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Taxonomic Notes on the Genus Cocculus (Menispermaceae) in Southern Africa

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Taxonomic Notes on the Genus Cocculus (Menispermaceae) in Southern Africa South African Journal of Botany 96 (2015) 99–104 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Research note Taxonomic notes on the genus Cocculus (Menispermaceae) in southern Africa H. De Wet a,M.Struwiga,⁎, B.-E. Van Wyk b a Department of Botany, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa b Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa article info abstract Article history: A review of the genus Cocculus in southern Africa is presented. Two species occur in Africa with only Cocculus Received 2 June 2014 hirsutus distributed in southern Africa. This review gives a complete synonymy and a formal description of the Received in revised form 22 October 2014 species, and the taxon account is supplemented with a detailed geographical distribution record within southern Accepted 23 October 2014 Africa and notes on the ecology and known traditional uses. C. hirsutus is a woody climber with slender stems, Available online xxxx and is distinguished from other southern African members of the family by its heteromorphic leaves, male fl Edited by: AR Magee owers with three rudimentary carpels and stamens surrounded by an auricle situated at the base of the petals, an endocarp with a sharp dorsal ridge and a circular condyle with conspicuous perforations. Keywords: © 2014 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Auricle Heteromorphic leaves Indigenous Taxonomy 1. Introduction the revision of the southern African Menispermaceae in the unpublished thesis of Botha (1975). The aim of this short paper is to revise the genus The Menispermaceae comprises approximately 70 genera and 500 in southern Africa and to present a complete synonymy, formal descrip- species of herbaceous or woody, dioecious climbers with small incon- tion, notes on the ecology and all known traditional uses, as well as a de- spicuous flowers (Kessler, 1993; Ortiz et al., 2007). It is distributed tailed geographical distribution record. throughout the tropical regions of the world with a few species extend- ing their distribution into the temperate regions (Kessler, 1993; Ortiz 2. Materials and method et al., 2007). Cocculus DC. is the fourth largest genus in the tribe Menispermaceae Morphological data was gathered during field trips and from herbar- (Kessler, 1993) with approximately ten species distributed from tropi- ium specimens from the following herbaria: BLFU, BM, BOL, GRA, K, cal to temperate North America, Africa, Socotra, Asia and Australia LISC, LMU, NH, NBG, PRE, PRU, SRGH, and ZULU (acronyms according (Jordaan, 2000). They are climbers, shrubs or small trees with leaves to Holmgren et al., 1990). Distribution records and habitat information fl that are either entire or lobed. Male and female owers occur in few- were obtained from herbarium specimens and observations made dur- fl to many- owered cymes (Kessler, 1993). Cocculus has been used in ing field trips. folk medicine in Africa and India for the treatment of hypertension and its related symptoms; the roots as antipyretic, diuretic and 3. Taxonomy cholagogue and the leaves as an ingredient of fertility medicine for women (Iwu, 1993). In Arabia the fruits are used to make an intoxicat- Cocculus DC. in Syst. Nat. 1: 515 (1817), nomen cons., in Prodr. 1: 96 ing drink (Iwu, 1993). (1824); Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (7): 41 (1851); Benth. in Benth. & Two species of Cocculus, C. hirsutus (L.) Diels and C. pendulus (J.R. Hook f., Gen. Pl. 1: 36 (1862); Miers in Contr. Bot. 3 (1): 249, t. 124 Forst. & G. Forst.) Diels, occur in Africa (Klopper et al., 2006), with only (1871); Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 (2): 84 (1894); C. hirsutus occurring in southern Africa (Germishuizen et al., 2006). Diels in Engl., Pflanzenr. 46 (IV–94): 227 (1910); Troupin in Fl. trop. Cocculus has not received taxonomic attention in southern Africa since E. Africa: 10 (1956), in F.Z. 1: 163 (1960), in Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. 13: 221 (1962); Friedr.-Holzh. in Prodr. ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 35 9026418; fax: +2735 9026491. Fl. S.W. Afr. 38: 3 (1968); Troupin & Gonçalves in Flora de Moçambique E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Struwig). 7: 16 (1973); Benv. in Webbia 29: 35 (1975); Kessler in Kubitzki et al., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.10.007 0254-6299/© 2014 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 100 H. De Wet et al. / South African Journal of Botany 96 (2015) 99–104 Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 2: 417 (1993); Thulin, Fl. Somalia 1: 26 (1993); Sci. Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd. 13: 225 (1962); Benv. in Webbia 29: Jordaan in Strelitzia 10: 358 (2000). Type: Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels. 41 (1975). Menispermum hirsutum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 341 (1753). Menispermum villosum Lam. in Encycl. 4: 97 (1797), nom. superfl. Cebatha Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 171 (1775), nom. rejic. Type Cocculus villosus (Lam.) DC., Sys. Nat. 1: 525 (1817), nom. illeg.Holopeira Cocculus cebatha DC. villosa (Lam.) Miers in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3(19): 28 (1867), nom. illeg. Leaeba Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 172 (1775), nom. rejic.Type:Leaeba Cebatha hirsuta (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891); Cebatha villosa dubia J.F. Gmelin. (Lam.) C.Chris., Dansk Bot. Arkiv. 4 (3): 37 (1922), nom. illeg.Type: Epibaterium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst in Charact. Gen.: 107 (1776), nom. Plukenet, Amalth. Bot. 61, t. 384, fig. 7 (1705) (lecto., designated by rejic.Type:Epibaterium pendulum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Troupin, 1956). Note: This illustration was based on specimen “Indes Nephroia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 539 (1790), nom. rejic.; Nephroia Miers Orientales” in Herb. Sloane 93: 107 (BM-SL!). in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (7): 37, 42 (1851). Type: Nephroia sarmentosa Menispermum myosotoides L., Sp. Pl. 1: 341 (1753). Type: Plukenet, Lour. Amalth. Bot. 62, t. 384, fig. 3 (1705) (lecto., designated here). Note: Baumgartia Moench, Meth.: 652 (1794), nom. rejic.Type:Baumgartia This illustration was based on specimen “Indes Orientales” in Herb. scandens Moench. Sloane 94: 182 (BM-SL!). Androphylax Wendl., Bot. Beob. 37: 38 (1798), nom. rejic. Type: Holopeira torrida Miers in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 (19): 29 (1867). Androphylax scandens J.C.Wendl. Type: Africa, Cunon s.n. (K! holo.; BM!, iso.). Wendlandia Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 275 (1799), nom. rejic.Type:Wendlandia Cocculus villosus (Lam.) DC. var. glabratus Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. populifolia Willd. Bioss. 4 (11): 180 (1896). Type: Eritrea, Schweinfurth & Riva 1434 Cocculidium Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. Phanér. 8: 16 (1839). Type: (G!, lecto. designated by Benvenuto (1975); FT, K!, P, iso.). Cocculidium populifolium (Willd.) Spach. Adenocheton Fenzl. in Flora 27: 231 (1844), nom. nud. Scandent shrubs or lianas, woody; young stems yellow-brown and Holopeira Miers in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (7): 42 (1851). Type: densely tomentose, becoming scabrous and glabrate. Leaves simple, – Holopeira villosa (Lam.) Miers. alternate; petiole 5 20 mm, tomentose; lamina narrowly or broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 40–80 × 25–55 mm, heteromorphic, lower Bricchettia Pax in Ann. di Bot. (Roma) 6: 181 (1897). Type: Bricchettia leaves 3- to 5-lobed, upper leaves entire; venation palmate, 3 to somalensis Pax. 5 veins clearly visible on both sides; apex obtuse to rounded, Scandent shrubs or climbers, dioecious, young branches pubescent, mucronulate; base truncate or slightly cordate to rounded; dark green, becoming glabrescent. Leaves simple, petiolate, ovate to ovate-oblong, shiny adaxially, lighter, dull green abaxially; young leaves densely entire or lobed, 3- to 5-veined at base, pubescent, sometimes falling pubescent, becoming glabrescent. Inflorescence a many-flowered before flowering. Male inflorescence of many-flowered cymules which cymule, 60–300 mm long, paired or solitary; inflorescence leaves are either axillary and clustered 1–3 together, or solitary and arising usually smaller than rest of plant, 5 × 3 mm; bracts linear, 0.6–1.5 mm from leafless branches. Male flowers small; sepals 6 or 9, in 2 or 3 whorls, long, tomentose. Male flowers small; pedicels 0.5–1.0 mm long; sepals outer smaller; petals 6, entire or bifid, with an inflexed auricle at the free, pubescent, in 2 or 3 whorls with 3,3 or 2,3,3 sepals (outside to base surrounding the stamen, yellowish; stamens 6 or 9, free; anthers inside), outer sepals oblong to lanceolate, 0.5–1.2 × 0.2–0.9 mm, inner transversely dehiscent. Female in florescence similar to male inflores- sepals elliptical to obovate, 1.6–2.5 × 1.3–1.8 mm; petals 6, ovate– cence but more simple or reduced to solitary or clustered flowers. oblong, 0.7–1 × 0.4–0.6 mm, in 2 whorls, free, sparsely pubescent to Female flowers similar to male but with the base of the petals much glabrescent, furnished at the base with a fleshy inflexed auricle sur- less inflexed; staminodes 6 or 0; carpels 3(4)–6, ±ovoid; ovule solitary; rounding the stamen, apex often bifid or deeply emarginated; stamens style cylindrical, erect or recurved; stigmas recurved-spathulate. Fruit a 6, in 2 whorls, filaments free, slightly fleshy, anthers dorsifix, dehiscence drupe; obovate or subspherical-compressed with persistent style or transverse; 3 rudimentary carpels often present. Female fl owers small; stigma; purple; endocarp bony, horseshoe-shaped, transversely ridged; pedicels 1–1.8 mm long, pubescent; sepals free, in 2 or 3 whorls with condyle ± circular, septum usually perforated. Seed curved; endosperm 2,3 or 3,3 or 2,3,3 sepals (outside to inside); oblong to lanceolate, present as a thin layer, not ruminate. 0.9–1.8 × 0.3–0.9 mm, inner sepals obovate, 1.5–2.4 × 1.2–1.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; petals 6, ovate–oblong, 0.9–1.4 × 0.4–0.7 mm, in 3.1.
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