INDEX

“A Manifesto to the World on Chinese chengde zhi jiao, 160 Culture,” 149 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2, See also “Manifesto for a Reappraisal 17, 43 of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Buddhism, 167 Chinese Culture,” 149 Chinese Communist Party, 2, 16, 18, 56, 147 A Reciting Text of Chinese Cultural Classics Chinese context, 6, 11, 13, 16, 20, 25, 29, 30, for Elementary Education (Jiang Qing), 35, 41, 71, 128, 129, 171, 182 176 Chinese Encyclopedia, 18 Adler, Joseph A., 84–86 Chinese Religions (Julia Ching), 77 Analects, 22, 26, 45, 70, 119, 120 Chinese vocabulary, 6, 9, 15–17, 37, 70, 103, analytical category, 82, 98, 107, 123, 124 106, 107, 117 ancestor worship, 1, 78, 87, 115, 117 Ching, Julia, 16n22, 77–79, 84, 86, 87, 107 See also ancestral worship, worship of Christian Gospel, 1 ancestors Christian paradigms, 13, 67, 86 ancestral worship, 14, 113, 178 See also paradigms of Christianity See also ancestor worship, worship of Christian saints, 80 ancestors Christian scriptures, 80 anti-Christian, 71n90, 148, 151 Christianity, 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 15–17, 23, 24, anti-Confucian camp, 54 33, 45, 47–51, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70–73, anti-Confucian campaign, 56, 148 75–80, 82, 86, 109, 124, 126, 133, 138, 149, antireligion camp, 57 151, 154, 157, 158, 164, 167, 174, 176 antireligion mentality, 2, 13, paradigms of, 59, 124, 150 antireligion sentiment, 42 Protestant, 6 antitraditionalism, 140, 143, 168, 171 chuantong liyi, 175 Aquinas, Thomas, 134 Chunqiu fanlu (Dong Zhongshu), 121 classical religion, 70, 112, 116, 121, 121n95, 134 baijia, 31 communism, 95, 139, 142 See also Hundred Schools community religion, 111 being Confucian, 82, 83 Confucian Academy, 174, 175, 176, 177n103 Berthrong, John H., 82–84, 86, 87, 174 See also Kongjiao Xueyuan Book of Music, 27 Confucian China and its Modern Fate Book of Poetry, 22 (Levenson), 143 Book of Rites, 69, 78, 84, 87 Confucian church, 174, 175 See also Li Ji Confucian classics, 28, 29, 33, 34, 47, 67, 70, Buddha, 14, 15, 23, 32, 82, 96, 113, 164 80, 82, 116, 125, 145, 176, 178 Buddhism, 1, 9, 12, 14, 15–17, 23, 32, 33, 41, Confucian fundamentalist, 175, 178 42, 47–50, 62, 65, 66, 74, 79, 109, 126, 127, Confucian learning, 3, 4, 26, 33–36, 138, 132, 133, 148, 174 164, 166, 167, 177 Confucian paradigms, 4, 90, 181 Cai Yuanpei, 54, 57n44 Confucian religion campaign, 7, 54 chang dao (constant way), 163 Confucian religion movement, 52–55, 130, Chang Hao, 137, 138, 171 147, 158 Chen Duxiu, 54–56 Confucian Religion School, 3, 13, 58, 59, 63, Chen Huanzhang, 51, 52, 57 67, 102, 123, 124, 151 Chen Ming, 60, 61, 130n122, 173 Confucian religiosity, 2, 4–7, 9, 11, 21, 22, Cheng Chung-ying, 86n145, 150 29, 30, 34–36, 39, 51, 57–61, 63, 69, 71, Cheng Huang, 112 76, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 101, 102, 202 index

105–108, 114–117, 119, 122–124, 130, 131, 133, question of, 89, 132 135, 137, 145–151, 158, 175, 181, 182 definitions of Confucianism, 62n62, 73, 84 Confucian rites, 145, 177, 178 Deng Cuiying, 17 Confucian ritual, 79, 177 dexing zhi xue, 165 Confucian sages, 80, 164, 176 diffused religion, 84, 111, 121n95 Confucian School, 30, 31, 34 divine way, 48, 49, 52, 174 Confucian Society, 46, 51 doctrinal religion, 111 See also Kongjiaohui Doctrine of Mean, 32 Confucian Society Magazine, 46 See also Zhongyong Confucian values, 84, 122, 125 Dominicans, 2 supernatural sanctions of, 117 Dong Zhongshu, 63, 121 Confucianism as a philosophy of reform, 6, downward approach, 178 46, 47, 146 dujing, 175 Confucianism as a religion, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, Durkheim, Emile, 95, 96, 100, 122 45–53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 62, 73, 126, 146, 147 Confucianism as state religion, 2, 33, 46, East-West encounter, 11, 13 54, 57, 74 See also Sino-West encounter Confucius, 14, 22–24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 47, emic perspective, 103, 104 49, 50, 53–56, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 79, 116, Emperor Wu, 31, 63 119, 120, 148, 165, 174, 175 Engels, 16, 18 Confucius2000, 35, 35n77, 36, 60 Enlightenment, 41, 42, 127, 129, 135, 144, Counter-Enlightenment, 135 145, 170, 171 crisis of ontological meaning, 4, 19 sentiment, 170 See also loss of meaning, meaning “Ertong zhi zongjiao yishi” (Deng Cuiying), problem, problem of meaning 17 crisis of social and political order, 4 etic perspective, 103, 104 Cui Dahua, 64, 65 etic procedure, 104, 105, 107 cultural conservatism, 138, 139, 152 Europe, 25n47, 47, 77, 151 cultural nationalism, 61 Anglo-European, 84 Cultural Revolution, 2, 17, 18, 143n18 European, 25, 82, 107 “extraordinary things, feats of strength, da chuantong, 172 disorder, and spiritual beings,” 22, 70, dao, 13–15, 30, 83, 176, 177, 180 119 daode de zhutixing, 165 See also guai li luan shen daojia, 30 daojiao, 14, 30, 38, 41 family resemblance, 98–100, 124 daoti, 165, 166 Fang Zhaohui, 166, 167 daotong, 63, 63n64, 162–167, 176, 182 fangbian quanfa, 60, 68 See also transmission of the way fate (ming), 120, 121, 125 daoxue, 83 Feng Youlan, 57n44, 59, 63, 148 Dawson, Raymond, 74 fenjieshi, 68 De Saussure, Ferdinand, 39, 39n86 filial piety, 84 default assignments, 98, 99 Fitzgerald, Timothy, 91n6, 93–95 default values, 98–100 Five Classics, 22, 27, 70, 82, 87, 112, 121, 125, definiendum, 10, 89 172 definiens, 10, 89 See also Wujing defining Confucianism, 68, 84, 87, 90, 100, Five Elements, 115, 121 102, 108, 116, 124, 126, 130–133, 135, 181, fojiao, 14, 30, 38, 41 182 folk category, 34, 98 a nominal approach to, 131 folk religion, 84, 112, 113, 116, 117, 128 in the Western category of religion, 4, See also popular religion 22, 41, 89, 93, 98, 119, 136 Four Books, 22, 70, 87, 112, 116n76, 172, 176 problem/difficulty of, 4, 16, 84, 102, 122, See also Sishu 124, 130, 132, 136 Franciscans, 2