Folk Veterinary Medicine in Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, Vol. 3(2), June 2012, pp. 267-277

Folk veterinary medicine in Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh, India

Rajesh Kumar1 and K A Bharati2* 1Department of Botany, Bareilly College, Bareilly-243 005, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Department of Botany, NREC College, Khurja-203 131, Uttar Pradesh, India

Received 18 May 2011; Accepted 12 March 2012

This study aims to document folk medicinal knowledge of plants used for the treatment of livestock in the Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Information on these veterinary practices was gathered from June 2009 to April 2010 by interviewing residents using the “Transect walks” method of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique. The method was based on semi-structured interviews and discussions with key research participants. A total of fifty-seven medicinal formulas were recorded for use in the treatment of different livestock diseases. These formulations are not reported in earlier published literature.

Keywords: Folk veterinary medicine, Livestock, medicinal plants, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh. IPC code; Int. cl. (2011.01)  A61K 36/00

Introduction Uttar Pradesh has been explored for indigenous Livestock are owned by majority of rural families veterinary medicines by only few researchers like, in India and play an important role in rural system1. It Khanna et al, Mishra et al, Nigam & Sharma, Ali, is seen that majority of them adopt traditional Pandey, etc.5-9. A perusal of relevant literature reveals methods for treatment of livestock. The folk medicine provides few advantages over modern medicine like, no side-effects, easily available at affordable prices and sometime the only source of health care available to the poor.

Folk medicine is widely practiced in Uttar Pradesh, India. The district, Sitapur is situated in the upper Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh and covering an area of 5743 sq. km. It is lies between 80° 20′- 81°23′ N latitude and 27°19′- 27°34′ E longitude (Fig. 1). The area is characterized by tropical dry deciduous vegetation2-4. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main occupations of more than eighty percent of the population1. Residents still manage livestock in the same way as their forefathers. Usually, people rear cows, buffalos or goats but pigs and horses are not uncommon. The major livestock ailments are foot and mouth disease, diarrhoea, dysentery, anorexia, expulsion of placenta, fever, mastitis, wounds, hemautria and the protrusion of the umbilical chord outside the animal during pregnancy. The state of ————————

*Correspondent author: E-mail: [email protected] Fig. 1  Map of study area 268 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2012

that except Siddiqui who studied anti-cancerous have been deposited at the Department of Botany, plants of Sitapur district no work on folk veterinary Barielly College, Barielly, India. medicines of Sitapur district has so far been carried out10, therefore, the present study was undertaken to Results and Discussion document the same. It has been observed that fever is treated with the greatest variety of local remedies (with five Materials and Methods formulas), followed by foot & mouth disease and A “Transect walks” method of the Participatory regulation of estrus cycle (with two formulas each). Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique was adopted for our Approximately 62 species of plants and 11 minerals field survey11. It was based on semi-structured are used in the preparation of all fifty-seven remedies interviews and discussions with key research (Plate 1). These formulations treat thirty-two participants including: elder members of different broad categories of disease. The species with the communities, traditional healers, livestock owners and most diversified uses is Piper nigrum Linn. in herdsmen. A total of 70 people, 60 men and five formulas each), followed by, Acacia nilotica 10 women, who use traditional medicine, were Delile, Saccharum officinarum Linn. in three interviewed. The prevalent animal diseases, their formulas each) (Table 1). Out of 62 species of plants, diagnostic knowledge/symptoms of ailments, only 12 species have shown few common medicinal medicinal plant and other raw material used in the properties (18 medicinal properties) with earlier treatments, remedy preparation, dose and method of studies (Table 2). administration were all documented. The data Mishra et al reported twelve remedies for presented is based on interviews conducted from June veterinary care found in the Bundelkhand area but all 2009 to April 2010. The data has been verified with differ from those discovered in our study6. In the other informants in the same localities. The plant context of human folk medicine, Sitapur district was specimens have been collected with field notes12, explored for anti-cancerous drugs by Siddique, identified with the help of relevant flora13-14 and the he reported Azadirachta indica A. Juss. as herbaria of Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad anticancerous but in our study, this plant is used (BSA) and Forest Research Institute Dehradun, against conjunctivitis10. Hence, these remedies can be Dehradun (DD), India. The herbarium specimens considered new findings. Table 1  Folk veterinary medicinal formulations used in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh S. No. Local name of the ailment/ Symptoms of Local formulations/Mode of preparation and use disease and Medical or ailments/disease English term in parenthesis 1. Foot & mouth disease Formation of vesicles in (i) The infected hoof is washed with lukewarm decoction of the (Khur pakka and Chapara) mucus membrane in stem bark of Gular (Ficus glomerata Roxb.), Babool [Acacia mouth and infection, nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan], Jamun [Syzigium cumini inflammation in cleft (Linn.) Skeels], Dhaak [Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.] and of hoof. In severe cases Katha [Acacia catechu (Linn. f.) Willd.] pus may be formed. (ii) Kadwa tale [seed oil of Brassica juncea (Linn.) Hook.f. & Thomson] and Lahsun (the bulb of Allium sativum Linn.) are boiled together and lukewarm oil is applied on the hoof. (iii) About 500 g Stem bark of Babool and 100 g Fitkari (Alum) are boiled in three to four litres of water for 30 minutes; the lukewarm preparation is gently applied on hoof. (iv) About 500 g stem bark of Babool and 500 g stem bark of Dhaak are crushed together and boiled in three litres of water to prepare decoction. The lukewarm preparation is applied on the hoof. 2. Wound of hoof Diagnosis is done Rhizome of Aama Haldi (Curcuma amada Roxb.) and Talaab- ki- (Khur- ka- ghao) through physical kai/ Jalkumbhi [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] are crushed examination of hoof together and boiled. The highly concentrated lukewarm preparation is applied on wound. (Contd.) KUMAR & BHARATI: FOLK VETERINARY MEDICINE IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH 269

Table 1  Folk veterinary medicinal formulations used in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh (Contd.) S. No. Local name of the ailment/ Symptoms of Local formulations/Mode of preparation and use disease and Medical or ailments/disease English term in parenthesis 3. Maggots in hoof Wound of hoof infected About 250 g stem bark of Mahua [Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) (Khur-may-keeray) with maggots Mac Br.] is decocted in two litres of water for 30 minutes. This is later filtered through a cloth and stored in a bottle. The preparation is used for dressing of wound. 4. Regulate estrus cycle Regulate reproductive (i) About 100 g seed of Arandi (Ricinus communis Linn.) and (Garm karnana) cycle. 200ml of Pani (water) are orally given to the cattle for three to four days. (ii) Kapoor (Camphor or Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) T. Nees & C.H.Eberm.) and root of Maanmoor (Alocasia indica Schott) are crushed together and feed to cattle with bread of Gayhu (Triticum aestivum Linn.). (iii) One flower of Kayvara (Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex J.P.du Roi) is crushed and fed to the cattle. (iv) Five seeds of Jaifal (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), 20 g Khurashani Aajwain (Hyoscyamus niger Linn.) and 20 g Kala namak (Black salt/ Anaqua Sodi Chloridum) are crushed together mixed and given thrice a day for three days. 5. Prolongation of expulsion of Umbilical chord and (i) About 20 g dried flowers of Patsun (Corchorus capsularis placenta (Jayer latakna) placenta remains Linn.) are crushed and applied on vagina for quick detachment of hanging after birth placenta. (ii) About 200 g of root of Bargad (Ficus benghalensis Linn.) decocted in 2 litres of water till volume left half. The decoction (300 ml) is orally given thrice a day. 6. Placenta and umbilical chord Placenta and umbilical (i) About 100 g root of Latjeera (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) is not came out (Bail jharna/ chord remain inside the crushed and applied on vagina. Bail nahi girna) mother’s body after child birth 7. Show (Bail utarna/ Discharge of vaginal fluid, (i) Fruit of Patsun is finely crushed and make into a paste with Grabh-paat ki samasya) placenta and Umbilical water. The paste is externally applied on expelled placenta and chord protrudes outside gently pushed with palm. (ii) About 200 ml Daaru (local rum made up of Saccharum officinarum Linn.) is poured on expelled placenta. (iii) About 200 g dried fruits of Bari Haar (Terminalia chebula Retz.), 200 g Punernava (Boerhavia diffusa Linn.) are crushed together and mixed with seed oil of Arandi to make six to seven Goli (small ball). One Goli is given three times a day to cattle till cure. 8. Expulsion of placenta (Bhandar Swelling of vagina, (ii) Lobaan (Benzoin/ Resin of Styrax benzoin Dry.) and Gayru Faykna or Pahalay Jair Bahar placenta protrudes outside (Oker Red lumber stone or Bole rubra) are crushed together and Aana) along with or without poultice is made in a cotton cloth. The poultice is used for hot- umbilical cord during fomentation on inflammation. pregnancy much before delivery time. 9. Fever (Bukhar/ Jawaar) Rise in body temperature (i) About 50 g Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum Linn.) and 250 ml Karwa tale are mixed together and given twice a day with Naar (bamboo glass) to cattle. (iii) Two to three fruits of Peeli-Kateeli (Argemone mexicana Linn.) are boiled in two litres of water till volume remains half. About 250 ml of decoction is orally given to cattle daily with Naar till cure. (Contd.)

270 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2012

Table 1  Folk veterinary medicinal formulations used in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh (Contd.) S. No. Local name of the ailment/ Symptoms of Local formulations/Mode of preparation and use disease and Medical or ailments/disease English term in parenthesis (iv) About 100 g root of Lat Jeera and nine Kali Mirch are crushed together for one dose. The paste is dissolved in water and given orally with the help of Naar to cattle. Dose may vary from two to three times a day. (v) About 50 g root of Madar [Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) W.T. Aiton] and 5 g Kali Mirch are crushed together and mixed with 50 ml of Sarson tale (seed oil of Brassica napus Linn.). The paste is given daily with Naar to cattle. (vi) Ghee (Milk fat/butter) and Namak (Common salt) are mixed together in equal amount and used as ointment over backbone and bandaged with the help of cotton cloth. 10. Cold (Thand) Running nose Two eggs and 250 ml of Daaru (local rum produce from Saccharum officinarum Linn.) are orally given twice a day with Naar to the cattle. 11. Flatulence (Pet may hawa Excessive gas in stomach, (i) Ek Paaw (250 g) seeds of Chana (the seeds of Cicer arietinum banana/bharana) abdomen swell and gas Linn.) imbibed in water and feed with Gur (jaggery) twice a day to pass from anus. livestock. (ii) About 50 g Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) seeds, 20 g Kala namak, 50 g Jeera (Cuminum cyminum Linn.), 10 g Hing (Ferula asafoetida H. Karst.) and 200 g leaf of Semal (Bombax ceiba Linn.) are crushed together with little water to make paste and given thrice a day to the animal. (iii) About 50 g Khana Soda (Sodium bicarbonate), 5 g Tatari (Tatric acid), 10 ml fruit juice of Neeboo [Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing], 10 g Kala Jeera (Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch.), 05 g seeds of Methi, 20 g Sulamani Namak and Kala namak are crushed together and 10 g of preparation given twice a day preferably at morning and evening to the livestock. 12. Diarrhoea (Dust/Hayrana/Pokna) Loose motion/ increase (i) One litre of Chawal- ki- Maar (unhusked seeds of Oryza sativa frequency or consistency Linn. boiled in water to cook and stained to separate the rice from of dung. water/ rice wash) given at morning before feeding. (ii) About 200 g leaves of Imli (Tamarindus indica Linn.) is crushed and dissolved in water. One Naar preparation is given orally twice a day. 13. Diarrhoea in summer season Loose motion during (i) Solution prepared of 500 ml of water and 200 g of powdered (Dust Garmi-say) summer season Urad [seeds of Vigna mungo (Linn.) Hepper] is fed to cattle at the intervals of two hours. 14. Diarrhoea in winter season Loose motion during cold (i) Solution made of 500 ml of Pani and 200 g of powdered Chana (Dust thand-say) season are fed to cattle at the intervals of two hours till cure. (ii) About 20g Kali Mirch, one seed of Jaifal (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and root of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal] are crushed together and one Naar given to the animal with water till cure. 15. Dysentery (Khuni Dust) Loose motion with blood About 50 g Methi seeds, 20 g Kala namak, 50 g Jeera, 10 g Hing and 200 g leaf of Semal are crushed together with little water to make paste and given to the animal. 16. Blood dysentery (Khun Pokna) Blood with loose motion For one dose of remedy Adha Kilo (500 g) pulse of Arhar [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.], 50 g root bark of Ashwagandha is boiled together in three litres of water till volume remains one- third. The preparation is given thrice a day to cattle till cure. (Contd.)

KUMAR & BHARATI: FOLK VETERINARY MEDICINE IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH 271

Table 1  Folk veterinary medicinal formulations used in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh (Contd.) S. No. Local name of the ailment/ Symptoms of Local formulations/Mode of preparation and use disease and Medical or ailments/disease English term in parenthesis 17. Abdominal pain (Pet-ka-dard) Animal behaviour changes About 250 ml fruit juice of Jamun orally given with Naar to the it is recognize by animal cattle. keeper 18. Anorexia (Afra/Chara-nahi- Loss of Appetite, (i) About 2 kg fruit Bakaian (Melia azedarach Linn.), 5 litre of khanay par/Bhuk nahi lagna) swelling of abdomen Mattha (Buttermilk), 250 g Aam Ki Khatai (dried unripe fruit of Mangifera indica Linn.), 50 g Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague), 10 g Hing, 100 g Kala gond (gum of Acacia nilotica subsp. indica), 100 g Ajmod (Apium graveolens Linn.), 100 g Lahsun and 200 g Pyaaj (Allium cepa Linn.) are crushed together. Keep the mixture in an earthen pot for one week. 100 ml of preparation is given twice a day preferable in the morning and evening to calves. (ii) About 50 g Jar (root) of Bayada (Coleus barbatus Benth.), 05 g Hing and 100 g Jowar (Sorghum vulgare (Linn.) Pers.) are mixed with water (200 ml) and given with Naar . 19. Worm infestation Initially appetite increase (i) One Naar (300 ml) of highly concentrated solution of Gur (Pet may keeray) and then decrease, whitish (Jaggery) or Darru is given orally at evening. discharge from eye, weight (ii) About 25 g common salt and 250 g ripen fruits of Tamatar loss, some time worms (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are crushed together and the comes along with dung. paste is feed to cattle preferably in the morning and evening. 20. Constipation of goat Decrease frequency or About 100 ml of Karwa tale and 25 g Kali Mirch powder are (Kabj Bakari ko) consistency of dung given daily. 21. Conjunctivitis (Aakh-ki-Lalima Redness in eye (i) Pour few drops of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) oil in aur Ki-Char aana) the ear and on the head of the animal. (ii) Leaf extract of Babool is mixed with very little Namak (common salt) and filtered with clean cloth, it is used as eye- drop in the morning. (iii) Gulab jal (essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill.), Fitkari and fruit juice of Neeboo are mixed together and filtered with fine cloth. The preparation is used as eye-drop. Dose may vary from four to six times a day. 22. Otitis (Kan-ka-Rog) Pain, fluid and pus (i) One Muli (Raphanus sativus Linn.) , 10 g seeds of Methi, 50g secretion from ear. Animal Lahsan, 100 ml Sarson tale are mixed together and heated for five behaviour changes it minutes in a clean pan. This is later filtered with clean cloth and recognise by animal keeper four to five drops of preparation is used twice a day as ear-drop. 23. Ansarca (Sujan) Swelling of body Lahori namak (Rock salt), Sonth (powder of rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.) are mixed together and heat on pan for few minutes. When preparation cool-down applied on inflammation. 24. Inflammation of shoulder Inflammation of shoulder (i) Fruit of Baingan (Solanum melongena Linn. var. esculentum) (Kanday-ka-sujan/ Jhatka lagna) is roasted and crushed to apply thoroughly on inflammation and bandaged with cotton cloth for 12 hours. 25. Arthritis Inflammation and pain of (i) Rhizome of Aama Haldi and Talaab-ki- kai/ Jalkumbhi are (Gatiya/Joro-ka-dard) joints crushed together and boiled in 3 litres of water for 15 minutes. Lukewarm preparation is slowly poured on joints. 26. Anuresis (Pesh-aab rukna) Stop urination/urinary (i) Fruit juice of Turai (Luffa cylindrical (Linn.) Roem.) applied retention externally around gentile and in between the posterior legs. 27. Little & frequent urine Increase in frequency of About 50 g Kateera-ka-Gond (gum of Sterculia urens Roxb.) and (Pesh-aab –ka-rog) urination but quantity 100 g Alsi (Linum usitatissimum Linn.) are crushed together. The decrease. preparation is given twice a day for three consequtive days. (Contd.)

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Table 2  Comparison on the use of the veterinary medicinal plant species in India.

S. No. Plant name/Collection Folk veterinary use in present Folk veterinary use reported in earlier studies number study 1. Abutilon indicum (KAB117) Hemautria Haemorrhagic septicaemia8, lice15,16, dysentery17, diarrhoea18. 2. Acacia catechu (RK24) Foot & mouth disease Swelling, wound, crack paralysis19, diarrhoea20,21, muscular growth22, constipation23. 3. Acacia nilotica (RK58) Foot & mouth disease, Galactagogue9,20,24, foot & mouth disease15, hoof-rot, Conjunctivitis, Hemautria, dysentery, galactagogue, improve health, infection, Anorexia constipation. 4. Achyranthes aspera Placenta and umbilical chord Facilitate delivery8, diuretic, delivery26, bronchitis27, (KAB84) not came out, Fever fever, injury, gastric, appetizer28, cramps29, pneumonia22, eye30, removal placenta31. 5. Aegle marmelos (RK29) Diarrhoea, Hemautria Flatulence8, injury28, 32, joint pain33, diarrhoea22, fever34, wound, rinder pest37. 6. Allium cepa (RK21) Anorexia Cough19,32, cold, fever19, stimulant33, indigestion38, flatulence37, rabies, diarrhoea39, gastric23. 7. Allium sativum (RK66) Anorexia, Otitis, Foot & mouth Cough19, cold, fever9,19, dysentery, indigestion19, disease wound40,41, mouth infection, throat42, appetizer21, worm in gastro-intestinal tract37, black quarter, mastitis39, cholera23. 8. Alocasia indica (RK67) Regulate estrus cycle Respiratory problems19. 9. Argemone mexicana Fever Antiseptic20, fungal infection42. (KAB86) 10. Azadirachta indica (KAB92) Conjunctivitis Constipation, repel external parasite32,43, dyspepsia32, ulcer7,45, sore of nails & sole46, wound43,41, skin, stomatitis, prolapsed uterus, throat19, cough27,33, fever22,28, indigestion, cut, anthelmintic43, mosquito repellent20, liver disorder21, foot & mouth disease37, meningitis, fungal infection42, stop eating24. (Contd.)

KUMAR & BHARATI: FOLK VETERINARY MEDICINE IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH 273

Table 2  Comparison on the use of the veterinary medicinal plant species in India.(Contd.)

S. No. Plant name/Collection number Folk veterinary use in present Folk veterinary use reported in earlier studies study 11. Boerhavia diffusa (KAB93) Placenta and Umbilical chord Stomach disorder 8, Diuretic47, stimulant26, black quarter48, protrudes outside eye, emetic, expectorant 20, liver21. 12. Bombax ceiba (KAB95) Flatulence, Diarrhoea, Dysentery Maternity ailments19,43, dislocation of bone27,49, diarrhoea28,50, indigestion, flatulence19. 13. Brassica juncea (RK34) Foot & mouth disease, Fever, Strength, warmth12, foot & mouth disease37, Rabies39, loose constipation of goat, Infection in motion23. tail 14. Butea monosperma (KAB87) Foot & mouth disease Stomachache16, sore20, vermifuge, Rubefacient51, anthelmintic52, control external parasite39. 15. Cajanus cajan (RK39) Blood with loose motion Dysentery 19, stomachache28, diarrhoea53 16. Calotropis procera (RK28) Fever Cut in tail of buffalo15, hoof-rot9. 17. Calotropis gigantea (RK27) Fever Sprain2, swelling 2,19,54, boil 47, dysentery, stomachache19, wound27,28,49, leg swelling55, arthritis28, scabies43, injury, infection56, gastric23. 18. Cicer arietinum (RK42) Flatulence, Diarrhoea Dysentery, blood dysentery19. 19. Cinnamomum camphora Regulate estrus cycle Wound19. 20. Citrus aurantiifolia (RK45) Flatulence, Conjunctivitis Scabies19, anthelmintic43. 21. Cleome gynandra (RK43) Maggots in wound Anthelmintic, vermifuge, rheumatism26, wound27, ear problem28. 22. Cuminum cyminum (KAB96) Flatulence, Dysentery Mastitis19, indigestion21, cholera23. 23. Curcuma amada (RK48) Wound of hoof, Arthritis Wound41. 24. Eichhornia crassipes (KAB91) Arthritis , Wound of hoof Skin, wound, cut16, hairfall41. 25. Ferula asafetida (KAB89) Flatulence, Anorexia, Dysentery Indigestion19, gastric23,33, bronch27. 26. Ficus benghalensis (RK63) Prolongation of expulsion of Bone fracture57, neck injuries25, gastric23. placenta 27. Ficus glomerata (RK41) Foot & mouth disease, Diarrhoea Skin disease28,47 , rinder pest16, healthy foetus29, blood dysentery 19. 28. Linum usitatissimum (RK54) Little & frequent urine Dysentery19, stomachache58. 29. Madhuca longifolia (RK51) Maggots in hoof Sore54, lice, external parasite, bone fracture57, wound15, worm49, rinder pest, bronchitis28, malnutrition29,51, urinary disorder50. 30. Mangifera indica (KAB114) Hemautria, Anorexia Constipation27, colic, anthrax, pneumonia28, throat swelling20, rabies39. 31. Melia azedarach (KAB109) Anorexia Bile influences15, weakness, anorexia, decrease in milk secretion9, refrigerant 8, Sprain32,43, swelling2, anthelmintic26,47, vermifuge, diuretic26, small-pox40, fever28, ulcer21. 32. Myristica fragrans (KAB103) Regulate estrus cycle, Diarrhoea Diarrhoea33, indigestion21. 33. Oryza sativa (RK52) Diarrhoea Dysentery19, bone fracture20, mouth and throat ailments42. 34. Piper nigrum (KAB104) - Cough, cold, fever, mastitis19, indigestion19,38, throat swelling57, diarrhoea33, intestinal disorder27, urinary disorder52, cholera23. 35. Pandanus tectorius (KAB106) Regulate estrus cycle Ulcer59. 36. Raphanus sativus (RK35) Otitis Liver disorder21, wound50. 37. Ricinus communis (KAB78) Regulate estrus cycle, placenta Antipyretic32,43, anthelum, vermifuge, rheum26, dysentery, and Umbelical chord protrudes lactation19, constipation19,28, wound20, bone fracture, outside lacrimation50. 38. Solanum melongena (RK36) Inflammation of shoulder Epistaxis60. 39. Syzigium cuminii (RK37) Hemautria, Foot & mouth disease, Diarrhoea, dysentery32,43, wound20,28, swelling28, sore, abdominal pain cholera23. 40. Tamarindus indica (RK38) Diarrhoea Joint pain28, bone fracture33. 41. Terminalia chebula (RK26) placenta and Umbelical chord Diarrhoea33, anthrax28, dysentery20, gastropathies, ulcer61, protrudes outside liver21, stomachache37. (Contd.)

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Table 2  Comparison on the use of the veterinary medicinal plant species in India.(Contd.)

S. No. Plant name/Collection Folk veterinary use in present Folk veterinary use reported in earlier studies number study 42. Tamarindus indica (RK38) Diarrhoea Joint pain28, bone fracture33. 43. Terminalia chebula (RK26) placenta and Umbelical chord Diarrhoea33, anthrax28, dysentery20, gastropathies, protrudes outside ulcer61, liver21, stomachache37. 44. Trachyspermum ammi Anorexia Hypocaemia, downer cow syndrome44, expectorant 26, (RK29) lactation57, removal placenta, wound, sore43, appetizer21, indigestion19,22,26, dysentery, stomachache, fever19. 45. Trigonella foenum-graecum Flatulence, blood dysentery, Urinary disorder28, appetizer21, loose motion23. (RK56) Otitis 46. Triticum aestivum (RK61) Regulate estrus cycle Dysentery 19, bone fracture 20, constipation23. 47. Withania somnifera Diarrhoea, blood dysentery Lice, coagulate milk20, fever19, ulcer21,62,63. (KAB90) 48. Zingiber officinale (RK61) Ansarca Blood purifier, expectorant26, cough19,37, cold19, fever19,50, strength, warmth19, indigestion19,21,26,38,41, bone fracture14, diarrhoea, gastric33, anthrax28, dyspepsia21, rabies39.

KUMAR & BHARATI: FOLK VETERINARY MEDICINE IN SITAPUR DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH 275

Plate 1  Some of the plants used in ethno-veterinary medicine

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Conclusion 12 Singh H B and Subramanium B, Field manual on herbarium Due to intimate relationship with nature over a long techniques, NISCAIR, New Delhi, 2008, pp. 180-220. 13 Duthie J F, Flora of Upper Gangatic Plains and adjacent period of time a well developed folk veterinary system Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan tracts, Vols. 1 & 2, Bishan has been establish in Sitapur district. Animals and Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1933, pp. 1-266. plants are integral to part of their culture, religion, 14 Raizada M B, Supplement to Duthie’s flora of Upper magico-religion and traditional pharmacopoeia. Even Gangatic Plains and adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan when the indigenous have access to modern health-care tracts, Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1976, pp. 1-355. modalities, some of the traditional practices still remain 15 Sharma S C, A medicobotanical study in relation to prevalent in villages. This is a clear indication of their veterinary medicines of Shahjahanpur district (Uttar faith in the folk medicine. Advanced research on plants Pradesh), J Econ Tax Bot, 1996, 12, 123-127. of excessive medicinal values such as Brassica napus, 16 Kumar A, Pandey VC and Tiwari DD, Documentation and Piper nigrum, Acacia nilotica and Saccharum determination of consensus about phytotherapeutic officinarum may lead to new sources of drugs. veterinary practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India, Trop Anim Health Prod, 2012, 44, 863-872. Acknowledgements 17 Reddy K N, Bhanja M R and Vatsavaya S R, Plants used in The authors are highly grateful to the Botanical ethnoveterinary practices in Warangal district Andhra Survey of India, Allahabad, for their valuable help in Pradesh, India, Ethnobotany, 1998, 10, 75-84. the plant identification. We express our gratitude to 18 Pal G D, Observations on Ethnobotany of tribals of Subansiri, Arunchal Pradesh, Bull Bot Surv India, 1984, 26, Dr Gurnam Saini and Dr Jitendra Nath Jha, who 26-37. provided scientific terminologies for the various 19 Mishra S, Jha V and Shaktinath J, Plants in Ethnoveterinary livestock ailments. K A Bharati is grateful to the practices in Darbhanga (North Bihar), In: Ethnobiology in Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Human Welfare, by S K Jain (Ed), Deep publisher, New India for providing financial assistance. Delhi, 1996, pp. 189-193. 20 Pal D C and Jain S K, Tribal Medicine, Naya Prokash, Calcutta, 1998. 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