EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
Social, Psychological and Cultural Factors Implications for Disaster Preparedness and Rebuilding
COURTNEY WELTON-MITCHELL
Research Associate, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado Director of Humanitarian Assistance Research Group, University of Denver
RUBINA AWALE Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks EERI Briefing Series of Videos
○ Introduction: Overview of reconnaissance effort objectives, methodology, unique features and team members – Bret Lizundia ○ Nepal and the Earthquake: Introduction to Nepal geography and demographics, and an overview of the earthquake damage – Surya Shrestha ○ Seismology and Ground Motion: Kishor Jaiswal ○ Building Performance Part I: Building type overview, RC frame with masonry infill, and woodframe – Hemant Kaushik ○ Building Performance Part II: URM bearing wall, school retrofits, postearthquake safety evaluation, barricades/shoring– Bret Lizundia ○ Health Facility Performance – Judy Mitrani-Reiser and Hari Kumar ○ Social, Psychological and Cultural Factors – Courtney Welton-Mitchell ○ Geoscience Observations – Jan Kupec ○ Emergency Response – Ganesh Kumar Jimee ○ Performance of Cultural Heritage Structures – Suraj Shrestha ○ Building Codes – John Bevington ○ Lifelines – Rachel Davidson ○ Resilience and Community Case Studies – Chris Poland ○ Summary of Findings – Bret Lizundia
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Overview: Factors with Implications for Disaster Preparedness and Rebuilding
1. Rapid Assessment Methods 2. Disaster Attributions 3. Mental Health and Coping 4. Social Support/Cohesion and Conflict 5. Remittances, Remuneration, and Livelihoods 6. Relief Aid Mechanisms 7. Socio-political Considerations – Governance, Civil War 8. Gender, Caste/Ethnicity, Language 9. Summary 10. Suggestions for Future Research
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Rapid Assessment Methods: Earthquake Affected Areas
Informal interviews with approximately 80 community members, government officials and relief agency staff in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavre Palanchok, and Sindhupalchok districts (May 31st-June 8th).
Source: ReliefWeb
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Disaster Attributions
1. Explanatory Frameworks: Lost the path of religion (dharma); Gods are angry. Lack of proper site selection/prep with priests. ---“Graha Shanti” & “Chyama Puja” (250 in one community) 2. Preparedness/Risk Perception: Perceived risk is high; “puja” as potential risk mitigation strategy. Puja is the act of showing reverence to a god, a spirit, or another aspect of the divine through invocations, prayers, songs, and rituals.
[after puja] “we were content, it helped - now we are less fearful of aftershocks.”
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Disaster Attributions
Some sacred structures survived the earthquake • Kumari Palace • Shiva Temple (Pashupatinath) Explanations include protection by Kumari and Lord Shiva
Source: Nepali Times
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Disaster Attributions
3. Scientific Explanations
coexist alongside such beliefs
People are receptive to disaster preparedness
Various stories: “Gods help those who help themselves” -reinforce responsibility for preparedness Source: Kathmandu Valley Earthquake ManagementRisk Project(NSET)
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell Fatalism must also be taken into account
“No matter where you go, if it is written in your fate to die you will die.”
– Tamang woman/Bhimdhunga, rebuilding in a landslide risk area
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
Numerous mental health assessments with similar findings – Ongoing stressors related to basic needs, livelihoods, social issues - all contributing to psychological distress.
Source: International Medical Corps, May 2015 – Rapid Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment.
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
Many Community Members Reported - ● Depression/Hopelessness –influencing motivation for harvesting/ rebuilding ● Anxiety - over disruptions in harvest, lack of livelihood opportunities, and impact on children’s future ● Intrusive Memories – buried under rubble ● Re-experiencing (ground moving), sleep difficulties, alcohol abuse, interpersonal conflict/irritability, fear
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping Nepal-specific mental health literature review underscores importance of culture (Interagency Standing Committee, 2015) Some in Nepal explain earthquake distress as a “wound” to the “heart-mind” or a “soul loss”
Recovery may involve traditional healers (shaman)
Source: YouTube
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell Various forms of coping such as –
Religious/spiritual practices, child- friendly play spaces, and reframing
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
Local Hindu temple (above) Private shrine of Brahmin family (left)
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell Ramkot VDC, Nagarjun Municipality.
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
Source: SOS Children’s Village International Abuse and risk of trafficking in camps
Child-friendly spaces and temporary learning centers (TLCs) appear to be playing important roles in recovery for EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell children and families
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Mental Health and Coping
Reframing –
Bhimdungha VDC, Nagarjun Municipality ●Only one injury, no fatalities ●Nearly all homes collapsed - adults working in fields, children together in one building that did not collapse
Gratitude for having been
spared EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Social Support/Cohesion and Conflict
Volunteerism/cooperation in some communities - Observed in ethnically homogenous, rural places
Source: New York Times
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Social Support/Cohesion and Conflict
Pre-earthquake squatters’ settlement, Bagmati River
Socially marginalized groups have been collecting money and providing temporary shelter for earthquake victims
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Social Support/Cohesion and Conflict
Relief efforts by local volunteer groups, religious communities, and business leaders ‘Camp Hope’ - IDP Camp for 322 displaced villagers from Sindhupalchowk District
Run by business Source: Wendy Kassel leaders affiliated with a local hotel chain
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Social Support/Cohesion and Conflict
Conflict in communities – observed in semi-urban places, possibly more common among mixed ethnicity/caste groups
Conflicts over – ● Relief Aid – jealously regarding distribution ● Previous Conflicts – water use/access ● Use of Farming Land – temp. shelters vs. farming
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Remittances, Remuneration, and Livelihoods
● Remittances –25 percent of gross domestic product (World Bank). Will be more dependent on remittances than ever – more young men will need to earn wages
● Remuneration – for lost property and loved ones –Difficult to access, many suspicious of government – Stated they won’t apply for compensation
● Woman in charge of rebuilding –
“…burden of rebuilding will be placed upon women, adolescents, the sick, and the elderly because many healthy, young adult and middle-age men are not in rural communities” (Interagency Standing Committee 2015).
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Remittances, Remuneration, and Livelihoods
Livelihood Disruptions - ● Loss of livestock ● Late harvest/planting ● Decrease in tourism ● Lack of available goods for small shop owners
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell = Limited financial resources
Opportunities for some – ● Relief and recovery jobs with aid agencies ● Work clearing the rubble for ‘unskilled’ day laborers
EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Relief Aid Mechanisms
Humanitarian cluster system (2005)
• 11 sectors with an agency lead (e.g. food, education, health), all related agencies must coordinate efforts and funding appeals
Shelter cluster -
• Government of Nepal Post Disaster Needs Assessment outlines long term housing recovery plans
• Shelter Cluster is supporting plans with 30 partner agencies with disaster and reconstruction expertise
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Relief Aid Mechanisms
• Humanitarian cluster system (more) effective
• Local politics = confusion, conflicting disaster response plans
• Community trusts aid agencies; suspicious of government/politicians
• Remote area challenges – Helicopters, porters
Source: http://www.unocha.org/ • Discrimination reported
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Relief Aid Mechanisms
Source: Amnesty International
Aid typically distributed by local government officials representing higher caste groups Source: International Business Times
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Socio-political Considerations – Governance, Civil War
Civil War 1996-2006 (‘Maoist Insurgency’)
No formal constitution Viitale
since 2006 Source: Ami
Recent earthquake could further destabilize the
country if long-term News government response is seen
as ineffective Parakhi Source:
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Gender, Caste/Ethnicity, Language
Source: 2011 Census
102 Castes/Ethnic Groups
123 Languages Source: 2011 Census
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Summary
Disaster attributions Remittances and livelihood should be considered in limitations influence preparedness and recovery rebuilding Relief aid, including shelter Mental health must be materials, may benefit some addressed; otherwise groups more than others may undermine recovery Socio-political challenges - Cohesive cultural/linguistic diversity (homogeneous) resulting in communication communities may be barriers more effective in Difficulty with access to rebuilding many affected areas may hamper recovery
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Suggestions for Future Research
Over the long-term –
How will these social, psychological and cultural factors influence preparedness, recovery and rebuilding?
Motivation and resources to ‘Build Back Better’ or –
1) Replicate ancestral homes reusing same inadequate materials?
2) Add on to temp shelters hastily EERI / Courtney Welton-Mitchell assembled for monsoon?
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks More Information: Reports, Data & Photos http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2015-04-25-nepal/
● Visit EERI’s Virtual Clearinghouse Website for: ○ Geolocated Data Map ○ Photo Gallery ○ Team Report (available in late summer 2015) ○ Reports from other teams & organizations ○ Curated Topic Posts ● Thanks to my Virtual Team Collaborator Melissa Tucker (University of Denver) who assisted with photos and literature review
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following individuals and organizations who supported my reconnaissance effort: ○ EERI’s Learning from Earthquakes Program for travel and logistic support ○ NSET for coordination, logistics, and linkages to local individuals and organizations in Nepal ○ Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado – Liesel Ritchie and Kathleen Tierney ○ EERI LFE Team Members for the discussion and intellectual stimulation during the visit that enhanced my thinking and findings ○ Katy Wall and Amal Azimova who helped with literature review ○ Community members for being so welcoming and taking the time to share experiences ○ Staff from the following agencies who made time for interviews – Transcultural Psychosocial Organization, Nepal International Organization for Migration International Federation of the Red Cross World Food Programme Voices of Children Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks