the Gila Wilderness Area was created through the approval of a Recreational Work Plan for the Gila River drainage area. Which”…included the last largest body of undeveloped forest management and recreational standpoint in New Mexico…”25 While the Gila Wilderness Area is considered the Nation’s first wilderness designation, this designations was not based in regulation.26

At the time the Gila Wilderness was created, the idea of wilderness areas was new and very different from today.27 According to Richard Spray, USDA Assistant Director of Outdoor Recreation, retired, reports dating to this time period “…imply “wilderness” to be only a temporary land use until timbering or something else became more economical.”28 In the Recreational Working Plan that created the Gila Wilderness, provisions were made for the construction of several roads that would allow access to timber or for recreational purposes.29 At

23 Aldo Leopold, “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy,” in Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, ed. David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books: 1990), 146.

24 Leopold, “Wilderness and Its Place,” 150-151.

25 USDA Forest Service, “Recreational Working Plan, dated March 28, 1924 and signed, June 3, 1924,” Gila Wilderness Resource Files, (Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 1924), 2.

26 Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff,” 1.

27 Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff,” 1.

28 Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff,” 1.

29 USDA Forest Service, “Recreational Working Plan,” 2.

this time, FR 150/North Star Road was not one of those listed. The plan further stated that the wilderness policy would not affect grazing or preclude water development or construction of roads for such development.30

When the Gila Wilderness was designated by the Recreation Plan, the area totaled 755,000 acres. However, by 1933, the Gila Wilderness was split into two landmasses, the Gila Primitive Area (573,893 acres), and the Black Range Primitive Area (185,623), separated by FR 150.31 The boundaries of the areas changed several times over the years, prior to their official designations as Wilderness Areas.

In a 1977 memo and a 1989 paper presentation discussing the Gila Wilderness inception and its boundary changes, Spray explains that one of the first adjustments to the Gila Wilderness boundaries came about because of FR 150. Due to the vague language in the ‘Recreation Working Plan,’ the fact that FR 150/North Star Road accessed private land and still received use, the actual or perceived need for Forest Administrative access (specifically for fire), and the reclassification of the Gila Wilderness Area as a Primitive Area, all provided some reasoning behind the Gila National Forest’s decision to allow FR 150 to be improved upon.32

Other sources cite the deer population as a reason for this decision.33 In a draft forward for A Sand County Almanac found in his personal papers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives, Aldo Leopold suggests that the road was improved or “constructed,” so that hunters could access the area in order to control the deer population. In his draft forward, he suggests land management policies he supported including eradicating large predators, like wolves or mountain lions, caused the over population of deer in the Gila Wilderness.34 He says:

30 USDA Forest Service, “Recreational Working Plan,” 3.

31 Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff.”

32 Spray, “Gila Wilderness Memo to Director of Recreation Staff”, 1.

Spray, “High Jinks”, 1-2.

33 Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, 271.

David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, eds, Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1990), 163.

34 Aldo Leopold, “Forward,” in Companion to A Sand County Almanac, ed. by J. Baird Callicott, 281-288. (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 284. Here my sin against the wolves caught up with me. The Forest Service, in the name of range conservation, ordered the construction of a new road splitting my wilderness area in two, so that hunters might have access to the top-heavy deer herd. I was helpless…35

Ironically, when the Black Range Primitive Area became a Wilderness Area, it was named the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Area.

Regardless of the reason behind improving FR 150, its improvement shaped the history of the Gila Wilderness Area.

FR 150 and the CCC:

Forest Service Inspection forms show that the Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from two camps, F-11-N at Mimbres and F-34-N at Beaverhead, worked on the North Star Road intermittently from 1934-40. This work included maintenance and betterment work including culverts, headwalls, and catch basins. While construction is mentioned in 1940, specific information is not included. Bridges are mentioned as being on work schedules, but again no specific information on location or actual construction is provided.36

As stated above, the Gila National Forest decided to improve, reconstruct, and/or maintain the North Star Road in 1931. The Forest Service Inspection forms show that this work began as early as 1932. There are a series of letters about the mishandling of blast caps in 1934 at the Beaverhead Camp. In these letters, it is suggested that the blast caps were left in the powder house in 1932 by a crew working on the North Star Road. There is no mention of the type of work, but this provides some indication on how quickly the Forest started working on the North Star Road.37

It is thought that the bridges and culverts along the FR 150/North Star Road are from the CCC era. As seen above, culverts on the road can be directly linked to the CCC through Forest Service documentation. They also show characteristics of being from that era. The bridges also show some characteristics of CCC design, but are not documented through these inspections forms.

The CCC bridges would probably have had wooden decks. However, archeological site forms indicate that the wooden decks were replaced with concrete in the 1950s. Bridge deck plans from the Coronado National Forest dated 1958 seem to confirm this and promote the idea that the decks were built into the bearing walls.38 These plans were most likely used throughout the

35 Leopold, “Forward,” 284.

36 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; GNF.

37 FS Inspection Forms; CCC Camps; GNF.

38 US Forest Service, “Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan,” Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, (1958), On file, Gila National Forest. South Western Region of the Forest Service (Region 3). There is also documentation suggesting the Terry Canyon Bridges were replaced in 1953.39 This has not been confirmed. However, most of the bridges show signs of rock re-work, as mortar has been replaced. This work varies in quality from bridge to bridge, but in several cases the work does not detract from the overall CCC feel of the corridor.

Beginning in the 1980s, the FR 150/North Star Road, culverts and several bridges including Terry Canyon 1-5, Black Canyon (Black Canyon Big Bridge), tributary to Black Canyon (Black Canyon Small Bridge), and East Indian Creek were combined and recorded as historic site AR- 03-06-05-00618/LA 103484. The site is historically significant given its use as a military road, its relation to the Gila Wilderness Area boundary, and the CCC related bridge and culvert construction.

Conclusion:

Currently, a project on the Gila National Forest called the FR 150 Bridges Project will replace or rehabilitate several bridges along the route. The objective of the project is to address deficiencies in the bridges, providing safe passage to those who travel the road.

Due to the historic significance of the bridges, their removal is considered an Adverse Effect to the site. As such, mitigations have been put in place to preserve two bridges, document one of the bridges being dismantled to see if there is evidence of military or CCC activities, buried road alignments, or construction techniques. Also, a CCC overview on the Gila NF will be researched and written. All of this research and information will be used to interpret the history of the North Star Road/FR 150. These mitigations are meant to strike a balance between preserving history, while allowing the project to continue.

Part II. Structural/Design Information

A. General Statement: 1. Character: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with mostly dry laid rock masonry bearing and wing walls. The bridge is unique because its construction incorporates naturally occurring boulders within one bearing wall and two wing walls. Although there may be evidence of rock masonry re-work or patching, this bridge is one of the better examples of a CCC-era simple span bridge within the Gila National Forest.

39 M. Eriksson, C. Milo McLeod, and Dan Gard, “Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges,” (USDA Forest Service and Technology & Development, Missoula, Minnesota, 2000), 41. 2. Condition of fabric: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with mostly dry laid rock masonry bearing and wing walls. Bearing Wall 1, the southwestern and southeastern wing walls incorporate naturally occurring boulders.

Bearing Wall 1 is constructed of four boulders and smaller rocks fitted within the empty spacing between the boulders. These smaller rocks were wet laid with mortar. This work is heavy handed and degraded. Masonry rock and/or mortar were used to increase the height of some of the boulders. This allowed a more level surface to place the bridge deck. Bearing Wall 1’s naturally occurring rocks have at least four visible drill marks for explosives. There are also cracks in some of the boulders.

The southwestern wing wall incorporates three large boulders. Several smaller rocks have been dry laid within the empty spacing between the boulders. The southeastern wing wall incorporates two naturally occurring boulders; a dry laid column of rocks is constructed between the two boulders.

The northwestern wing wall appears to be dry laid. While it is possible that mortar has degraded, there is usually some evidence of that; here, there is no such evidence. The northeastern wing wall is mortared. It appears the mortar has degraded and does not appear to show evidence of being replaced. Lichen is noted on the some of the rock masonry of all four wing walls.

Bearing Wall 2 has a combination of wet and dry laid masonry. It is not known if the wall was originally dry laid and reworked later with mortar; or, if there has always been some combination of both on this wall. The use of mortar is not consistent, appears fairly heavy handed, and is degraded.

In a 2012 Engineering Report for the Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation on NFSR 150 Project, Terry Canyon Bridge #4 was described as “…structurally deficient, i.e. the structure’s deck…are in poor or serious condition.”40 Weight restrictions had been put on the bridge at this point, these were further restricted in 2014 (see below). In addition,

all the bridges [on NFSR 150], except for Black Canyon [Large Bridge], appear to be built in accordance with a Regional Standard Design. The standard design has 3/8” diameter reinforcing steel connecting the curbs to the slab. The

40 Scott F. Mitchell, P.E. and Rex Null, “NFSR 150 Bridge Rehabilitaiton/Replacement Engineering Report,” (On file Gila, National Forest, 2012), 1).

reinforcement has 1” concrete cover to protect the steel, which is less than the standard 2 ½” cover for bridge slabs today.41

In 2013, a bridge inspection reported extensive topside deck delamination and abrasion, spalling and exposed wire and rebar on the underside of the deck, curb delamination, scouring at Bearing Wall 1, and insignificant settlement cracks in both abutments.42

B. Description: 1. Materials: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with mostly dry laid rock masonry bearing and wing walls. The bridge is unique because its construction incorporates naturally occurring boulders within one bearing wall and two wing walls.

2. Dimensions: The concrete deck measures 12’-8” long (bearing wall to bearing wall) and 16’-0” wide (curb to curb) and 0’-11” deep. The concrete curbs measure 12’-8” long, 1”-0’ wide, and 0’-9” tall. The concrete deck stem walls measure 12’-8” long and 2’-0” tall on the southern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 1) and northern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 2). The southern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 1) measures 16’ -0” long. The eastern (upstream) side of this wall measures 4’-10” tall with the western (downstream) side measuring 4’-6” tall. The northern bearing wall (Bearing Wall 2) measures 16’-0” long. The eastern (upstream) side of this wall measures 3’-6” tall with the western (downstream) side measuring 4’-5” tall. The downstream profile depicts the northwestern and southwestern wing walls. The southwestern wing wall measures 7’-0” long and approximately 4’-6” at the tallest point above grade. The northwestern wing wall measures 16’-0” long and approximately 7’-5” at the tallest point above grade. The upstream profile depicts the northeastern and southeastern wing walls. The northeastern wing wall measures 10’-0” long and 3’-6” at the tallest point above grade (a small portion of the wing wall near the stem wall reaches close to 6’-10” tall). The southeastern wing wall measures 9’-0” long and approximately 8’at the tallest point above grade. For clarification of dimensions, refer to the engineering drawings and photos.

Mechanicals/Operation: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is constructed of reinforced concrete deck with mostly dry laid rock masonry bearing and wing walls. The bridge is unique because its construction incorporates naturally occurring boulders within

41 Mitchell and Null, Enginneer Report, 4-5.

42 Rex Null and Tracy Weber, P.E., “Terry Canyon Bridge #4 Bridge Inspection Report,” (On file, Gila National Forest, 2013). one bearing wall and two wing walls. The bridge was built to carry highway legal loads of the CCC-era. However, an evaluation for one of the Terry Canyon Bridges resulted in posted weight restrictions for all of the Terry Canyon Bridges.

The 2012 Engineering Report for the Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation on NFSR 150 Project provided weight restrictions for the bridge are provided in the report for varying trucks with varying number of axels. Terry Canyon Bridge #4’s restrictions were 17-34 tons.43 Non-destructive testing in 2014 did not result in further weight restrictions for this bridge. However, these tests resulted in further weight restrictions for other Terry Canyon Bridges. Therefore, lower posted weight restrictions (6-12 tons) related to Terry Canyon Bridge #3 are posted for all of the bridges.44

C. Site Information: Terry Canyon Bridge #4 is located within the congressional boundary of the Gila National Forest in vicinity of Terry Canyon, along NFSR 150 between the Wilderness and Aldo Leopold Wilderness Areas approximately 9.12 miles north of NFSR 150’s intersection with NM 35. The bridge spans an ephemeral tributary. Vegetation in the area includes ponderosa pine, juniper, oak, grasses and forbs. NFSR 150, and the bridges located along it, provides the only access to this area.

Part III. Sources of Information

A. Primary Sources:

Grebner, Lawrence S. “Historical Research and Current Status of NM 61 with Enclosures.” Memo to Bill Moyers, Assistant General Counsel, New Mexico Department of Transportation, March 10, 2004. On file, Gila National Forest.

Leopold, Aldo. “Forward.” In Companion to A Sand County Almanac, edited by J. Baird Callicott, 281-88. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

Leopold, Aldo. “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy.” In Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac, edited by David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony, 146-51. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1990.

Mitchell, Scott F., P.E. and Rex Null. “NFSR 150 Bridge Rehabilitation/Replacement Engineering Report.” On file, Gila National Forest, 2012.

43 Mitchell and Null, Enginneer Report, 2. 44 Scott Mitchel, P.E., “Gila ARRA Bridges and Bridge Postings” (E-mail to Rex Null Concerning Non-Destructive Testing of Bridges along NFSR 150, July 18, 2014, On file, Gila National Forest). Mitchell, Scott, P.E. “Gila ARRA Bridges and Bridge Postings.” E-mail to Rex Null Concerning Non-Destructive Testing of Bridges along NFSR 150, July 18, 2014. On file, Gila National Forest.

Null, Rex and Tracy Weber, P.E. “Indian Creek Bridge Inspection Report.” On file, Gila National Forest, 2013.

Stedman, C.A., Lieutenant, 9th Cavalry, to Acting Assistant Adjunct General, District of New Mexico, October 26, 1877,” (Letter #N-381, Record Group 393: Records of United States Army Continental Commands (1821-1920), Part III: Geographical Districts and Subdistricts: District of New Mexico (1865-90), Entry 434: Letters and Reports Received (1867-90). National Archive Building, Washington, DC.

USDA Forest Service. “Recreational Working Plan, dated March 28, 1924 and signed, June 3, 1924.” Gila Wilderness Resource Files. Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 1924.

USDA Forest Service. Forest Service Inspection Forms for Civilian Conservation Camps, (FS Inspection Forms); Camps F-11-N, F-12-N, F-15-N, F-29-N, F-25-N, F-34-N, F-40-N, PE- 202-N, and TF-1-N (CCC Camps). Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 1933-1942.

USDA Forest Service, “Coronado National Forest Bridge Deck Plan.” Tucson, AZ: Coronado National Forest, 1958. On file, Gila National Forest.

USDA Forest Service. “Gila National Forest Map”, Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 1974.

USDA Forest Service. “Gila National Forest 1980 Transportation ‘B’ Quads: Black Mountain, Santa Rita, and Copperas Peak,” Silver City, NM: Gila National Forest, 1980.

B. Secondary Sources:

Brown, David E. and Neil B. Carmony, ed. Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of A Sand County Almanac. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1990.

Eriksson, M., C. Milo McLeod, and Dan Gard, Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges. Missoula, Minnesota: USDA Forest Service and Technology & Development, 2000.

Meine, Curt. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work, 270-271. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

Pope, Neta, and Andrea Jaquez. The Fort Bayard Story 1866-1899: The Soldiers…The Hostile Apache Indians…The Settlers in Harm’s Way… Self-Published: Andrea Jaquez, 2011. Sayre, Charles A. “County Maintained Roads on Rural State Highway System –District 1.” Memo to Tony Gonzales, Planning Bureau, New Mexico Department of Transportation, August 10, 1982. On file, Gila National Forest.

Spray, Richard H. “Gila Wilderness Boundary History.” Memo to Director of the Recreation Staff Unit, Region 3, June 30, 1977. On file, Gila National Forest.

Spray, Richard H. “The Gila Wilderness: Boundary Adjustments and other High Jinks, 1924 to 1980. ” Presentation, Southwest Wilderness Conference at Western New Mexico University in Silver City, NM, September 29, 1989. Paper on file, Gila National Forest.

C. Likely Sources Not Yet Fully Investigated:

National Archives on Civilian Conservation Corps in New Mexico, including those involved with the Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and Grazing Service.

Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Newspapers.

Oral history, and potential, videography sources in private and public institutions, and or organizations.

Terry Canyon Bridge #4 NM-31 Grant County, New Mexico

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5 1 Þ¿ Terry Canyon Bridge #4

New Mexico

Grant County

Site Location Map 1:2,000 UTM Reference: 779786 E, 3663216 N, NAD 83 Zone 12 Miles USGS 7.5 Minute Series North Star Mesa Quadrangle, 1965 00.005.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 ¯

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> ADDENDUM TO: HAER NM-31 TERRY CANYON BRIDGE #4 HAER NM-31 (Bridge #5885/150-94) Gila National Forest National Forest System Road 150/North Star Road Mimbres vicinity Grant County New Mexico

FIELD RECORDS

HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001